Make builtin-revert.c use parse_options.
[gitweb.git] / builtin-apply.c
index 8f7cf44c6945b8cfd41a36134374192e92b9789f..8411b38c7963852bffeb6dea1494399e8c9daa02 100644 (file)
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
  * This applies patches on top of some (arbitrary) version of the SCM.
  *
  */
-#include <fnmatch.h>
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "quote.h"
@@ -27,22 +26,26 @@ static const char *prefix;
 static int prefix_length = -1;
 static int newfd = -1;
 
+static int unidiff_zero;
 static int p_value = 1;
-static int allow_binary_replacement = 0;
-static int check_index = 0;
-static int write_index = 0;
-static int cached = 0;
-static int diffstat = 0;
-static int numstat = 0;
-static int summary = 0;
-static int check = 0;
+static int p_value_known;
+static int check_index;
+static int update_index;
+static int cached;
+static int diffstat;
+static int numstat;
+static int summary;
+static int check;
 static int apply = 1;
-static int no_add = 0;
-static int show_index_info = 0;
+static int apply_in_reverse;
+static int apply_with_reject;
+static int apply_verbosely;
+static int no_add;
+static const char *fake_ancestor;
 static int line_termination = '\n';
-static unsigned long p_context = -1;
+static unsigned long p_context = ULONG_MAX;
 static const char apply_usage[] =
-"git-apply [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] [--cached] [--apply] [--no-add] [--index-info] [--allow-binary-replacement] [-z] [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>] <patch>...";
+"git-apply [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index] [--cached] [--apply] [--no-add] [--index-info] [--allow-binary-replacement] [--reverse] [--reject] [--verbose] [-z] [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|error|error-all|strip>] <patch>...";
 
 static enum whitespace_eol {
        nowarn_whitespace,
@@ -50,10 +53,10 @@ static enum whitespace_eol {
        error_on_whitespace,
        strip_whitespace,
 } new_whitespace = warn_on_whitespace;
-static int whitespace_error = 0;
+static int whitespace_error;
 static int squelch_whitespace_errors = 5;
-static int applied_after_stripping = 0;
-static const char *patch_input_file = NULL;
+static int applied_after_fixing_ws;
+static const char *patch_input_file;
 
 static void parse_whitespace_option(const char *option)
 {
@@ -108,66 +111,85 @@ static int max_change, max_len;
  */
 static int linenr = 1;
 
+/*
+ * This represents one "hunk" from a patch, starting with
+ * "@@ -oldpos,oldlines +newpos,newlines @@" marker.  The
+ * patch text is pointed at by patch, and its byte length
+ * is stored in size.  leading and trailing are the number
+ * of context lines.
+ */
 struct fragment {
        unsigned long leading, trailing;
        unsigned long oldpos, oldlines;
        unsigned long newpos, newlines;
        const char *patch;
        int size;
+       int rejected;
        struct fragment *next;
 };
 
+/*
+ * When dealing with a binary patch, we reuse "leading" field
+ * to store the type of the binary hunk, either deflated "delta"
+ * or deflated "literal".
+ */
+#define binary_patch_method leading
+#define BINARY_DELTA_DEFLATED  1
+#define BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED 2
+
 struct patch {
        char *new_name, *old_name, *def_name;
        unsigned int old_mode, new_mode;
-       int is_rename, is_copy, is_new, is_delete, is_binary;
-#define BINARY_DELTA_DEFLATED 1
-#define BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED 2
+       int is_new, is_delete;  /* -1 = unknown, 0 = false, 1 = true */
+       int rejected;
        unsigned long deflate_origlen;
        int lines_added, lines_deleted;
        int score;
-       int inaccurate_eof:1;
+       unsigned int is_toplevel_relative:1;
+       unsigned int inaccurate_eof:1;
+       unsigned int is_binary:1;
+       unsigned int is_copy:1;
+       unsigned int is_rename:1;
        struct fragment *fragments;
        char *result;
-       unsigned long resultsize;
+       size_t resultsize;
        char old_sha1_prefix[41];
        char new_sha1_prefix[41];
        struct patch *next;
 };
 
+static void say_patch_name(FILE *output, const char *pre, struct patch *patch, const char *post)
+{
+       fputs(pre, output);
+       if (patch->old_name && patch->new_name &&
+           strcmp(patch->old_name, patch->new_name)) {
+               quote_c_style(patch->old_name, NULL, output, 0);
+               fputs(" => ", output);
+               quote_c_style(patch->new_name, NULL, output, 0);
+       } else {
+               const char *n = patch->new_name;
+               if (!n)
+                       n = patch->old_name;
+               quote_c_style(n, NULL, output, 0);
+       }
+       fputs(post, output);
+}
+
 #define CHUNKSIZE (8192)
 #define SLOP (16)
 
-static void *read_patch_file(int fd, unsigned long *sizep)
+static void read_patch_file(struct strbuf *sb, int fd)
 {
-       unsigned long size = 0, alloc = CHUNKSIZE;
-       void *buffer = xmalloc(alloc);
-
-       for (;;) {
-               int nr = alloc - size;
-               if (nr < 1024) {
-                       alloc += CHUNKSIZE;
-                       buffer = xrealloc(buffer, alloc);
-                       nr = alloc - size;
-               }
-               nr = xread(fd, (char *) buffer + size, nr);
-               if (!nr)
-                       break;
-               if (nr < 0)
-                       die("git-apply: read returned %s", strerror(errno));
-               size += nr;
-       }
-       *sizep = size;
+       if (strbuf_read(sb, fd, 0) < 0)
+               die("git-apply: read returned %s", strerror(errno));
 
        /*
         * Make sure that we have some slop in the buffer
         * so that we can do speculative "memcmp" etc, and
         * see to it that it is NUL-filled.
         */
-       if (alloc < size + SLOP)
-               buffer = xrealloc(buffer, size + SLOP);
-       memset((char *) buffer + size, 0, SLOP);
-       return buffer;
+       strbuf_grow(sb, SLOP);
+       memset(sb->buf + sb->len, 0, SLOP);
 }
 
 static unsigned long linelen(const char *buffer, unsigned long size)
@@ -199,39 +221,37 @@ static int name_terminate(const char *name, int namelen, int c, int terminate)
        return 1;
 }
 
-static char * find_name(const char *line, char *def, int p_value, int terminate)
+static char *find_name(const char *line, char *def, int p_value, int terminate)
 {
        int len;
        const char *start = line;
-       char *name;
 
        if (*line == '"') {
+               struct strbuf name;
+
                /* Proposed "new-style" GNU patch/diff format; see
                 * http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=git&m=112927316408690&w=2
                 */
-               name = unquote_c_style(line, NULL);
-               if (name) {
-                       char *cp = name;
-                       while (p_value) {
-                               cp = strchr(name, '/');
+               strbuf_init(&name, 0);
+               if (!unquote_c_style(&name, line, NULL)) {
+                       char *cp;
+
+                       for (cp = name.buf; p_value; p_value--) {
+                               cp = strchr(cp, '/');
                                if (!cp)
                                        break;
                                cp++;
-                               p_value--;
                        }
                        if (cp) {
                                /* name can later be freed, so we need
                                 * to memmove, not just return cp
                                 */
-                               memmove(name, cp, strlen(cp) + 1);
+                               strbuf_remove(&name, 0, cp - name.buf);
                                free(def);
-                               return name;
-                       }
-                       else {
-                               free(name);
-                               name = NULL;
+                               return strbuf_detach(&name, NULL);
                        }
                }
+               strbuf_release(&name);
        }
 
        for (;;) {
@@ -263,20 +283,60 @@ static char * find_name(const char *line, char *def, int p_value, int terminate)
                int deflen = strlen(def);
                if (deflen < len && !strncmp(start, def, deflen))
                        return def;
+               free(def);
        }
 
-       name = xmalloc(len + 1);
-       memcpy(name, start, len);
-       name[len] = 0;
-       free(def);
-       return name;
+       return xmemdupz(start, len);
+}
+
+static int count_slashes(const char *cp)
+{
+       int cnt = 0;
+       char ch;
+
+       while ((ch = *cp++))
+               if (ch == '/')
+                       cnt++;
+       return cnt;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given the string after "--- " or "+++ ", guess the appropriate
+ * p_value for the given patch.
+ */
+static int guess_p_value(const char *nameline)
+{
+       char *name, *cp;
+       int val = -1;
+
+       if (is_dev_null(nameline))
+               return -1;
+       name = find_name(nameline, NULL, 0, TERM_SPACE | TERM_TAB);
+       if (!name)
+               return -1;
+       cp = strchr(name, '/');
+       if (!cp)
+               val = 0;
+       else if (prefix) {
+               /*
+                * Does it begin with "a/$our-prefix" and such?  Then this is
+                * very likely to apply to our directory.
+                */
+               if (!strncmp(name, prefix, prefix_length))
+                       val = count_slashes(prefix);
+               else {
+                       cp++;
+                       if (!strncmp(cp, prefix, prefix_length))
+                               val = count_slashes(prefix) + 1;
+               }
+       }
+       free(name);
+       return val;
 }
 
 /*
  * Get the name etc info from the --/+++ lines of a traditional patch header
  *
- * NOTE! This hardcodes "-p1" behaviour in filename detection.
- *
  * FIXME! The end-of-filename heuristics are kind of screwy. For existing
  * files, we can happily check the index for a match, but for creating a
  * new file we should try to match whatever "patch" does. I have no idea.
@@ -287,6 +347,16 @@ static void parse_traditional_patch(const char *first, const char *second, struc
 
        first += 4;     /* skip "--- " */
        second += 4;    /* skip "+++ " */
+       if (!p_value_known) {
+               int p, q;
+               p = guess_p_value(first);
+               q = guess_p_value(second);
+               if (p < 0) p = q;
+               if (0 <= p && p == q) {
+                       p_value = p;
+                       p_value_known = 1;
+               }
+       }
        if (is_dev_null(first)) {
                patch->is_new = 1;
                patch->is_delete = 0;
@@ -323,7 +393,7 @@ static int gitdiff_hdrend(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name, const char *oldnew)
 {
        if (!orig_name && !isnull)
-               return find_name(line, NULL, 1, 0);
+               return find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
 
        if (orig_name) {
                int len;
@@ -333,7 +403,7 @@ static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name,
                len = strlen(name);
                if (isnull)
                        die("git-apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d", name, linenr);
-               another = find_name(line, NULL, 1, 0);
+               another = find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
                if (!another || memcmp(another, name, len))
                        die("git-apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent %s filename on line %d", oldnew, linenr);
                free(another);
@@ -489,29 +559,30 @@ static const char *stop_at_slash(const char *line, int llen)
  */
 static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
 {
-       int len;
        const char *name;
        const char *second = NULL;
+       size_t len;
 
        line += strlen("diff --git ");
        llen -= strlen("diff --git ");
 
        if (*line == '"') {
                const char *cp;
-               char *first = unquote_c_style(line, &second);
-               if (!first)
-                       return NULL;
+               struct strbuf first;
+               struct strbuf sp;
+
+               strbuf_init(&first, 0);
+               strbuf_init(&sp, 0);
+
+               if (unquote_c_style(&first, line, &second))
+                       goto free_and_fail1;
 
                /* advance to the first slash */
-               cp = stop_at_slash(first, strlen(first));
-               if (!cp || cp == first) {
-                       /* we do not accept absolute paths */
-               free_first_and_fail:
-                       free(first);
-                       return NULL;
-               }
-               len = strlen(cp+1);
-               memmove(first, cp+1, len+1); /* including NUL */
+               cp = stop_at_slash(first.buf, first.len);
+               /* we do not accept absolute paths */
+               if (!cp || cp == first.buf)
+                       goto free_and_fail1;
+               strbuf_remove(&first, 0, cp + 1 - first.buf);
 
                /* second points at one past closing dq of name.
                 * find the second name.
@@ -520,40 +591,40 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                        second++;
 
                if (line + llen <= second)
-                       goto free_first_and_fail;
+                       goto free_and_fail1;
                if (*second == '"') {
-                       char *sp = unquote_c_style(second, NULL);
-                       if (!sp)
-                               goto free_first_and_fail;
-                       cp = stop_at_slash(sp, strlen(sp));
-                       if (!cp || cp == sp) {
-                       free_both_and_fail:
-                               free(sp);
-                               goto free_first_and_fail;
-                       }
+                       if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
+                               goto free_and_fail1;
+                       cp = stop_at_slash(sp.buf, sp.len);
+                       if (!cp || cp == sp.buf)
+                               goto free_and_fail1;
                        /* They must match, otherwise ignore */
-                       if (strcmp(cp+1, first))
-                               goto free_both_and_fail;
-                       free(sp);
-                       return first;
+                       if (strcmp(cp + 1, first.buf))
+                               goto free_and_fail1;
+                       strbuf_release(&sp);
+                       return strbuf_detach(&first, NULL);
                }
 
                /* unquoted second */
                cp = stop_at_slash(second, line + llen - second);
                if (!cp || cp == second)
-                       goto free_first_and_fail;
+                       goto free_and_fail1;
                cp++;
-               if (line + llen - cp != len + 1 ||
-                   memcmp(first, cp, len))
-                       goto free_first_and_fail;
-               return first;
+               if (line + llen - cp != first.len + 1 ||
+                   memcmp(first.buf, cp, first.len))
+                       goto free_and_fail1;
+               return strbuf_detach(&first, NULL);
+
+       free_and_fail1:
+               strbuf_release(&first);
+               strbuf_release(&sp);
+               return NULL;
        }
 
        /* unquoted first name */
        name = stop_at_slash(line, llen);
        if (!name || name == line)
                return NULL;
-
        name++;
 
        /* since the first name is unquoted, a dq if exists must be
@@ -561,28 +632,30 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
         */
        for (second = name; second < line + llen; second++) {
                if (*second == '"') {
-                       const char *cp = second;
+                       struct strbuf sp;
                        const char *np;
-                       char *sp = unquote_c_style(second, NULL);
-
-                       if (!sp)
-                               return NULL;
-                       np = stop_at_slash(sp, strlen(sp));
-                       if (!np || np == sp) {
-                       free_second_and_fail:
-                               free(sp);
-                               return NULL;
-                       }
+
+                       strbuf_init(&sp, 0);
+                       if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
+                               goto free_and_fail2;
+
+                       np = stop_at_slash(sp.buf, sp.len);
+                       if (!np || np == sp.buf)
+                               goto free_and_fail2;
                        np++;
-                       len = strlen(np);
-                       if (len < cp - name &&
+
+                       len = sp.buf + sp.len - np;
+                       if (len < second - name &&
                            !strncmp(np, name, len) &&
                            isspace(name[len])) {
                                /* Good */
-                               memmove(sp, np, len + 1);
-                               return sp;
+                               strbuf_remove(&sp, 0, np - sp.buf);
+                               return strbuf_detach(&sp, NULL);
                        }
-                       goto free_second_and_fail;
+
+               free_and_fail2:
+                       strbuf_release(&sp);
+                       return NULL;
                }
        }
 
@@ -591,9 +664,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
         * form.
         */
        for (len = 0 ; ; len++) {
-               char c = name[len];
-
-               switch (c) {
+               switch (name[len]) {
                default:
                        continue;
                case '\n':
@@ -608,10 +679,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                                        break;
                        }
                        if (second[len] == '\n' && !memcmp(name, second, len)) {
-                               char *ret = xmalloc(len + 1);
-                               memcpy(ret, name, len);
-                               ret[len] = 0;
-                               return ret;
+                               return xmemdupz(name, len);
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -750,6 +818,7 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
 {
        unsigned long offset, len;
 
+       patch->is_toplevel_relative = 0;
        patch->is_rename = patch->is_copy = 0;
        patch->is_new = patch->is_delete = -1;
        patch->old_mode = patch->new_mode = 0;
@@ -774,7 +843,8 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
                        struct fragment dummy;
                        if (parse_fragment_header(line, len, &dummy) < 0)
                                continue;
-                       error("patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s", linenr, (int)len-1, line);
+                       die("patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s",
+                           linenr, (int)len-1, line);
                }
 
                if (size < len + 6)
@@ -793,6 +863,7 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
                                        die("git diff header lacks filename information (line %d)", linenr);
                                patch->old_name = patch->new_name = patch->def_name;
                        }
+                       patch->is_toplevel_relative = 1;
                        *hdrsize = git_hdr_len;
                        return offset;
                }
@@ -819,12 +890,54 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
        return -1;
 }
 
+static void check_whitespace(const char *line, int len)
+{
+       const char *err = "Adds trailing whitespace";
+       int seen_space = 0;
+       int i;
+
+       /*
+        * We know len is at least two, since we have a '+' and we
+        * checked that the last character was a '\n' before calling
+        * this function.  That is, an addition of an empty line would
+        * check the '+' here.  Sneaky...
+        */
+       if (isspace(line[len-2]))
+               goto error;
+
+       /*
+        * Make sure that there is no space followed by a tab in
+        * indentation.
+        */
+       err = "Space in indent is followed by a tab";
+       for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+               if (line[i] == '\t') {
+                       if (seen_space)
+                               goto error;
+               }
+               else if (line[i] == ' ')
+                       seen_space = 1;
+               else
+                       break;
+       }
+       return;
+
+ error:
+       whitespace_error++;
+       if (squelch_whitespace_errors &&
+           squelch_whitespace_errors < whitespace_error)
+               ;
+       else
+               fprintf(stderr, "%s.\n%s:%d:%.*s\n",
+                       err, patch_input_file, linenr, len-2, line+1);
+}
+
+
 /*
- * Parse a unified diff. Note that this really needs
- * to parse each fragment separately, since the only
- * way to know the difference between a "---" that is
- * part of a patch, and a "---" that starts the next
- * patch is to look at the line counts..
+ * Parse a unified diff. Note that this really needs to parse each
+ * fragment separately, since the only way to know the difference
+ * between a "---" that is part of a patch, and a "---" that starts
+ * the next patch is to look at the line counts..
  */
 static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, struct fragment *fragment)
 {
@@ -841,31 +954,14 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, s
        leading = 0;
        trailing = 0;
 
-       if (patch->is_new < 0) {
-               patch->is_new =  !oldlines;
-               if (!oldlines)
-                       patch->old_name = NULL;
-       }
-       if (patch->is_delete < 0) {
-               patch->is_delete = !newlines;
-               if (!newlines)
-                       patch->new_name = NULL;
-       }
-
-       if (patch->is_new && oldlines)
-               return error("new file depends on old contents");
-       if (patch->is_delete != !newlines) {
-               if (newlines)
-                       return error("deleted file still has contents");
-               fprintf(stderr, "** warning: file %s becomes empty but is not deleted\n", patch->new_name);
-       }
-
        /* Parse the thing.. */
        line += len;
        size -= len;
        linenr++;
        added = deleted = 0;
-       for (offset = len; size > 0; offset += len, size -= len, line += len, linenr++) {
+       for (offset = len;
+            0 < size;
+            offset += len, size -= len, line += len, linenr++) {
                if (!oldlines && !newlines)
                        break;
                len = linelen(line, size);
@@ -874,6 +970,7 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, s
                switch (*line) {
                default:
                        return -1;
+               case '\n': /* newer GNU diff, an empty context line */
                case ' ':
                        oldlines--;
                        newlines--;
@@ -882,30 +979,17 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, s
                        trailing++;
                        break;
                case '-':
+                       if (apply_in_reverse &&
+                                       new_whitespace != nowarn_whitespace)
+                               check_whitespace(line, len);
                        deleted++;
                        oldlines--;
                        trailing = 0;
                        break;
                case '+':
-                       /*
-                        * We know len is at least two, since we have a '+' and
-                        * we checked that the last character was a '\n' above.
-                        * That is, an addition of an empty line would check
-                        * the '+' here.  Sneaky...
-                        */
-                       if ((new_whitespace != nowarn_whitespace) &&
-                           isspace(line[len-2])) {
-                               whitespace_error++;
-                               if (squelch_whitespace_errors &&
-                                   squelch_whitespace_errors <
-                                   whitespace_error)
-                                       ;
-                               else {
-                                       fprintf(stderr, "Adds trailing whitespace.\n%s:%d:%.*s\n",
-                                               patch_input_file,
-                                               linenr, len-2, line+1);
-                               }
-                       }
+                       if (!apply_in_reverse &&
+                                       new_whitespace != nowarn_whitespace)
+                               check_whitespace(line, len);
                        added++;
                        newlines--;
                        trailing = 0;
@@ -938,12 +1022,18 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch, s
 
        patch->lines_added += added;
        patch->lines_deleted += deleted;
+
+       if (0 < patch->is_new && oldlines)
+               return error("new file depends on old contents");
+       if (0 < patch->is_delete && newlines)
+               return error("deleted file still has contents");
        return offset;
 }
 
 static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 {
        unsigned long offset = 0;
+       unsigned long oldlines = 0, newlines = 0, context = 0;
        struct fragment **fragp = &patch->fragments;
 
        while (size > 4 && !memcmp(line, "@@ -", 4)) {
@@ -954,9 +1044,11 @@ static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patc
                len = parse_fragment(line, size, patch, fragment);
                if (len <= 0)
                        die("corrupt patch at line %d", linenr);
-
                fragment->patch = line;
                fragment->size = len;
+               oldlines += fragment->oldlines;
+               newlines += fragment->newlines;
+               context += fragment->leading + fragment->trailing;
 
                *fragp = fragment;
                fragp = &fragment->next;
@@ -965,6 +1057,50 @@ static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patc
                line += len;
                size -= len;
        }
+
+       /*
+        * If something was removed (i.e. we have old-lines) it cannot
+        * be creation, and if something was added it cannot be
+        * deletion.  However, the reverse is not true; --unified=0
+        * patches that only add are not necessarily creation even
+        * though they do not have any old lines, and ones that only
+        * delete are not necessarily deletion.
+        *
+        * Unfortunately, a real creation/deletion patch do _not_ have
+        * any context line by definition, so we cannot safely tell it
+        * apart with --unified=0 insanity.  At least if the patch has
+        * more than one hunk it is not creation or deletion.
+        */
+       if (patch->is_new < 0 &&
+           (oldlines || (patch->fragments && patch->fragments->next)))
+               patch->is_new = 0;
+       if (patch->is_delete < 0 &&
+           (newlines || (patch->fragments && patch->fragments->next)))
+               patch->is_delete = 0;
+       if (!unidiff_zero || context) {
+               /* If the user says the patch is not generated with
+                * --unified=0, or if we have seen context lines,
+                * then not having oldlines means the patch is creation,
+                * and not having newlines means the patch is deletion.
+                */
+               if (patch->is_new < 0 && !oldlines) {
+                       patch->is_new = 1;
+                       patch->old_name = NULL;
+               }
+               if (patch->is_delete < 0 && !newlines) {
+                       patch->is_delete = 1;
+                       patch->new_name = NULL;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (0 < patch->is_new && oldlines)
+               die("new file %s depends on old contents", patch->new_name);
+       if (0 < patch->is_delete && newlines)
+               die("deleted file %s still has contents", patch->old_name);
+       if (!patch->is_delete && !newlines && context)
+               fprintf(stderr, "** warning: file %s becomes empty but "
+                       "is not deleted\n", patch->new_name);
+
        return offset;
 }
 
@@ -978,51 +1114,82 @@ static inline int metadata_changes(struct patch *patch)
                 patch->old_mode != patch->new_mode);
 }
 
-static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+static char *inflate_it(const void *data, unsigned long size,
+                       unsigned long inflated_size)
 {
-       /* We have read "GIT binary patch\n"; what follows is a line
-        * that says the patch method (currently, either "deflated
-        * literal" or "deflated delta") and the length of data before
-        * deflating; a sequence of 'length-byte' followed by base-85
-        * encoded data follows.
+       z_stream stream;
+       void *out;
+       int st;
+
+       memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
+
+       stream.next_in = (unsigned char *)data;
+       stream.avail_in = size;
+       stream.next_out = out = xmalloc(inflated_size);
+       stream.avail_out = inflated_size;
+       inflateInit(&stream);
+       st = inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
+       if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) || stream.total_out != inflated_size) {
+               free(out);
+               return NULL;
+       }
+       return out;
+}
+
+static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
+                                         unsigned long *sz_p,
+                                         int *status_p,
+                                         int *used_p)
+{
+       /* Expect a line that begins with binary patch method ("literal"
+        * or "delta"), followed by the length of data before deflating.
+        * a sequence of 'length-byte' followed by base-85 encoded data
+        * should follow, terminated by a newline.
         *
         * Each 5-byte sequence of base-85 encodes up to 4 bytes,
         * and we would limit the patch line to 66 characters,
         * so one line can fit up to 13 groups that would decode
         * to 52 bytes max.  The length byte 'A'-'Z' corresponds
         * to 1-26 bytes, and 'a'-'z' corresponds to 27-52 bytes.
-        * The end of binary is signaled with an empty line.
         */
        int llen, used;
-       struct fragment *fragment;
+       unsigned long size = *sz_p;
+       char *buffer = *buf_p;
+       int patch_method;
+       unsigned long origlen;
        char *data = NULL;
+       int hunk_size = 0;
+       struct fragment *frag;
 
-       patch->fragments = fragment = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*fragment));
-
-       /* Grab the type of patch */
        llen = linelen(buffer, size);
        used = llen;
-       linenr++;
 
-       if (!strncmp(buffer, "delta ", 6)) {
-               patch->is_binary = BINARY_DELTA_DEFLATED;
-               patch->deflate_origlen = strtoul(buffer + 6, NULL, 10);
+       *status_p = 0;
+
+       if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "delta ")) {
+               patch_method = BINARY_DELTA_DEFLATED;
+               origlen = strtoul(buffer + 6, NULL, 10);
        }
-       else if (!strncmp(buffer, "literal ", 8)) {
-               patch->is_binary = BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED;
-               patch->deflate_origlen = strtoul(buffer + 8, NULL, 10);
+       else if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "literal ")) {
+               patch_method = BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED;
+               origlen = strtoul(buffer + 8, NULL, 10);
        }
        else
-               return error("unrecognized binary patch at line %d: %.*s",
-                            linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
+               return NULL;
+
+       linenr++;
        buffer += llen;
        while (1) {
                int byte_length, max_byte_length, newsize;
                llen = linelen(buffer, size);
                used += llen;
                linenr++;
-               if (llen == 1)
+               if (llen == 1) {
+                       /* consume the blank line */
+                       buffer++;
+                       size--;
                        break;
+               }
                /* Minimum line is "A00000\n" which is 7-byte long,
                 * and the line length must be multiple of 5 plus 2.
                 */
@@ -1043,21 +1210,78 @@ static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
                if (max_byte_length < byte_length ||
                    byte_length <= max_byte_length - 4)
                        goto corrupt;
-               newsize = fragment->size + byte_length;
+               newsize = hunk_size + byte_length;
                data = xrealloc(data, newsize);
-               if (decode_85(data + fragment->size,
-                             buffer + 1,
-                             byte_length))
+               if (decode_85(data + hunk_size, buffer + 1, byte_length))
                        goto corrupt;
-               fragment->size = newsize;
+               hunk_size = newsize;
                buffer += llen;
                size -= llen;
        }
-       fragment->patch = data;
-       return used;
+
+       frag = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*frag));
+       frag->patch = inflate_it(data, hunk_size, origlen);
+       if (!frag->patch)
+               goto corrupt;
+       free(data);
+       frag->size = origlen;
+       *buf_p = buffer;
+       *sz_p = size;
+       *used_p = used;
+       frag->binary_patch_method = patch_method;
+       return frag;
+
  corrupt:
-       return error("corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s",
-                    linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
+       free(data);
+       *status_p = -1;
+       error("corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s",
+             linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+{
+       /* We have read "GIT binary patch\n"; what follows is a line
+        * that says the patch method (currently, either "literal" or
+        * "delta") and the length of data before deflating; a
+        * sequence of 'length-byte' followed by base-85 encoded data
+        * follows.
+        *
+        * When a binary patch is reversible, there is another binary
+        * hunk in the same format, starting with patch method (either
+        * "literal" or "delta") with the length of data, and a sequence
+        * of length-byte + base-85 encoded data, terminated with another
+        * empty line.  This data, when applied to the postimage, produces
+        * the preimage.
+        */
+       struct fragment *forward;
+       struct fragment *reverse;
+       int status;
+       int used, used_1;
+
+       forward = parse_binary_hunk(&buffer, &size, &status, &used);
+       if (!forward && !status)
+               /* there has to be one hunk (forward hunk) */
+               return error("unrecognized binary patch at line %d", linenr-1);
+       if (status)
+               /* otherwise we already gave an error message */
+               return status;
+
+       reverse = parse_binary_hunk(&buffer, &size, &status, &used_1);
+       if (reverse)
+               used += used_1;
+       else if (status) {
+               /* not having reverse hunk is not an error, but having
+                * a corrupt reverse hunk is.
+                */
+               free((void*) forward->patch);
+               free(forward);
+               return status;
+       }
+       forward->next = reverse;
+       patch->fragments = forward;
+       patch->is_binary = 1;
+       return used;
 }
 
 static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
@@ -1105,105 +1329,110 @@ static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
                        }
                }
 
-               /* Empty patch cannot be applied if:
-                * - it is a binary patch and we do not do binary_replace, or
-                * - text patch without metadata change
+               /* Empty patch cannot be applied if it is a text patch
+                * without metadata change.  A binary patch appears
+                * empty to us here.
                 */
                if ((apply || check) &&
-                   (patch->is_binary
-                    ? !allow_binary_replacement
-                    : !metadata_changes(patch)))
+                   (!patch->is_binary && !metadata_changes(patch)))
                        die("patch with only garbage at line %d", linenr);
        }
 
        return offset + hdrsize + patchsize;
 }
 
+#define swap(a,b) myswap((a),(b),sizeof(a))
+
+#define myswap(a, b, size) do {                \
+       unsigned char mytmp[size];      \
+       memcpy(mytmp, &a, size);                \
+       memcpy(&a, &b, size);           \
+       memcpy(&b, mytmp, size);                \
+} while (0)
+
+static void reverse_patches(struct patch *p)
+{
+       for (; p; p = p->next) {
+               struct fragment *frag = p->fragments;
+
+               swap(p->new_name, p->old_name);
+               swap(p->new_mode, p->old_mode);
+               swap(p->is_new, p->is_delete);
+               swap(p->lines_added, p->lines_deleted);
+               swap(p->old_sha1_prefix, p->new_sha1_prefix);
+
+               for (; frag; frag = frag->next) {
+                       swap(frag->newpos, frag->oldpos);
+                       swap(frag->newlines, frag->oldlines);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
 static const char pluses[] = "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++";
 static const char minuses[]= "----------------------------------------------------------------------";
 
 static void show_stats(struct patch *patch)
 {
-       const char *prefix = "";
-       char *name = patch->new_name;
-       char *qname = NULL;
-       int len, max, add, del, total;
-
-       if (!name)
-               name = patch->old_name;
+       struct strbuf qname;
+       char *cp = patch->new_name ? patch->new_name : patch->old_name;
+       int max, add, del;
 
-       if (0 < (len = quote_c_style(name, NULL, NULL, 0))) {
-               qname = xmalloc(len + 1);
-               quote_c_style(name, qname, NULL, 0);
-               name = qname;
-       }
+       strbuf_init(&qname, 0);
+       quote_c_style(cp, &qname, NULL, 0);
 
        /*
         * "scale" the filename
         */
-       len = strlen(name);
        max = max_len;
        if (max > 50)
                max = 50;
-       if (len > max) {
-               char *slash;
-               prefix = "...";
-               max -= 3;
-               name += len - max;
-               slash = strchr(name, '/');
-               if (slash)
-                       name = slash;
+
+       if (qname.len > max) {
+               cp = strchr(qname.buf + qname.len + 3 - max, '/');
+               if (!cp)
+                       cp = qname.buf + qname.len + 3 - max;
+               strbuf_splice(&qname, 0, cp - qname.buf, "...", 3);
+       }
+
+       if (patch->is_binary) {
+               printf(" %-*s |  Bin\n", max, qname.buf);
+               strbuf_release(&qname);
+               return;
        }
-       len = max;
+
+       printf(" %-*s |", max, qname.buf);
+       strbuf_release(&qname);
 
        /*
         * scale the add/delete
         */
-       max = max_change;
-       if (max + len > 70)
-               max = 70 - len;
-
+       max = max + max_change > 70 ? 70 - max : max_change;
        add = patch->lines_added;
        del = patch->lines_deleted;
-       total = add + del;
 
        if (max_change > 0) {
-               total = (total * max + max_change / 2) / max_change;
+               int total = ((add + del) * max + max_change / 2) / max_change;
                add = (add * max + max_change / 2) / max_change;
                del = total - add;
        }
-       if (patch->is_binary)
-               printf(" %s%-*s |  Bin\n", prefix, len, name);
-       else
-               printf(" %s%-*s |%5d %.*s%.*s\n", prefix,
-                      len, name, patch->lines_added + patch->lines_deleted,
-                      add, pluses, del, minuses);
-       if (qname)
-               free(qname);
+       printf("%5d %.*s%.*s\n", patch->lines_added + patch->lines_deleted,
+               add, pluses, del, minuses);
 }
 
-static int read_old_data(struct stat *st, const char *path, void *buf, unsigned long size)
+static int read_old_data(struct stat *st, const char *path, struct strbuf *buf)
 {
-       int fd;
-       unsigned long got;
-
        switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
        case S_IFLNK:
-               return readlink(path, buf, size);
+               strbuf_grow(buf, st->st_size);
+               if (readlink(path, buf->buf, st->st_size) != st->st_size)
+                       return -1;
+               strbuf_setlen(buf, st->st_size);
+               return 0;
        case S_IFREG:
-               fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-               if (fd < 0)
-                       return error("unable to open %s", path);
-               got = 0;
-               for (;;) {
-                       int ret = xread(fd, (char *) buf + got, size - got);
-                       if (ret <= 0)
-                               break;
-                       got += ret;
-               }
-               close(fd);
-               return got;
-
+               if (strbuf_read_file(buf, path, st->st_size) != st->st_size)
+                       return error("unable to open or read %s", path);
+               convert_to_git(path, buf->buf, buf->len, buf);
+               return 0;
        default:
                return -1;
        }
@@ -1231,7 +1460,8 @@ static int find_offset(const char *buf, unsigned long size, const char *fragment
        }
 
        /* Exact line number? */
-       if (!memcmp(buf + start, fragment, fragsize))
+       if ((start + fragsize <= size) &&
+           !memcmp(buf + start, fragment, fragsize))
                return start;
 
        /*
@@ -1307,51 +1537,100 @@ static void remove_last_line(const char **rbuf, int *rsize)
        *rsize = offset + 1;
 }
 
-struct buffer_desc {
-       char *buffer;
-       unsigned long size;
-       unsigned long alloc;
-};
-
 static int apply_line(char *output, const char *patch, int plen)
 {
        /* plen is number of bytes to be copied from patch,
         * starting at patch+1 (patch[0] is '+').  Typically
-        * patch[plen] is '\n'.
+        * patch[plen] is '\n', unless this is the incomplete
+        * last line.
         */
+       int i;
        int add_nl_to_tail = 0;
-       if ((new_whitespace == strip_whitespace) &&
-           1 < plen && isspace(patch[plen-1])) {
+       int fixed = 0;
+       int last_tab_in_indent = -1;
+       int last_space_in_indent = -1;
+       int need_fix_leading_space = 0;
+       char *buf;
+
+       if ((new_whitespace != strip_whitespace) || !whitespace_error ||
+           *patch != '+') {
+               memcpy(output, patch + 1, plen);
+               return plen;
+       }
+
+       if (1 < plen && isspace(patch[plen-1])) {
                if (patch[plen] == '\n')
                        add_nl_to_tail = 1;
                plen--;
                while (0 < plen && isspace(patch[plen]))
                        plen--;
-               applied_after_stripping++;
+               fixed = 1;
+       }
+
+       for (i = 1; i < plen; i++) {
+               char ch = patch[i];
+               if (ch == '\t') {
+                       last_tab_in_indent = i;
+                       if (0 <= last_space_in_indent)
+                               need_fix_leading_space = 1;
+               }
+               else if (ch == ' ')
+                       last_space_in_indent = i;
+               else
+                       break;
        }
-       memcpy(output, patch + 1, plen);
+
+       buf = output;
+       if (need_fix_leading_space) {
+               int consecutive_spaces = 0;
+               /* between patch[1..last_tab_in_indent] strip the
+                * funny spaces, updating them to tab as needed.
+                */
+               for (i = 1; i < last_tab_in_indent; i++, plen--) {
+                       char ch = patch[i];
+                       if (ch != ' ') {
+                               consecutive_spaces = 0;
+                               *output++ = ch;
+                       } else {
+                               consecutive_spaces++;
+                               if (consecutive_spaces == 8) {
+                                       *output++ = '\t';
+                                       consecutive_spaces = 0;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               fixed = 1;
+               i = last_tab_in_indent;
+       }
+       else
+               i = 1;
+
+       memcpy(output, patch + i, plen);
        if (add_nl_to_tail)
                output[plen++] = '\n';
-       return plen;
+       if (fixed)
+               applied_after_fixing_ws++;
+       return output + plen - buf;
 }
 
-static int apply_one_fragment(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct fragment *frag,
-       int inaccurate_eof)
+static int apply_one_fragment(struct strbuf *buf, struct fragment *frag, int inaccurate_eof)
 {
        int match_beginning, match_end;
-       char *buf = desc->buffer;
        const char *patch = frag->patch;
        int offset, size = frag->size;
        char *old = xmalloc(size);
        char *new = xmalloc(size);
        const char *oldlines, *newlines;
        int oldsize = 0, newsize = 0;
+       int new_blank_lines_at_end = 0;
        unsigned long leading, trailing;
        int pos, lines;
 
        while (size > 0) {
+               char first;
                int len = linelen(patch, size);
                int plen;
+               int added_blank_line = 0;
 
                if (!len)
                        break;
@@ -1366,25 +1645,52 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct fragment *frag,
                plen = len-1;
                if (len < size && patch[len] == '\\')
                        plen--;
-               switch (*patch) {
+               first = *patch;
+               if (apply_in_reverse) {
+                       if (first == '-')
+                               first = '+';
+                       else if (first == '+')
+                               first = '-';
+               }
+
+               switch (first) {
+               case '\n':
+                       /* Newer GNU diff, empty context line */
+                       if (plen < 0)
+                               /* ... followed by '\No newline'; nothing */
+                               break;
+                       old[oldsize++] = '\n';
+                       new[newsize++] = '\n';
+                       break;
                case ' ':
                case '-':
                        memcpy(old + oldsize, patch + 1, plen);
                        oldsize += plen;
-                       if (*patch == '-')
+                       if (first == '-')
                                break;
                /* Fall-through for ' ' */
                case '+':
-                       if (*patch != '+' || !no_add)
-                               newsize += apply_line(new + newsize, patch,
-                                                     plen);
+                       if (first != '+' || !no_add) {
+                               int added = apply_line(new + newsize, patch,
+                                                      plen);
+                               newsize += added;
+                               if (first == '+' &&
+                                   added == 1 && new[newsize-1] == '\n')
+                                       added_blank_line = 1;
+                       }
                        break;
                case '@': case '\\':
                        /* Ignore it, we already handled it */
                        break;
                default:
+                       if (apply_verbosely)
+                               error("invalid start of line: '%c'", first);
                        return -1;
                }
+               if (added_blank_line)
+                       new_blank_lines_at_end++;
+               else
+                       new_blank_lines_at_end = 0;
                patch += len;
                size -= len;
        }
@@ -1403,41 +1709,45 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct fragment *frag,
        /*
         * If we don't have any leading/trailing data in the patch,
         * we want it to match at the beginning/end of the file.
+        *
+        * But that would break if the patch is generated with
+        * --unified=0; sane people wouldn't do that to cause us
+        * trouble, but we try to please not so sane ones as well.
         */
-       match_beginning = !leading && (frag->oldpos == 1);
-       match_end = !trailing;
+       if (unidiff_zero) {
+               match_beginning = (!leading && !frag->oldpos);
+               match_end = 0;
+       }
+       else {
+               match_beginning = !leading && (frag->oldpos == 1);
+               match_end = !trailing;
+       }
 
        lines = 0;
        pos = frag->newpos;
        for (;;) {
-               offset = find_offset(buf, desc->size, oldlines, oldsize, pos, &lines);
-               if (match_end && offset + oldsize != desc->size)
+               offset = find_offset(buf->buf, buf->len,
+                                    oldlines, oldsize, pos, &lines);
+               if (match_end && offset + oldsize != buf->len)
                        offset = -1;
                if (match_beginning && offset)
                        offset = -1;
                if (offset >= 0) {
-                       int diff = newsize - oldsize;
-                       unsigned long size = desc->size + diff;
-                       unsigned long alloc = desc->alloc;
+                       if (new_whitespace == strip_whitespace &&
+                           (buf->len - oldsize - offset == 0)) /* end of file? */
+                               newsize -= new_blank_lines_at_end;
 
                        /* Warn if it was necessary to reduce the number
                         * of context lines.
                         */
-                       if ((leading != frag->leading) || (trailing != frag->trailing))
-                               fprintf(stderr, "Context reduced to (%ld/%ld) to apply fragment at %d\n",
+                       if ((leading != frag->leading) ||
+                           (trailing != frag->trailing))
+                               fprintf(stderr, "Context reduced to (%ld/%ld)"
+                                       " to apply fragment at %d\n",
                                        leading, trailing, pos + lines);
 
-                       if (size > alloc) {
-                               alloc = size + 8192;
-                               desc->alloc = alloc;
-                               buf = xrealloc(buf, alloc);
-                               desc->buffer = buf;
-                       }
-                       desc->size = size;
-                       memmove(buf + offset + newsize, buf + offset + oldsize, size - offset - newsize);
-                       memcpy(buf + offset, newlines, newsize);
+                       strbuf_splice(buf, offset, oldsize, newlines, newsize);
                        offset = 0;
-
                        break;
                }
 
@@ -1465,77 +1775,50 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct fragment *frag,
                }
        }
 
+       if (offset && apply_verbosely)
+               error("while searching for:\n%.*s", oldsize, oldlines);
+
        free(old);
        free(new);
        return offset;
 }
 
-static char *inflate_it(const void *data, unsigned long size,
-                       unsigned long inflated_size)
-{
-       z_stream stream;
-       void *out;
-       int st;
-
-       memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
-
-       stream.next_in = (unsigned char *)data;
-       stream.avail_in = size;
-       stream.next_out = out = xmalloc(inflated_size);
-       stream.avail_out = inflated_size;
-       inflateInit(&stream);
-       st = inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
-       if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) || stream.total_out != inflated_size) {
-               free(out);
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       return out;
-}
-
-static int apply_binary_fragment(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_binary_fragment(struct strbuf *buf, struct patch *patch)
 {
-       unsigned long dst_size;
        struct fragment *fragment = patch->fragments;
-       void *data;
-       void *result;
-
-       data = inflate_it(fragment->patch, fragment->size,
-                         patch->deflate_origlen);
-       if (!data)
-               return error("corrupt patch data");
-       switch (patch->is_binary) {
+       unsigned long len;
+       void *dst;
+
+       /* Binary patch is irreversible without the optional second hunk */
+       if (apply_in_reverse) {
+               if (!fragment->next)
+                       return error("cannot reverse-apply a binary patch "
+                                    "without the reverse hunk to '%s'",
+                                    patch->new_name
+                                    ? patch->new_name : patch->old_name);
+               fragment = fragment->next;
+       }
+       switch (fragment->binary_patch_method) {
        case BINARY_DELTA_DEFLATED:
-               result = patch_delta(desc->buffer, desc->size,
-                                    data,
-                                    patch->deflate_origlen,
-                                    &dst_size);
-               free(desc->buffer);
-               desc->buffer = result;
-               free(data);
-               break;
+               dst = patch_delta(buf->buf, buf->len, fragment->patch,
+                                 fragment->size, &len);
+               if (!dst)
+                       return -1;
+               /* XXX patch_delta NUL-terminates */
+               strbuf_attach(buf, dst, len, len + 1);
+               return 0;
        case BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED:
-               free(desc->buffer);
-               desc->buffer = data;
-               dst_size = patch->deflate_origlen;
-               break;
+               strbuf_reset(buf);
+               strbuf_add(buf, fragment->patch, fragment->size);
+               return 0;
        }
-       if (!desc->buffer)
-               return -1;
-       desc->size = desc->alloc = dst_size;
-       return 0;
+       return -1;
 }
 
-static int apply_binary(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_binary(struct strbuf *buf, struct patch *patch)
 {
        const char *name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
        unsigned char sha1[20];
-       unsigned char hdr[50];
-       int hdrlen;
-
-       if (!allow_binary_replacement)
-               return error("cannot apply binary patch to '%s' "
-                            "without --allow-binary-replacement",
-                            name);
 
        /* For safety, we require patch index line to contain
         * full 40-byte textual SHA1 for old and new, at least for now.
@@ -1551,8 +1834,7 @@ static int apply_binary(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct patch *patch)
                /* See if the old one matches what the patch
                 * applies to.
                 */
-               write_sha1_file_prepare(desc->buffer, desc->size,
-                                       blob_type, sha1, hdr, &hdrlen);
+               hash_sha1_file(buf->buf, buf->len, blob_type, sha1);
                if (strcmp(sha1_to_hex(sha1), patch->old_sha1_prefix))
                        return error("the patch applies to '%s' (%s), "
                                     "which does not match the "
@@ -1561,109 +1843,159 @@ static int apply_binary(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct patch *patch)
        }
        else {
                /* Otherwise, the old one must be empty. */
-               if (desc->size)
+               if (buf->len)
                        return error("the patch applies to an empty "
                                     "'%s' but it is not empty", name);
        }
 
        get_sha1_hex(patch->new_sha1_prefix, sha1);
-       if (!memcmp(sha1, null_sha1, 20)) {
-               free(desc->buffer);
-               desc->alloc = desc->size = 0;
-               desc->buffer = NULL;
+       if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
+               strbuf_release(buf);
                return 0; /* deletion patch */
        }
 
        if (has_sha1_file(sha1)) {
                /* We already have the postimage */
-               char type[10];
+               enum object_type type;
                unsigned long size;
+               char *result;
 
-               free(desc->buffer);
-               desc->buffer = read_sha1_file(sha1, type, &size);
-               if (!desc->buffer)
+               result = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &size);
+               if (!result)
                        return error("the necessary postimage %s for "
                                     "'%s' cannot be read",
                                     patch->new_sha1_prefix, name);
-               desc->alloc = desc->size = size;
-       }
-       else {
-               /* We have verified desc matches the preimage;
+               /* XXX read_sha1_file NUL-terminates */
+               strbuf_attach(buf, result, size, size + 1);
+       else {
+               /* We have verified buf matches the preimage;
                 * apply the patch data to it, which is stored
                 * in the patch->fragments->{patch,size}.
                 */
-               if (apply_binary_fragment(desc, patch))
+               if (apply_binary_fragment(buf, patch))
                        return error("binary patch does not apply to '%s'",
                                     name);
 
                /* verify that the result matches */
-               write_sha1_file_prepare(desc->buffer, desc->size, blob_type,
-                                       sha1, hdr, &hdrlen);
+               hash_sha1_file(buf->buf, buf->len, blob_type, sha1);
                if (strcmp(sha1_to_hex(sha1), patch->new_sha1_prefix))
-                       return error("binary patch to '%s' creates incorrect result", name);
+                       return error("binary patch to '%s' creates incorrect result (expecting %s, got %s)",
+                               name, patch->new_sha1_prefix, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
        }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int apply_fragments(struct buffer_desc *desc, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_fragments(struct strbuf *buf, struct patch *patch)
 {
        struct fragment *frag = patch->fragments;
        const char *name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
 
        if (patch->is_binary)
-               return apply_binary(desc, patch);
+               return apply_binary(buf, patch);
 
        while (frag) {
-               if (apply_one_fragment(desc, frag, patch->inaccurate_eof) < 0)
-                       return error("patch failed: %s:%ld",
-                                    name, frag->oldpos);
+               if (apply_one_fragment(buf, frag, patch->inaccurate_eof)) {
+                       error("patch failed: %s:%ld", name, frag->oldpos);
+                       if (!apply_with_reject)
+                               return -1;
+                       frag->rejected = 1;
+               }
                frag = frag->next;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
+static int read_file_or_gitlink(struct cache_entry *ce, struct strbuf *buf)
+{
+       if (!ce)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(ntohl(ce->ce_mode))) {
+               strbuf_grow(buf, 100);
+               strbuf_addf(buf, "Subproject commit %s\n", sha1_to_hex(ce->sha1));
+       } else {
+               enum object_type type;
+               unsigned long sz;
+               char *result;
+
+               result = read_sha1_file(ce->sha1, &type, &sz);
+               if (!result)
+                       return -1;
+               /* XXX read_sha1_file NUL-terminates */
+               strbuf_attach(buf, result, sz, sz + 1);
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
 static int apply_data(struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
-       char *buf;
-       unsigned long size, alloc;
-       struct buffer_desc desc;
+       struct strbuf buf;
 
-       size = 0;
-       alloc = 0;
-       buf = NULL;
+       strbuf_init(&buf, 0);
        if (cached) {
-               if (ce) {
-                       char type[20];
-                       buf = read_sha1_file(ce->sha1, type, &size);
-                       if (!buf)
-                               return error("read of %s failed",
-                                            patch->old_name);
-                       alloc = size;
-               }
-       }
-       else if (patch->old_name) {
-               size = st->st_size;
-               alloc = size + 8192;
-               buf = xmalloc(alloc);
-               if (read_old_data(st, patch->old_name, buf, alloc) != size)
+               if (read_file_or_gitlink(ce, &buf))
                        return error("read of %s failed", patch->old_name);
+       } else if (patch->old_name) {
+               if (S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode)) {
+                       if (ce) {
+                               read_file_or_gitlink(ce, &buf);
+                       } else {
+                               /*
+                                * There is no way to apply subproject
+                                * patch without looking at the index.
+                                */
+                               patch->fragments = NULL;
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       if (read_old_data(st, patch->old_name, &buf))
+                               return error("read of %s failed", patch->old_name);
+               }
        }
 
-       desc.size = size;
-       desc.alloc = alloc;
-       desc.buffer = buf;
-       if (apply_fragments(&desc, patch) < 0)
-               return -1;
-       patch->result = desc.buffer;
-       patch->resultsize = desc.size;
+       if (apply_fragments(&buf, patch) < 0)
+               return -1; /* note with --reject this succeeds. */
+       patch->result = strbuf_detach(&buf, &patch->resultsize);
 
-       if (patch->is_delete && patch->resultsize)
+       if (0 < patch->is_delete && patch->resultsize)
                return error("removal patch leaves file contents");
 
        return 0;
 }
 
+static int check_to_create_blob(const char *new_name, int ok_if_exists)
+{
+       struct stat nst;
+       if (!lstat(new_name, &nst)) {
+               if (S_ISDIR(nst.st_mode) || ok_if_exists)
+                       return 0;
+               /*
+                * A leading component of new_name might be a symlink
+                * that is going to be removed with this patch, but
+                * still pointing at somewhere that has the path.
+                * In such a case, path "new_name" does not exist as
+                * far as git is concerned.
+                */
+               if (has_symlink_leading_path(new_name, NULL))
+                       return 0;
+
+               return error("%s: already exists in working directory", new_name);
+       }
+       else if ((errno != ENOENT) && (errno != ENOTDIR))
+               return error("%s: %s", new_name, strerror(errno));
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int verify_index_match(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st)
+{
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(ntohl(ce->ce_mode))) {
+               if (!S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
+                       return -1;
+               return 0;
+       }
+       return ce_match_stat(ce, st, 1);
+}
+
 static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
 {
        struct stat st;
@@ -1673,8 +2005,15 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
        struct cache_entry *ce = NULL;
        int ok_if_exists;
 
+       patch->rejected = 1; /* we will drop this after we succeed */
+
+       /*
+        * Make sure that we do not have local modifications from the
+        * index when we are looking at the index.  Also make sure
+        * we have the preimage file to be patched in the work tree,
+        * unless --cached, which tells git to apply only in the index.
+        */
        if (old_name) {
-               int changed = 0;
                int stat_ret = 0;
                unsigned st_mode = 0;
 
@@ -1704,19 +2043,16 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
                                    lstat(old_name, &st))
                                        return -1;
                        }
-                       if (!cached)
-                               changed = ce_match_stat(ce, &st, 1);
-                       if (changed)
+                       if (!cached && verify_index_match(ce, &st))
                                return error("%s: does not match index",
                                             old_name);
                        if (cached)
                                st_mode = ntohl(ce->ce_mode);
-               }
-               else if (stat_ret < 0)
+               } else if (stat_ret < 0)
                        return error("%s: %s", old_name, strerror(errno));
 
                if (!cached)
-                       st_mode = ntohl(create_ce_mode(st.st_mode));
+                       st_mode = ntohl(ce_mode_from_stat(ce, st.st_mode));
 
                if (patch->is_new < 0)
                        patch->is_new = 0;
@@ -1729,7 +2065,7 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
                                old_name, st_mode, patch->old_mode);
        }
 
-       if (new_name && prev_patch && prev_patch->is_delete &&
+       if (new_name && prev_patch && 0 < prev_patch->is_delete &&
            !strcmp(prev_patch->old_name, new_name))
                /* A type-change diff is always split into a patch to
                 * delete old, immediately followed by a patch to
@@ -1742,24 +2078,19 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
        else
                ok_if_exists = 0;
 
-       if (new_name && (patch->is_new | patch->is_rename | patch->is_copy)) {
+       if (new_name &&
+           ((0 < patch->is_new) | (0 < patch->is_rename) | patch->is_copy)) {
                if (check_index &&
                    cache_name_pos(new_name, strlen(new_name)) >= 0 &&
                    !ok_if_exists)
                        return error("%s: already exists in index", new_name);
                if (!cached) {
-                       struct stat nst;
-                       if (!lstat(new_name, &nst)) {
-                               if (S_ISDIR(nst.st_mode) || ok_if_exists)
-                                       ; /* ok */
-                               else
-                                       return error("%s: already exists in working directory", new_name);
-                       }
-                       else if ((errno != ENOENT) && (errno != ENOTDIR))
-                               return error("%s: %s", new_name, strerror(errno));
+                       int err = check_to_create_blob(new_name, ok_if_exists);
+                       if (err)
+                               return err;
                }
                if (!patch->new_mode) {
-                       if (patch->is_new)
+                       if (0 < patch->is_new)
                                patch->new_mode = S_IFREG | 0644;
                        else
                                patch->new_mode = patch->old_mode;
@@ -1778,29 +2109,45 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch, struct patch *prev_patch)
 
        if (apply_data(patch, &st, ce) < 0)
                return error("%s: patch does not apply", name);
+       patch->rejected = 0;
        return 0;
 }
 
 static int check_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
 {
        struct patch *prev_patch = NULL;
-       int error = 0;
+       int err = 0;
 
        for (prev_patch = NULL; patch ; patch = patch->next) {
-               error |= check_patch(patch, prev_patch);
+               if (apply_verbosely)
+                       say_patch_name(stderr,
+                                      "Checking patch ", patch, "...\n");
+               err |= check_patch(patch, prev_patch);
                prev_patch = patch;
        }
-       return error;
+       return err;
 }
 
-static inline int is_null_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1)
+/* This function tries to read the sha1 from the current index */
+static int get_current_sha1(const char *path, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       return !memcmp(sha1, null_sha1, 20);
+       int pos;
+
+       if (read_cache() < 0)
+               return -1;
+       pos = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));
+       if (pos < 0)
+               return -1;
+       hashcpy(sha1, active_cache[pos]->sha1);
+       return 0;
 }
 
-static void show_index_list(struct patch *list)
+/* Build an index that contains the just the files needed for a 3way merge */
+static void build_fake_ancestor(struct patch *list, const char *filename)
 {
        struct patch *patch;
+       struct index_state result = { 0 };
+       int fd;
 
        /* Once we start supporting the reverse patch, it may be
         * worth showing the new sha1 prefix, but until then...
@@ -1808,24 +2155,36 @@ static void show_index_list(struct patch *list)
        for (patch = list; patch; patch = patch->next) {
                const unsigned char *sha1_ptr;
                unsigned char sha1[20];
+               struct cache_entry *ce;
                const char *name;
 
                name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
-               if (patch->is_new)
-                       sha1_ptr = null_sha1;
+               if (0 < patch->is_new)
+                       continue;
                else if (get_sha1(patch->old_sha1_prefix, sha1))
-                       die("sha1 information is lacking or useless (%s).",
-                           name);
+                       /* git diff has no index line for mode/type changes */
+                       if (!patch->lines_added && !patch->lines_deleted) {
+                               if (get_current_sha1(patch->new_name, sha1) ||
+                                   get_current_sha1(patch->old_name, sha1))
+                                       die("mode change for %s, which is not "
+                                               "in current HEAD", name);
+                               sha1_ptr = sha1;
+                       } else
+                               die("sha1 information is lacking or useless "
+                                       "(%s).", name);
                else
                        sha1_ptr = sha1;
 
-               printf("%06o %s ",patch->old_mode, sha1_to_hex(sha1_ptr));
-               if (line_termination && quote_c_style(name, NULL, NULL, 0))
-                       quote_c_style(name, NULL, stdout, 0);
-               else
-                       fputs(name, stdout);
-               putchar(line_termination);
+               ce = make_cache_entry(patch->old_mode, sha1_ptr, name, 0, 0);
+               if (add_index_entry(&result, ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
+                       die ("Could not add %s to temporary index", name);
        }
+
+       fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0666);
+       if (fd < 0 || write_index(&result, fd) || close(fd))
+               die ("Could not write temporary index to %s", filename);
+
+       discard_index(&result);
 }
 
 static void stat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
@@ -1847,12 +2206,11 @@ static void numstat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
        for ( ; patch; patch = patch->next) {
                const char *name;
                name = patch->new_name ? patch->new_name : patch->old_name;
-               printf("%d\t%d\t", patch->lines_added, patch->lines_deleted);
-               if (line_termination && quote_c_style(name, NULL, NULL, 0))
-                       quote_c_style(name, NULL, stdout, 0);
+               if (patch->is_binary)
+                       printf("-\t-\t");
                else
-                       fputs(name, stdout);
-               putchar('\n');
+                       printf("%d\t%d\t", patch->lines_added, patch->lines_deleted);
+               write_name_quoted(name, stdout, line_termination);
        }
 }
 
@@ -1956,15 +2314,29 @@ static void patch_stats(struct patch *patch)
        }
 }
 
-static void remove_file(struct patch *patch)
+static void remove_file(struct patch *patch, int rmdir_empty)
 {
-       if (write_index) {
+       if (update_index) {
                if (remove_file_from_cache(patch->old_name) < 0)
                        die("unable to remove %s from index", patch->old_name);
-               cache_tree_invalidate_path(active_cache_tree, patch->old_name);
        }
-       if (!cached)
-               unlink(patch->old_name);
+       if (!cached) {
+               if (S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode)) {
+                       if (rmdir(patch->old_name))
+                               warning("unable to remove submodule %s",
+                                       patch->old_name);
+               } else if (!unlink(patch->old_name) && rmdir_empty) {
+                       char *name = xstrdup(patch->old_name);
+                       char *end = strrchr(name, '/');
+                       while (end) {
+                               *end = 0;
+                               if (rmdir(name))
+                                       break;
+                               end = strrchr(name, '/');
+                       }
+                       free(name);
+               }
+       }
 }
 
 static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned long size)
@@ -1974,20 +2346,28 @@ static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned
        int namelen = strlen(path);
        unsigned ce_size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
 
-       if (!write_index)
+       if (!update_index)
                return;
 
        ce = xcalloc(1, ce_size);
        memcpy(ce->name, path, namelen);
        ce->ce_mode = create_ce_mode(mode);
        ce->ce_flags = htons(namelen);
-       if (!cached) {
-               if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
-                       die("unable to stat newly created file %s", path);
-               fill_stat_cache_info(ce, &st);
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
+               const char *s = buf;
+
+               if (get_sha1_hex(s + strlen("Subproject commit "), ce->sha1))
+                       die("corrupt patch for subproject %s", path);
+       } else {
+               if (!cached) {
+                       if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
+                               die("unable to stat newly created file %s",
+                                   path);
+                       fill_stat_cache_info(ce, &st);
+               }
+               if (write_sha1_file(buf, size, blob_type, ce->sha1) < 0)
+                       die("unable to create backing store for newly created file %s", path);
        }
-       if (write_sha1_file(buf, size, blob_type, ce->sha1) < 0)
-               die("unable to create backing store for newly created file %s", path);
        if (add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD) < 0)
                die("unable to add cache entry for %s", path);
 }
@@ -1995,21 +2375,33 @@ static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned
 static int try_create_file(const char *path, unsigned int mode, const char *buf, unsigned long size)
 {
        int fd;
+       struct strbuf nbuf;
+
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
+               struct stat st;
+               if (!lstat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+                       return 0;
+               return mkdir(path, 0777);
+       }
 
-       if (S_ISLNK(mode))
+       if (has_symlinks && S_ISLNK(mode))
+               /* Although buf:size is counted string, it also is NUL
+                * terminated.
+                */
                return symlink(buf, path);
+
        fd = open(path, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY, (mode & 0100) ? 0777 : 0666);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -1;
-       while (size) {
-               int written = xwrite(fd, buf, size);
-               if (written < 0)
-                       die("writing file %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
-               if (!written)
-                       die("out of space writing file %s", path);
-               buf += written;
-               size -= written;
+
+       strbuf_init(&nbuf, 0);
+       if (convert_to_working_tree(path, buf, size, &nbuf)) {
+               size = nbuf.len;
+               buf  = nbuf.buf;
        }
+       write_or_die(fd, buf, size);
+       strbuf_release(&nbuf);
+
        if (close(fd) < 0)
                die("closing file %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
        return 0;
@@ -2034,13 +2426,12 @@ static void create_one_file(char *path, unsigned mode, const char *buf, unsigned
                        return;
        }
 
-       if (errno == EEXIST) {
+       if (errno == EEXIST || errno == EACCES) {
                /* We may be trying to create a file where a directory
                 * used to be.
                 */
                struct stat st;
-               errno = 0;
-               if (!lstat(path, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && !rmdir(path))
+               if (!lstat(path, &st) && (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || !rmdir(path)))
                        errno = EEXIST;
        }
 
@@ -2075,7 +2466,6 @@ static void create_file(struct patch *patch)
                mode = S_IFREG | 0644;
        create_one_file(path, mode, buf, size);
        add_index_file(path, mode, buf, size);
-       cache_tree_invalidate_path(active_cache_tree, path);
 }
 
 /* phase zero is to remove, phase one is to create */
@@ -2083,7 +2473,7 @@ static void write_out_one_result(struct patch *patch, int phase)
 {
        if (patch->is_delete > 0) {
                if (phase == 0)
-                       remove_file(patch);
+                       remove_file(patch, 1);
                return;
        }
        if (patch->is_new > 0 || patch->is_copy) {
@@ -2096,25 +2486,101 @@ static void write_out_one_result(struct patch *patch, int phase)
         * thing: remove the old, write the new
         */
        if (phase == 0)
-               remove_file(patch);
+               remove_file(patch, patch->is_rename);
        if (phase == 1)
-       create_file(patch);
+               create_file(patch);
 }
 
-static void write_out_results(struct patch *list, int skipped_patch)
+static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
+{
+       FILE *rej;
+       char namebuf[PATH_MAX];
+       struct fragment *frag;
+       int cnt = 0;
+
+       for (cnt = 0, frag = patch->fragments; frag; frag = frag->next) {
+               if (!frag->rejected)
+                       continue;
+               cnt++;
+       }
+
+       if (!cnt) {
+               if (apply_verbosely)
+                       say_patch_name(stderr,
+                                      "Applied patch ", patch, " cleanly.\n");
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* This should not happen, because a removal patch that leaves
+        * contents are marked "rejected" at the patch level.
+        */
+       if (!patch->new_name)
+               die("internal error");
+
+       /* Say this even without --verbose */
+       say_patch_name(stderr, "Applying patch ", patch, " with");
+       fprintf(stderr, " %d rejects...\n", cnt);
+
+       cnt = strlen(patch->new_name);
+       if (ARRAY_SIZE(namebuf) <= cnt + 5) {
+               cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(namebuf) - 5;
+               fprintf(stderr,
+                       "warning: truncating .rej filename to %.*s.rej",
+                       cnt - 1, patch->new_name);
+       }
+       memcpy(namebuf, patch->new_name, cnt);
+       memcpy(namebuf + cnt, ".rej", 5);
+
+       rej = fopen(namebuf, "w");
+       if (!rej)
+               return error("cannot open %s: %s", namebuf, strerror(errno));
+
+       /* Normal git tools never deal with .rej, so do not pretend
+        * this is a git patch by saying --git nor give extended
+        * headers.  While at it, maybe please "kompare" that wants
+        * the trailing TAB and some garbage at the end of line ;-).
+        */
+       fprintf(rej, "diff a/%s b/%s\t(rejected hunks)\n",
+               patch->new_name, patch->new_name);
+       for (cnt = 1, frag = patch->fragments;
+            frag;
+            cnt++, frag = frag->next) {
+               if (!frag->rejected) {
+                       fprintf(stderr, "Hunk #%d applied cleanly.\n", cnt);
+                       continue;
+               }
+               fprintf(stderr, "Rejected hunk #%d.\n", cnt);
+               fprintf(rej, "%.*s", frag->size, frag->patch);
+               if (frag->patch[frag->size-1] != '\n')
+                       fputc('\n', rej);
+       }
+       fclose(rej);
+       return -1;
+}
+
+static int write_out_results(struct patch *list, int skipped_patch)
 {
        int phase;
+       int errs = 0;
+       struct patch *l;
 
        if (!list && !skipped_patch)
-               die("No changes");
+               return error("No changes");
 
        for (phase = 0; phase < 2; phase++) {
-               struct patch *l = list;
+               l = list;
                while (l) {
-                       write_out_one_result(l, phase);
+                       if (l->rejected)
+                               errs = 1;
+                       else {
+                               write_out_one_result(l, phase);
+                               if (phase == 1 && write_out_one_reject(l))
+                                       errs = 1;
+                       }
                        l = l->next;
                }
        }
+       return errs;
 }
 
 static struct lock_file lock_file;
@@ -2142,62 +2608,91 @@ static int use_patch(struct patch *p)
        return 1;
 }
 
+static void prefix_one(char **name)
+{
+       char *old_name = *name;
+       if (!old_name)
+               return;
+       *name = xstrdup(prefix_filename(prefix, prefix_length, *name));
+       free(old_name);
+}
+
+static void prefix_patches(struct patch *p)
+{
+       if (!prefix || p->is_toplevel_relative)
+               return;
+       for ( ; p; p = p->next) {
+               if (p->new_name == p->old_name) {
+                       char *prefixed = p->new_name;
+                       prefix_one(&prefixed);
+                       p->new_name = p->old_name = prefixed;
+               }
+               else {
+                       prefix_one(&p->new_name);
+                       prefix_one(&p->old_name);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
 static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int inaccurate_eof)
 {
-       unsigned long offset, size;
-       char *buffer = read_patch_file(fd, &size);
+       size_t offset;
+       struct strbuf buf;
        struct patch *list = NULL, **listp = &list;
        int skipped_patch = 0;
 
+       strbuf_init(&buf, 0);
        patch_input_file = filename;
-       if (!buffer)
-               return -1;
+       read_patch_file(&buf, fd);
        offset = 0;
-       while (size > 0) {
+       while (offset < buf.len) {
                struct patch *patch;
                int nr;
 
                patch = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*patch));
                patch->inaccurate_eof = inaccurate_eof;
-               nr = parse_chunk(buffer + offset, size, patch);
+               nr = parse_chunk(buf.buf + offset, buf.len - offset, patch);
                if (nr < 0)
                        break;
+               if (apply_in_reverse)
+                       reverse_patches(patch);
+               if (prefix)
+                       prefix_patches(patch);
                if (use_patch(patch)) {
                        patch_stats(patch);
                        *listp = patch;
                        listp = &patch->next;
-               } else {
+               }
+               else {
                        /* perhaps free it a bit better? */
                        free(patch);
                        skipped_patch++;
                }
                offset += nr;
-               size -= nr;
        }
 
        if (whitespace_error && (new_whitespace == error_on_whitespace))
                apply = 0;
 
-       write_index = check_index && apply;
-       if (write_index && newfd < 0) {
-               newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file,
-                                                 get_index_file());
-               if (newfd < 0)
-                       die("unable to create new index file");
-       }
+       update_index = check_index && apply;
+       if (update_index && newfd < 0)
+               newfd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 1);
+
        if (check_index) {
                if (read_cache() < 0)
                        die("unable to read index file");
        }
 
-       if ((check || apply) && check_patch_list(list) < 0)
+       if ((check || apply) &&
+           check_patch_list(list) < 0 &&
+           !apply_with_reject)
                exit(1);
 
-       if (apply)
-               write_out_results(list, skipped_patch);
+       if (apply && write_out_results(list, skipped_patch))
+               exit(1);
 
-       if (show_index_info)
-               show_index_list(list);
+       if (fake_ancestor)
+               build_fake_ancestor(list, fake_ancestor);
 
        if (diffstat)
                stat_patch_list(list);
@@ -2208,47 +2703,56 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int inaccurate_eof)
        if (summary)
                summary_patch_list(list);
 
-       free(buffer);
+       strbuf_release(&buf);
        return 0;
 }
 
 static int git_apply_config(const char *var, const char *value)
 {
        if (!strcmp(var, "apply.whitespace")) {
-               apply_default_whitespace = strdup(value);
+               apply_default_whitespace = xstrdup(value);
                return 0;
        }
        return git_default_config(var, value);
 }
 
 
-int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
+int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *unused_prefix)
 {
        int i;
        int read_stdin = 1;
        int inaccurate_eof = 0;
+       int errs = 0;
+       int is_not_gitdir = 0;
 
        const char *whitespace_option = NULL;
 
+       prefix = setup_git_directory_gently(&is_not_gitdir);
+       prefix_length = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
+       git_config(git_apply_config);
+       if (apply_default_whitespace)
+               parse_whitespace_option(apply_default_whitespace);
+
        for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
                const char *arg = argv[i];
                char *end;
                int fd;
 
                if (!strcmp(arg, "-")) {
-                       apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", inaccurate_eof);
+                       errs |= apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", inaccurate_eof);
                        read_stdin = 0;
                        continue;
                }
-               if (!strncmp(arg, "--exclude=", 10)) {
+               if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--exclude=")) {
                        struct excludes *x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x));
                        x->path = arg + 10;
                        x->next = excludes;
                        excludes = x;
                        continue;
                }
-               if (!strncmp(arg, "-p", 2)) {
+               if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-p")) {
                        p_value = atoi(arg + 2);
+                       p_value_known = 1;
                        continue;
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-add")) {
@@ -2262,8 +2766,7 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--allow-binary-replacement") ||
                    !strcmp(arg, "--binary")) {
-                       allow_binary_replacement = 1;
-                       continue;
+                       continue; /* now no-op */
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--numstat")) {
                        apply = 0;
@@ -2281,10 +2784,14 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                        continue;
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--index")) {
+                       if (is_not_gitdir)
+                               die("--index outside a repository");
                        check_index = 1;
                        continue;
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--cached")) {
+                       if (is_not_gitdir)
+                               die("--cached outside a repository");
                        check_index = 1;
                        cached = 1;
                        continue;
@@ -2293,38 +2800,48 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                        apply = 1;
                        continue;
                }
-               if (!strcmp(arg, "--index-info")) {
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "--build-fake-ancestor")) {
                        apply = 0;
-                       show_index_info = 1;
+                       if (++i >= argc)
+                               die ("need a filename");
+                       fake_ancestor = argv[i];
                        continue;
                }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "-z")) {
                        line_termination = 0;
                        continue;
                }
-               if (!strncmp(arg, "-C", 2)) {
+               if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-C")) {
                        p_context = strtoul(arg + 2, &end, 0);
                        if (*end != '\0')
                                die("unrecognized context count '%s'", arg + 2);
                        continue;
                }
-               if (!strncmp(arg, "--whitespace=", 13)) {
+               if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--whitespace=")) {
                        whitespace_option = arg + 13;
                        parse_whitespace_option(arg + 13);
                        continue;
                }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "-R") || !strcmp(arg, "--reverse")) {
+                       apply_in_reverse = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "--unidiff-zero")) {
+                       unidiff_zero = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "--reject")) {
+                       apply = apply_with_reject = apply_verbosely = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (!strcmp(arg, "-v") || !strcmp(arg, "--verbose")) {
+                       apply_verbosely = 1;
+                       continue;
+               }
                if (!strcmp(arg, "--inaccurate-eof")) {
                        inaccurate_eof = 1;
                        continue;
                }
-
-               if (check_index && prefix_length < 0) {
-                       prefix = setup_git_directory();
-                       prefix_length = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
-                       git_config(git_apply_config);
-                       if (!whitespace_option && apply_default_whitespace)
-                               parse_whitespace_option(apply_default_whitespace);
-               }
                if (0 < prefix_length)
                        arg = prefix_filename(prefix, prefix_length, arg);
 
@@ -2333,44 +2850,44 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, char **envp)
                        usage(apply_usage);
                read_stdin = 0;
                set_default_whitespace_mode(whitespace_option);
-               apply_patch(fd, arg, inaccurate_eof);
+               errs |= apply_patch(fd, arg, inaccurate_eof);
                close(fd);
        }
        set_default_whitespace_mode(whitespace_option);
        if (read_stdin)
-               apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", inaccurate_eof);
+               errs |= apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", inaccurate_eof);
        if (whitespace_error) {
                if (squelch_whitespace_errors &&
                    squelch_whitespace_errors < whitespace_error) {
                        int squelched =
                                whitespace_error - squelch_whitespace_errors;
-                       fprintf(stderr, "warning: squelched %d whitespace error%s\n",
+                       fprintf(stderr, "warning: squelched %d "
+                               "whitespace error%s\n",
                                squelched,
                                squelched == 1 ? "" : "s");
                }
                if (new_whitespace == error_on_whitespace)
-                       die("%d line%s add%s trailing whitespaces.",
+                       die("%d line%s add%s whitespace errors.",
                            whitespace_error,
                            whitespace_error == 1 ? "" : "s",
                            whitespace_error == 1 ? "s" : "");
-               if (applied_after_stripping)
+               if (applied_after_fixing_ws)
                        fprintf(stderr, "warning: %d line%s applied after"
-                               " stripping trailing whitespaces.\n",
-                               applied_after_stripping,
-                               applied_after_stripping == 1 ? "" : "s");
+                               " fixing whitespace errors.\n",
+                               applied_after_fixing_ws,
+                               applied_after_fixing_ws == 1 ? "" : "s");
                else if (whitespace_error)
-                       fprintf(stderr, "warning: %d line%s add%s trailing"
-                               " whitespaces.\n",
+                       fprintf(stderr, "warning: %d line%s add%s whitespace errors.\n",
                                whitespace_error,
                                whitespace_error == 1 ? "" : "s",
                                whitespace_error == 1 ? "s" : "");
        }
 
-       if (write_index) {
+       if (update_index) {
                if (write_cache(newfd, active_cache, active_nr) ||
-                   close(newfd) || commit_lock_file(&lock_file))
+                   close(newfd) || commit_locked_index(&lock_file))
                        die("Unable to write new index file");
        }
 
-       return 0;
+       return !!errs;
 }