SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
-'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
- [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream]
- [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
+'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
+ [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]
+ [-u | --set-upstream]
+ [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)]
+ [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]]
+ [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
DESCRIPTION
-----------
every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See
documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1].
+When the command line does not specify where to push with the
+`<repository>` argument, `branch.*.remote` configuration for the
+current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the
+configuration is missing, it defaults to 'origin'.
+
+When the command line does not specify what to push with `<refspec>...`
+arguments or `--all`, `--mirror`, `--tags` options, the command finds
+the default `<refspec>` by consulting `remote.*.push` configuration,
+and if it is not found, honors `push.default` configuration to decide
+what to push (See linkgit:git-config[1] for the meaning of `push.default`).
+
+When neither the command-line nor the configuration specify what to
+push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the `simple`
+value for `push.default`: the current branch is pushed to the
+corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
+aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the
+local one.
+
OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]]
------------------
of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below).
<refspec>...::
+ Specify what destination ref to update with what source object.
The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
- `+`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed
+ `+`, followed by the source object <src>, followed
by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>.
- It is used to specify with what <src> object the <dst> ref
- in the remote repository is to be updated. If not specified,
- the behavior of the command is controlled by the `push.default`
- configuration variable.
+
The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but
it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or
+
The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
-be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be
-updated.
+be named.
+If `git push [<repository>]` without any `<refspec>` argument is set to
+update some ref at the destination with `<src>` with
+`remote.<repository>.push` configuration variable, `:<dst>` part can
+be omitted--such a push will update a ref that `<src>` normally updates
+without any `<refspec>` on the command line. Otherwise, missing
+`:<dst>` means to update the same ref as the `<src>`.
+
The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference
on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not
a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if it can fast-forward
-<dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell git to update
+<dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell Git to update
the <dst> ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a
fast-forward.) This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See
EXAMPLES below for details.
the remote repository.
+
The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast-forward updates)
-directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
+directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
-already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode
-if no explicit refspec is found (that is neither on the command line
-nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below) and
-no `push.default` configuration variable is set.
+already exists on the remote side.
--all::
- Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
- refs under `refs/heads/` be pushed.
+ Push all branches (i.e. refs under `refs/heads/`); cannot be
+ used with other <refspec>.
--prune::
Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example
addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
line.
+--follow-tags::
+ Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option,
+ and also push annotated tags in `refs/tags` that are missing
+ from the remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are
+ reachable from the refs being pushed. This can also be specified
+ with configuration variable 'push.followTags'. For more
+ information, see 'push.followTags' in linkgit:git-config[1].
+
+--[no-]signed::
+--sign=(true|false|if-asked)::
+ GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving
+ side, to allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be
+ logged. If `false` or `--no-signed`, no signing will be
+ attempted. If `true` or `--signed`, the push will fail if the
+ server does not support signed pushes. If set to `if-asked`,
+ sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes. The push
+ will also fail if the actual call to `gpg --sign` fails. See
+ linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] for the details on the receiving end.
+
+--[no-]atomic::
+ Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available.
+ Either all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
+ If the server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.
+
--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>::
--exec=<git-receive-pack>::
Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote
repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in
a directory on the default $PATH.
+--[no-]force-with-lease::
+--force-with-lease=<refname>::
+--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>::
+ Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is
+ not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
++
+This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
+remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.
++
+Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
+You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
+replace the history you originally published with the rebased history.
+If somebody else built on top of your original history while you are
+rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may advance with her
+commit, and blindly pushing with `--force` will lose her work.
++
+This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
+updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
+still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
+other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease" on
+the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is updated
+only if the "lease" is still valid.
++
+`--force-with-lease` alone, without specifying the details, will protect
+all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their
+current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we have
+for them.
++
+`--force-with-lease=<refname>`, without specifying the expected value, will
+protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be updated, by
+requiring its current value to be the same as the remote-tracking
+branch we have for it.
++
+`--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>` will protect the named ref (alone),
+if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current value to be
+the same as the specified value <expect> (which is allowed to be
+different from the remote-tracking branch we have for the refname,
+or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking branch when
+this form is used).
++
+Note that all forms other than `--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>`
+that specifies the expected current value of the ref explicitly are
+still experimental and their semantics may change as we gain experience
+with this feature.
++
+"--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous --force-with-lease on the
+command line.
+
-f::
--force::
Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is
not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
- This flag disables the check. This can cause the
- remote repository to lose commits; use it with care.
-
---repo=<repository>::
- This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is
- passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git push' derives the
- remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote
- branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise,
- the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option
- can be used to override the name "origin". In other words,
- the difference between these two commands
+ Also, when `--force-with-lease` option is used, the command refuses
+ to update a remote ref whose current value does not match
+ what is expected.
+
---------------------------
-git push public #1
-git push --repo=public #2
---------------------------
+This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote repository
+to lose commits; use it with care.
+
-is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public"
-only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is
-useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'.
+Note that `--force` applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
+using it with `push.default` set to `matching` or with multiple push
+destinations configured with `remote.*.push` may overwrite refs
+other than the current branch (including local refs that are
+strictly behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only
+one branch, use a `+` in front of the refspec to push (e.g `git push
+origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the
+`<refspec>...` section above for details.
+
+--repo=<repository>::
+ This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both
+ are specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.
-u::
--set-upstream::
linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
see 'branch.<name>.merge' in linkgit:git-config[1].
---thin::
---no-thin::
+--[no-]thin::
These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer
significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
---recurse-submodules=check|on-demand::
- Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be
- pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If 'check' is
- used git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in
- the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote
- of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will be
- aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used
- all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will
- be pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary
- revisions it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status.
-
+--no-recurse-submodules::
+--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no::
+ May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the
+ revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch.
+ If 'check' is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that
+ changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one
+ remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will
+ be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used
+ all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
+ pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions
+ it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. A value of
+ 'no' or using '--no-recurse-submodules' can be used to override the
+ push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no submodule
+ recursion is required.
+
+--[no-]verify::
+ Toggle the pre-push hook (see linkgit:githooks[5]). The
+ default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the
+ push. With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
+
+-4::
+--ipv4::
+ Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
+
+-6::
+--ipv6::
+ Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
include::urls-remotes.txt[]
------
The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
-section describes the output when pushing over the git protocol (either
+section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either
locally or via ssh).
The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
----------------
Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A
-back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X.
+back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original
+commit X.
The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at
commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward
to prevent such loss of history.
-If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by
+If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by
the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the
history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done
by both parties, and push the result back.
configured for the current branch).
`git push origin`::
- Without additional configuration, works like
- `git push origin :`.
+ Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to
+ the configured upstream (`remote.origin.merge` configuration
+ variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and
+ errors out without pushing otherwise.
+
The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be
configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default`
A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
remote.
-`git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`::
+`git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`::
Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`)
to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably
- `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then
+ `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `mothership` repository;
do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`.
++
+This is to emulate `git fetch` run on the `mothership` using `git
+push` that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate
+the work done on `satellite`, and is often necessary when you can
+only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into
+mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite
+because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).
++
+After running this `git push` on the `satellite` machine, you would
+ssh into the `mothership` and run `git merge` there to complete the
+emulation of `git pull` that were run on `mothership` to pull changes
+made on `satellite`.
`git push origin HEAD:master`::
Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the