1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.12.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.2] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.12.2.txt[2.12.2]. 51 link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1]. 52 link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12]. 53 54* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1] 55 56* release notes for 57 link:RelNotes/2.11.2.txt[2.11.2], 58 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], 59 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 60 61* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3] 62 63* release notes for 64 link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3], 65 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 66 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 67 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 68 69* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4] 70 71* release notes for 72 link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4], 73 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 74 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 75 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 76 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 77 78* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5] 79 80* release notes for 81 link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5], 82 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 83 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 84 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 85 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 86 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 87 88* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5] 89 90* release notes for 91 link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5], 92 link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4], 93 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 94 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 95 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 96 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 97 98* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7] 99 100* release notes for 101 link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7], 102 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 103 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 104 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 105 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 106 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 107 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 108 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 109 110* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6] 111 112* release notes for 113 link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6], 114 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 115 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 116 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 117 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 118 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 119 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 120 121* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12] 122 123* release notes for 124 link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12], 125 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 126 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 127 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 128 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 129 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 130 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 131 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 132 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 133 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 134 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 135 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 136 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 137 138* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 139 140* release notes for 141 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 142 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 143 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 144 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 145 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 146 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 147 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 148 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 149 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 150 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 151 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 152 153* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 154 155* release notes for 156 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 157 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 158 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 159 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 160 161* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 162 163* release notes for 164 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 165 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 166 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 167 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 168 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 169 170* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 171 172* release notes for 173 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 174 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 175 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 176 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 177 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 178 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 179 180* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 181 182* release notes for 183 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 184 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 185 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 186 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 187 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 188 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 189 190* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 191 192* release notes for 193 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 194 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 195 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 196 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 197 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 200 201* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 202 203* release notes for 204 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 205 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 206 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 210 211* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 212 213* release notes for 214 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 219 220* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 221 222* release notes for 223 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 224 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 225 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 227 228* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 229 230* release notes for 231 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 232 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 233 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 234 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 235 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 236 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 237 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 238 239* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 240 241* release notes for 242 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 243 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 244 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 245 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 246 247* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 248 249* release notes for 250 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 251 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 252 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 253 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 254 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 255 256* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 257 258* release notes for 259 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 260 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 261 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 262 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 263 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 264 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 267 268* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 269 270* release notes for 271 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 272 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 273 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 274 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 275 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 276 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 277 278* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 279 280* release notes for 281 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 282 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 283 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 284 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 285 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 286 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 287 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 289 290* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 291 292* release notes for 293 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 294 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 295 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 296 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 297 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 298 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 299 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 300 301* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 302 303* release notes for 304 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 305 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 306 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 307 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 308 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 309 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 310 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 312 313* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 314 315* release notes for 316 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 317 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 318 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 319 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 323 324* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 325 326* release notes for 327 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 328 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 329 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 332 333* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 334 335* release notes for 336 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 337 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 338 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 339 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 342 343* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 344 345* release notes for 346 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 347 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 348 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 349 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 352 353* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 354 355* release notes for 356 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 357 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 358 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 362 363* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 364 365* release notes for 366 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 369 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 370 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 371 372* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 373 374* release notes for 375 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 376 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 377 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 378 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 379 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 380 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 381 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 382 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 383 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 384 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 385 386* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 387 388* release notes for 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 391 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 392 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 393 394* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 395 396* release notes for 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 399 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 400 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 401 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 402 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 403 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 404 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 407 408* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 409 410* release notes for 411 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 412 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 417 418* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 419 420* release notes for 421 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 425 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 426 427* release notes for 428 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 429 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 434 435* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 436 437* release notes for 438 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 439 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 440 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 441 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 442 443* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 444 445* release notes for 446 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 447 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 448 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 449 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 450 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 451 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 452 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 453 454* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 455 456* release notes for 457 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 458 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 459 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 460 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 461 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 462 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 464 465* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 466 467* release notes for 468 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 469 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 470 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 471 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 472 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 473 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 474 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 475 476* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 477 478* release notes for 479 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 480 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 481 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 482 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 483 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 484 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 485 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 486 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 487 488* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 489 490* release notes for 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 492 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 493 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 494 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 495 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 496 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 497 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 500 501* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 502 503* release notes for 504 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 505 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 506 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 507 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 508 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 510 511* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 512 513* release notes for 514 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 515 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 516 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 517 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 518 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 519 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 520 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 521 522* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 523 524* release notes for 525 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 526 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 527 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 528 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 529 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 530 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 531 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 532 533* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 534 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 535 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 536 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 537 538============ 539 540endif::stalenotes[] 541 542OPTIONS 543------- 544--version:: 545 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 546 547--help:: 548 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 549 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 550 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 551 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 552+ 553Other options are available to control how the manual page is 554displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 555because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 556help ...`. 557 558-C <path>:: 559 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 560 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 561 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 562 <path>`. 563+ 564This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 565`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 566made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 567example the following invocations are equivalent: 568 569 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 570 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 571 572-c <name>=<value>:: 573 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 574 given will override values from configuration files. 575 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 576 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 577+ 578Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 579`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 580config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 581foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 582 583--exec-path[=<path>]:: 584 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 585 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 586 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 587 the current setting and then exit. 588 589--html-path:: 590 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 591 documentation is installed and exit. 592 593--man-path:: 594 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 595 this version of Git and exit. 596 597--info-path:: 598 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 599 version of Git are installed and exit. 600 601-p:: 602--paginate:: 603 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 604 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 605 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 606 below). 607 608--no-pager:: 609 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 610 611--git-dir=<path>:: 612 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 613 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 614 path or relative path to current working directory. 615 616--work-tree=<path>:: 617 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 618 or a path relative to the current working directory. 619 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 620 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 621 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 622 more detailed discussion). 623 624--namespace=<path>:: 625 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 626 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 627 variable. 628 629--super-prefix=<path>:: 630 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 631 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 632 context about the superproject that invoked it. 633 634--bare:: 635 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 636 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 637 directory. 638 639--no-replace-objects:: 640 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 641 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 642 643--literal-pathspecs:: 644 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 645 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 646 variable to `1`. 647 648--glob-pathspecs:: 649 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 650 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 651 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 652 magic ":(literal)" 653 654--noglob-pathspecs:: 655 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 656 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 657 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 658 magic ":(glob)" 659 660--icase-pathspecs:: 661 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 662 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 663 664GIT COMMANDS 665------------ 666 667We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 668("plumbing") commands. 669 670High-level commands (porcelain) 671------------------------------- 672 673We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 674ancillary user utilities. 675 676Main porcelain commands 677~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 678 679include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 680 681Ancillary Commands 682~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 683Manipulators: 684 685include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 686 687Interrogators: 688 689include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 690 691 692Interacting with Others 693~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 694 695These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 696people via patch over e-mail. 697 698include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 699 700 701Low-level commands (plumbing) 702----------------------------- 703 704Although Git includes its 705own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 706development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 707might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 708linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 709 710The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 711to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 712than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 713primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 714on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 715end user experience. 716 717The following description divides 718the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 719the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 720compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 721repositories. 722 723 724Manipulation commands 725~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 726 727include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 728 729 730Interrogation commands 731~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 732 733include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 734 735In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 736the working tree. 737 738 739Synching repositories 740~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 741 742include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 743 744The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 745typically do not use them directly. 746 747include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 748 749 750Internal helper commands 751~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 752 753These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 754users typically do not use them directly. 755 756include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 757 758 759Configuration Mechanism 760----------------------- 761 762Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 763repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 764like this: 765 766------------ 767# 768# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 769# 770 771; core variables 772[core] 773 ; Don't trust file modes 774 filemode = false 775 776; user identity 777[user] 778 name = "Junio C Hamano" 779 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 780 781------------ 782 783Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 784their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 785list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 786 787 788Identifier Terminology 789---------------------- 790<object>:: 791 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 792 793<blob>:: 794 Indicates a blob object name. 795 796<tree>:: 797 Indicates a tree object name. 798 799<commit>:: 800 Indicates a commit object name. 801 802<tree-ish>:: 803 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 804 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 805 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 806 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 807 808<commit-ish>:: 809 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 810 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 811 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 812 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 813 814<type>:: 815 Indicates that an object type is required. 816 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 817 818<file>:: 819 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 820 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 821 822Symbolic Identifiers 823-------------------- 824Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 825symbolic notation: 826 827HEAD:: 828 indicates the head of the current branch. 829 830<tag>:: 831 a valid tag 'name' 832 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 833 834<head>:: 835 a valid head 'name' 836 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 837 838For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 839"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 840 841 842File/Directory Structure 843------------------------ 844 845Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 846 847Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 848 849Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 850`$GIT_DIR`. 851 852 853Terminology 854----------- 855Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 856 857 858Environment Variables 859--------------------- 860Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 861 862The Git Repository 863~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 864These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 865is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 866Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 867 868`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 869 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 870 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 871 is used. 872 873`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 874 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 875 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 876 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 877 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 878 879`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 880 If the object storage directory is specified via this 881 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 882 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 883 directory is used. 884 885`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 886 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 887 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 888 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 889 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 890 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 891+ 892 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 893 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 894 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 895 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 896 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 897 898`GIT_DIR`:: 899 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 900 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 901 for the base of the repository. 902 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 903 904`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 905 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 906 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 907 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 908 909`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 910 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 911 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 912 913`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 914 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 915 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 916 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 917 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 918 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 919 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 920 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 921 might be present in order to compare them with the current 922 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 923 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 924 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 925 e.g., 926 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 927 928`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 929 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 930 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 931 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 932 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 933 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 934 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 935 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 936 command line. 937 938`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 939 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 940 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 941 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 942 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 943 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 944 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 945 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 946 947Git Commits 948~~~~~~~~~~~ 949`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 950`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 951`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 952`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 953`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 954`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 955'EMAIL':: 956 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 957 958Git Diffs 959~~~~~~~~~ 960`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 961 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 962 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 963 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 964 value passed on the Git diff command line. 965 966`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 967 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 968 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 969 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 970 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 971 972 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 973+ 974where: 975 976 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 977 contents of <old|new>, 978 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 979 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 980+ 981The file parameters can point at the user's working file 982(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 983when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 984index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 985temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 986+ 987For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 988parameter, <path>. 989+ 990For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 991`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 992 993`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 994 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 995 996`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 997 The total number of paths. 998 999other1000~~~~~1001`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::1002 A number controlling the amount of output shown by1003 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.1004 See linkgit:git-merge[1]10051006`GIT_PAGER`::1007 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set1008 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch1009 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in1010 linkgit:git-config[1].10111012`GIT_EDITOR`::1013 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.1014 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,1015 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]1016 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10171018`GIT_SSH`::1019`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1020 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1021 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1022 when they need to connect to a remote system.1023 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1024 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1025 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1026 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1027 something other than the default SSH port.1028+1029`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1030by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1031`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1032(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1033needed).1034+1035Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1036personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1037for further details.10381039`GIT_ASKPASS`::1040 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1041 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1042 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1043 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1044 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10451046`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1047 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1048 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10491050`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1051 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1052 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1053 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1054 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1055 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1056 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10571058`GIT_FLUSH`::1059 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1060 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1061 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1062 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1063 flushed. If this1064 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1065 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1066 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1067 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10681069`GIT_TRACE`::1070 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1071 command execution and external command execution.1072+1073If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1074is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1075stderr.1076+1077If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21078and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1079value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1080trace messages into this file descriptor.1081+1082Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1083(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1084as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1085into it.1086+1087Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1088"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10891090`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1091 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1092 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1093 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1094 pack-related performance problems.1095 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10961097`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1098 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1099 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1100 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1101 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1102 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11031104`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1105 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1106 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1107 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1108 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1109 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1110 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1111+1112Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1113of clones and fetches.11141115`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1116 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1117 time of each Git command.1118 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11191120`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1121 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1122 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1123 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11241125`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1126 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1127 cloning of shallow repositories.1128 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11291130`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1131 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1132 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1133 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1134 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1135 variable.1136 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11371138`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1139 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1140 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1141 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1142 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1143 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1144 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1145 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11461147`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1148 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1149 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11501151`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1152 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1153 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11541155`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1156 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1157 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11581159`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1160 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1161 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1162 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1163 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1164 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1165 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1166 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1167 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11681169`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1170 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1171 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1172 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1173 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1174 this variable automatically when performing destructive1175 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1176 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1177 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1178 cloning a repository to make a backup).11791180`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1181 If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if1182 `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed1183 protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`1184 (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any1185 protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a1186 whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of1187 `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11881189`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::1190 Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are1191 configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive1192 submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs1193 which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See1194 linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11951196Discussion[[Discussion]]1197------------------------11981199More detail on the following is available from the1200link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1201user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].12021203A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1204subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1205things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1206of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1207contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1208as tags and branch heads.12091210The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1211hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1212directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1213and some number of parent commits.12141215The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1216"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1217represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1218parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12191220All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1221written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1222The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1223just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1224purpose.12251226When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1227efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12281229Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1230may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1231with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1232recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1233tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1234`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12351236The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1237path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1238the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1239attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1240corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1241working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1242be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1243content stored in the index.12441245The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1246for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1247unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12481249FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1250---------------------12511252See the references in the "description" section to get started1253using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1254for a first-time user.12551256The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1257user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1258introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12591260See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12611262See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1263examples.12641265The internals are documented in the1266link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12671268Users migrating from CVS may also want to1269read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].127012711272Authors1273-------1274Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1275C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1276<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1277gives you a more complete list of contributors.12781279If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1280output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1281the authors for specific parts of the project.12821283Reporting Bugs1284--------------12851286Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1287development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1288subscribed to the list to send a message there.12891290SEE ALSO1291--------1292linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1293linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1294linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1295linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1296linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12971298GIT1299---1300Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite