3cb55cdd7b66ff6ae6c4aeafd83738e6b60bc8f4
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    <command> [<args>]
  17
  18DESCRIPTION
  19-----------
  20Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  21unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  22and full access to internals.
  23
  24See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  25linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  26commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  27in-depth introduction.
  28
  29After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  30page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  31individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  32manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  33
  34A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  35can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  36
  37ifdef::stalenotes[]
  38[NOTE]
  39============
  40
  41You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  42unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  43branch of the `git.git` repository.
  44Documentation for older releases are available here:
  45
  46* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2]
  47
  48* release notes for
  49  link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
  50  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  51  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  52
  53* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4]
  54
  55* release notes for
  56  link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4],
  57  link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
  58  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  59  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  60  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  61
  62* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5]
  63
  64* release notes for
  65  link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5],
  66  link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
  67  link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
  68  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  69  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  70  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  71
  72* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5]
  73
  74* release notes for
  75  link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5],
  76  link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4],
  77  link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
  78  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  79  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  80  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
  81
  82* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7]
  83
  84* release notes for
  85  link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7],
  86  link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
  87  link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
  88  link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4],
  89  link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
  90  link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
  91  link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
  92  link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
  93
  94* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6]
  95
  96* release notes for
  97  link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6],
  98  link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
  99  link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
 100  link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3],
 101  link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
 102  link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
 103  link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
 104
 105* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12]
 106
 107* release notes for
 108  link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12],
 109  link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
 110  link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
 111  link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
 112  link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
 113  link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
 114  link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
 115  link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
 116  link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
 117  link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
 118  link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
 119  link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
 120  link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 121
 122* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
 123
 124* release notes for
 125  link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10],
 126  link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
 127  link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
 128  link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
 129  link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
 130  link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
 131  link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
 132  link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
 133  link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
 134  link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
 135  link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
 136
 137* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
 138
 139* release notes for
 140  link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
 141  link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
 142  link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
 143  link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
 144
 145* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
 146
 147* release notes for
 148  link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
 149  link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
 150  link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
 151  link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
 152  link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
 153
 154* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
 155
 156* release notes for
 157  link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
 158  link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
 159  link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
 160  link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
 161  link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
 162  link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
 163
 164* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
 165
 166* release notes for
 167  link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
 168  link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
 169  link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
 170  link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
 171  link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
 172  link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
 173
 174* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
 175
 176* release notes for
 177  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
 178  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
 179  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
 180  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
 181  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
 182  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
 183  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
 184
 185* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
 186
 187* release notes for
 188  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
 189  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
 190  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
 191  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
 192  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
 193  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
 194
 195* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
 196
 197* release notes for
 198  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
 199  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
 200  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
 201  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
 202  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
 203
 204* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
 205
 206* release notes for
 207  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
 208  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
 209  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
 210  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
 211
 212* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
 213
 214* release notes for
 215  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
 216  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
 217  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
 218  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
 219  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
 220  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
 221  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
 222
 223* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
 224
 225* release notes for
 226  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
 227  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
 228  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
 229  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
 230
 231* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
 232
 233* release notes for
 234  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
 235  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
 236  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
 237  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
 238  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
 239
 240* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
 241
 242* release notes for
 243  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
 244  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
 245  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
 246  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
 247  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
 248  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
 249  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
 250  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
 251
 252* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
 253
 254* release notes for
 255  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
 256  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
 257  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
 258  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
 259  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
 260  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
 261
 262* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
 263
 264* release notes for
 265  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
 266  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
 267  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
 268  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
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 270  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
 271  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
 272  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
 273
 274* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
 275
 276* release notes for
 277  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
 278  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
 279  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
 280  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
 281  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
 282  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
 283  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
 284
 285* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
 286
 287* release notes for
 288  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
 289  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
 290  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
 291  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
 292  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
 293  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
 294  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
 295  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
 296
 297* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
 298
 299* release notes for
 300  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
 301  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
 302  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
 303  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
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 305  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
 306  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
 307
 308* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
 309
 310* release notes for
 311  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
 312  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
 313  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
 314  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
 315  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
 316
 317* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
 318
 319* release notes for
 320  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
 321  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
 322  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
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 324  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
 325  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
 326
 327* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
 328
 329* release notes for
 330  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
 331  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
 332  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
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 334  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
 335  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
 336
 337* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
 338
 339* release notes for
 340  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
 341  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
 342  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
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 344  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
 345  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
 346
 347* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
 348
 349* release notes for
 350  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
 351  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
 352  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
 353  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
 354  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
 355
 356* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
 357
 358* release notes for
 359  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
 360  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
 361  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
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 368  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
 369
 370* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
 371
 372* release notes for
 373  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
 374  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
 375  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
 376  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
 377
 378* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
 379
 380* release notes for
 381  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
 382  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
 383  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
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 390  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
 391
 392* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
 393
 394* release notes for
 395  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
 396  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
 397  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
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 400  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
 401
 402* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
 403
 404* release notes for
 405  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
 406  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
 407  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
 408  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
 409  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
 410
 411* release notes for
 412  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
 413  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
 414  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
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 417  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
 418
 419* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
 420
 421* release notes for
 422  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
 423  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
 424  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
 425  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 426
 427* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 428
 429* release notes for
 430  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 431  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 432  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 433  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 434  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 435  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 436  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 437
 438* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 439
 440* release notes for
 441  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 444  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 445  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 446  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 447  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 448
 449* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 450
 451* release notes for
 452  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 456  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 457  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 458  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 459
 460* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 461
 462* release notes for
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 467  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 468  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 471
 472* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 473
 474* release notes for
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 484
 485* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 486
 487* release notes for
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 494
 495* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 496
 497* release notes for
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 502  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 503  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 504  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 505
 506* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 507
 508* release notes for
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 513  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 514  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 516
 517* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 518  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 519  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 520  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 521
 522============
 523
 524endif::stalenotes[]
 525
 526OPTIONS
 527-------
 528--version::
 529        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 530
 531--help::
 532        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 533        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 534        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 535        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 536+
 537Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 538displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 539because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 540help ...`.
 541
 542-C <path>::
 543        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 544        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 545        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 546        <path>`.
 547+
 548This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 549`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 550made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 551example the following invocations are equivalent:
 552
 553    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 554    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 555
 556-c <name>=<value>::
 557        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 558        given will override values from configuration files.
 559        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 560        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 561+
 562Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 563`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 564config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 565foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 566
 567--exec-path[=<path>]::
 568        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 569        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 570        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 571        the current setting and then exit.
 572
 573--html-path::
 574        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 575        documentation is installed and exit.
 576
 577--man-path::
 578        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 579        this version of Git and exit.
 580
 581--info-path::
 582        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 583        version of Git are installed and exit.
 584
 585-p::
 586--paginate::
 587        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 588        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 589        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 590        below).
 591
 592--no-pager::
 593        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 594
 595--git-dir=<path>::
 596        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 597        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 598        path or relative path to current working directory.
 599
 600--work-tree=<path>::
 601        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 602        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 603        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 604        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 605        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 606        more detailed discussion).
 607
 608--namespace=<path>::
 609        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 610        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 611        variable.
 612
 613--bare::
 614        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 615        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 616        directory.
 617
 618--no-replace-objects::
 619        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 620        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 621
 622--literal-pathspecs::
 623        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 624        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 625        variable to `1`.
 626
 627--glob-pathspecs::
 628        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 629        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 630        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 631        magic ":(literal)"
 632
 633--noglob-pathspecs::
 634        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 635        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 636        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 637        magic ":(glob)"
 638
 639--icase-pathspecs::
 640        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 641        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 642
 643GIT COMMANDS
 644------------
 645
 646We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 647("plumbing") commands.
 648
 649High-level commands (porcelain)
 650-------------------------------
 651
 652We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 653ancillary user utilities.
 654
 655Main porcelain commands
 656~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 657
 658include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 659
 660Ancillary Commands
 661~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 662Manipulators:
 663
 664include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 665
 666Interrogators:
 667
 668include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 669
 670
 671Interacting with Others
 672~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 673
 674These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 675people via patch over e-mail.
 676
 677include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 678
 679
 680Low-level commands (plumbing)
 681-----------------------------
 682
 683Although Git includes its
 684own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 685development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 686might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 687linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 688
 689The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 690to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 691than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 692primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 693on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 694end user experience.
 695
 696The following description divides
 697the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 698the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 699compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 700repositories.
 701
 702
 703Manipulation commands
 704~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 705
 706include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 707
 708
 709Interrogation commands
 710~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 711
 712include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 713
 714In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 715the working tree.
 716
 717
 718Synching repositories
 719~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 720
 721include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 722
 723The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 724typically do not use them directly.
 725
 726include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 727
 728
 729Internal helper commands
 730~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 731
 732These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 733users typically do not use them directly.
 734
 735include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 736
 737
 738Configuration Mechanism
 739-----------------------
 740
 741Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 742repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 743like this:
 744
 745------------
 746#
 747# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 748#
 749
 750; core variables
 751[core]
 752        ; Don't trust file modes
 753        filemode = false
 754
 755; user identity
 756[user]
 757        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 758        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 759
 760------------
 761
 762Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 763their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 764list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 765
 766
 767Identifier Terminology
 768----------------------
 769<object>::
 770        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 771
 772<blob>::
 773        Indicates a blob object name.
 774
 775<tree>::
 776        Indicates a tree object name.
 777
 778<commit>::
 779        Indicates a commit object name.
 780
 781<tree-ish>::
 782        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 783        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 784        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 785        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 786
 787<commit-ish>::
 788        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 789        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 790        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 791        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 792
 793<type>::
 794        Indicates that an object type is required.
 795        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 796
 797<file>::
 798        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 799        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 800
 801Symbolic Identifiers
 802--------------------
 803Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 804symbolic notation:
 805
 806HEAD::
 807        indicates the head of the current branch.
 808
 809<tag>::
 810        a valid tag 'name'
 811        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 812
 813<head>::
 814        a valid head 'name'
 815        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 816
 817For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 818"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 819
 820
 821File/Directory Structure
 822------------------------
 823
 824Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 825
 826Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 827
 828Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 829`$GIT_DIR`.
 830
 831
 832Terminology
 833-----------
 834Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 835
 836
 837Environment Variables
 838---------------------
 839Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 840
 841The Git Repository
 842~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 843These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 844is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 845Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 846
 847`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 848        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 849        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 850        is used.
 851
 852`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 853        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 854        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 855        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 856        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 857
 858`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 859        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 860        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 861        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 862        directory is used.
 863
 864`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 865        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 866        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 867        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 868        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 869        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 870
 871`GIT_DIR`::
 872        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 873        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 874        for the base of the repository.
 875        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 876
 877`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 878        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 879        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 880        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 881
 882`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 883        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 884        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 885
 886`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 887        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 888        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 889        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 890        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 891        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 892        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 893        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 894        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 895        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 896        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 897        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 898        e.g.,
 899        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 900
 901`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 902        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 903        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 904        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 905        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 906        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 907        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 908        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 909        command line.
 910
 911`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 912        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 913        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 914        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 915        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 916        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 917        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 918        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 919
 920Git Commits
 921~~~~~~~~~~~
 922`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 923`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 924`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 925`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 926`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 927`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 928'EMAIL'::
 929        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 930
 931Git Diffs
 932~~~~~~~~~
 933`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 934        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 935        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 936        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 937        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 938
 939`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 940        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 941        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 942        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 943        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 944
 945        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 946+
 947where:
 948
 949        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 950                         contents of <old|new>,
 951        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 952        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 953+
 954The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 955(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 956when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 957index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 958temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 959+
 960For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 961parameter, <path>.
 962+
 963For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 964`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 965
 966`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 967        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 968
 969`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 970        The total number of paths.
 971
 972other
 973~~~~~
 974`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 975        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 976        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 977        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 978
 979`GIT_PAGER`::
 980        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
 981        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
 982        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
 983        linkgit:git-config[1].
 984
 985`GIT_EDITOR`::
 986        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
 987        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
 988        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
 989        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
 990
 991`GIT_SSH`::
 992`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
 993        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
 994        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
 995        when they need to connect to a remote system.
 996        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
 997        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
 998        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
 999        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1000        something other than the default SSH port.
1001+
1002`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1003by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1004`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1005(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1006needed).
1007+
1008Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1009personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1010for further details.
1011
1012`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1013        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1014        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1015        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1016        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1017        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1018
1019`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1020        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1021        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1022
1023`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1024        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1025        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1026        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1027        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1028        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1029        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1030
1031`GIT_FLUSH`::
1032        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1033        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1034        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1035        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1036        flushed. If this
1037        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1038        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1039        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1040        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1041
1042`GIT_TRACE`::
1043        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1044        command execution and external command execution.
1045+
1046If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1047is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1048stderr.
1049+
1050If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1051and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1052value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1053trace messages into this file descriptor.
1054+
1055Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1056(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1057as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1058into it.
1059+
1060Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1061"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1062
1063`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1064        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1065        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1066        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1067        pack-related performance problems.
1068        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1069
1070`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1071        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1072        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1073        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1074        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1075        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1076
1077`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1078        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1079        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1080        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1081        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1082        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1083        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1084+
1085Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1086of clones and fetches.
1087
1088`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1089        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1090        time of each Git command.
1091        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1092
1093`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1094        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1095        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1096        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1097
1098`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1099        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1100        cloning of shallow repositories.
1101        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1102
1103`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1104        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1105        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1106        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1107        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1108        variable.
1109        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1110
1111`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1112        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1113        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1114        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1115        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1116        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1117        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1118        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1119
1120`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1121        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1122        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1123
1124`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1125        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1126        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1127
1128`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1129        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1130        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1131
1132`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1133        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1134        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1135        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1136        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1137        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1138        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1139        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1140        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1141
1142`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1143        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1144        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1145        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1146        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1147        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1148        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1149        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1150        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1151        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1152
1153`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1154        If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1155        allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1156        restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1157        repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1158        this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1159        set at all, all protocols are enabled.  The protocol names
1160        currently used by git are:
1161
1162          - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1163            or local paths)
1164
1165          - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1166            connection (or proxy, if configured)
1167
1168          - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1169            `ssh://`, etc).
1170
1171          - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1172            Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1173            you should specify both as `http:https`.
1174
1175          - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1176            `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1177
1178
1179Discussion[[Discussion]]
1180------------------------
1181
1182More detail on the following is available from the
1183link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1184user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1185
1186A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1187subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1188things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1189of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1190contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1191as tags and branch heads.
1192
1193The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1194hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1195directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1196and some number of parent commits.
1197
1198The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1199"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1200represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1201parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1202
1203All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1204written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1205The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1206just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1207purpose.
1208
1209When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1210efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1211
1212Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1213may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1214with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1215recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1216tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1217`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1218
1219The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1220path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1221the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1222attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1223corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1224working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1225be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1226content stored in the index.
1227
1228The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1229for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1230unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1231
1232FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1233---------------------
1234
1235See the references in the "description" section to get started
1236using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1237for a first-time user.
1238
1239The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1240user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1241introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1242
1243See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1244
1245See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1246examples.
1247
1248The internals are documented in the
1249link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1250
1251Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1252read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1253
1254
1255Authors
1256-------
1257Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1258C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1259<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1260gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1261
1262If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1263output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1264the authors for specific parts of the project.
1265
1266Reporting Bugs
1267--------------
1268
1269Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1270development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1271subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1272
1273SEE ALSO
1274--------
1275linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1276linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1277linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1278linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1279linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1280
1281GIT
1282---
1283Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite