1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], 51 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 52 53* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3] 54 55* release notes for 56 link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3], 57 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 58 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 59 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 60 61* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4] 62 63* release notes for 64 link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4], 65 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 66 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 67 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 68 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 69 70* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5] 71 72* release notes for 73 link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5], 74 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 75 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 76 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 77 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 78 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 79 80* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5] 81 82* release notes for 83 link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5], 84 link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4], 85 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 86 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 87 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 88 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 89 90* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7] 91 92* release notes for 93 link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7], 94 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 95 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 96 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 97 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 98 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 99 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 100 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 101 102* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6] 103 104* release notes for 105 link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6], 106 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 107 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 108 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 109 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 110 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 111 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 112 113* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12] 114 115* release notes for 116 link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12], 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 120 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 121 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 122 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 123 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 124 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 125 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 126 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 127 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 128 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 129 130* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 131 132* release notes for 133 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 135 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 136 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 137 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 138 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 139 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 140 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 141 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 142 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 143 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 144 145* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 146 147* release notes for 148 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 149 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 150 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 151 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 152 153* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 154 155* release notes for 156 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 157 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 158 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 159 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 160 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 161 162* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 163 164* release notes for 165 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 166 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 167 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 168 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 169 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 170 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 171 172* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 173 174* release notes for 175 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 176 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 177 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 178 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 179 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 180 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 181 182* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 183 184* release notes for 185 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 186 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 187 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 189 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 190 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 191 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 192 193* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 194 195* release notes for 196 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 197 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 200 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 201 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 202 203* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 204 205* release notes for 206 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 210 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 211 212* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 213 214* release notes for 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 219 220* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 221 222* release notes for 223 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 224 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 225 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 227 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 228 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 229 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 230 231* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 232 233* release notes for 234 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 235 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 236 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 237 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 238 239* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 240 241* release notes for 242 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 244 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 245 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 246 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 247 248* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 249 250* release notes for 251 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 252 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 253 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 254 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 256 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 257 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 258 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 259 260* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 261 262* release notes for 263 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 264 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 267 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 268 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 269 270* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 271 272* release notes for 273 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 274 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 275 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 276 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 278 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 279 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 280 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 281 282* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 283 284* release notes for 285 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 286 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 287 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 289 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 290 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 291 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 292 293* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 294 295* release notes for 296 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 297 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 298 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 299 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 301 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 302 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 303 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 304 305* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 306 307* release notes for 308 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 309 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 310 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 312 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 313 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 314 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 315 316* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 317 318* release notes for 319 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 323 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 324 325* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 326 327* release notes for 328 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 329 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 332 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 333 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 334 335* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 336 337* release notes for 338 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 339 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 342 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 343 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 344 345* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 346 347* release notes for 348 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 349 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 352 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 353 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 354 355* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 356 357* release notes for 358 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 362 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 363 364* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 365 366* release notes for 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 369 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 370 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 371 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 372 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 373 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 374 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 375 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 376 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 377 378* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 379 380* release notes for 381 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 382 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 383 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 384 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 385 386* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 387 388* release notes for 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 391 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 392 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 393 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 394 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 396 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 399 400* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 401 402* release notes for 403 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 404 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 407 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 408 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 409 410* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 411 412* release notes for 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 417 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 418 419* release notes for 420 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 421 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 425 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 426 427* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 428 429* release notes for 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 434 435* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 436 437* release notes for 438 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 439 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 440 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 441 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 442 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 443 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 444 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 445 446* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 447 448* release notes for 449 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 450 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 451 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 453 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 454 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 455 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 456 457* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 458 459* release notes for 460 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 461 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 462 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 464 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 465 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 466 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 467 468* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 469 470* release notes for 471 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 472 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 473 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 474 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 476 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 477 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 478 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 479 480* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 481 482* release notes for 483 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 484 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 485 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 486 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 487 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 489 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 490 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 492 493* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 494 495* release notes for 496 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 497 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 500 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 501 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 502 503* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 504 505* release notes for 506 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 507 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 508 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 510 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 511 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 512 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 513 514* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 515 516* release notes for 517 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 518 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 519 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 520 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 521 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 522 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 523 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 524 525* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 526 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 527 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 528 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 529 530============ 531 532endif::stalenotes[] 533 534OPTIONS 535------- 536--version:: 537 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 538 539--help:: 540 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 541 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 542 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 543 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 544+ 545Other options are available to control how the manual page is 546displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 547because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 548help ...`. 549 550-C <path>:: 551 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 552 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 553 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 554 <path>`. 555+ 556This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 557`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 558made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 559example the following invocations are equivalent: 560 561 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 562 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 563 564-c <name>=<value>:: 565 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 566 given will override values from configuration files. 567 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 568 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 569+ 570Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 571`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 572config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 573foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 574 575--exec-path[=<path>]:: 576 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 577 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 578 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 579 the current setting and then exit. 580 581--html-path:: 582 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 583 documentation is installed and exit. 584 585--man-path:: 586 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 587 this version of Git and exit. 588 589--info-path:: 590 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 591 version of Git are installed and exit. 592 593-p:: 594--paginate:: 595 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 596 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 597 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 598 below). 599 600--no-pager:: 601 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 602 603--git-dir=<path>:: 604 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 605 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 606 path or relative path to current working directory. 607 608--work-tree=<path>:: 609 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 610 or a path relative to the current working directory. 611 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 612 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 613 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 614 more detailed discussion). 615 616--namespace=<path>:: 617 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 618 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 619 variable. 620 621--super-prefix=<path>:: 622 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 623 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 624 context about the superproject that invoked it. 625 626--bare:: 627 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 628 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 629 directory. 630 631--no-replace-objects:: 632 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 633 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 634 635--literal-pathspecs:: 636 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 637 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 638 variable to `1`. 639 640--glob-pathspecs:: 641 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 642 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 643 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 644 magic ":(literal)" 645 646--noglob-pathspecs:: 647 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 648 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 649 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 650 magic ":(glob)" 651 652--icase-pathspecs:: 653 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 654 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 655 656GIT COMMANDS 657------------ 658 659We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 660("plumbing") commands. 661 662High-level commands (porcelain) 663------------------------------- 664 665We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 666ancillary user utilities. 667 668Main porcelain commands 669~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 670 671include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 672 673Ancillary Commands 674~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 675Manipulators: 676 677include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 678 679Interrogators: 680 681include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 682 683 684Interacting with Others 685~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 686 687These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 688people via patch over e-mail. 689 690include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 691 692 693Low-level commands (plumbing) 694----------------------------- 695 696Although Git includes its 697own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 698development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 699might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 700linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 701 702The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 703to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 704than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 705primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 706on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 707end user experience. 708 709The following description divides 710the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 711the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 712compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 713repositories. 714 715 716Manipulation commands 717~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 718 719include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 720 721 722Interrogation commands 723~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 724 725include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 726 727In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 728the working tree. 729 730 731Synching repositories 732~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 733 734include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 735 736The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 737typically do not use them directly. 738 739include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 740 741 742Internal helper commands 743~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 744 745These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 746users typically do not use them directly. 747 748include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 749 750 751Configuration Mechanism 752----------------------- 753 754Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 755repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 756like this: 757 758------------ 759# 760# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 761# 762 763; core variables 764[core] 765 ; Don't trust file modes 766 filemode = false 767 768; user identity 769[user] 770 name = "Junio C Hamano" 771 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 772 773------------ 774 775Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 776their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 777list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 778 779 780Identifier Terminology 781---------------------- 782<object>:: 783 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 784 785<blob>:: 786 Indicates a blob object name. 787 788<tree>:: 789 Indicates a tree object name. 790 791<commit>:: 792 Indicates a commit object name. 793 794<tree-ish>:: 795 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 796 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 797 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 798 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 799 800<commit-ish>:: 801 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 802 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 803 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 804 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 805 806<type>:: 807 Indicates that an object type is required. 808 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 809 810<file>:: 811 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 812 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 813 814Symbolic Identifiers 815-------------------- 816Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 817symbolic notation: 818 819HEAD:: 820 indicates the head of the current branch. 821 822<tag>:: 823 a valid tag 'name' 824 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 825 826<head>:: 827 a valid head 'name' 828 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 829 830For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 831"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 832 833 834File/Directory Structure 835------------------------ 836 837Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 838 839Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 840 841Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 842`$GIT_DIR`. 843 844 845Terminology 846----------- 847Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 848 849 850Environment Variables 851--------------------- 852Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 853 854The Git Repository 855~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 856These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 857is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 858Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 859 860`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 861 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 862 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 863 is used. 864 865`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 866 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 867 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 868 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 869 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 870 871`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 872 If the object storage directory is specified via this 873 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 874 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 875 directory is used. 876 877`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 878 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 879 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 880 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 881 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 882 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 883+ 884 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 885 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 886 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 887 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 888 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 889 890`GIT_DIR`:: 891 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 892 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 893 for the base of the repository. 894 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 895 896`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 897 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 898 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 899 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 900 901`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 902 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 903 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 904 905`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 906 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 907 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 908 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 909 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 910 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 911 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 912 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 913 might be present in order to compare them with the current 914 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 915 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 916 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 917 e.g., 918 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 919 920`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 921 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 922 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 923 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 924 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 925 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 926 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 927 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 928 command line. 929 930`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 931 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 932 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 933 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 934 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 935 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 936 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 937 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 938 939Git Commits 940~~~~~~~~~~~ 941`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 942`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 943`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 944`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 945`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 946`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 947'EMAIL':: 948 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 949 950Git Diffs 951~~~~~~~~~ 952`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 953 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 954 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 955 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 956 value passed on the Git diff command line. 957 958`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 959 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 960 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 961 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 962 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 963 964 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 965+ 966where: 967 968 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 969 contents of <old|new>, 970 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 971 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 972+ 973The file parameters can point at the user's working file 974(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 975when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 976index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 977temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 978+ 979For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 980parameter, <path>. 981+ 982For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 983`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 984 985`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 986 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 987 988`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 989 The total number of paths. 990 991other 992~~~~~ 993`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 994 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 995 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 996 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 997 998`GIT_PAGER`:: 999 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set1000 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch1001 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in1002 linkgit:git-config[1].10031004`GIT_EDITOR`::1005 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.1006 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,1007 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]1008 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10091010`GIT_SSH`::1011`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1012 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1013 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1014 when they need to connect to a remote system.1015 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1016 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1017 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1018 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1019 something other than the default SSH port.1020+1021`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1022by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1023`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1024(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1025needed).1026+1027Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1028personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1029for further details.10301031`GIT_ASKPASS`::1032 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1033 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1034 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1035 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1036 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10371038`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1039 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1040 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10411042`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1043 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1044 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1045 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1046 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1047 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1048 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10491050`GIT_FLUSH`::1051 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1052 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1053 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1054 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1055 flushed. If this1056 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1057 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1058 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1059 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10601061`GIT_TRACE`::1062 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1063 command execution and external command execution.1064+1065If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1066is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1067stderr.1068+1069If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21070and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1071value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1072trace messages into this file descriptor.1073+1074Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1075(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1076as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1077into it.1078+1079Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1080"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10811082`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1083 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1084 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1085 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1086 pack-related performance problems.1087 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10881089`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1090 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1091 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1092 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1093 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1094 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10951096`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1097 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1098 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1099 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1100 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1101 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1102 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1103+1104Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1105of clones and fetches.11061107`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1108 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1109 time of each Git command.1110 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11111112`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1113 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1114 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1115 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11161117`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1118 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1119 cloning of shallow repositories.1120 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11211122`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1123 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1124 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1125 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1126 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1127 variable.1128 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11291130`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1131 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1132 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1133 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1134 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1135 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1136 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1137 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11381139`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1140 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1141 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11421143`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1144 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1145 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11461147`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1148 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1149 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11501151`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1152 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1153 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1154 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1155 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1156 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1157 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1158 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1159 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11601161`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1162 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1163 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1164 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1165 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1166 this variable automatically when performing destructive1167 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1168 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1169 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1170 cloning a repository to make a backup).11711172`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1173 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are1174 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to1175 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted1176 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,1177 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not1178 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names1179 currently used by git are:11801181 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,1182 or local paths)11831184 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP1185 connection (or proxy, if configured)11861187 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,1188 `ssh://`, etc).11891190 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".1191 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,1192 you should specify both as `http:https`.11931194 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use1195 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)119611971198Discussion[[Discussion]]1199------------------------12001201More detail on the following is available from the1202link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1203user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].12041205A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1206subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1207things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1208of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1209contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1210as tags and branch heads.12111212The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1213hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1214directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1215and some number of parent commits.12161217The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1218"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1219represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1220parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12211222All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1223written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1224The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1225just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1226purpose.12271228When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1229efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12301231Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1232may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1233with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1234recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1235tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1236`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12371238The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1239path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1240the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1241attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1242corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1243working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1244be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1245content stored in the index.12461247The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1248for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1249unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12501251FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1252---------------------12531254See the references in the "description" section to get started1255using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1256for a first-time user.12571258The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1259user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1260introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12611262See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12631264See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1265examples.12661267The internals are documented in the1268link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12691270Users migrating from CVS may also want to1271read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].127212731274Authors1275-------1276Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1277C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1278<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1279gives you a more complete list of contributors.12801281If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1282output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1283the authors for specific parts of the project.12841285Reporting Bugs1286--------------12871288Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1289development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1290subscribed to the list to send a message there.12911292SEE ALSO1293--------1294linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1295linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1296linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1297linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1298linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12991300GIT1301---1302Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite