DESCRIPTION
-----------
-In the first and second form, copy entries from <tree-ish> to the index.
-In the third form, set the current branch head (HEAD) to <commit>, optionally
-modifying index and working tree to match. The <tree-ish>/<commit> defaults
-to HEAD in all forms.
+In the first and second form, copy entries from `<tree-ish>` to the index.
+In the third form, set the current branch head (`HEAD`) to `<commit>`,
+optionally modifying index and working tree to match.
+The `<tree-ish>`/`<commit>` defaults to `HEAD` in all forms.
'git reset' [-q] [<tree-ish>] [--] <paths>...::
- This form resets the index entries for all <paths> to their
- state at <tree-ish>. (It does not affect the working tree or
+ This form resets the index entries for all `<paths>` to their
+ state at `<tree-ish>`. (It does not affect the working tree or
the current branch.)
+
This means that `git reset <paths>` is the opposite of `git add
'git reset' (--patch | -p) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<paths>...]::
Interactively select hunks in the difference between the index
- and <tree-ish> (defaults to HEAD). The chosen hunks are applied
+ and `<tree-ish>` (defaults to `HEAD`). The chosen hunks are applied
in reverse to the index.
+
This means that `git reset -p` is the opposite of `git add -p`, i.e.
section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode.
'git reset' [<mode>] [<commit>]::
- This form resets the current branch head to <commit> and
- possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of <commit>) and
- the working tree depending on <mode>. If <mode> is omitted,
- defaults to "--mixed". The <mode> must be one of the following:
+ This form resets the current branch head to `<commit>` and
+ possibly updates the index (resetting it to the tree of `<commit>`) and
+ the working tree depending on `<mode>`. If `<mode>` is omitted,
+ defaults to `--mixed`. The `<mode>` must be one of the following:
+
--
--soft::
Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all (but
- resets the head to <commit>, just like all modes do). This leaves
- all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as 'git status'
+ resets the head to `<commit>`, just like all modes do). This leaves
+ all your changed files "Changes to be committed", as `git status`
would put it.
--mixed::
--hard::
Resets the index and working tree. Any changes to tracked files in the
- working tree since <commit> are discarded.
+ working tree since `<commit>` are discarded.
--merge::
Resets the index and updates the files in the working tree that are
- different between <commit> and HEAD, but keeps those which are
+ different between `<commit>` and `HEAD`, but keeps those which are
different between the index and working tree (i.e. which have changes
which have not been added).
- If a file that is different between <commit> and the index has unstaged
- changes, reset is aborted.
+ If a file that is different between `<commit>` and the index has
+ unstaged changes, reset is aborted.
+
-In other words, --merge does something like a 'git read-tree -u -m <commit>',
+In other words, `--merge` does something like a `git read-tree -u -m <commit>`,
but carries forward unmerged index entries.
--keep::
Resets index entries and updates files in the working tree that are
- different between <commit> and HEAD.
- If a file that is different between <commit> and HEAD has local changes,
- reset is aborted.
+ different between `<commit>` and `HEAD`.
+ If a file that is different between `<commit>` and `HEAD` has local
+ changes, reset is aborted.
--
If you want to undo a commit other than the latest on a branch,
------------
+
<1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes
-in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
-when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files
-and changes with these files are distracting.
+ in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
+ when you run `git diff`, because you plan to work on other files
+ and changes with these files are distracting.
<2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sound worthy of merging.
<3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
-not match the HEAD commit). But you know the pull you are going
-to make does not affect frotz.c or filfre.c, so you revert the
-index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
-remain there.
-<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
-changes still in the working tree.
+ not match the `HEAD` commit). But you know the pull you are going
+ to make does not affect `frotz.c` or `filfre.c`, so you revert the
+ index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
+ remain there.
+<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving `frotz.c` and `filfre.c`
+ changes still in the working tree.
Undo a commit and redo::
+
------------
+
<1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
-just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
-message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
+ just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
+ message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
<2> Make corrections to working tree files.
-<3> "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the
-commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
-edit the message further, you can give -C option instead.
+<3> "reset" copies the old head to `.git/ORIG_HEAD`; redo the
+ commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
+ edit the message further, you can give `-C` option instead.
+
-See also the --amend option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
+See also the `--amend` option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
Undo a commit, making it a topic branch::
+
------------
+
<1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
-to be in the "master" branch. You want to continue polishing
-them in a topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the
-current HEAD.
+ to be in the `master` branch. You want to continue polishing
+ them in a topic branch, so create `topic/wip` branch off of the
+ current `HEAD`.
<2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
-<3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
+<3> Switch to `topic/wip` branch and keep working.
Undo commits permanently::
+
$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1>
------------
+
-<1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad
-and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
-you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
-"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for
-the implications of doing so.)
+<1> The last three commits (`HEAD`, `HEAD^`, and `HEAD~2`) were bad
+ and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
+ you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
+ "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1]
+ for the implications of doing so.)
Undo a merge or pull::
+
------------
+
<1> Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
-conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
-right now, so you decide to do that later.
-<2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard"
-which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess
-from the index file and the working tree.
+ conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
+ right now, so you decide to do that later.
+<2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so `git reset --hard`
+ which is a synonym for `git reset --hard HEAD` clears the mess
+ from the index file and the working tree.
<3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
-in a fast-forward.
+ in a fast-forward.
<4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
-consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
-tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it
-brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
-and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
+ consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
+ tip of the current branch in `ORIG_HEAD`, so resetting hard to it
+ brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
+ and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree::
+
------------
+
<1> Even if you may have local modifications in your
-working tree, you can safely say "git pull" when you know
-that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
-them.
+ working tree, you can safely say `git pull` when you know
+ that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
+ them.
<2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find
-that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
-"git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD" will let you go back to where you
-were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
-want. "git reset --merge" keeps your local changes.
+ that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
+ `git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD` will let you go back to where you
+ were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
+ want. `git reset --merge` keeps your local changes.
Interrupted workflow::
$ git reset --keep start <3>
------------
+
-<1> This commits your first edits in branch1.
+<1> This commits your first edits in `branch1`.
<2> In the ideal world, you could have realized that the earlier
commit did not belong to the new topic when you created and switched
- to branch2 (i.e. "git checkout -b branch2 start"), but nobody is
+ to `branch2` (i.e. `git checkout -b branch2 start`), but nobody is
perfect.
-<3> But you can use "reset --keep" to remove the unwanted commit after
- you switched to "branch2".
+<3> But you can use `reset --keep` to remove the unwanted commit after
+ you switched to `branch2`.
Split a commit apart into a sequence of commits::
+
+
<1> First, reset the history back one commit so that we remove the original
commit, but leave the working tree with all the changes. The -N ensures
- that any new files added with HEAD are still marked so that git add -p
+ that any new files added with `HEAD` are still marked so that `git add -p`
will find them.
-<2> Next, we interactively select diff hunks to add using the git add -p
+<2> Next, we interactively select diff hunks to add using the `git add -p`
facility. This will ask you about each diff hunk in sequence and you can
use simple commands such as "yes, include this", "No don't include this"
or even the very powerful "edit" facility.
<3> Once satisfied with the hunks you want to include, you should verify what
- has been prepared for the first commit by using git diff --cached. This
+ has been prepared for the first commit by using `git diff --cached`. This
shows all the changes that have been moved into the index and are about
to be committed.
-<4> Next, commit the changes stored in the index. The -c option specifies to
+<4> Next, commit the changes stored in the index. The `-c` option specifies to
pre-populate the commit message from the original message that you started
- with in the first commit. This is helpful to avoid retyping it. The HEAD@{1}
- is a special notation for the commit that HEAD used to be at prior to the
- original reset commit (1 change ago). See linkgit:git-reflog[1] for more
- details. You may also use any other valid commit reference.
+ with in the first commit. This is helpful to avoid retyping it. The
+ `HEAD@{1}` is a special notation for the commit that `HEAD` used to be at
+ prior to the original reset commit (1 change ago).
+ See linkgit:git-reflog[1] for more details. You may also use any other
+ valid commit reference.
<5> You can repeat steps 2-4 multiple times to break the original code into
any number of commits.
<6> Now you've split out many of the changes into their own commits, and might
- no longer use the patch mode of git add, in order to select all remaining
+ no longer use the patch mode of `git add`, in order to select all remaining
uncommitted changes.
<7> Once again, check to verify that you've included what you want to. You may
also wish to verify that git diff doesn't show any remaining changes to be
git reset --option target
----------
-to reset the HEAD to another commit (`target`) with the different
+to reset the `HEAD` to another commit (`target`) with the different
reset options depending on the state of the files.
-In these tables, A, B, C and D are some different states of a
+In these tables, `A`, `B`, `C` and `D` are some different states of a
file. For example, the first line of the first table means that if a
-file is in state A in the working tree, in state B in the index, in
-state C in HEAD and in state D in the target, then "git reset --soft
-target" will leave the file in the working tree in state A and in the
-index in state B. It resets (i.e. moves) the HEAD (i.e. the tip of
-the current branch, if you are on one) to "target" (which has the file
-in state D).
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- A B C D --soft A B D
- --mixed A D D
- --hard D D D
- --merge (disallowed)
- --keep (disallowed)
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- A B C C --soft A B C
- --mixed A C C
- --hard C C C
- --merge (disallowed)
- --keep A C C
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- B B C D --soft B B D
- --mixed B D D
- --hard D D D
- --merge D D D
- --keep (disallowed)
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- B B C C --soft B B C
- --mixed B C C
- --hard C C C
- --merge C C C
- --keep B C C
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- B C C D --soft B C D
- --mixed B D D
- --hard D D D
- --merge (disallowed)
- --keep (disallowed)
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- B C C C --soft B C C
- --mixed B C C
- --hard C C C
- --merge B C C
- --keep B C C
-
-"reset --merge" is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
+file is in state `A` in the working tree, in state `B` in the index, in
+state `C` in `HEAD` and in state `D` in the target, then `git reset --soft
+target` will leave the file in the working tree in state `A` and in the
+index in state `B`. It resets (i.e. moves) the `HEAD` (i.e. the tip of
+the current branch, if you are on one) to `target` (which has the file
+in state `D`).
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ A B C D --soft A B D
+ --mixed A D D
+ --hard D D D
+ --merge (disallowed)
+ --keep (disallowed)
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ A B C C --soft A B C
+ --mixed A C C
+ --hard C C C
+ --merge (disallowed)
+ --keep A C C
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ B B C D --soft B B D
+ --mixed B D D
+ --hard D D D
+ --merge D D D
+ --keep (disallowed)
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ B B C C --soft B B C
+ --mixed B C C
+ --hard C C C
+ --merge C C C
+ --keep B C C
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ B C C D --soft B C D
+ --mixed B D D
+ --hard D D D
+ --merge (disallowed)
+ --keep (disallowed)
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ B C C C --soft B C C
+ --mixed B C C
+ --hard C C C
+ --merge B C C
+ --keep B C C
+....
+
+`reset --merge` is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
we see some difference between the index and the target and also
between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
-with a conflict. That is why we disallow --merge option in this case.
+with a conflict. That is why we disallow `--merge` option in this case.
-"reset --keep" is meant to be used when removing some of the last
+`reset --keep` is meant to be used when removing some of the last
commits in the current branch while keeping changes in the working
tree. If there could be conflicts between the changes in the commit we
want to remove and the changes in the working tree we want to keep,
the reset is disallowed. That's why it is disallowed if there are both
-changes between the working tree and HEAD, and between HEAD and the
+changes between the working tree and `HEAD`, and between `HEAD` and the
target. To be safe, it is also disallowed when there are unmerged
entries.
The following tables show what happens when there are unmerged
entries:
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- X U A B --soft (disallowed)
- --mixed X B B
- --hard B B B
- --merge B B B
- --keep (disallowed)
-
- working index HEAD target working index HEAD
- ----------------------------------------------------
- X U A A --soft (disallowed)
- --mixed X A A
- --hard A A A
- --merge A A A
- --keep (disallowed)
-
-X means any state and U means an unmerged index.
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ X U A B --soft (disallowed)
+ --mixed X B B
+ --hard B B B
+ --merge B B B
+ --keep (disallowed)
+....
+
+....
+working index HEAD target working index HEAD
+----------------------------------------------------
+ X U A A --soft (disallowed)
+ --mixed X A A
+ --hard A A A
+ --merge A A A
+ --keep (disallowed)
+....
+
+`X` means any state and `U` means an unmerged index.
GIT
---