parse_exclude_pattern(&string, &patternlen, &flags, &nowildcardlen);
        if (flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
-               char *s;
-               x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x) + patternlen + 1);
-               s = (char *)(x+1);
-               memcpy(s, string, patternlen);
-               s[patternlen] = '\0';
-               x->pattern = s;
+               FLEXPTR_ALLOC_MEM(x, pattern, string, patternlen);
        } else {
                x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x));
                x->pattern = string;
        free(el->excludes);
        free(el->filebuf);
 
-       el->nr = 0;
-       el->excludes = NULL;
-       el->filebuf = NULL;
+       memset(el, 0, sizeof(*el));
 }
 
 static void trim_trailing_spaces(char *buf)
        }
 
        uc->dir_created++;
-       d = xmalloc(sizeof(*d) + len + 1);
-       memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d));
-       memcpy(d->name, name, len);
-       d->name[len] = '\0';
+       FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(d, name, name, len);
 
        ALLOC_GROW(dir->dirs, dir->dirs_nr + 1, dir->dirs_alloc);
        memmove(dir->dirs + first + 1, dir->dirs + first,
                        return 0;
                }
                if (buf[size-1] != '\n') {
-                       buf = xrealloc(buf, size+1);
+                       buf = xrealloc(buf, st_add(size, 1));
                        buf[size++] = '\n';
                }
        } else {
                        close(fd);
                        return 0;
                }
-               buf = xmalloc(size+1);
+               buf = xmallocz(size);
                if (read_in_full(fd, buf, size) != size) {
                        free(buf);
                        close(fd);
                                                       int *dtype,
                                                       struct exclude_list *el)
 {
+       struct exclude *exc = NULL; /* undecided */
        int i;
 
        if (!el->nr)
                        if (match_basename(basename,
                                           pathlen - (basename - pathname),
                                           exclude, prefix, x->patternlen,
-                                          x->flags))
-                               return x;
+                                          x->flags)) {
+                               exc = x;
+                               break;
+                       }
                        continue;
                }
 
                assert(x->baselen == 0 || x->base[x->baselen - 1] == '/');
                if (match_pathname(pathname, pathlen,
                                   x->base, x->baselen ? x->baselen - 1 : 0,
-                                  exclude, prefix, x->patternlen, x->flags))
-                       return x;
+                                  exclude, prefix, x->patternlen, x->flags)) {
+                       exc = x;
+                       break;
+               }
        }
-       return NULL; /* undecided */
+       return exc;
 }
 
 /*
 {
        struct dir_entry *ent;
 
-       ent = xmalloc(sizeof(*ent) + len + 1);
+       FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(ent, name, pathname, len);
        ent->len = len;
-       memcpy(ent->name, pathname, len);
-       ent->name[len] = 0;
        return ent;
 }
 
  */
 static enum exist_status directory_exists_in_index_icase(const char *dirname, int len)
 {
-       const struct cache_entry *ce = cache_dir_exists(dirname, len);
-       unsigned char endchar;
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-       if (!ce)
-               return index_nonexistent;
-       endchar = ce->name[len];
-
-       /*
-        * The cache_entry structure returned will contain this dirname
-        * and possibly additional path components.
-        */
-       if (endchar == '/')
+       if (cache_dir_exists(dirname, len))
                return index_directory;
 
-       /*
-        * If there are no additional path components, then this cache_entry
-        * represents a submodule.  Submodules, despite being directories,
-        * are stored in the cache without a closing slash.
-        */
-       if (!endchar && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
+       ce = cache_file_exists(dirname, len, ignore_case);
+       if (ce && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
                return index_gitdir;
 
-       /* This should never be hit, but it exists just in case. */
        return index_nonexistent;
 }
 
  */
 static enum path_treatment treat_directory(struct dir_struct *dir,
        struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
-       const char *dirname, int len, int exclude,
+       const char *dirname, int len, int baselen, int exclude,
        const struct path_simplify *simplify)
 {
        /* The "len-1" is to strip the final '/' */
        if (!(dir->flags & DIR_HIDE_EMPTY_DIRECTORIES))
                return exclude ? path_excluded : path_untracked;
 
-       untracked = lookup_untracked(dir->untracked, untracked, dirname, len);
+       untracked = lookup_untracked(dir->untracked, untracked,
+                                    dirname + baselen, len - baselen);
        return read_directory_recursive(dir, dirname, len,
                                        untracked, 1, simplify);
 }
 static enum path_treatment treat_one_path(struct dir_struct *dir,
                                          struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked,
                                          struct strbuf *path,
+                                         int baselen,
                                          const struct path_simplify *simplify,
                                          int dtype, struct dirent *de)
 {
                return path_none;
        case DT_DIR:
                strbuf_addch(path, '/');
-               return treat_directory(dir, untracked, path->buf, path->len, exclude,
-                       simplify);
+               return treat_directory(dir, untracked, path->buf, path->len,
+                                      baselen, exclude, simplify);
        case DT_REG:
        case DT_LNK:
                return exclude ? path_excluded : path_untracked;
        }
        strbuf_addstr(path, cdir->ucd->name);
        /* treat_one_path() does this before it calls treat_directory() */
-       if (path->buf[path->len - 1] != '/')
-               strbuf_addch(path, '/');
+       strbuf_complete(path, '/');
        if (cdir->ucd->check_only)
                /*
                 * check_only is set as a result of treat_directory() getting
                return path_none;
 
        dtype = DTYPE(de);
-       return treat_one_path(dir, untracked, path, simplify, dtype, de);
+       return treat_one_path(dir, untracked, path, baselen, simplify, dtype, de);
 }
 
 static void add_untracked(struct untracked_cache_dir *dir, const char *name)
                        break;
                if (simplify_away(sb.buf, sb.len, simplify))
                        break;
-               if (treat_one_path(dir, NULL, &sb, simplify,
+               if (treat_one_path(dir, NULL, &sb, baselen, simplify,
                                   DT_DIR, NULL) == path_none)
                        break; /* do not recurse into it */
                if (len <= baselen) {
        return lstat(f, &sb) == 0;
 }
 
+static int cmp_icase(char a, char b)
+{
+       if (a == b)
+               return 0;
+       if (ignore_case)
+               return toupper(a) - toupper(b);
+       return a - b;
+}
+
 /*
  * Given two normalized paths (a trailing slash is ok), if subdir is
  * outside dir, return -1.  Otherwise return the offset in subdir that
 
        assert(dir && subdir && *dir && *subdir);
 
-       while (*dir && *subdir && *dir == *subdir) {
+       while (*dir && *subdir && !cmp_icase(*dir, *subdir)) {
                dir++;
                subdir++;
                offset++;
                else
                        return -1;
        }
-       if (path->buf[original_len - 1] != '/')
-               strbuf_addch(path, '/');
+       strbuf_complete(path, '/');
 
        len = path->len;
        while ((e = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
        return remove_dir_recurse(path, flag, NULL);
 }
 
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_info_exclude, "info/exclude")
+
 void setup_standard_excludes(struct dir_struct *dir)
 {
        const char *path;
                                         dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_excludes_file : NULL);
 
        /* per repository user preference */
-       path = git_path("info/exclude");
+       path = git_path_info_exclude();
        if (!access_or_warn(path, R_OK, 0))
                add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, path,
                                         dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_info_exclude : NULL);
        struct ondisk_untracked_cache *ouc;
        struct write_data wd;
        unsigned char varbuf[16];
-       int len = 0, varint_len;
-       if (untracked->exclude_per_dir)
-               len = strlen(untracked->exclude_per_dir);
-       ouc = xmalloc(sizeof(*ouc) + len + 1);
+       int varint_len;
+       size_t len = strlen(untracked->exclude_per_dir);
+
+       FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(ouc, exclude_per_dir, untracked->exclude_per_dir, len);
        stat_data_to_disk(&ouc->info_exclude_stat, &untracked->ss_info_exclude.stat);
        stat_data_to_disk(&ouc->excludes_file_stat, &untracked->ss_excludes_file.stat);
        hashcpy(ouc->info_exclude_sha1, untracked->ss_info_exclude.sha1);
        hashcpy(ouc->excludes_file_sha1, untracked->ss_excludes_file.sha1);
        ouc->dir_flags = htonl(untracked->dir_flags);
-       memcpy(ouc->exclude_per_dir, untracked->exclude_per_dir, len + 1);
 
        varint_len = encode_varint(untracked->ident.len, varbuf);
        strbuf_add(out, varbuf, varint_len);
        ud.untracked_alloc = value;
        ud.untracked_nr    = value;
        if (ud.untracked_nr)
-               ud.untracked = xmalloc(sizeof(*ud.untracked) * ud.untracked_nr);
+               ALLOC_ARRAY(ud.untracked, ud.untracked_nr);
        data = next;
 
        next = data;
        ud.dirs_alloc = ud.dirs_nr = decode_varint(&next);
        if (next > end)
                return -1;
-       ud.dirs = xmalloc(sizeof(*ud.dirs) * ud.dirs_nr);
+       ALLOC_ARRAY(ud.dirs, ud.dirs_nr);
        data = next;
 
        len = strlen((const char *)data);
        next = data + len + 1;
        if (next > rd->end)
                return -1;
-       *untracked_ = untracked = xmalloc(sizeof(*untracked) + len);
+       *untracked_ = untracked = xmalloc(st_add(sizeof(*untracked), len));
        memcpy(untracked, &ud, sizeof(ud));
        memcpy(untracked->name, data, len + 1);
        data = next;
        rd.data       = next;
        rd.end        = end;
        rd.index      = 0;
-       rd.ucd        = xmalloc(sizeof(*rd.ucd) * len);
+       ALLOC_ARRAY(rd.ucd, len);
 
        if (read_one_dir(&uc->root, &rd) || rd.index != len)
                goto done;
        return uc;
 }
 
+static void invalidate_one_directory(struct untracked_cache *uc,
+                                    struct untracked_cache_dir *ucd)
+{
+       uc->dir_invalidated++;
+       ucd->valid = 0;
+       ucd->untracked_nr = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Normally when an entry is added or removed from a directory,
+ * invalidating that directory is enough. No need to touch its
+ * ancestors. When a directory is shown as "foo/bar/" in git-status
+ * however, deleting or adding an entry may have cascading effect.
+ *
+ * Say the "foo/bar/file" has become untracked, we need to tell the
+ * untracked_cache_dir of "foo" that "bar/" is not an untracked
+ * directory any more (because "bar" is managed by foo as an untracked
+ * "file").
+ *
+ * Similarly, if "foo/bar/file" moves from untracked to tracked and it
+ * was the last untracked entry in the entire "foo", we should show
+ * "foo/" instead. Which means we have to invalidate past "bar" up to
+ * "foo".
+ *
+ * This function traverses all directories from root to leaf. If there
+ * is a chance of one of the above cases happening, we invalidate back
+ * to root. Otherwise we just invalidate the leaf. There may be a more
+ * sophisticated way than checking for SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES to
+ * detect these cases and avoid unnecessary invalidation, for example,
+ * checking for the untracked entry named "bar/" in "foo", but for now
+ * stick to something safe and simple.
+ */
+static int invalidate_one_component(struct untracked_cache *uc,
+                                   struct untracked_cache_dir *dir,
+                                   const char *path, int len)
+{
+       const char *rest = strchr(path, '/');
+
+       if (rest) {
+               int component_len = rest - path;
+               struct untracked_cache_dir *d =
+                       lookup_untracked(uc, dir, path, component_len);
+               int ret =
+                       invalidate_one_component(uc, d, rest + 1,
+                                                len - (component_len + 1));
+               if (ret)
+                       invalidate_one_directory(uc, dir);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       invalidate_one_directory(uc, dir);
+       return uc->dir_flags & DIR_SHOW_OTHER_DIRECTORIES;
+}
+
 void untracked_cache_invalidate_path(struct index_state *istate,
                                     const char *path)
 {
-       const char *sep;
-       struct untracked_cache_dir *d;
        if (!istate->untracked || !istate->untracked->root)
                return;
-       sep = strrchr(path, '/');
-       if (sep)
-               d = lookup_untracked(istate->untracked,
-                                    istate->untracked->root,
-                                    path, sep - path);
-       else
-               d = istate->untracked->root;
-       istate->untracked->dir_invalidated++;
-       d->valid = 0;
-       d->untracked_nr = 0;
+       invalidate_one_component(istate->untracked, istate->untracked->root,
+                                path, strlen(path));
 }
 
 void untracked_cache_remove_from_index(struct index_state *istate,