1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 <command> [<args>] 17 18DESCRIPTION 19----------- 20Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 21unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 22and full access to internals. 23 24See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 25linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 26commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 27in-depth introduction. 28 29After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 30page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 31individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 32manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 33 34A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 35can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 36 37ifdef::stalenotes[] 38[NOTE] 39============ 40 41You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 42unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 43branch of the `git.git` repository. 44Documentation for older releases are available here: 45 46* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2] 47 48* release notes for 49 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 50 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 51 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 52 53* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4] 54 55* release notes for 56 link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4], 57 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 58 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 59 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 60 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 61 62* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5] 63 64* release notes for 65 link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5], 66 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 67 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 68 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 69 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 70 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 71 72* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5] 73 74* release notes for 75 link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5], 76 link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4], 77 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 78 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 79 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 80 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 81 82* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7] 83 84* release notes for 85 link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7], 86 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 87 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 88 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 89 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 90 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 91 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 92 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 93 94* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6] 95 96* release notes for 97 link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6], 98 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 99 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 100 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 101 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 102 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 103 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 104 105* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12] 106 107* release notes for 108 link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12], 109 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 110 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 111 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 112 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 113 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 114 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 115 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 116 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 120 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 121 122* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 123 124* release notes for 125 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 126 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 127 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 128 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 129 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 130 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 131 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 132 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 133 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 135 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 136 137* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 138 139* release notes for 140 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 141 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 142 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 143 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 144 145* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 146 147* release notes for 148 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 149 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 150 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 151 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 152 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 153 154* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 155 156* release notes for 157 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 158 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 159 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 160 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 161 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 162 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 163 164* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 165 166* release notes for 167 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 168 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 169 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 170 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 171 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 172 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 173 174* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 175 176* release notes for 177 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 178 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 179 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 180 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 181 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 182 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 183 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 184 185* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 186 187* release notes for 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 189 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 190 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 191 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 192 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 193 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 194 195* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 196 197* release notes for 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 200 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 201 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 202 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 203 204* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 205 206* release notes for 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 210 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 211 212* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 213 214* release notes for 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 219 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 220 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 221 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 222 223* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 224 225* release notes for 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 227 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 228 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 229 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 230 231* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 232 233* release notes for 234 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 235 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 236 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 237 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 238 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 239 240* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 241 242* release notes for 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 244 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 245 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 246 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 247 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 248 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 249 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 250 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 251 252* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 253 254* release notes for 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 256 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 257 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 258 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 259 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 260 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 261 262* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 263 264* release notes for 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 267 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 268 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 269 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 270 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 271 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 272 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 273 274* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 275 276* release notes for 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 278 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 279 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 280 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 281 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 282 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 283 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 284 285* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 286 287* release notes for 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 289 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 290 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 291 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 292 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 293 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 294 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 295 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 296 297* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 298 299* release notes for 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 301 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 302 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 303 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 304 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 305 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 306 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 307 308* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 309 310* release notes for 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 312 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 313 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 314 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 315 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 316 317* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 318 319* release notes for 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 323 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 324 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 325 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 326 327* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 328 329* release notes for 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 332 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 333 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 334 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 335 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 336 337* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 338 339* release notes for 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 342 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 343 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 344 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 345 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 346 347* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 348 349* release notes for 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 352 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 353 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 354 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 355 356* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 357 358* release notes for 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 362 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 363 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 364 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 365 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 366 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 369 370* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 371 372* release notes for 373 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 374 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 375 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 376 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 377 378* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 379 380* release notes for 381 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 382 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 383 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 384 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 385 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 386 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 387 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 388 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 391 392* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 393 394* release notes for 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 396 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 399 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 400 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 401 402* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 403 404* release notes for 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 407 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 408 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 409 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 410 411* release notes for 412 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 417 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 418 419* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 420 421* release notes for 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 425 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 426 427* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 428 429* release notes for 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 434 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 435 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 436 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 437 438* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 439 440* release notes for 441 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 442 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 443 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 444 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 445 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 446 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 447 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 448 449* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 450 451* release notes for 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 453 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 454 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 455 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 456 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 457 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 458 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 459 460* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 461 462* release notes for 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 464 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 465 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 466 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 467 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 468 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 469 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 470 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 471 472* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 473 474* release notes for 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 476 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 477 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 478 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 479 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 480 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 481 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 482 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 483 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 484 485* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 486 487* release notes for 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 489 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 490 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 492 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 493 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 494 495* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 496 497* release notes for 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 500 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 501 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 502 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 503 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 504 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 505 506* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 507 508* release notes for 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 510 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 511 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 512 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 513 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 514 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 515 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 516 517* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 518 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 519 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 520 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 521 522============ 523 524endif::stalenotes[] 525 526OPTIONS 527------- 528--version:: 529 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 530 531--help:: 532 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 533 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 534 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 535 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 536+ 537Other options are available to control how the manual page is 538displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 539because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 540help ...`. 541 542-C <path>:: 543 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 544 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 545 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 546 <path>`. 547+ 548This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 549`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 550made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 551example the following invocations are equivalent: 552 553 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 554 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 555 556-c <name>=<value>:: 557 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 558 given will override values from configuration files. 559 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 560 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 561+ 562Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 563`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 564config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 565foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 566 567--exec-path[=<path>]:: 568 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 569 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 570 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 571 the current setting and then exit. 572 573--html-path:: 574 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 575 documentation is installed and exit. 576 577--man-path:: 578 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 579 this version of Git and exit. 580 581--info-path:: 582 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 583 version of Git are installed and exit. 584 585-p:: 586--paginate:: 587 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 588 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 589 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 590 below). 591 592--no-pager:: 593 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 594 595--git-dir=<path>:: 596 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 597 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 598 path or relative path to current working directory. 599 600--work-tree=<path>:: 601 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 602 or a path relative to the current working directory. 603 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 604 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 605 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 606 more detailed discussion). 607 608--namespace=<path>:: 609 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 610 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 611 variable. 612 613--bare:: 614 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 615 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 616 directory. 617 618--no-replace-objects:: 619 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 620 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 621 622--literal-pathspecs:: 623 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 624 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 625 variable to `1`. 626 627--glob-pathspecs:: 628 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 629 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 630 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 631 magic ":(literal)" 632 633--noglob-pathspecs:: 634 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 635 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 636 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 637 magic ":(glob)" 638 639--icase-pathspecs:: 640 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 641 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 642 643GIT COMMANDS 644------------ 645 646We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 647("plumbing") commands. 648 649High-level commands (porcelain) 650------------------------------- 651 652We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 653ancillary user utilities. 654 655Main porcelain commands 656~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 657 658include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 659 660Ancillary Commands 661~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 662Manipulators: 663 664include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 665 666Interrogators: 667 668include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 669 670 671Interacting with Others 672~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 673 674These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 675people via patch over e-mail. 676 677include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 678 679 680Low-level commands (plumbing) 681----------------------------- 682 683Although Git includes its 684own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 685development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 686might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 687linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 688 689The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 690to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 691than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 692primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 693on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 694end user experience. 695 696The following description divides 697the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 698the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 699compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 700repositories. 701 702 703Manipulation commands 704~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 705 706include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 707 708 709Interrogation commands 710~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 711 712include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 713 714In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 715the working tree. 716 717 718Synching repositories 719~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 720 721include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 722 723The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 724typically do not use them directly. 725 726include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 727 728 729Internal helper commands 730~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 731 732These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 733users typically do not use them directly. 734 735include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 736 737 738Configuration Mechanism 739----------------------- 740 741Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 742repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 743like this: 744 745------------ 746# 747# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 748# 749 750; core variables 751[core] 752 ; Don't trust file modes 753 filemode = false 754 755; user identity 756[user] 757 name = "Junio C Hamano" 758 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 759 760------------ 761 762Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 763their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 764list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 765 766 767Identifier Terminology 768---------------------- 769<object>:: 770 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 771 772<blob>:: 773 Indicates a blob object name. 774 775<tree>:: 776 Indicates a tree object name. 777 778<commit>:: 779 Indicates a commit object name. 780 781<tree-ish>:: 782 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 783 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 784 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 785 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 786 787<commit-ish>:: 788 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 789 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 790 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 791 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 792 793<type>:: 794 Indicates that an object type is required. 795 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 796 797<file>:: 798 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 799 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 800 801Symbolic Identifiers 802-------------------- 803Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 804symbolic notation: 805 806HEAD:: 807 indicates the head of the current branch. 808 809<tag>:: 810 a valid tag 'name' 811 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 812 813<head>:: 814 a valid head 'name' 815 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 816 817For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 818"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 819 820 821File/Directory Structure 822------------------------ 823 824Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 825 826Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 827 828Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 829`$GIT_DIR`. 830 831 832Terminology 833----------- 834Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 835 836 837Environment Variables 838--------------------- 839Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 840 841The Git Repository 842~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 843These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 844is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 845Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 846 847`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 848 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 849 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 850 is used. 851 852`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 853 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 854 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 855 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 856 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 857 858`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 859 If the object storage directory is specified via this 860 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 861 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 862 directory is used. 863 864`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 865 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 866 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 867 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 868 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 869 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 870 871`GIT_DIR`:: 872 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 873 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 874 for the base of the repository. 875 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 876 877`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 878 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 879 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 880 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 881 882`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 883 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 884 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 885 886`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 887 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 888 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 889 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 890 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 891 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 892 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 893 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 894 might be present in order to compare them with the current 895 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 896 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 897 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 898 e.g., 899 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 900 901`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 902 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 903 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 904 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 905 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 906 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 907 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 908 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 909 command line. 910 911`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 912 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 913 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 914 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 915 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 916 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 917 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 918 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 919 920Git Commits 921~~~~~~~~~~~ 922`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 923`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 924`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 925`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 926`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 927`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 928'EMAIL':: 929 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 930 931Git Diffs 932~~~~~~~~~ 933`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 934 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 935 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 936 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 937 value passed on the Git diff command line. 938 939`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 940 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 941 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 942 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 943 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 944 945 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 946+ 947where: 948 949 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 950 contents of <old|new>, 951 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 952 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 953+ 954The file parameters can point at the user's working file 955(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 956when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 957index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 958temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 959+ 960For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 961parameter, <path>. 962+ 963For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 964`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 965 966`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 967 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 968 969`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 970 The total number of paths. 971 972other 973~~~~~ 974`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 975 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 976 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 977 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 978 979`GIT_PAGER`:: 980 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set 981 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch 982 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in 983 linkgit:git-config[1]. 984 985`GIT_EDITOR`:: 986 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`. 987 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, 988 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1] 989 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1]. 990 991`GIT_SSH`:: 992`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`:: 993 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch' 994 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh' 995 when they need to connect to a remote system. 996 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the 997 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell 998 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by 999 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1000 something other than the default SSH port.1001+1002`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1003by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1004`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1005(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1006needed).1007+1008Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1009personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1010for further details.10111012`GIT_ASKPASS`::1013 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1014 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1015 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1016 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1017 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10181019`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1020 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1021 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10221023`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1024 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1025 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1026 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1027 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1028 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1029 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10301031`GIT_FLUSH`::1032 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1033 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1034 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1035 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1036 flushed. If this1037 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1038 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1039 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1040 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10411042`GIT_TRACE`::1043 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1044 command execution and external command execution.1045+1046If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1047is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1048stderr.1049+1050If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21051and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1052value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1053trace messages into this file descriptor.1054+1055Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1056(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1057as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1058into it.1059+1060Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1061"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10621063`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1064 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1065 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1066 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1067 pack-related performance problems.1068 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10691070`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1071 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1072 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1073 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1074 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1075 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10761077`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1078 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1079 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1080 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1081 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1082 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1083 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1084+1085Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1086of clones and fetches.10871088`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1089 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1090 time of each Git command.1091 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10921093`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1094 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1095 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1096 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10971098`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1099 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1100 cloning of shallow repositories.1101 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11021103`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1104 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1105 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1106 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1107 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1108 variable.1109 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11101111`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1112 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1113 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1114 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1115 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1116 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1117 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1118 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11191120`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1121 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1122 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11231124`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1125 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1126 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11271128`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1129 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1130 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11311132`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1133 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1134 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1135 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1136 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1137 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1138 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1139 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1140 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11411142`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1143 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1144 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1145 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1146 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1147 this variable automatically when performing destructive1148 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1149 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1150 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1151 cloning a repository to make a backup).11521153`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1154 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are1155 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to1156 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted1157 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,1158 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not1159 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names1160 currently used by git are:11611162 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,1163 or local paths)11641165 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP1166 connection (or proxy, if configured)11671168 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,1169 `ssh://`, etc).11701171 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".1172 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,1173 you should specify both as `http:https`.11741175 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use1176 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)117711781179Discussion[[Discussion]]1180------------------------11811182More detail on the following is available from the1183link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1184user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].11851186A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1187subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1188things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1189of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1190contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1191as tags and branch heads.11921193The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1194hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1195directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1196and some number of parent commits.11971198The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1199"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1200represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1201parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12021203All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1204written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1205The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1206just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1207purpose.12081209When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1210efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12111212Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1213may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1214with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1215recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1216tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1217`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12181219The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1220path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1221the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1222attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1223corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1224working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1225be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1226content stored in the index.12271228The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1229for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1230unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12311232FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1233---------------------12341235See the references in the "description" section to get started1236using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1237for a first-time user.12381239The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1240user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1241introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12421243See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12441245See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1246examples.12471248The internals are documented in the1249link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12501251Users migrating from CVS may also want to1252read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].125312541255Authors1256-------1257Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1258C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1259<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1260gives you a more complete list of contributors.12611262If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1263output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1264the authors for specific parts of the project.12651266Reporting Bugs1267--------------12681269Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1270development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1271subscribed to the list to send a message there.12721273SEE ALSO1274--------1275linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1276linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1277linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1278linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1279linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12801281GIT1282---1283Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite