--------
[verse]
'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>]
- <upstream> [<branch>]
+ [<upstream>] [<branch>]
'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase>
--root [<branch>]
-
'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
DESCRIPTION
-----------
-If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic
+If <branch> is specified, 'git rebase' will perform an automatic
`git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
it remains on the current branch.
+If <upstream> is not specified, the upstream configured in
+branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options will be used; see
+linkgit:git-config[1] for details. If you are currently not on any
+branch or if the current branch does not have a configured upstream,
+the rebase will abort.
+
All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or
It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
-that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
+that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To check out the
original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the
command `git rebase --abort` instead.
D---E---F---G master
------------
-The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
-followed by `git rebase master`.
+*NOTE:* The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
+followed by `git rebase master`. When rebase exits `topic` will
+remain the checked-out branch.
If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
-In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
-and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate
+In case of conflict, 'git rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
+and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git diff' to locate
the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
typically this would be done with
git rebase --continue
-Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with
+Alternatively, you can undo the 'git rebase' with
git rebase --abort
Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
rebase. False by default.
+rebase.autosquash::
+ If set to true enable '--autosquash' option by default.
+
OPTIONS
-------
<newbase>::
--onto option is not specified, the starting point is
<upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
existing branch name.
++
+As a special case, you may use "A\...B" as a shortcut for the
+merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can
+leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD.
<upstream>::
Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
- not just an existing branch name.
+ not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured
+ upstream for the current branch.
<branch>::
Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
--abort::
- Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
+ Abort the rebase operation and reset HEAD to the original
+ branch. If <branch> was provided when the rebase operation was
+ started, then HEAD will be reset to <branch>. Otherwise HEAD
+ will be reset to where it was when the rebase operation was
+ started.
--skip::
Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
upstream side.
++
+Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working
+branch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge
+conflict happens, the side reported as 'ours' is the so-far rebased
+series, starting with <upstream>, and 'theirs' is the working branch. In
+other words, the sides are swapped.
-s <strategy>::
--strategy=<strategy>::
- Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
- once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
- If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
- is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single
- head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge.
+ Use the given merge strategy.
+ If there is no `-s` option 'git merge-recursive' is used
+ instead. This implies --merge.
++
+Because 'git rebase' replays each commit from the working branch
+on top of the <upstream> branch using the given strategy, using
+the 'ours' strategy simply discards all patches from the <branch>,
+which makes little sense.
+
+-X <strategy-option>::
+--strategy-option=<strategy-option>::
+ Pass the <strategy-option> through to the merge strategy.
+ This implies `\--merge` and, if no strategy has been
+ specified, `-s recursive`. Note the reversal of 'ours' and
+ 'theirs' as noted in above for the `-m` option.
+
+-q::
+--quiet::
+ Be quiet. Implies --no-stat.
-v::
--verbose::
--no-verify::
This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
+--verify::
+ Allows the pre-rebase hook to run, which is the default. This option can
+ be used to override --no-verify. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
+
-C<n>::
Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
-f::
--force-rebase::
Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant
- of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally the command will
+ of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally non-interactive rebase will
exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a
situation.
-
+ Incompatible with the --interactive option.
++
+You may find this (or --no-ff with an interactive rebase) helpful after
+reverting a topic branch merge, as this option recreates the topic branch with
+fresh commits so it can be remerged successfully without needing to "revert
+the reversion" (see the
+link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details).
+
+--ignore-whitespace::
--whitespace=<option>::
- This flag is passed to the 'git-apply' program
+ These flag are passed to the 'git apply' program
(see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
Incompatible with the --interactive option.
--committer-date-is-author-date::
--ignore-date::
- These flags are passed to 'git-am' to easily change the dates
+ These flags are passed to 'git am' to easily change the dates
of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]).
+ Incompatible with the --interactive option.
-i::
--interactive::
-p::
--preserve-merges::
Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them.
++
+This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it
+with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good
+idea unless you know what you are doing (see BUGS below).
+
--root::
Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of
root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent
instead.
+--autosquash::
+--no-autosquash::
+ When the commit log message begins with "squash! ..." (or
+ "fixup! ..."), and there is a commit whose title begins with
+ the same ..., automatically modify the todo list of rebase -i
+ so that the commit marked for squashing comes right after the
+ commit to be modified, and change the action of the moved
+ commit from `pick` to `squash` (or `fixup`).
++
+This option is only valid when the '--interactive' option is used.
++
+If the '--autosquash' option is enabled by default using the
+configuration variable `rebase.autosquash`, this option can be
+used to override and disable this setting.
+
+--no-ff::
+ With --interactive, cherry-pick all rebased commits instead of
+ fast-forwarding over the unchanged ones. This ensures that the
+ entire history of the rebased branch is composed of new commits.
++
+Without --interactive, this is a synonym for --force-rebase.
++
+You may find this helpful after reverting a topic branch merge, as this option
+recreates the topic branch with fresh commits so it can be remerged
+successfully without needing to "revert the reversion" (see the
+link:howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.txt[revert-a-faulty-merge How-To] for details).
+
include::merge-strategies.txt[]
NOTES
-----
-You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a
+You should understand the implications of using 'git rebase' on a
repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
below.
where point 2. consists of several instances of
-a. regular use
+a) regular use
+
1. finish something worthy of a commit
2. commit
-b. independent fixup
+
+b) independent fixup
+
1. realize that something does not work
2. fix that
3. commit it
...
-------------------------------------------
-The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will
+The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git rebase' will
not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
example), so do not delete or edit the names.
By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
-'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
+'git rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
rebasing.
+If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the
+command "pick" with the command "reword".
+
If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
-"pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
-commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
-the author of the first commit.
+"pick" for the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup".
+If the commits had different authors, the folded commit will be
+attributed to the author of the first commit. The suggested commit
+message for the folded commit is the concatenation of the commit
+messages of the first commit and of those with the "squash" command,
+but omits the commit messages of commits with the "fixup" command.
-In both cases, or when a "pick" does not succeed (because of merge
-errors), the loop will stop to let you fix things, and you can continue
-the loop with `git rebase --continue`.
+'git rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or
+when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing
+and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`.
For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
-'git-rebase' like this:
+'git rebase' like this:
----------------------
$ git rebase -i HEAD~5
$ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
-----------------------------
+Reordering and editing commits usually creates untested intermediate
+steps. You may want to check that your history editing did not break
+anything by running a test, or at least recompiling at intermediate
+points in history by using the "exec" command (shortcut "x"). You may
+do so by creating a todo list like this one:
+
+-------------------------------------------
+pick deadbee Implement feature XXX
+fixup f1a5c00 Fix to feature XXX
+exec make
+pick c0ffeee The oneline of the next commit
+edit deadbab The oneline of the commit after
+exec cd subdir; make test
+...
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The interactive rebase will stop when a command fails (i.e. exits with
+non-0 status) to give you an opportunity to fix the problem. You can
+continue with `git rebase --continue`.
+
+The "exec" command launches the command in a shell (the one specified
+in `$SHELL`, or the default shell if `$SHELL` is not set), so you can
+use shell features (like "cd", ">", ";" ...). The command is run from
+the root of the working tree.
SPLITTING COMMITS
-----------------
In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
-this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this
+this does not necessarily mean that 'git rebase' expects the result of this
edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
- Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or
- 'git-gui' (or both) to do that.
+ 'git gui' (or both) to do that.
- Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
now.
If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
-'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
+'git stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
Hard case: The changes are not the same.::
This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
- `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the
- upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
+ `\--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or
+ if the upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
`filter-branch`.
'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase
'subsystem' did.
-In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip
+In that case, the fix is easy because 'git rebase' knows to skip
changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say
(assuming you're on 'topic')
------------
example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase
\--interactive` will be **resurrected**!
-The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
+The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit
of the old 'subsystem', for example:
-* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of
+* With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git fetch', the old tip of
'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will
increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].)
'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard
case" recovery too!
+BUGS
+----
+The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not
+represent the topology of the revision graph. Editing commits and
+rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to
+reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results.
-Authors
-------
-Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and
-Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
-
-Documentation
---------------
-Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+For example, an attempt to rearrange
+------------
+1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5
+------------
+to
+------------
+1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 3 --- 5
+------------
+by moving the "pick 4" line will result in the following history:
+------------
+ 3
+ /
+1 --- 2 --- 4 --- 5
+------------
GIT
---