f40d6c4b194fc6f24e9105ee0d109ed760ae6d42
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.12.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.2]
  48
  49* release notes for
  50  link:RelNotes/2.12.2.txt[2.12.2].
  51  link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1].
  52  link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12].
  53
  54* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
  55
  56* release notes for
  57  link:RelNotes/2.11.2.txt[2.11.2],
  58  link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
  59  link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
  60
  61* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3]
  62
  63* release notes for
  64  link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3],
  65  link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
  66  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  67  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  68
  69* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4]
  70
  71* release notes for
  72  link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4],
  73  link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
  74  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  75  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  76  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  77
  78* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5]
  79
  80* release notes for
  81  link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5],
  82  link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
  83  link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
  84  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  85  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  86  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  87
  88* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5]
  89
  90* release notes for
  91  link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5],
  92  link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4],
  93  link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
  94  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  95  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  96  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
  97
  98* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7]
  99
 100* release notes for
 101  link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7],
 102  link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
 103  link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
 104  link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4],
 105  link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
 106  link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
 107  link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
 108  link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
 109
 110* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6]
 111
 112* release notes for
 113  link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6],
 114  link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
 115  link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
 116  link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3],
 117  link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
 118  link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
 119  link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
 120
 121* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12]
 122
 123* release notes for
 124  link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12],
 125  link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
 126  link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
 127  link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
 128  link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
 129  link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7],
 130  link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6],
 131  link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5],
 132  link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
 133  link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
 134  link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
 135  link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
 136  link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 137
 138* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
 139
 140* release notes for
 141  link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10],
 142  link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
 143  link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
 144  link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
 145  link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
 146  link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
 147  link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4],
 148  link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
 149  link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
 150  link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
 151  link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
 152
 153* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
 154
 155* release notes for
 156  link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
 157  link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
 158  link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
 159  link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
 160
 161* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
 162
 163* release notes for
 164  link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
 165  link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
 166  link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
 167  link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
 168  link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
 169
 170* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
 171
 172* release notes for
 173  link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
 174  link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
 175  link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
 176  link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
 177  link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
 178  link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
 179
 180* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
 181
 182* release notes for
 183  link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5],
 184  link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
 185  link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
 186  link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2],
 187  link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1],
 188  link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
 189
 190* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
 191
 192* release notes for
 193  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
 194  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
 195  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4],
 196  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3],
 197  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2],
 198  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1],
 199  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
 200
 201* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
 202
 203* release notes for
 204  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
 205  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
 206  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
 207  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2],
 208  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
 209  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
 210
 211* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
 212
 213* release notes for
 214  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
 215  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
 216  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
 217  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
 218  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
 219
 220* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
 221
 222* release notes for
 223  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3],
 224  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
 225  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1],
 226  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
 227
 228* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
 229
 230* release notes for
 231  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6],
 232  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
 233  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
 234  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
 235  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
 236  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
 237  link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
 238
 239* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
 240
 241* release notes for
 242  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
 243  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
 244  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
 245  link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
 246
 247* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
 248
 249* release notes for
 250  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
 251  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
 252  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
 253  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
 254  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
 255
 256* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
 257
 258* release notes for
 259  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
 260  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
 261  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
 262  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
 263  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
 264  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
 265  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
 266  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
 267
 268* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
 269
 270* release notes for
 271  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
 272  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
 273  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
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 275  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
 276  link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
 277
 278* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
 279
 280* release notes for
 281  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
 282  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
 283  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
 284  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
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 287  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
 288  link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
 289
 290* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
 291
 292* release notes for
 293  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
 294  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
 295  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
 296  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
 297  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
 298  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
 299  link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
 300
 301* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
 302
 303* release notes for
 304  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
 305  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
 306  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
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 310  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
 311  link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
 312
 313* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
 314
 315* release notes for
 316  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
 317  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
 318  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
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 322  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
 323
 324* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
 325
 326* release notes for
 327  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
 328  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
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 331  link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
 332
 333* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
 334
 335* release notes for
 336  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
 337  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
 338  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
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 341  link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
 342
 343* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
 344
 345* release notes for
 346  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
 347  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
 348  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
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 351  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
 352
 353* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
 354
 355* release notes for
 356  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
 357  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
 358  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
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 361  link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
 362
 363* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
 364
 365* release notes for
 366  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
 367  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
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 370  link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
 371
 372* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
 373
 374* release notes for
 375  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
 376  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
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 384  link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
 385
 386* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
 387
 388* release notes for
 389  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
 390  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
 391  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
 392  link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
 393
 394* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
 395
 396* release notes for
 397  link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
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 407
 408* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
 409
 410* release notes for
 411  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
 412  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
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 416  link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
 417
 418* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
 419
 420* release notes for
 421  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
 422  link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
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 426
 427* release notes for
 428  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
 429  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
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 433  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
 434
 435* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
 436
 437* release notes for
 438  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
 441  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 442
 443* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 444
 445* release notes for
 446  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 447  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 448  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 449  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 450  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 451  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 452  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 453
 454* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 455
 456* release notes for
 457  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 458  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 459  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 460  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 461  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 462  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 464
 465* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 466
 467* release notes for
 468  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 471  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 472  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 473  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 474  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 475
 476* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 477
 478* release notes for
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 485  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 487
 488* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 489
 490* release notes for
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 494  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 495  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 496  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 497  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 500
 501* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 502
 503* release notes for
 504  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 505  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 506  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 507  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 508  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 510
 511* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 512
 513* release notes for
 514  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 516  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 517  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 518  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 519  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 520  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 521
 522* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 523
 524* release notes for
 525  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 526  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 527  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 528  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 529  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 530  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 531  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 532
 533* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 534  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 535  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 536  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 537
 538============
 539
 540endif::stalenotes[]
 541
 542OPTIONS
 543-------
 544--version::
 545        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 546
 547--help::
 548        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 549        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 550        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 551        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 552+
 553Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 554displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 555because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 556help ...`.
 557
 558-C <path>::
 559        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 560        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 561        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 562        <path>`.
 563+
 564This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 565`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 566made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 567example the following invocations are equivalent:
 568
 569    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 570    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 571
 572-c <name>=<value>::
 573        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 574        given will override values from configuration files.
 575        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 576        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 577+
 578Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 579`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 580config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 581foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 582
 583--exec-path[=<path>]::
 584        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 585        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 586        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 587        the current setting and then exit.
 588
 589--html-path::
 590        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 591        documentation is installed and exit.
 592
 593--man-path::
 594        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 595        this version of Git and exit.
 596
 597--info-path::
 598        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 599        version of Git are installed and exit.
 600
 601-p::
 602--paginate::
 603        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 604        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 605        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 606        below).
 607
 608--no-pager::
 609        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 610
 611--git-dir=<path>::
 612        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 613        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 614        path or relative path to current working directory.
 615
 616--work-tree=<path>::
 617        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 618        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 619        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 620        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 621        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 622        more detailed discussion).
 623
 624--namespace=<path>::
 625        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 626        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 627        variable.
 628
 629--super-prefix=<path>::
 630        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 631        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 632        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 633
 634--bare::
 635        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 636        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 637        directory.
 638
 639--no-replace-objects::
 640        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 641        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 642
 643--literal-pathspecs::
 644        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 645        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 646        variable to `1`.
 647
 648--glob-pathspecs::
 649        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 650        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 651        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 652        magic ":(literal)"
 653
 654--noglob-pathspecs::
 655        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 656        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 657        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 658        magic ":(glob)"
 659
 660--icase-pathspecs::
 661        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 662        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 663
 664GIT COMMANDS
 665------------
 666
 667We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 668("plumbing") commands.
 669
 670High-level commands (porcelain)
 671-------------------------------
 672
 673We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 674ancillary user utilities.
 675
 676Main porcelain commands
 677~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 678
 679include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 680
 681Ancillary Commands
 682~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 683Manipulators:
 684
 685include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 686
 687Interrogators:
 688
 689include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 690
 691
 692Interacting with Others
 693~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 694
 695These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 696people via patch over e-mail.
 697
 698include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 699
 700
 701Low-level commands (plumbing)
 702-----------------------------
 703
 704Although Git includes its
 705own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 706development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 707might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 708linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 709
 710The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 711to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 712than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 713primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 714on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 715end user experience.
 716
 717The following description divides
 718the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 719the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 720compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 721repositories.
 722
 723
 724Manipulation commands
 725~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 726
 727include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 728
 729
 730Interrogation commands
 731~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 732
 733include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 734
 735In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 736the working tree.
 737
 738
 739Synching repositories
 740~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 741
 742include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 743
 744The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 745typically do not use them directly.
 746
 747include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 748
 749
 750Internal helper commands
 751~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 752
 753These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 754users typically do not use them directly.
 755
 756include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 757
 758
 759Configuration Mechanism
 760-----------------------
 761
 762Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 763repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 764like this:
 765
 766------------
 767#
 768# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 769#
 770
 771; core variables
 772[core]
 773        ; Don't trust file modes
 774        filemode = false
 775
 776; user identity
 777[user]
 778        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 779        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 780
 781------------
 782
 783Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 784their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 785list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 786
 787
 788Identifier Terminology
 789----------------------
 790<object>::
 791        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 792
 793<blob>::
 794        Indicates a blob object name.
 795
 796<tree>::
 797        Indicates a tree object name.
 798
 799<commit>::
 800        Indicates a commit object name.
 801
 802<tree-ish>::
 803        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 804        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 805        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 806        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 807
 808<commit-ish>::
 809        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 810        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 811        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 812        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 813
 814<type>::
 815        Indicates that an object type is required.
 816        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 817
 818<file>::
 819        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 820        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 821
 822Symbolic Identifiers
 823--------------------
 824Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 825symbolic notation:
 826
 827HEAD::
 828        indicates the head of the current branch.
 829
 830<tag>::
 831        a valid tag 'name'
 832        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 833
 834<head>::
 835        a valid head 'name'
 836        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 837
 838For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 839"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 840
 841
 842File/Directory Structure
 843------------------------
 844
 845Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 846
 847Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 848
 849Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 850`$GIT_DIR`.
 851
 852
 853Terminology
 854-----------
 855Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 856
 857
 858Environment Variables
 859---------------------
 860Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 861
 862The Git Repository
 863~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 864These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 865is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 866Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 867
 868`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 869        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 870        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 871        is used.
 872
 873`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 874        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 875        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 876        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 877        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 878
 879`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 880        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 881        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 882        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 883        directory is used.
 884
 885`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 886        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 887        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 888        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 889        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 890        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 891+
 892        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 893        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 894        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 895        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 896        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 897
 898`GIT_DIR`::
 899        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 900        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 901        for the base of the repository.
 902        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 903
 904`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 905        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 906        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 907        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 908
 909`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 910        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 911        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 912
 913`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 914        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 915        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 916        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 917        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 918        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 919        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 920        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 921        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 922        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 923        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 924        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 925        e.g.,
 926        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 927
 928`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 929        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 930        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 931        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 932        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 933        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 934        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 935        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 936        command line.
 937
 938`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 939        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 940        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 941        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 942        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 943        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 944        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 945        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 946
 947Git Commits
 948~~~~~~~~~~~
 949`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 950`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 951`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 952`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 953`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 954`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 955'EMAIL'::
 956        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 957
 958Git Diffs
 959~~~~~~~~~
 960`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 961        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 962        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 963        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 964        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 965
 966`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 967        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 968        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 969        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 970        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 971
 972        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 973+
 974where:
 975
 976        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 977                         contents of <old|new>,
 978        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 979        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 980+
 981The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 982(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 983when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 984index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 985temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 986+
 987For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 988parameter, <path>.
 989+
 990For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 991`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 992
 993`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 994        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 995
 996`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 997        The total number of paths.
 998
 999other
1000~~~~~
1001`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
1002        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
1003        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
1004        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
1005
1006`GIT_PAGER`::
1007        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1008        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1009        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1010        linkgit:git-config[1].
1011
1012`GIT_EDITOR`::
1013        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1014        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1015        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1016        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1017
1018`GIT_SSH`::
1019`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1020        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1021        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1022        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1023        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1024        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1025        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1026        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1027        something other than the default SSH port.
1028+
1029`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1030by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1031`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1032(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1033needed).
1034+
1035Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1036personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1037for further details.
1038
1039`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1040        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1041        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1042        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1043        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1044        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1045
1046`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1047        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1048        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1049
1050`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1051        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1052        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1053        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1054        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1055        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1056        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1057
1058`GIT_FLUSH`::
1059        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1060        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1061        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1062        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1063        flushed. If this
1064        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1065        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1066        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1067        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1068
1069`GIT_TRACE`::
1070        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1071        command execution and external command execution.
1072+
1073If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1074is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1075stderr.
1076+
1077If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1078and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1079value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1080trace messages into this file descriptor.
1081+
1082Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1083(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1084as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1085into it.
1086+
1087Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1088"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1089
1090`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1091        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1092        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1093        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1094        pack-related performance problems.
1095        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1096
1097`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1098        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1099        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1100        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1101        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1102        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1103
1104`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1105        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1106        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1107        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1108        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1109        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1110        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1111+
1112Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1113of clones and fetches.
1114
1115`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1116        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1117        time of each Git command.
1118        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1119
1120`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1121        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1122        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1123        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1124
1125`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1126        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1127        cloning of shallow repositories.
1128        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1129
1130`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1131        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1132        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1133        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1134        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1135        variable.
1136        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1137
1138`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1139        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1140        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1141        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1142        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1143        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1144        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1145        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1146
1147`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1148        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1149        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1150
1151`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1152        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1153        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1154
1155`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1156        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1157        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1158
1159`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1160        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1161        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1162        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1163        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1164        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1165        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1166        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1167        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1168
1169`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1170        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1171        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1172        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1173        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1174        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1175        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1176        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1177        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1178        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1179
1180`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1181        If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1182        `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1183        protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1184        (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1185        protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1186        whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1187        `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1188
1189`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1190        Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1191        configured to the `user` state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
1192        submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1193        which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
1194        linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1195
1196Discussion[[Discussion]]
1197------------------------
1198
1199More detail on the following is available from the
1200link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1201user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1202
1203A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1204subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1205things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1206of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1207contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1208as tags and branch heads.
1209
1210The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1211hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1212directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1213and some number of parent commits.
1214
1215The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1216"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1217represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1218parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1219
1220All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1221written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1222The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1223just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1224purpose.
1225
1226When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1227efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1228
1229Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1230may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1231with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1232recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1233tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1234`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1235
1236The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1237path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1238the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1239attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1240corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1241working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1242be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1243content stored in the index.
1244
1245The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1246for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1247unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1248
1249FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1250---------------------
1251
1252See the references in the "description" section to get started
1253using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1254for a first-time user.
1255
1256The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1257user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1258introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1259
1260See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1261
1262See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1263examples.
1264
1265The internals are documented in the
1266link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1267
1268Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1269read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1270
1271
1272Authors
1273-------
1274Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1275C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1276<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1277gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1278
1279If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1280output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1281the authors for specific parts of the project.
1282
1283Reporting Bugs
1284--------------
1285
1286Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1287development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1288subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1289
1290SEE ALSO
1291--------
1292linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1293linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1294linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1295linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1296linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1297
1298GIT
1299---
1300Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite