1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.11.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.2] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.11.2.txt[2.11.2], 51 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], 52 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 53 54* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3] 55 56* release notes for 57 link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3], 58 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 59 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 60 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 61 62* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4] 63 64* release notes for 65 link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4], 66 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 67 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 68 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 69 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 70 71* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5] 72 73* release notes for 74 link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5], 75 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 76 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 77 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 78 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 79 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 80 81* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5] 82 83* release notes for 84 link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5], 85 link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4], 86 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 87 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 88 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 89 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 90 91* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7] 92 93* release notes for 94 link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7], 95 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 96 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 97 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 98 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 99 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 100 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 101 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 102 103* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6] 104 105* release notes for 106 link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6], 107 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 108 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 109 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 110 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 111 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 112 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 113 114* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12] 115 116* release notes for 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 120 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 121 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 122 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 123 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 124 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 125 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 126 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 127 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 128 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 129 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 130 131* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 132 133* release notes for 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 135 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 136 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 137 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 138 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 139 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 140 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 141 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 142 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 143 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 144 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 145 146* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 147 148* release notes for 149 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 150 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 151 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 152 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 153 154* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 155 156* release notes for 157 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 158 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 159 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 160 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 161 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 162 163* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 164 165* release notes for 166 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 167 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 168 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 169 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 170 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 171 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 172 173* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 174 175* release notes for 176 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 177 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 178 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 179 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 180 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 181 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 182 183* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 184 185* release notes for 186 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 187 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 189 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 190 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 191 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 192 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 193 194* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 195 196* release notes for 197 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 200 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 201 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 202 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 203 204* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 205 206* release notes for 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 210 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 211 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 212 213* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 214 215* release notes for 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 219 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 220 221* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 222 223* release notes for 224 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 225 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 227 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 228 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 229 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 230 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 231 232* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 233 234* release notes for 235 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 236 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 237 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 238 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 239 240* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 241 242* release notes for 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 244 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 245 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 246 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 247 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 248 249* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 250 251* release notes for 252 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 253 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 254 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 256 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 257 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 258 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 259 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 260 261* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 262 263* release notes for 264 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 267 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 268 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 269 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 270 271* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 272 273* release notes for 274 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 275 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 276 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 278 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 279 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 280 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 281 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 282 283* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 284 285* release notes for 286 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 287 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 289 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 290 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 291 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 292 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 293 294* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 295 296* release notes for 297 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 298 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 299 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 301 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 302 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 303 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 304 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 305 306* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 307 308* release notes for 309 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 310 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 312 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 313 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 314 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 315 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 316 317* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 318 319* release notes for 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 323 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 324 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 325 326* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 327 328* release notes for 329 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 332 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 333 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 334 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 335 336* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 337 338* release notes for 339 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 342 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 343 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 344 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 345 346* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 347 348* release notes for 349 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 352 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 353 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 354 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 355 356* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 357 358* release notes for 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 362 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 363 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 364 365* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 366 367* release notes for 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 369 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 370 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 371 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 372 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 373 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 374 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 375 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 376 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 377 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 378 379* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 380 381* release notes for 382 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 383 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 384 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 385 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 386 387* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 388 389* release notes for 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 391 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 392 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 393 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 394 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 396 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 399 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 400 401* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 402 403* release notes for 404 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 407 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 408 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 409 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 410 411* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 412 413* release notes for 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 417 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 418 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 419 420* release notes for 421 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 425 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 426 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 427 428* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 429 430* release notes for 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 434 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 435 436* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 437 438* release notes for 439 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 440 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 441 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 442 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 443 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 444 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 445 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 446 447* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 448 449* release notes for 450 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 451 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 453 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 454 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 455 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 456 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 457 458* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 459 460* release notes for 461 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 462 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 464 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 465 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 466 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 467 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 468 469* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 470 471* release notes for 472 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 473 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 474 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 476 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 477 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 478 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 479 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 480 481* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 482 483* release notes for 484 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 485 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 486 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 487 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 489 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 490 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 492 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 493 494* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 495 496* release notes for 497 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 500 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 501 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 502 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 503 504* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 505 506* release notes for 507 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 508 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 510 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 511 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 512 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 513 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 514 515* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 516 517* release notes for 518 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 519 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 520 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 521 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 522 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 523 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 524 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 525 526* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 527 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 528 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 529 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 530 531============ 532 533endif::stalenotes[] 534 535OPTIONS 536------- 537--version:: 538 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 539 540--help:: 541 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 542 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 543 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 544 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 545+ 546Other options are available to control how the manual page is 547displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 548because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 549help ...`. 550 551-C <path>:: 552 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 553 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 554 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 555 <path>`. 556+ 557This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 558`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 559made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 560example the following invocations are equivalent: 561 562 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 563 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 564 565-c <name>=<value>:: 566 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 567 given will override values from configuration files. 568 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 569 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 570+ 571Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 572`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 573config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 574foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 575 576--exec-path[=<path>]:: 577 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 578 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 579 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 580 the current setting and then exit. 581 582--html-path:: 583 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 584 documentation is installed and exit. 585 586--man-path:: 587 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 588 this version of Git and exit. 589 590--info-path:: 591 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 592 version of Git are installed and exit. 593 594-p:: 595--paginate:: 596 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 597 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 598 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 599 below). 600 601--no-pager:: 602 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 603 604--git-dir=<path>:: 605 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 606 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 607 path or relative path to current working directory. 608 609--work-tree=<path>:: 610 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 611 or a path relative to the current working directory. 612 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 613 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 614 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 615 more detailed discussion). 616 617--namespace=<path>:: 618 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 619 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 620 variable. 621 622--super-prefix=<path>:: 623 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 624 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 625 context about the superproject that invoked it. 626 627--bare:: 628 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 629 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 630 directory. 631 632--no-replace-objects:: 633 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 634 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 635 636--literal-pathspecs:: 637 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 638 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 639 variable to `1`. 640 641--glob-pathspecs:: 642 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 643 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 644 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 645 magic ":(literal)" 646 647--noglob-pathspecs:: 648 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 649 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 650 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 651 magic ":(glob)" 652 653--icase-pathspecs:: 654 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 655 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 656 657GIT COMMANDS 658------------ 659 660We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 661("plumbing") commands. 662 663High-level commands (porcelain) 664------------------------------- 665 666We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 667ancillary user utilities. 668 669Main porcelain commands 670~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 671 672include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 673 674Ancillary Commands 675~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 676Manipulators: 677 678include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 679 680Interrogators: 681 682include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 683 684 685Interacting with Others 686~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 687 688These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 689people via patch over e-mail. 690 691include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 692 693 694Low-level commands (plumbing) 695----------------------------- 696 697Although Git includes its 698own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 699development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 700might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 701linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 702 703The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 704to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 705than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 706primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 707on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 708end user experience. 709 710The following description divides 711the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 712the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 713compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 714repositories. 715 716 717Manipulation commands 718~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 719 720include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 721 722 723Interrogation commands 724~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 725 726include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 727 728In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 729the working tree. 730 731 732Synching repositories 733~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 734 735include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 736 737The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 738typically do not use them directly. 739 740include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 741 742 743Internal helper commands 744~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 745 746These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 747users typically do not use them directly. 748 749include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 750 751 752Configuration Mechanism 753----------------------- 754 755Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 756repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 757like this: 758 759------------ 760# 761# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 762# 763 764; core variables 765[core] 766 ; Don't trust file modes 767 filemode = false 768 769; user identity 770[user] 771 name = "Junio C Hamano" 772 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 773 774------------ 775 776Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 777their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 778list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 779 780 781Identifier Terminology 782---------------------- 783<object>:: 784 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 785 786<blob>:: 787 Indicates a blob object name. 788 789<tree>:: 790 Indicates a tree object name. 791 792<commit>:: 793 Indicates a commit object name. 794 795<tree-ish>:: 796 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 797 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 798 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 799 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 800 801<commit-ish>:: 802 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 803 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 804 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 805 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 806 807<type>:: 808 Indicates that an object type is required. 809 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 810 811<file>:: 812 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 813 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 814 815Symbolic Identifiers 816-------------------- 817Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 818symbolic notation: 819 820HEAD:: 821 indicates the head of the current branch. 822 823<tag>:: 824 a valid tag 'name' 825 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 826 827<head>:: 828 a valid head 'name' 829 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 830 831For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 832"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 833 834 835File/Directory Structure 836------------------------ 837 838Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 839 840Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 841 842Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 843`$GIT_DIR`. 844 845 846Terminology 847----------- 848Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 849 850 851Environment Variables 852--------------------- 853Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 854 855The Git Repository 856~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 857These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 858is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 859Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 860 861`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 862 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 863 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 864 is used. 865 866`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 867 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 868 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 869 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 870 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 871 872`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 873 If the object storage directory is specified via this 874 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 875 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 876 directory is used. 877 878`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 879 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 880 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 881 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 882 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 883 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 884+ 885 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 886 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 887 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 888 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 889 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 890 891`GIT_DIR`:: 892 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 893 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 894 for the base of the repository. 895 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 896 897`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 898 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 899 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 900 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 901 902`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 903 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 904 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 905 906`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 907 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 908 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 909 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 910 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 911 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 912 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 913 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 914 might be present in order to compare them with the current 915 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 916 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 917 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 918 e.g., 919 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 920 921`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 922 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 923 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 924 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 925 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 926 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 927 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 928 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 929 command line. 930 931`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 932 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 933 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 934 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 935 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 936 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 937 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 938 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 939 940Git Commits 941~~~~~~~~~~~ 942`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 943`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 944`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 945`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 946`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 947`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 948'EMAIL':: 949 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 950 951Git Diffs 952~~~~~~~~~ 953`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 954 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 955 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 956 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 957 value passed on the Git diff command line. 958 959`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 960 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 961 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 962 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 963 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 964 965 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 966+ 967where: 968 969 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 970 contents of <old|new>, 971 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 972 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 973+ 974The file parameters can point at the user's working file 975(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 976when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 977index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 978temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 979+ 980For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 981parameter, <path>. 982+ 983For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 984`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 985 986`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 987 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 988 989`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 990 The total number of paths. 991 992other 993~~~~~ 994`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 995 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 996 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 997 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 998 999`GIT_PAGER`::1000 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set1001 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch1002 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in1003 linkgit:git-config[1].10041005`GIT_EDITOR`::1006 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.1007 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,1008 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]1009 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10101011`GIT_SSH`::1012`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1013 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1014 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1015 when they need to connect to a remote system.1016 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1017 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1018 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1019 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1020 something other than the default SSH port.1021+1022`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1023by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1024`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1025(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1026needed).1027+1028Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1029personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1030for further details.10311032`GIT_ASKPASS`::1033 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1034 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1035 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1036 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1037 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10381039`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1040 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1041 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10421043`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1044 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1045 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1046 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1047 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1048 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1049 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10501051`GIT_FLUSH`::1052 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1053 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1054 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1055 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1056 flushed. If this1057 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1058 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1059 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1060 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10611062`GIT_TRACE`::1063 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1064 command execution and external command execution.1065+1066If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1067is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1068stderr.1069+1070If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21071and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1072value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1073trace messages into this file descriptor.1074+1075Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1076(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1077as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1078into it.1079+1080Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1081"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10821083`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1084 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1085 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1086 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1087 pack-related performance problems.1088 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10891090`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1091 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1092 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1093 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1094 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1095 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10961097`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1098 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1099 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1100 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1101 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1102 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1103 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1104+1105Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1106of clones and fetches.11071108`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1109 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1110 time of each Git command.1111 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11121113`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1114 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1115 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1116 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11171118`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1119 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1120 cloning of shallow repositories.1121 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11221123`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1124 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1125 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1126 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1127 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1128 variable.1129 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11301131`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1132 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1133 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1134 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1135 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1136 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1137 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1138 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11391140`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1141 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1142 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11431144`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1145 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1146 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11471148`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1149 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1150 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11511152`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1153 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1154 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1155 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1156 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1157 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1158 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1159 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1160 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11611162`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1163 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1164 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1165 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1166 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1167 this variable automatically when performing destructive1168 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1169 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1170 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1171 cloning a repository to make a backup).11721173`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1174 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are1175 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to1176 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted1177 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,1178 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not1179 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names1180 currently used by git are:11811182 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,1183 or local paths)11841185 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP1186 connection (or proxy, if configured)11871188 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,1189 `ssh://`, etc).11901191 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".1192 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,1193 you should specify both as `http:https`.11941195 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use1196 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)119711981199Discussion[[Discussion]]1200------------------------12011202More detail on the following is available from the1203link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1204user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].12051206A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1207subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1208things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1209of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1210contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1211as tags and branch heads.12121213The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1214hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1215directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1216and some number of parent commits.12171218The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1219"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1220represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1221parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12221223All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1224written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1225The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1226just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1227purpose.12281229When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1230efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12311232Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1233may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1234with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1235recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1236tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1237`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12381239The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1240path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1241the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1242attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1243corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1244working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1245be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1246content stored in the index.12471248The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1249for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1250unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12511252FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1253---------------------12541255See the references in the "description" section to get started1256using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1257for a first-time user.12581259The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1260user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1261introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12621263See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12641265See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1266examples.12671268The internals are documented in the1269link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12701271Users migrating from CVS may also want to1272read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].127312741275Authors1276-------1277Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1278C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1279<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1280gives you a more complete list of contributors.12811282If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1283output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1284the authors for specific parts of the project.12851286Reporting Bugs1287--------------12881289Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1290development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1291subscribed to the list to send a message there.12921293SEE ALSO1294--------1295linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1296linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1297linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1298linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1299linkgit:gitworkflows[7]13001301GIT1302---1303Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite