2a663e5b576d064d6e7be813026bb062cf2bd6c0
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
  48
  49* release notes for
  50  link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
  51  link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
  52
  53* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3]
  54
  55* release notes for
  56  link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3],
  57  link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
  58  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  59  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  60
  61* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4]
  62
  63* release notes for
  64  link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4],
  65  link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
  66  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  67  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  68  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  69
  70* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5]
  71
  72* release notes for
  73  link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5],
  74  link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
  75  link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
  76  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  77  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  78  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  79
  80* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5]
  81
  82* release notes for
  83  link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5],
  84  link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4],
  85  link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
  86  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  87  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  88  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
  89
  90* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7]
  91
  92* release notes for
  93  link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7],
  94  link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
  95  link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
  96  link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4],
  97  link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
  98  link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
  99  link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
 100  link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
 101
 102* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6]
 103
 104* release notes for
 105  link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6],
 106  link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
 107  link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
 108  link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3],
 109  link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
 110  link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
 111  link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
 112
 113* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12]
 114
 115* release notes for
 116  link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12],
 117  link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
 118  link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
 119  link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
 120  link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
 121  link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
 122  link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
 123  link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
 124  link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
 125  link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
 126  link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
 127  link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
 128  link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 129
 130* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
 131
 132* release notes for
 133  link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10],
 134  link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
 135  link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
 136  link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
 137  link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
 138  link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
 139  link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
 140  link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
 141  link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
 142  link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
 143  link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
 144
 145* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
 146
 147* release notes for
 148  link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
 149  link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
 150  link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
 151  link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
 152
 153* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
 154
 155* release notes for
 156  link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
 157  link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
 158  link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
 159  link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
 160  link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
 161
 162* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
 163
 164* release notes for
 165  link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
 166  link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
 167  link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
 168  link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
 169  link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
 170  link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
 171
 172* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
 173
 174* release notes for
 175  link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
 176  link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
 177  link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
 178  link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
 179  link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
 180  link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
 181
 182* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
 183
 184* release notes for
 185  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
 186  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
 187  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
 188  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
 189  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
 190  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
 191  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
 192
 193* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
 194
 195* release notes for
 196  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
 197  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
 198  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
 199  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
 200  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
 201  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
 202
 203* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
 204
 205* release notes for
 206  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
 207  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
 208  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
 209  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
 210  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
 211
 212* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
 213
 214* release notes for
 215  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
 216  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
 217  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
 218  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
 219
 220* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
 221
 222* release notes for
 223  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
 224  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
 225  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
 226  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
 227  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
 228  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
 229  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
 230
 231* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
 232
 233* release notes for
 234  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
 235  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
 236  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
 237  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
 238
 239* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
 240
 241* release notes for
 242  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
 243  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
 244  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
 245  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
 246  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
 247
 248* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
 249
 250* release notes for
 251  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
 252  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
 253  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
 254  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
 255  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
 256  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
 257  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
 258  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
 259
 260* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
 261
 262* release notes for
 263  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
 264  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
 265  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
 266  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
 267  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
 268  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
 269
 270* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
 271
 272* release notes for
 273  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
 274  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
 275  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
 276  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
 277  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
 278  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
 279  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
 280  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
 281
 282* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
 283
 284* release notes for
 285  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
 286  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
 287  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
 288  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
 289  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
 290  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
 291  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
 292
 293* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
 294
 295* release notes for
 296  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
 297  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
 298  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
 299  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
 300  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
 301  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
 302  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
 303  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
 304
 305* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
 306
 307* release notes for
 308  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
 309  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
 310  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
 311  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
 312  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
 313  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
 314  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
 315
 316* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
 317
 318* release notes for
 319  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
 320  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
 321  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
 322  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
 323  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
 324
 325* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
 326
 327* release notes for
 328  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
 329  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
 330  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
 331  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
 332  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
 333  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
 334
 335* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
 336
 337* release notes for
 338  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
 339  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
 340  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
 341  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
 342  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
 343  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
 344
 345* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
 346
 347* release notes for
 348  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
 349  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
 350  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
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 352  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
 353  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
 354
 355* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
 356
 357* release notes for
 358  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
 359  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
 360  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
 361  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
 362  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
 363
 364* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
 365
 366* release notes for
 367  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
 368  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
 369  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
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 376  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
 377
 378* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
 379
 380* release notes for
 381  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
 382  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
 383  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
 384  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
 385
 386* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
 387
 388* release notes for
 389  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
 390  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
 391  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
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 398  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
 399
 400* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
 401
 402* release notes for
 403  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
 404  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
 405  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
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 407  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
 408  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
 409
 410* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
 411
 412* release notes for
 413  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
 414  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
 415  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
 416  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
 417  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
 418
 419* release notes for
 420  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
 421  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
 422  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
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 425  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
 426
 427* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
 428
 429* release notes for
 430  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
 431  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
 432  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
 433  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 434
 435* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 436
 437* release notes for
 438  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 441  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 444  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 445
 446* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 447
 448* release notes for
 449  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 450  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 451  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 452  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 456
 457* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 458
 459* release notes for
 460  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 461  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 462  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 467
 468* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 469
 470* release notes for
 471  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 472  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 473  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 474  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 479
 480* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 481
 482* release notes for
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 485  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 487  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 492
 493* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 494
 495* release notes for
 496  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 497  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 502
 503* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 504
 505* release notes for
 506  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 507  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 508  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 513
 514* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 515
 516* release notes for
 517  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 518  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 519  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 520  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 521  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 522  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 523  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 524
 525* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 526  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 527  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 528  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 529
 530============
 531
 532endif::stalenotes[]
 533
 534OPTIONS
 535-------
 536--version::
 537        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 538
 539--help::
 540        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 541        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 542        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 543        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 544+
 545Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 546displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 547because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 548help ...`.
 549
 550-C <path>::
 551        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 552        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 553        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 554        <path>`.
 555+
 556This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 557`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 558made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 559example the following invocations are equivalent:
 560
 561    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 562    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 563
 564-c <name>=<value>::
 565        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 566        given will override values from configuration files.
 567        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 568        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 569+
 570Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 571`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 572config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 573foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 574
 575--exec-path[=<path>]::
 576        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 577        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 578        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 579        the current setting and then exit.
 580
 581--html-path::
 582        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 583        documentation is installed and exit.
 584
 585--man-path::
 586        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 587        this version of Git and exit.
 588
 589--info-path::
 590        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 591        version of Git are installed and exit.
 592
 593-p::
 594--paginate::
 595        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 596        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 597        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 598        below).
 599
 600--no-pager::
 601        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 602
 603--git-dir=<path>::
 604        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 605        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 606        path or relative path to current working directory.
 607
 608--work-tree=<path>::
 609        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 610        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 611        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 612        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 613        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 614        more detailed discussion).
 615
 616--namespace=<path>::
 617        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 618        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 619        variable.
 620
 621--super-prefix=<path>::
 622        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 623        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 624        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 625
 626--bare::
 627        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 628        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 629        directory.
 630
 631--no-replace-objects::
 632        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 633        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 634
 635--literal-pathspecs::
 636        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 637        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 638        variable to `1`.
 639
 640--glob-pathspecs::
 641        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 642        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 643        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 644        magic ":(literal)"
 645
 646--noglob-pathspecs::
 647        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 648        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 649        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 650        magic ":(glob)"
 651
 652--icase-pathspecs::
 653        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 654        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 655
 656GIT COMMANDS
 657------------
 658
 659We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 660("plumbing") commands.
 661
 662High-level commands (porcelain)
 663-------------------------------
 664
 665We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 666ancillary user utilities.
 667
 668Main porcelain commands
 669~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 670
 671include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 672
 673Ancillary Commands
 674~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 675Manipulators:
 676
 677include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 678
 679Interrogators:
 680
 681include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 682
 683
 684Interacting with Others
 685~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 686
 687These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 688people via patch over e-mail.
 689
 690include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 691
 692
 693Low-level commands (plumbing)
 694-----------------------------
 695
 696Although Git includes its
 697own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 698development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 699might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 700linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 701
 702The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 703to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 704than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 705primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 706on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 707end user experience.
 708
 709The following description divides
 710the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 711the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 712compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 713repositories.
 714
 715
 716Manipulation commands
 717~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 718
 719include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 720
 721
 722Interrogation commands
 723~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 724
 725include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 726
 727In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 728the working tree.
 729
 730
 731Synching repositories
 732~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 733
 734include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 735
 736The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 737typically do not use them directly.
 738
 739include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 740
 741
 742Internal helper commands
 743~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 744
 745These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 746users typically do not use them directly.
 747
 748include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 749
 750
 751Configuration Mechanism
 752-----------------------
 753
 754Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 755repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 756like this:
 757
 758------------
 759#
 760# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 761#
 762
 763; core variables
 764[core]
 765        ; Don't trust file modes
 766        filemode = false
 767
 768; user identity
 769[user]
 770        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 771        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 772
 773------------
 774
 775Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 776their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 777list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 778
 779
 780Identifier Terminology
 781----------------------
 782<object>::
 783        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 784
 785<blob>::
 786        Indicates a blob object name.
 787
 788<tree>::
 789        Indicates a tree object name.
 790
 791<commit>::
 792        Indicates a commit object name.
 793
 794<tree-ish>::
 795        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 796        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 797        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 798        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 799
 800<commit-ish>::
 801        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 802        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 803        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 804        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 805
 806<type>::
 807        Indicates that an object type is required.
 808        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 809
 810<file>::
 811        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 812        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 813
 814Symbolic Identifiers
 815--------------------
 816Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 817symbolic notation:
 818
 819HEAD::
 820        indicates the head of the current branch.
 821
 822<tag>::
 823        a valid tag 'name'
 824        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 825
 826<head>::
 827        a valid head 'name'
 828        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 829
 830For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 831"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 832
 833
 834File/Directory Structure
 835------------------------
 836
 837Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 838
 839Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 840
 841Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 842`$GIT_DIR`.
 843
 844
 845Terminology
 846-----------
 847Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 848
 849
 850Environment Variables
 851---------------------
 852Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 853
 854The Git Repository
 855~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 856These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 857is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 858Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 859
 860`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 861        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 862        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 863        is used.
 864
 865`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 866        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 867        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 868        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 869        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 870
 871`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 872        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 873        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 874        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 875        directory is used.
 876
 877`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 878        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 879        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 880        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 881        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 882        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 883+
 884        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 885        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 886        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 887        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 888        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 889
 890`GIT_DIR`::
 891        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 892        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 893        for the base of the repository.
 894        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 895
 896`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 897        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 898        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 899        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 900
 901`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 902        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 903        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 904
 905`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 906        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 907        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 908        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 909        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 910        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 911        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 912        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 913        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 914        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 915        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 916        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 917        e.g.,
 918        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 919
 920`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 921        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 922        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 923        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 924        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 925        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 926        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 927        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 928        command line.
 929
 930`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 931        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 932        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 933        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 934        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 935        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 936        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 937        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 938
 939Git Commits
 940~~~~~~~~~~~
 941`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 942`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 943`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 944`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 945`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 946`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 947'EMAIL'::
 948        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 949
 950Git Diffs
 951~~~~~~~~~
 952`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 953        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 954        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 955        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 956        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 957
 958`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 959        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 960        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 961        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 962        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 963
 964        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 965+
 966where:
 967
 968        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 969                         contents of <old|new>,
 970        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 971        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 972+
 973The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 974(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 975when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 976index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 977temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 978+
 979For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 980parameter, <path>.
 981+
 982For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 983`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 984
 985`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 986        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 987
 988`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 989        The total number of paths.
 990
 991other
 992~~~~~
 993`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 994        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 995        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 996        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 997
 998`GIT_PAGER`::
 999        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1000        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1001        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1002        linkgit:git-config[1].
1003
1004`GIT_EDITOR`::
1005        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1006        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1007        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1008        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1009
1010`GIT_SSH`::
1011`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1012        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1013        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1014        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1015        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1016        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1017        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1018        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1019        something other than the default SSH port.
1020+
1021`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1022by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1023`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1024(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1025needed).
1026+
1027Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1028personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1029for further details.
1030
1031`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1032        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1033        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1034        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1035        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1036        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1037
1038`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1039        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1040        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1041
1042`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1043        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1044        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1045        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1046        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1047        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1048        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1049
1050`GIT_FLUSH`::
1051        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1052        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1053        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1054        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1055        flushed. If this
1056        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1057        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1058        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1059        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1060
1061`GIT_TRACE`::
1062        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1063        command execution and external command execution.
1064+
1065If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1066is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1067stderr.
1068+
1069If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1070and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1071value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1072trace messages into this file descriptor.
1073+
1074Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1075(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1076as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1077into it.
1078+
1079Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1080"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1081
1082`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1083        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1084        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1085        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1086        pack-related performance problems.
1087        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1088
1089`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1090        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1091        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1092        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1093        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1094        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1095
1096`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1097        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1098        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1099        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1100        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1101        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1102        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1103+
1104Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1105of clones and fetches.
1106
1107`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1108        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1109        time of each Git command.
1110        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1111
1112`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1113        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1114        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1115        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1116
1117`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1118        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1119        cloning of shallow repositories.
1120        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1121
1122`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1123        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1124        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1125        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1126        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1127        variable.
1128        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1129
1130`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1131        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1132        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1133        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1134        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1135        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1136        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1137        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1138
1139`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1140        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1141        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1142
1143`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1144        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1145        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1146
1147`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1148        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1149        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1150
1151`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1152        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1153        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1154        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1155        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1156        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1157        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1158        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1159        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1160
1161`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1162        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1163        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1164        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1165        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1166        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1167        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1168        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1169        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1170        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1171
1172`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1173        If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1174        allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1175        restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1176        repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1177        this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1178        set at all, all protocols are enabled.  The protocol names
1179        currently used by git are:
1180
1181          - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1182            or local paths)
1183
1184          - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1185            connection (or proxy, if configured)
1186
1187          - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1188            `ssh://`, etc).
1189
1190          - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1191            Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1192            you should specify both as `http:https`.
1193
1194          - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1195            `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1196
1197
1198Discussion[[Discussion]]
1199------------------------
1200
1201More detail on the following is available from the
1202link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1203user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1204
1205A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1206subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1207things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1208of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1209contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1210as tags and branch heads.
1211
1212The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1213hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1214directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1215and some number of parent commits.
1216
1217The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1218"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1219represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1220parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1221
1222All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1223written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1224The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1225just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1226purpose.
1227
1228When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1229efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1230
1231Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1232may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1233with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1234recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1235tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1236`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1237
1238The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1239path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1240the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1241attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1242corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1243working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1244be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1245content stored in the index.
1246
1247The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1248for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1249unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1250
1251FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1252---------------------
1253
1254See the references in the "description" section to get started
1255using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1256for a first-time user.
1257
1258The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1259user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1260introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1261
1262See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1263
1264See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1265examples.
1266
1267The internals are documented in the
1268link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1269
1270Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1271read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1272
1273
1274Authors
1275-------
1276Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1277C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1278<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1279gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1280
1281If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1282output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1283the authors for specific parts of the project.
1284
1285Reporting Bugs
1286--------------
1287
1288Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1289development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1290subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1291
1292SEE ALSO
1293--------
1294linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1295linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1296linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1297linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1298linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1299
1300GIT
1301---
1302Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite