config.c: fix accuracy of line number in errors
[gitweb.git] / refs.c
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index e2b760d0baffd6db6b49e6014a58efa062f1a119..84b9070b8dca5eb94fbe9b7d7c463a0ea2af92eb 100644 (file)
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -6,51 +6,71 @@
 #include "string-list.h"
 
 /*
- * Make sure "ref" is something reasonable to have under ".git/refs/";
- * We do not like it if:
+ * How to handle various characters in refnames:
+ * This table is used by both the SIMD and non-SIMD code.  It has
+ * some cases that are only useful for the SIMD; these are handled
+ * equivalently to the listed disposition in the non-SIMD code.
+ * 0: An acceptable character for refs
+ * 1: @, look for a following { to reject @{ in refs (SIMD or = 0)
+ * 2: \0: End-of-component and string
+ * 3: /: End-of-component (SIMD or = 2)
+ * 4: ., look for a preceding . to reject .. in refs
+ * 5: {, look for a preceding @ to reject @{ in refs
+ * 6: *, usually a bad character except, once as a wildcard (SIMD or = 7)
+ * 7: A bad character except * (see check_refname_component below)
+ */
+static unsigned char refname_disposition[256] = {
+       2, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+       7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+       7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 4, 3,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7,
+       1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 7, 0, 7, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 7, 7
+};
+
+/*
+ * Try to read one refname component from the front of refname.
+ * Return the length of the component found, or -1 if the component is
+ * not legal.  It is legal if it is something reasonable to have under
+ * ".git/refs/"; We do not like it if:
  *
  * - any path component of it begins with ".", or
  * - it has double dots "..", or
  * - it has ASCII control character, "~", "^", ":" or SP, anywhere, or
- * - it ends with a "/".
- * - it ends with ".lock"
+ * - it has pattern-matching notation "*", "?", "[", anywhere, or
+ * - it ends with a "/", or
+ * - it ends with ".lock", or
  * - it contains a "\" (backslash)
  */
-
-/* Return true iff ch is not allowed in reference names. */
-static inline int bad_ref_char(int ch)
-{
-       if (((unsigned) ch) <= ' ' || ch == 0x7f ||
-           ch == '~' || ch == '^' || ch == ':' || ch == '\\')
-               return 1;
-       /* 2.13 Pattern Matching Notation */
-       if (ch == '*' || ch == '?' || ch == '[') /* Unsupported */
-               return 1;
-       return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Try to read one refname component from the front of refname.  Return
- * the length of the component found, or -1 if the component is not
- * legal.
- */
 static int check_refname_component(const char *refname, int flags)
 {
        const char *cp;
        char last = '\0';
 
        for (cp = refname; ; cp++) {
-               char ch = *cp;
-               if (ch == '\0' || ch == '/')
+               int ch = *cp & 255;
+               unsigned char disp = refname_disposition[ch];
+               switch (disp) {
+               case 2: /* fall-through */
+               case 3:
+                       goto out;
+               case 4:
+                       if (last == '.')
+                               return -1; /* Refname contains "..". */
+                       break;
+               case 5:
+                       if (last == '@')
+                               return -1; /* Refname contains "@{". */
                        break;
-               if (bad_ref_char(ch))
-                       return -1; /* Illegal character in refname. */
-               if (last == '.' && ch == '.')
-                       return -1; /* Refname contains "..". */
-               if (last == '@' && ch == '{')
-                       return -1; /* Refname contains "@{". */
+               case 6: /* fall-through */
+               case 7:
+                       return -1;
+               }
                last = ch;
        }
+out:
        if (cp == refname)
                return 0; /* Component has zero length. */
        if (refname[0] == '.') {
@@ -68,10 +88,14 @@ static int check_refname_component(const char *refname, int flags)
        return cp - refname;
 }
 
-int check_refname_format(const char *refname, int flags)
+static int check_refname_format_bytewise(const char *refname, int flags)
 {
        int component_len, component_count = 0;
 
+       if (!strcmp(refname, "@"))
+               /* Refname is a single character '@'. */
+               return -1;
+
        while (1) {
                /* We are at the start of a path component. */
                component_len = check_refname_component(refname, flags);
@@ -100,6 +124,196 @@ int check_refname_format(const char *refname, int flags)
        return 0;
 }
 
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__)
+#define SSE_VECTOR_BYTES 16
+
+/* Vectorized version of check_refname_format. */
+int check_refname_format(const char *refname, int flags)
+{
+       const char *cp = refname;
+
+       const __m128i dot = _mm_set1_epi8('.');
+       const __m128i at = _mm_set1_epi8('@');
+       const __m128i curly = _mm_set1_epi8('{');
+       const __m128i slash = _mm_set1_epi8('/');
+       const __m128i zero = _mm_set1_epi8('\000');
+       const __m128i el = _mm_set1_epi8('l');
+
+       /* below '*', all characters are forbidden or rare */
+       const __m128i star_ub = _mm_set1_epi8('*' + 1);
+
+       const __m128i colon = _mm_set1_epi8(':');
+       const __m128i question = _mm_set1_epi8('?');
+
+       /* '['..'^' contains 4 characters: 3 forbidden and 1 rare */
+       const __m128i bracket_lb = _mm_set1_epi8('[' - 1);
+       const __m128i caret_ub = _mm_set1_epi8('^' + 1);
+
+       /* '~' and above are forbidden */
+       const __m128i tilde_lb = _mm_set1_epi8('~' - 1);
+
+       int component_count = 0;
+       int orig_flags = flags;
+
+       if (refname[0] == 0 || refname[0] == '/') {
+               /* entirely empty ref or initial ref component */
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Initial ref component of '.'; below we look for /. so we'll
+        * miss this.
+        */
+       if (refname[0] == '.') {
+               if (refname[1] == '/' || refname[1] == '\0')
+                       return -1;
+               if (!(flags & REFNAME_DOT_COMPONENT))
+                       return -1;
+       }
+       while(1) {
+               __m128i tmp, tmp1, result;
+               uint64_t mask;
+
+               if ((uintptr_t) cp % PAGE_SIZE > PAGE_SIZE - SSE_VECTOR_BYTES  - 1)
+                       /*
+                        * End-of-page; fall back to slow method for
+                        * this entire ref.
+                        */
+                       return check_refname_format_bytewise(refname, orig_flags);
+
+               tmp = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)cp);
+               tmp1 = _mm_loadu_si128((__m128i *)(cp + 1));
+
+               /*
+                * This range (note the lt) contains some
+                * permissible-but-rare characters (including all
+                * characters >= 128), which we handle later.  It also
+                * includes \000.
+                */
+               result = _mm_cmplt_epi8(tmp, star_ub);
+
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, question));
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, colon));
+
+               /* This range contains the permissible ] as bycatch */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpgt_epi8(tmp, bracket_lb),
+                                             _mm_cmplt_epi8(tmp, caret_ub)));
+
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_cmpgt_epi8(tmp, tilde_lb));
+
+               /* .. */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, dot),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, dot)));
+               /* @{ */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, at),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, curly)));
+               /* // */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, slash),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, slash)));
+               /* trailing / */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, slash),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, zero)));
+               /* .l, beginning of .lock */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, dot),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, el)));
+               /*
+                * Even though /. is not necessarily an error, we flag
+                * it anyway. If we find it, we'll check if it's valid
+                * and if so we'll advance just past it.
+                */
+               result = _mm_or_si128(result, _mm_and_si128(
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp, slash),
+                                             _mm_cmpeq_epi8(tmp1, dot)));
+
+               mask = _mm_movemask_epi8(result);
+               if (mask) {
+                       /*
+                        * We've found either end-of-string, or some
+                        * probably-bad character or substring.
+                        */
+                       int i = __builtin_ctz(mask);
+                       switch (refname_disposition[cp[i] & 255]) {
+                       case 0: /* fall-through */
+                       case 5:
+                               /*
+                                * bycatch: a good character that's in
+                                * one of the ranges of mostly-forbidden
+                                * characters
+                                */
+                               cp += i + 1;
+                               break;
+                       case 1:
+                               if (cp[i + 1] == '{')
+                                       return -1;
+                               cp += i + 1;
+                               break;
+                       case 2:
+                               if (!(flags & REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)
+                                   && !component_count && !strchr(refname, '/'))
+                                       /* Refname has only one component. */
+                                       return -1;
+                               return 0;
+                       case 3:
+                               component_count ++;
+                               /*
+                                * Even if leading dots are allowed, don't
+                                * allow "." as a component (".." is
+                                * prevented by case 4 below).
+                                */
+                               if (cp[i + 1] == '.') {
+                                       if (cp[i + 2] == '\0')
+                                               return -1;
+                                       if (flags & REFNAME_DOT_COMPONENT) {
+                                               /* skip to just after the /. */
+                                               cp += i + 2;
+                                               break;
+                                       }
+                                       return -1;
+                               } else if (cp[i + 1] == '/' || cp[i + 1] == '\0')
+                                       return -1;
+                               break;
+                       case 4:
+                               if (cp[i + 1] == '.' || cp[i + 1] == '\0')
+                                       return -1;
+                               /* .lock as end-of-component or end-of-string */
+                               if ((!strncmp(cp + i, ".lock", 5))
+                                   && (cp[i + 5] == '/' || cp[i + 5] == 0))
+                                       return -1;
+                               cp += 1;
+                               break;
+                       case 6:
+                               if (((cp == refname + i) || cp[i - 1] == '/')
+                                   && (cp[i + 1] == '/' || cp[i + 1] == 0))
+                                       if (flags & REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN) {
+                                               flags &= ~REFNAME_REFSPEC_PATTERN;
+                                               /* restart after the * */
+                                               cp += i + 1;
+                                               continue;
+                                       }
+                               /* fall-through */
+                       case 7:
+                               return -1;
+                       }
+               } else
+                       cp += SSE_VECTOR_BYTES;
+       }
+}
+
+#else
+
+int check_refname_format (const char *refname, int flags)
+{
+       return check_refname_format_bytewise(refname, flags);
+}
+
+#endif
+
 struct ref_entry;
 
 /*
@@ -109,7 +323,20 @@ struct ref_entry;
  * (ref_entry->flag & REF_DIR) is zero.
  */
 struct ref_value {
+       /*
+        * The name of the object to which this reference resolves
+        * (which may be a tag object).  If REF_ISBROKEN, this is
+        * null.  If REF_ISSYMREF, then this is the name of the object
+        * referred to by the last reference in the symlink chain.
+        */
        unsigned char sha1[20];
+
+       /*
+        * If REF_KNOWS_PEELED, then this field holds the peeled value
+        * of this reference, or null if the reference is known not to
+        * be peelable.  See the documentation for peel_ref() for an
+        * exact definition of "peelable".
+        */
        unsigned char peeled[20];
 };
 
@@ -158,7 +385,17 @@ struct ref_dir {
        struct ref_entry **entries;
 };
 
-/* ISSYMREF=0x01, ISPACKED=0x02, and ISBROKEN=0x04 are public interfaces */
+/*
+ * Bit values for ref_entry::flag.  REF_ISSYMREF=0x01,
+ * REF_ISPACKED=0x02, and REF_ISBROKEN=0x04 are public values; see
+ * refs.h.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The field ref_entry->u.value.peeled of this value entry contains
+ * the correct peeled value for the reference, which might be
+ * null_sha1 if the reference is not a tag or if it is broken.
+ */
 #define REF_KNOWS_PEELED 0x08
 
 /* ref_entry represents a directory of references */
@@ -343,18 +580,17 @@ static int ref_entry_cmp_sslice(const void *key_, const void *ent_)
 }
 
 /*
- * Return the entry with the given refname from the ref_dir
- * (non-recursively), sorting dir if necessary.  Return NULL if no
- * such entry is found.  dir must already be complete.
+ * Return the index of the entry with the given refname from the
+ * ref_dir (non-recursively), sorting dir if necessary.  Return -1 if
+ * no such entry is found.  dir must already be complete.
  */
-static struct ref_entry *search_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir,
-                                       const char *refname, size_t len)
+static int search_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname, size_t len)
 {
        struct ref_entry **r;
        struct string_slice key;
 
        if (refname == NULL || !dir->nr)
-               return NULL;
+               return -1;
 
        sort_ref_dir(dir);
        key.len = len;
@@ -363,9 +599,9 @@ static struct ref_entry *search_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir,
                    ref_entry_cmp_sslice);
 
        if (r == NULL)
-               return NULL;
+               return -1;
 
-       return *r;
+       return r - dir->entries;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -379,8 +615,9 @@ static struct ref_dir *search_for_subdir(struct ref_dir *dir,
                                         const char *subdirname, size_t len,
                                         int mkdir)
 {
-       struct ref_entry *entry = search_ref_dir(dir, subdirname, len);
-       if (!entry) {
+       int entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, subdirname, len);
+       struct ref_entry *entry;
+       if (entry_index == -1) {
                if (!mkdir)
                        return NULL;
                /*
@@ -391,6 +628,8 @@ static struct ref_dir *search_for_subdir(struct ref_dir *dir,
                 */
                entry = create_dir_entry(dir->ref_cache, subdirname, len, 0);
                add_entry_to_dir(dir, entry);
+       } else {
+               entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
        }
        return get_ref_dir(entry);
 }
@@ -429,12 +668,67 @@ static struct ref_dir *find_containing_dir(struct ref_dir *dir,
  */
 static struct ref_entry *find_ref(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname)
 {
+       int entry_index;
        struct ref_entry *entry;
        dir = find_containing_dir(dir, refname, 0);
        if (!dir)
                return NULL;
-       entry = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, strlen(refname));
-       return (entry && !(entry->flag & REF_DIR)) ? entry : NULL;
+       entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, strlen(refname));
+       if (entry_index == -1)
+               return NULL;
+       entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
+       return (entry->flag & REF_DIR) ? NULL : entry;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the entry with the given name from dir, recursing into
+ * subdirectories as necessary.  If refname is the name of a directory
+ * (i.e., ends with '/'), then remove the directory and its contents.
+ * If the removal was successful, return the number of entries
+ * remaining in the directory entry that contained the deleted entry.
+ * If the name was not found, return -1.  Please note that this
+ * function only deletes the entry from the cache; it does not delete
+ * it from the filesystem or ensure that other cache entries (which
+ * might be symbolic references to the removed entry) are updated.
+ * Nor does it remove any containing dir entries that might be made
+ * empty by the removal.  dir must represent the top-level directory
+ * and must already be complete.
+ */
+static int remove_entry(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *refname)
+{
+       int refname_len = strlen(refname);
+       int entry_index;
+       struct ref_entry *entry;
+       int is_dir = refname[refname_len - 1] == '/';
+       if (is_dir) {
+               /*
+                * refname represents a reference directory.  Remove
+                * the trailing slash; otherwise we will get the
+                * directory *representing* refname rather than the
+                * one *containing* it.
+                */
+               char *dirname = xmemdupz(refname, refname_len - 1);
+               dir = find_containing_dir(dir, dirname, 0);
+               free(dirname);
+       } else {
+               dir = find_containing_dir(dir, refname, 0);
+       }
+       if (!dir)
+               return -1;
+       entry_index = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, refname_len);
+       if (entry_index == -1)
+               return -1;
+       entry = dir->entries[entry_index];
+
+       memmove(&dir->entries[entry_index],
+               &dir->entries[entry_index + 1],
+               (dir->nr - entry_index - 1) * sizeof(*dir->entries)
+               );
+       dir->nr--;
+       if (dir->sorted > entry_index)
+               dir->sorted--;
+       free_ref_entry(entry);
+       return dir->nr;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -503,28 +797,69 @@ static void sort_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
        dir->sorted = dir->nr = i;
 }
 
-#define DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN 01
+/* Include broken references in a do_for_each_ref*() iteration: */
+#define DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN 0x01
+
+/*
+ * Return true iff the reference described by entry can be resolved to
+ * an object in the database.  Emit a warning if the referred-to
+ * object does not exist.
+ */
+static int ref_resolves_to_object(struct ref_entry *entry)
+{
+       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN)
+               return 0;
+       if (!has_sha1_file(entry->u.value.sha1)) {
+               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", entry->name);
+               return 0;
+       }
+       return 1;
+}
 
+/*
+ * current_ref is a performance hack: when iterating over references
+ * using the for_each_ref*() functions, current_ref is set to the
+ * current reference's entry before calling the callback function.  If
+ * the callback function calls peel_ref(), then peel_ref() first
+ * checks whether the reference to be peeled is the current reference
+ * (it usually is) and if so, returns that reference's peeled version
+ * if it is available.  This avoids a refname lookup in a common case.
+ */
 static struct ref_entry *current_ref;
 
-static int do_one_ref(const char *base, each_ref_fn fn, int trim,
-                     int flags, void *cb_data, struct ref_entry *entry)
+typedef int each_ref_entry_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data);
+
+struct ref_entry_cb {
+       const char *base;
+       int trim;
+       int flags;
+       each_ref_fn *fn;
+       void *cb_data;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Handle one reference in a do_for_each_ref*()-style iteration,
+ * calling an each_ref_fn for each entry.
+ */
+static int do_one_ref(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
 {
+       struct ref_entry_cb *data = cb_data;
+       struct ref_entry *old_current_ref;
        int retval;
-       if (prefixcmp(entry->name, base))
+
+       if (!starts_with(entry->name, data->base))
                return 0;
 
-       if (!(flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN)) {
-               if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN)
-                       return 0; /* ignore broken refs e.g. dangling symref */
-               if (!has_sha1_file(entry->u.value.sha1)) {
-                       error("%s does not point to a valid object!", entry->name);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-       }
+       if (!(data->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN) &&
+             !ref_resolves_to_object(entry))
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Store the old value, in case this is a recursive call: */
+       old_current_ref = current_ref;
        current_ref = entry;
-       retval = fn(entry->name + trim, entry->u.value.sha1, entry->flag, cb_data);
-       current_ref = NULL;
+       retval = data->fn(entry->name + data->trim, entry->u.value.sha1,
+                         entry->flag, data->cb_data);
+       current_ref = old_current_ref;
        return retval;
 }
 
@@ -532,11 +867,11 @@ static int do_one_ref(const char *base, each_ref_fn fn, int trim,
  * Call fn for each reference in dir that has index in the range
  * offset <= index < dir->nr.  Recurse into subdirectories that are in
  * that index range, sorting them before iterating.  This function
- * does not sort dir itself; it should be sorted beforehand.
+ * does not sort dir itself; it should be sorted beforehand.  fn is
+ * called for all references, including broken ones.
  */
-static int do_for_each_ref_in_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, int offset,
-                                 const char *base,
-                                 each_ref_fn fn, int trim, int flags, void *cb_data)
+static int do_for_each_entry_in_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, int offset,
+                                   each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
        int i;
        assert(dir->sorted == dir->nr);
@@ -546,10 +881,9 @@ static int do_for_each_ref_in_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, int offset,
                if (entry->flag & REF_DIR) {
                        struct ref_dir *subdir = get_ref_dir(entry);
                        sort_ref_dir(subdir);
-                       retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dir(subdir, 0,
-                                                       base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+                       retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(subdir, 0, fn, cb_data);
                } else {
-                       retval = do_one_ref(base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data, entry);
+                       retval = fn(entry, cb_data);
                }
                if (retval)
                        return retval;
@@ -562,12 +896,12 @@ static int do_for_each_ref_in_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, int offset,
  * by refname.  Recurse into subdirectories.  If a value entry appears
  * in both dir1 and dir2, then only process the version that is in
  * dir2.  The input dirs must already be sorted, but subdirs will be
- * sorted as needed.
+ * sorted as needed.  fn is called for all references, including
+ * broken ones.
  */
-static int do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
-                                  struct ref_dir *dir2,
-                                  const char *base, each_ref_fn fn, int trim,
-                                  int flags, void *cb_data)
+static int do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
+                                    struct ref_dir *dir2,
+                                    each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
        int retval;
        int i1 = 0, i2 = 0;
@@ -578,12 +912,10 @@ static int do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
                struct ref_entry *e1, *e2;
                int cmp;
                if (i1 == dir1->nr) {
-                       return do_for_each_ref_in_dir(dir2, i2,
-                                                     base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+                       return do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir2, i2, fn, cb_data);
                }
                if (i2 == dir2->nr) {
-                       return do_for_each_ref_in_dir(dir1, i1,
-                                                     base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+                       return do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir1, i1, fn, cb_data);
                }
                e1 = dir1->entries[i1];
                e2 = dir2->entries[i2];
@@ -595,14 +927,13 @@ static int do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
                                struct ref_dir *subdir2 = get_ref_dir(e2);
                                sort_ref_dir(subdir1);
                                sort_ref_dir(subdir2);
-                               retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(
-                                               subdir1, subdir2,
-                                               base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+                               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(
+                                               subdir1, subdir2, fn, cb_data);
                                i1++;
                                i2++;
                        } else if (!(e1->flag & REF_DIR) && !(e2->flag & REF_DIR)) {
                                /* Both are references; ignore the one from dir1. */
-                               retval = do_one_ref(base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data, e2);
+                               retval = fn(e2, cb_data);
                                i1++;
                                i2++;
                        } else {
@@ -621,25 +952,32 @@ static int do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(struct ref_dir *dir1,
                        if (e->flag & REF_DIR) {
                                struct ref_dir *subdir = get_ref_dir(e);
                                sort_ref_dir(subdir);
-                               retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dir(
-                                               subdir, 0,
-                                               base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+                               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
+                                               subdir, 0, fn, cb_data);
                        } else {
-                               retval = do_one_ref(base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data, e);
+                               retval = fn(e, cb_data);
                        }
                }
                if (retval)
                        return retval;
        }
-       if (i1 < dir1->nr)
-               return do_for_each_ref_in_dir(dir1, i1,
-                                             base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
-       if (i2 < dir2->nr)
-               return do_for_each_ref_in_dir(dir2, i2,
-                                             base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
-       return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Load all of the refs from the dir into our in-memory cache. The hard work
+ * of loading loose refs is done by get_ref_dir(), so we just need to recurse
+ * through all of the sub-directories. We do not even need to care about
+ * sorting, as traversal order does not matter to us.
+ */
+static void prime_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
+{
+       int i;
+       for (i = 0; i < dir->nr; i++) {
+               struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[i];
+               if (entry->flag & REF_DIR)
+                       prime_ref_dir(get_ref_dir(entry));
+       }
+}
 /*
  * Return true iff refname1 and refname2 conflict with each other.
  * Two reference names conflict if one of them exactly matches the
@@ -661,14 +999,13 @@ struct name_conflict_cb {
        const char *conflicting_refname;
 };
 
-static int name_conflict_fn(const char *existingrefname, const unsigned char *sha1,
-                           int flags, void *cb_data)
+static int name_conflict_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct name_conflict_cb *data = (struct name_conflict_cb *)cb_data;
-       if (data->oldrefname && !strcmp(data->oldrefname, existingrefname))
+       if (data->oldrefname && !strcmp(data->oldrefname, entry->name))
                return 0;
-       if (names_conflict(data->refname, existingrefname)) {
-               data->conflicting_refname = existingrefname;
+       if (names_conflict(data->refname, entry->name)) {
+               data->conflicting_refname = entry->name;
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
@@ -676,7 +1013,7 @@ static int name_conflict_fn(const char *existingrefname, const unsigned char *sh
 
 /*
  * Return true iff a reference named refname could be created without
- * conflicting with the name of an existing reference in array.  If
+ * conflicting with the name of an existing reference in dir.  If
  * oldrefname is non-NULL, ignore potential conflicts with oldrefname
  * (e.g., because oldrefname is scheduled for deletion in the same
  * operation).
@@ -690,9 +1027,7 @@ static int is_refname_available(const char *refname, const char *oldrefname,
        data.conflicting_refname = NULL;
 
        sort_ref_dir(dir);
-       if (do_for_each_ref_in_dir(dir, 0, "", name_conflict_fn,
-                                  0, DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN,
-                                  &data)) {
+       if (do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir, 0, name_conflict_fn, &data)) {
                error("'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
                      data.conflicting_refname, refname);
                return 0;
@@ -700,6 +1035,30 @@ static int is_refname_available(const char *refname, const char *oldrefname,
        return 1;
 }
 
+struct packed_ref_cache {
+       struct ref_entry *root;
+
+       /*
+        * Count of references to the data structure in this instance,
+        * including the pointer from ref_cache::packed if any.  The
+        * data will not be freed as long as the reference count is
+        * nonzero.
+        */
+       unsigned int referrers;
+
+       /*
+        * Iff the packed-refs file associated with this instance is
+        * currently locked for writing, this points at the associated
+        * lock (which is owned by somebody else).  The referrer count
+        * is also incremented when the file is locked and decremented
+        * when it is unlocked.
+        */
+       struct lock_file *lock;
+
+       /* The metadata from when this packed-refs cache was read */
+       struct stat_validity validity;
+};
+
 /*
  * Future: need to be in "struct repository"
  * when doing a full libification.
@@ -707,16 +1066,51 @@ static int is_refname_available(const char *refname, const char *oldrefname,
 static struct ref_cache {
        struct ref_cache *next;
        struct ref_entry *loose;
-       struct ref_entry *packed;
-       /* The submodule name, or "" for the main repo. */
-       char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
-} *ref_cache;
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed;
+       /*
+        * The submodule name, or "" for the main repo.  We allocate
+        * length 1 rather than FLEX_ARRAY so that the main ref_cache
+        * is initialized correctly.
+        */
+       char name[1];
+} ref_cache, *submodule_ref_caches;
+
+/* Lock used for the main packed-refs file: */
+static struct lock_file packlock;
+
+/*
+ * Increment the reference count of *packed_refs.
+ */
+static void acquire_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
+{
+       packed_refs->referrers++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decrease the reference count of *packed_refs.  If it goes to zero,
+ * free *packed_refs and return true; otherwise return false.
+ */
+static int release_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
+{
+       if (!--packed_refs->referrers) {
+               free_ref_entry(packed_refs->root);
+               stat_validity_clear(&packed_refs->validity);
+               free(packed_refs);
+               return 1;
+       } else {
+               return 0;
+       }
+}
 
 static void clear_packed_ref_cache(struct ref_cache *refs)
 {
        if (refs->packed) {
-               free_ref_entry(refs->packed);
+               struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = refs->packed;
+
+               if (packed_refs->lock)
+                       die("internal error: packed-ref cache cleared while locked");
                refs->packed = NULL;
+               release_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
        }
 }
 
@@ -748,27 +1142,30 @@ static struct ref_cache *create_ref_cache(const char *submodule)
  */
 static struct ref_cache *get_ref_cache(const char *submodule)
 {
-       struct ref_cache *refs = ref_cache;
-       if (!submodule)
-               submodule = "";
-       while (refs) {
+       struct ref_cache *refs;
+
+       if (!submodule || !*submodule)
+               return &ref_cache;
+
+       for (refs = submodule_ref_caches; refs; refs = refs->next)
                if (!strcmp(submodule, refs->name))
                        return refs;
-               refs = refs->next;
-       }
 
        refs = create_ref_cache(submodule);
-       refs->next = ref_cache;
-       ref_cache = refs;
+       refs->next = submodule_ref_caches;
+       submodule_ref_caches = refs;
        return refs;
 }
 
-void invalidate_ref_cache(const char *submodule)
-{
-       struct ref_cache *refs = get_ref_cache(submodule);
-       clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
-}
+/* The length of a peeled reference line in packed-refs, including EOL: */
+#define PEELED_LINE_LENGTH 42
+
+/*
+ * The packed-refs header line that we write out.  Perhaps other
+ * traits will be added later.  The trailing space is required.
+ */
+static const char PACKED_REFS_HEADER[] =
+       "# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled \n";
 
 /*
  * Parse one line from a packed-refs file.  Write the SHA1 to sha1.
@@ -855,15 +1252,15 @@ static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
                if (refname) {
                        last = create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1);
                        if (peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
-                           (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && !prefixcmp(refname, "refs/tags/")))
+                           (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/")))
                                last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
                        add_ref(dir, last);
                        continue;
                }
                if (last &&
                    refline[0] == '^' &&
-                   strlen(refline) == 42 &&
-                   refline[41] == '\n' &&
+                   strlen(refline) == PEELED_LINE_LENGTH &&
+                   refline[PEELED_LINE_LENGTH - 1] == '\n' &&
                    !get_sha1_hex(refline + 1, sha1)) {
                        hashcpy(last->u.value.peeled, sha1);
                        /*
@@ -876,30 +1273,58 @@ static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
        }
 }
 
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct ref_cache *refs)
+/*
+ * Get the packed_ref_cache for the specified ref_cache, creating it
+ * if necessary.
+ */
+static struct packed_ref_cache *get_packed_ref_cache(struct ref_cache *refs)
 {
+       const char *packed_refs_file;
+
+       if (*refs->name)
+               packed_refs_file = git_path_submodule(refs->name, "packed-refs");
+       else
+               packed_refs_file = git_path("packed-refs");
+
+       if (refs->packed &&
+           !stat_validity_check(&refs->packed->validity, packed_refs_file))
+               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+
        if (!refs->packed) {
-               const char *packed_refs_file;
                FILE *f;
 
-               refs->packed = create_dir_entry(refs, "", 0, 0);
-               if (*refs->name)
-                       packed_refs_file = git_path_submodule(refs->name, "packed-refs");
-               else
-                       packed_refs_file = git_path("packed-refs");
+               refs->packed = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*refs->packed));
+               acquire_packed_ref_cache(refs->packed);
+               refs->packed->root = create_dir_entry(refs, "", 0, 0);
                f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
                if (f) {
-                       read_packed_refs(f, get_ref_dir(refs->packed));
+                       stat_validity_update(&refs->packed->validity, fileno(f));
+                       read_packed_refs(f, get_ref_dir(refs->packed->root));
                        fclose(f);
                }
        }
-       return get_ref_dir(refs->packed);
+       return refs->packed;
+}
+
+static struct ref_dir *get_packed_ref_dir(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache)
+{
+       return get_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache->root);
+}
+
+static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct ref_cache *refs)
+{
+       return get_packed_ref_dir(get_packed_ref_cache(refs));
 }
 
 void add_packed_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-       add_ref(get_packed_refs(get_ref_cache(NULL)),
-                       create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1));
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
+               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+
+       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
+               die("internal error: packed refs not locked");
+       add_ref(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
+               create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -936,7 +1361,7 @@ static void read_loose_refs(const char *dirname, struct ref_dir *dir)
 
                if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
                        continue;
-               if (has_extension(de->d_name, ".lock"))
+               if (ends_with(de->d_name, ".lock"))
                        continue;
                strbuf_addstr(&refname, de->d_name);
                refdir = *refs->name
@@ -1007,7 +1432,7 @@ static int resolve_gitlink_packed_ref(struct ref_cache *refs,
        if (ref == NULL)
                return -1;
 
-       memcpy(sha1, ref->u.value.sha1, 20);
+       hashcpy(sha1, ref->u.value.sha1);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1069,20 +1494,46 @@ int resolve_gitlink_ref(const char *path, const char *refname, unsigned char *sh
 }
 
 /*
- * Try to read ref from the packed references.  On success, set sha1
- * and return 0; otherwise, return -1.
+ * Return the ref_entry for the given refname from the packed
+ * references.  If it does not exist, return NULL.
  */
-static int get_packed_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
+static struct ref_entry *get_packed_ref(const char *refname)
 {
-       struct ref_dir *packed = get_packed_refs(get_ref_cache(NULL));
-       struct ref_entry *entry = find_ref(packed, refname);
+       return find_ref(get_packed_refs(&ref_cache), refname);
+}
+
+/*
+ * A loose ref file doesn't exist; check for a packed ref.  The
+ * options are forwarded from resolve_safe_unsafe().
+ */
+static const char *handle_missing_loose_ref(const char *refname,
+                                           unsigned char *sha1,
+                                           int reading,
+                                           int *flag)
+{
+       struct ref_entry *entry;
+
+       /*
+        * The loose reference file does not exist; check for a packed
+        * reference.
+        */
+       entry = get_packed_ref(refname);
        if (entry) {
                hashcpy(sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
-               return 0;
+               if (flag)
+                       *flag |= REF_ISPACKED;
+               return refname;
+       }
+       /* The reference is not a packed reference, either. */
+       if (reading) {
+               return NULL;
+       } else {
+               hashclr(sha1);
+               return refname;
        }
-       return -1;
 }
 
+/* This function needs to return a meaningful errno on failure */
 const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int reading, int *flag)
 {
        int depth = MAXDEPTH;
@@ -1093,8 +1544,10 @@ const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int rea
        if (flag)
                *flag = 0;
 
-       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL))
+       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
                return NULL;
+       }
 
        for (;;) {
                char path[PATH_MAX];
@@ -1102,39 +1555,43 @@ const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int rea
                char *buf;
                int fd;
 
-               if (--depth < 0)
+               if (--depth < 0) {
+                       errno = ELOOP;
                        return NULL;
+               }
 
                git_snpath(path, sizeof(path), "%s", refname);
 
+               /*
+                * We might have to loop back here to avoid a race
+                * condition: first we lstat() the file, then we try
+                * to read it as a link or as a file.  But if somebody
+                * changes the type of the file (file <-> directory
+                * <-> symlink) between the lstat() and reading, then
+                * we don't want to report that as an error but rather
+                * try again starting with the lstat().
+                */
+       stat_ref:
                if (lstat(path, &st) < 0) {
-                       if (errno != ENOENT)
-                               return NULL;
-                       /*
-                        * The loose reference file does not exist;
-                        * check for a packed reference.
-                        */
-                       if (!get_packed_ref(refname, sha1)) {
-                               if (flag)
-                                       *flag |= REF_ISPACKED;
-                               return refname;
-                       }
-                       /* The reference is not a packed reference, either. */
-                       if (reading) {
+                       if (errno == ENOENT)
+                               return handle_missing_loose_ref(refname, sha1,
+                                                               reading, flag);
+                       else
                                return NULL;
-                       } else {
-                               hashclr(sha1);
-                               return refname;
-                       }
                }
 
                /* Follow "normalized" - ie "refs/.." symlinks by hand */
                if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
                        len = readlink(path, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
-                       if (len < 0)
-                               return NULL;
+                       if (len < 0) {
+                               if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EINVAL)
+                                       /* inconsistent with lstat; retry */
+                                       goto stat_ref;
+                               else
+                                       return NULL;
+                       }
                        buffer[len] = 0;
-                       if (!prefixcmp(buffer, "refs/") &&
+                       if (starts_with(buffer, "refs/") &&
                                        !check_refname_format(buffer, 0)) {
                                strcpy(refname_buffer, buffer);
                                refname = refname_buffer;
@@ -1155,12 +1612,21 @@ const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int rea
                 * a ref
                 */
                fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
-               if (fd < 0)
-                       return NULL;
+               if (fd < 0) {
+                       if (errno == ENOENT)
+                               /* inconsistent with lstat; retry */
+                               goto stat_ref;
+                       else
+                               return NULL;
+               }
                len = read_in_full(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
-               close(fd);
-               if (len < 0)
+               if (len < 0) {
+                       int save_errno = errno;
+                       close(fd);
+                       errno = save_errno;
                        return NULL;
+               }
+               close(fd);
                while (len && isspace(buffer[len-1]))
                        len--;
                buffer[len] = '\0';
@@ -1168,8 +1634,20 @@ const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int rea
                /*
                 * Is it a symbolic ref?
                 */
-               if (prefixcmp(buffer, "ref:"))
-                       break;
+               if (!starts_with(buffer, "ref:")) {
+                       /*
+                        * Please note that FETCH_HEAD has a second
+                        * line containing other data.
+                        */
+                       if (get_sha1_hex(buffer, sha1) ||
+                           (buffer[40] != '\0' && !isspace(buffer[40]))) {
+                               if (flag)
+                                       *flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
+                               errno = EINVAL;
+                               return NULL;
+                       }
+                       return refname;
+               }
                if (flag)
                        *flag |= REF_ISSYMREF;
                buf = buffer + 4;
@@ -1178,17 +1656,11 @@ const char *resolve_ref_unsafe(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1, int rea
                if (check_refname_format(buf, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
                        if (flag)
                                *flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
+                       errno = EINVAL;
                        return NULL;
                }
                refname = strcpy(refname_buffer, buf);
        }
-       /* Please note that FETCH_HEAD has a second line containing other data. */
-       if (get_sha1_hex(buffer, sha1) || (buffer[40] != '\0' && !isspace(buffer[40]))) {
-               if (flag)
-                       *flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       return refname;
 }
 
 char *resolve_refdup(const char *ref, unsigned char *sha1, int reading, int *flag)
@@ -1226,64 +1698,140 @@ static int filter_refs(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flags
                       void *data)
 {
        struct ref_filter *filter = (struct ref_filter *)data;
-       if (fnmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0))
+       if (wildmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0, NULL))
                return 0;
        return filter->fn(refname, sha1, flags, filter->cb_data);
 }
 
-int peel_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       int flag;
-       unsigned char base[20];
-       struct object *o;
+enum peel_status {
+       /* object was peeled successfully: */
+       PEEL_PEELED = 0,
 
-       if (current_ref && (current_ref->name == refname
-               || !strcmp(current_ref->name, refname))) {
-               if (current_ref->flag & REF_KNOWS_PEELED) {
-                       if (is_null_sha1(current_ref->u.value.peeled))
-                           return -1;
-                       hashcpy(sha1, current_ref->u.value.peeled);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-               hashcpy(base, current_ref->u.value.sha1);
-               goto fallback;
-       }
+       /*
+        * object cannot be peeled because the named object (or an
+        * object referred to by a tag in the peel chain), does not
+        * exist.
+        */
+       PEEL_INVALID = -1,
 
-       if (read_ref_full(refname, base, 1, &flag))
-               return -1;
+       /* object cannot be peeled because it is not a tag: */
+       PEEL_NON_TAG = -2,
 
-       if ((flag & REF_ISPACKED)) {
-               struct ref_dir *dir = get_packed_refs(get_ref_cache(NULL));
-               struct ref_entry *r = find_ref(dir, refname);
+       /* ref_entry contains no peeled value because it is a symref: */
+       PEEL_IS_SYMREF = -3,
 
-               if (r != NULL && r->flag & REF_KNOWS_PEELED) {
-                       hashcpy(sha1, r->u.value.peeled);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-       }
+       /*
+        * ref_entry cannot be peeled because it is broken (i.e., the
+        * symbolic reference cannot even be resolved to an object
+        * name):
+        */
+       PEEL_BROKEN = -4
+};
+
+/*
+ * Peel the named object; i.e., if the object is a tag, resolve the
+ * tag recursively until a non-tag is found.  If successful, store the
+ * result to sha1 and return PEEL_PEELED.  If the object is not a tag
+ * or is not valid, return PEEL_NON_TAG or PEEL_INVALID, respectively,
+ * and leave sha1 unchanged.
+ */
+static enum peel_status peel_object(const unsigned char *name, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       struct object *o = lookup_unknown_object(name);
 
-fallback:
-       o = lookup_unknown_object(base);
        if (o->type == OBJ_NONE) {
-               int type = sha1_object_info(base, NULL);
-               if (type < 0)
-                       return -1;
-               o->type = type;
+               int type = sha1_object_info(name, NULL);
+               if (type < 0 || !object_as_type(o, type, 0))
+                       return PEEL_INVALID;
        }
 
-       if (o->type == OBJ_TAG) {
-               o = deref_tag_noverify(o);
-               if (o) {
-                       hashcpy(sha1, o->sha1);
-                       return 0;
+       if (o->type != OBJ_TAG)
+               return PEEL_NON_TAG;
+
+       o = deref_tag_noverify(o);
+       if (!o)
+               return PEEL_INVALID;
+
+       hashcpy(sha1, o->sha1);
+       return PEEL_PEELED;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Peel the entry (if possible) and return its new peel_status.  If
+ * repeel is true, re-peel the entry even if there is an old peeled
+ * value that is already stored in it.
+ *
+ * It is OK to call this function with a packed reference entry that
+ * might be stale and might even refer to an object that has since
+ * been garbage-collected.  In such a case, if the entry has
+ * REF_KNOWS_PEELED then leave the status unchanged and return
+ * PEEL_PEELED or PEEL_NON_TAG; otherwise, return PEEL_INVALID.
+ */
+static enum peel_status peel_entry(struct ref_entry *entry, int repeel)
+{
+       enum peel_status status;
+
+       if (entry->flag & REF_KNOWS_PEELED) {
+               if (repeel) {
+                       entry->flag &= ~REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+                       hashclr(entry->u.value.peeled);
+               } else {
+                       return is_null_sha1(entry->u.value.peeled) ?
+                               PEEL_NON_TAG : PEEL_PEELED;
                }
        }
-       return -1;
+       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN)
+               return PEEL_BROKEN;
+       if (entry->flag & REF_ISSYMREF)
+               return PEEL_IS_SYMREF;
+
+       status = peel_object(entry->u.value.sha1, entry->u.value.peeled);
+       if (status == PEEL_PEELED || status == PEEL_NON_TAG)
+               entry->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+       return status;
+}
+
+int peel_ref(const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+       int flag;
+       unsigned char base[20];
+
+       if (current_ref && (current_ref->name == refname
+                           || !strcmp(current_ref->name, refname))) {
+               if (peel_entry(current_ref, 0))
+                       return -1;
+               hashcpy(sha1, current_ref->u.value.peeled);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (read_ref_full(refname, base, 1, &flag))
+               return -1;
+
+       /*
+        * If the reference is packed, read its ref_entry from the
+        * cache in the hope that we already know its peeled value.
+        * We only try this optimization on packed references because
+        * (a) forcing the filling of the loose reference cache could
+        * be expensive and (b) loose references anyway usually do not
+        * have REF_KNOWS_PEELED.
+        */
+       if (flag & REF_ISPACKED) {
+               struct ref_entry *r = get_packed_ref(refname);
+               if (r) {
+                       if (peel_entry(r, 0))
+                               return -1;
+                       hashcpy(sha1, r->u.value.peeled);
+                       return 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return peel_object(base, sha1);
 }
 
 struct warn_if_dangling_data {
        FILE *fp;
        const char *refname;
+       const struct string_list *refnames;
        const char *msg_fmt;
 };
 
@@ -1298,8 +1846,12 @@ static int warn_if_dangling_symref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha
                return 0;
 
        resolves_to = resolve_ref_unsafe(refname, junk, 0, NULL);
-       if (!resolves_to || strcmp(resolves_to, d->refname))
+       if (!resolves_to
+           || (d->refname
+               ? strcmp(resolves_to, d->refname)
+               : !string_list_has_string(d->refnames, resolves_to))) {
                return 0;
+       }
 
        fprintf(d->fp, d->msg_fmt, refname);
        fputc('\n', d->fp);
@@ -1312,44 +1864,100 @@ void warn_dangling_symref(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const char *refname)
 
        data.fp = fp;
        data.refname = refname;
+       data.refnames = NULL;
        data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
        for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
 }
 
-static int do_for_each_ref(const char *submodule, const char *base, each_ref_fn fn,
-                          int trim, int flags, void *cb_data)
+void warn_dangling_symrefs(FILE *fp, const char *msg_fmt, const struct string_list *refnames)
 {
-       struct ref_cache *refs = get_ref_cache(submodule);
-       struct ref_dir *packed_dir = get_packed_refs(refs);
-       struct ref_dir *loose_dir = get_loose_refs(refs);
+       struct warn_if_dangling_data data;
+
+       data.fp = fp;
+       data.refname = NULL;
+       data.refnames = refnames;
+       data.msg_fmt = msg_fmt;
+       for_each_rawref(warn_if_dangling_symref, &data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Call fn for each reference in the specified ref_cache, omitting
+ * references not in the containing_dir of base.  fn is called for all
+ * references, including broken ones.  If fn ever returns a non-zero
+ * value, stop the iteration and return that value; otherwise, return
+ * 0.
+ */
+static int do_for_each_entry(struct ref_cache *refs, const char *base,
+                            each_ref_entry_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
+       struct ref_dir *loose_dir;
+       struct ref_dir *packed_dir;
        int retval = 0;
 
+       /*
+        * We must make sure that all loose refs are read before accessing the
+        * packed-refs file; this avoids a race condition in which loose refs
+        * are migrated to the packed-refs file by a simultaneous process, but
+        * our in-memory view is from before the migration. get_packed_ref_cache()
+        * takes care of making sure our view is up to date with what is on
+        * disk.
+        */
+       loose_dir = get_loose_refs(refs);
        if (base && *base) {
-               packed_dir = find_containing_dir(packed_dir, base, 0);
                loose_dir = find_containing_dir(loose_dir, base, 0);
        }
+       if (loose_dir)
+               prime_ref_dir(loose_dir);
+
+       packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
+       packed_dir = get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache);
+       if (base && *base) {
+               packed_dir = find_containing_dir(packed_dir, base, 0);
+       }
 
        if (packed_dir && loose_dir) {
                sort_ref_dir(packed_dir);
                sort_ref_dir(loose_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dirs(
-                               packed_dir, loose_dir,
-                               base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dirs(
+                               packed_dir, loose_dir, fn, cb_data);
        } else if (packed_dir) {
                sort_ref_dir(packed_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dir(
-                               packed_dir, 0,
-                               base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
+                               packed_dir, 0, fn, cb_data);
        } else if (loose_dir) {
                sort_ref_dir(loose_dir);
-               retval = do_for_each_ref_in_dir(
-                               loose_dir, 0,
-                               base, fn, trim, flags, cb_data);
+               retval = do_for_each_entry_in_dir(
+                               loose_dir, 0, fn, cb_data);
        }
 
+       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
        return retval;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Call fn for each reference in the specified ref_cache for which the
+ * refname begins with base.  If trim is non-zero, then trim that many
+ * characters off the beginning of each refname before passing the
+ * refname to fn.  flags can be DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN to include
+ * broken references in the iteration.  If fn ever returns a non-zero
+ * value, stop the iteration and return that value; otherwise, return
+ * 0.
+ */
+static int do_for_each_ref(struct ref_cache *refs, const char *base,
+                          each_ref_fn fn, int trim, int flags, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct ref_entry_cb data;
+       data.base = base;
+       data.trim = trim;
+       data.flags = flags;
+       data.fn = fn;
+       data.cb_data = cb_data;
+
+       return do_for_each_entry(refs, base, do_one_ref, &data);
+}
+
 static int do_head_ref(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
        unsigned char sha1[20];
@@ -1380,23 +1988,23 @@ int head_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 
 int for_each_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(submodule, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+       return do_for_each_ref(get_ref_cache(submodule), "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_ref_in(const char *prefix, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(NULL, prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
+       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_ref_in_submodule(const char *submodule, const char *prefix,
                each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(submodule, prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
+       return do_for_each_ref(get_ref_cache(submodule), prefix, fn, strlen(prefix), 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_tag_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
@@ -1431,7 +2039,7 @@ int for_each_remote_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *c
 
 int for_each_replace_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "refs/replace/", fn, 13, 0, cb_data);
+       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "refs/replace/", fn, 13, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int head_ref_namespaced(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
@@ -1454,7 +2062,7 @@ int for_each_namespaced_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
        int ret;
        strbuf_addf(&buf, "%srefs/", get_git_namespace());
-       ret = do_for_each_ref(NULL, buf.buf, fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+       ret = do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, buf.buf, fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
        strbuf_release(&buf);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -1466,7 +2074,7 @@ int for_each_glob_ref_in(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern,
        struct ref_filter filter;
        int ret;
 
-       if (!prefix && prefixcmp(pattern, "refs/"))
+       if (!prefix && !starts_with(pattern, "refs/"))
                strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, "refs/");
        else if (prefix)
                strbuf_addstr(&real_pattern, prefix);
@@ -1496,20 +2104,20 @@ int for_each_glob_ref(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern, void *cb_data)
 
 int for_each_rawref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "", fn, 0,
+       return do_for_each_ref(&ref_cache, "", fn, 0,
                               DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN, cb_data);
 }
 
 const char *prettify_refname(const char *name)
 {
        return name + (
-               !prefixcmp(name, "refs/heads/") ? 11 :
-               !prefixcmp(name, "refs/tags/") ? 10 :
-               !prefixcmp(name, "refs/remotes/") ? 13 :
+               starts_with(name, "refs/heads/") ? 11 :
+               starts_with(name, "refs/tags/") ? 10 :
+               starts_with(name, "refs/remotes/") ? 13 :
                0);
 }
 
-const char *ref_rev_parse_rules[] = {
+static const char *ref_rev_parse_rules[] = {
        "%.*s",
        "refs/%.*s",
        "refs/tags/%.*s",
@@ -1519,12 +2127,12 @@ const char *ref_rev_parse_rules[] = {
        NULL
 };
 
-int refname_match(const char *abbrev_name, const char *full_name, const char **rules)
+int refname_match(const char *abbrev_name, const char *full_name)
 {
        const char **p;
        const int abbrev_name_len = strlen(abbrev_name);
 
-       for (p = rules; *p; p++) {
+       for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
                if (!strcmp(full_name, mkpath(*p, abbrev_name_len, abbrev_name))) {
                        return 1;
                }
@@ -1533,18 +2141,22 @@ int refname_match(const char *abbrev_name, const char *full_name, const char **r
        return 0;
 }
 
+/* This function should make sure errno is meaningful on error */
 static struct ref_lock *verify_lock(struct ref_lock *lock,
        const unsigned char *old_sha1, int mustexist)
 {
        if (read_ref_full(lock->ref_name, lock->old_sha1, mustexist, NULL)) {
+               int save_errno = errno;
                error("Can't verify ref %s", lock->ref_name);
                unlock_ref(lock);
+               errno = save_errno;
                return NULL;
        }
        if (hashcmp(lock->old_sha1, old_sha1)) {
                error("Ref %s is at %s but expected %s", lock->ref_name,
                        sha1_to_hex(lock->old_sha1), sha1_to_hex(old_sha1));
                unlock_ref(lock);
+               errno = EBUSY;
                return NULL;
        }
        return lock;
@@ -1557,14 +2169,16 @@ static int remove_empty_directories(const char *file)
         * only empty directories), remove them.
         */
        struct strbuf path;
-       int result;
+       int result, save_errno;
 
        strbuf_init(&path, 20);
        strbuf_addstr(&path, file);
 
        result = remove_dir_recursively(&path, REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY);
+       save_errno = errno;
 
        strbuf_release(&path);
+       errno = save_errno;
 
        return result;
 }
@@ -1577,7 +2191,7 @@ static int remove_empty_directories(const char *file)
 static char *substitute_branch_name(const char **string, int *len)
 {
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, &buf);
+       int ret = interpret_branch_name(*string, *len, &buf);
 
        if (ret == *len) {
                size_t size;
@@ -1628,7 +2242,6 @@ int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
 
        *log = NULL;
        for (p = ref_rev_parse_rules; *p; p++) {
-               struct stat st;
                unsigned char hash[20];
                char path[PATH_MAX];
                const char *ref, *it;
@@ -1637,12 +2250,9 @@ int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
                ref = resolve_ref_unsafe(path, hash, 1, NULL);
                if (!ref)
                        continue;
-               if (!stat(git_path("logs/%s", path), &st) &&
-                   S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+               if (reflog_exists(path))
                        it = path;
-               else if (strcmp(ref, path) &&
-                        !stat(git_path("logs/%s", ref), &st) &&
-                        S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+               else if (strcmp(ref, path) && reflog_exists(ref))
                        it = ref;
                else
                        continue;
@@ -1657,6 +2267,7 @@ int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
        return logs_found;
 }
 
+/* This function should make sure errno is meaningful on error */
 static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
                                            const unsigned char *old_sha1,
                                            int flags, int *type_p)
@@ -1668,6 +2279,7 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
        int type, lflags;
        int mustexist = (old_sha1 && !is_null_sha1(old_sha1));
        int missing = 0;
+       int attempts_remaining = 3;
 
        lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
        lock->lock_fd = -1;
@@ -1702,14 +2314,14 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
         * name is a proper prefix of our refname.
         */
        if (missing &&
-            !is_refname_available(refname, NULL, get_packed_refs(get_ref_cache(NULL)))) {
+            !is_refname_available(refname, NULL, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache))) {
                last_errno = ENOTDIR;
                goto error_return;
        }
 
        lock->lk = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
 
-       lflags = LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR;
+       lflags = 0;
        if (flags & REF_NODEREF) {
                refname = orig_refname;
                lflags |= LOCK_NODEREF;
@@ -1722,13 +2334,32 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
        if ((flags & REF_NODEREF) && (type & REF_ISSYMREF))
                lock->force_write = 1;
 
-       if (safe_create_leading_directories(ref_file)) {
+ retry:
+       switch (safe_create_leading_directories(ref_file)) {
+       case SCLD_OK:
+               break; /* success */
+       case SCLD_VANISHED:
+               if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
+                       goto retry;
+               /* fall through */
+       default:
                last_errno = errno;
                error("unable to create directory for %s", ref_file);
                goto error_return;
        }
 
        lock->lock_fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock->lk, ref_file, lflags);
+       if (lock->lock_fd < 0) {
+               if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0)
+                       /*
+                        * Maybe somebody just deleted one of the
+                        * directories leading to ref_file.  Try
+                        * again:
+                        */
+                       goto retry;
+               else
+                       unable_to_lock_index_die(ref_file, errno);
+       }
        return old_sha1 ? verify_lock(lock, old_sha1, mustexist) : lock;
 
  error_return:
@@ -1747,75 +2378,393 @@ struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha
 }
 
 struct ref_lock *lock_any_ref_for_update(const char *refname,
-                                        const unsigned char *old_sha1, int flags)
+                                        const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                                        int flags, int *type_p)
 {
        if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL))
                return NULL;
-       return lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, old_sha1, flags, NULL);
+       return lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, old_sha1, flags, type_p);
 }
 
-struct repack_without_ref_sb {
-       const char *refname;
-       int fd;
-};
-
-static int repack_without_ref_fn(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
-                                int flags, void *cb_data)
+/*
+ * Write an entry to the packed-refs file for the specified refname.
+ * If peeled is non-NULL, write it as the entry's peeled value.
+ */
+static void write_packed_entry(int fd, char *refname, unsigned char *sha1,
+                              unsigned char *peeled)
 {
-       struct repack_without_ref_sb *data = cb_data;
        char line[PATH_MAX + 100];
        int len;
 
-       if (!strcmp(data->refname, refname))
-               return 0;
        len = snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "%s %s\n",
                       sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname);
        /* this should not happen but just being defensive */
        if (len > sizeof(line))
                die("too long a refname '%s'", refname);
-       write_or_die(data->fd, line, len);
+       write_or_die(fd, line, len);
+
+       if (peeled) {
+               if (snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "^%s\n",
+                            sha1_to_hex(peeled)) != PEELED_LINE_LENGTH)
+                       die("internal error");
+               write_or_die(fd, line, PEELED_LINE_LENGTH);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * An each_ref_entry_fn that writes the entry to a packed-refs file.
+ */
+static int write_packed_entry_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+{
+       int *fd = cb_data;
+       enum peel_status peel_status = peel_entry(entry, 0);
+
+       if (peel_status != PEEL_PEELED && peel_status != PEEL_NON_TAG)
+               error("internal error: %s is not a valid packed reference!",
+                     entry->name);
+       write_packed_entry(*fd, entry->name, entry->u.value.sha1,
+                          peel_status == PEEL_PEELED ?
+                          entry->u.value.peeled : NULL);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static struct lock_file packlock;
+/* This should return a meaningful errno on failure */
+int lock_packed_refs(int flags)
+{
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
 
-static int repack_without_ref(const char *refname)
+       if (hold_lock_file_for_update(&packlock, git_path("packed-refs"), flags) < 0)
+               return -1;
+       /*
+        * Get the current packed-refs while holding the lock.  If the
+        * packed-refs file has been modified since we last read it,
+        * this will automatically invalidate the cache and re-read
+        * the packed-refs file.
+        */
+       packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+       packed_ref_cache->lock = &packlock;
+       /* Increment the reference count to prevent it from being freed: */
+       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Commit the packed refs changes.
+ * On error we must make sure that errno contains a meaningful value.
+ */
+int commit_packed_refs(void)
 {
-       struct repack_without_ref_sb data;
-       struct ref_cache *refs = get_ref_cache(NULL);
-       struct ref_dir *packed = get_packed_refs(refs);
-       if (find_ref(packed, refname) == NULL)
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
+               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+       int error = 0;
+       int save_errno = 0;
+
+       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
+               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
+       write_or_die(packed_ref_cache->lock->fd,
+                    PACKED_REFS_HEADER, strlen(PACKED_REFS_HEADER));
+
+       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
+                                0, write_packed_entry_fn,
+                                &packed_ref_cache->lock->fd);
+       if (commit_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock)) {
+               save_errno = errno;
+               error = -1;
+       }
+       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
+       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
+       errno = save_errno;
+       return error;
+}
+
+void rollback_packed_refs(void)
+{
+       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
+               get_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+
+       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
+               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
+       rollback_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock);
+       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
+       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
+       clear_packed_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+}
+
+struct ref_to_prune {
+       struct ref_to_prune *next;
+       unsigned char sha1[20];
+       char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+struct pack_refs_cb_data {
+       unsigned int flags;
+       struct ref_dir *packed_refs;
+       struct ref_to_prune *ref_to_prune;
+};
+
+/*
+ * An each_ref_entry_fn that is run over loose references only.  If
+ * the loose reference can be packed, add an entry in the packed ref
+ * cache.  If the reference should be pruned, also add it to
+ * ref_to_prune in the pack_refs_cb_data.
+ */
+static int pack_if_possible_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct pack_refs_cb_data *cb = cb_data;
+       enum peel_status peel_status;
+       struct ref_entry *packed_entry;
+       int is_tag_ref = starts_with(entry->name, "refs/tags/");
+
+       /* ALWAYS pack tags */
+       if (!(cb->flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !is_tag_ref)
                return 0;
-       data.refname = refname;
-       data.fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&packlock, git_path("packed-refs"), 0);
-       if (data.fd < 0) {
+
+       /* Do not pack symbolic or broken refs: */
+       if ((entry->flag & REF_ISSYMREF) || !ref_resolves_to_object(entry))
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Add a packed ref cache entry equivalent to the loose entry. */
+       peel_status = peel_entry(entry, 1);
+       if (peel_status != PEEL_PEELED && peel_status != PEEL_NON_TAG)
+               die("internal error peeling reference %s (%s)",
+                   entry->name, sha1_to_hex(entry->u.value.sha1));
+       packed_entry = find_ref(cb->packed_refs, entry->name);
+       if (packed_entry) {
+               /* Overwrite existing packed entry with info from loose entry */
+               packed_entry->flag = REF_ISPACKED | REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+               hashcpy(packed_entry->u.value.sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
+       } else {
+               packed_entry = create_ref_entry(entry->name, entry->u.value.sha1,
+                                               REF_ISPACKED | REF_KNOWS_PEELED, 0);
+               add_ref(cb->packed_refs, packed_entry);
+       }
+       hashcpy(packed_entry->u.value.peeled, entry->u.value.peeled);
+
+       /* Schedule the loose reference for pruning if requested. */
+       if ((cb->flags & PACK_REFS_PRUNE)) {
+               int namelen = strlen(entry->name) + 1;
+               struct ref_to_prune *n = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*n) + namelen);
+               hashcpy(n->sha1, entry->u.value.sha1);
+               strcpy(n->name, entry->name);
+               n->next = cb->ref_to_prune;
+               cb->ref_to_prune = n;
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove empty parents, but spare refs/ and immediate subdirs.
+ * Note: munges *name.
+ */
+static void try_remove_empty_parents(char *name)
+{
+       char *p, *q;
+       int i;
+       p = name;
+       for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { /* refs/{heads,tags,...}/ */
+               while (*p && *p != '/')
+                       p++;
+               /* tolerate duplicate slashes; see check_refname_format() */
+               while (*p == '/')
+                       p++;
+       }
+       for (q = p; *q; q++)
+               ;
+       while (1) {
+               while (q > p && *q != '/')
+                       q--;
+               while (q > p && *(q-1) == '/')
+                       q--;
+               if (q == p)
+                       break;
+               *q = '\0';
+               if (rmdir(git_path("%s", name)))
+                       break;
+       }
+}
+
+/* make sure nobody touched the ref, and unlink */
+static void prune_ref(struct ref_to_prune *r)
+{
+       struct ref_lock *lock = lock_ref_sha1(r->name + 5, r->sha1);
+
+       if (lock) {
+               unlink_or_warn(git_path("%s", r->name));
+               unlock_ref(lock);
+               try_remove_empty_parents(r->name);
+       }
+}
+
+static void prune_refs(struct ref_to_prune *r)
+{
+       while (r) {
+               prune_ref(r);
+               r = r->next;
+       }
+}
+
+int pack_refs(unsigned int flags)
+{
+       struct pack_refs_cb_data cbdata;
+
+       memset(&cbdata, 0, sizeof(cbdata));
+       cbdata.flags = flags;
+
+       lock_packed_refs(LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+       cbdata.packed_refs = get_packed_refs(&ref_cache);
+
+       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(get_loose_refs(&ref_cache), 0,
+                                pack_if_possible_fn, &cbdata);
+
+       if (commit_packed_refs())
+               die_errno("unable to overwrite old ref-pack file");
+
+       prune_refs(cbdata.ref_to_prune);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If entry is no longer needed in packed-refs, add it to the string
+ * list pointed to by cb_data.  Reasons for deleting entries:
+ *
+ * - Entry is broken.
+ * - Entry is overridden by a loose ref.
+ * - Entry does not point at a valid object.
+ *
+ * In the first and third cases, also emit an error message because these
+ * are indications of repository corruption.
+ */
+static int curate_packed_ref_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct string_list *refs_to_delete = cb_data;
+
+       if (entry->flag & REF_ISBROKEN) {
+               /* This shouldn't happen to packed refs. */
+               error("%s is broken!", entry->name);
+               string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
+               return 0;
+       }
+       if (!has_sha1_file(entry->u.value.sha1)) {
+               unsigned char sha1[20];
+               int flags;
+
+               if (read_ref_full(entry->name, sha1, 0, &flags))
+                       /* We should at least have found the packed ref. */
+                       die("Internal error");
+               if ((flags & REF_ISSYMREF) || !(flags & REF_ISPACKED)) {
+                       /*
+                        * This packed reference is overridden by a
+                        * loose reference, so it is OK that its value
+                        * is no longer valid; for example, it might
+                        * refer to an object that has been garbage
+                        * collected.  For this purpose we don't even
+                        * care whether the loose reference itself is
+                        * invalid, broken, symbolic, etc.  Silently
+                        * remove the packed reference.
+                        */
+                       string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
+                       return 0;
+               }
+               /*
+                * There is no overriding loose reference, so the fact
+                * that this reference doesn't refer to a valid object
+                * indicates some kind of repository corruption.
+                * Report the problem, then omit the reference from
+                * the output.
+                */
+               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", entry->name);
+               string_list_append(refs_to_delete, entry->name);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int repack_without_refs(const char **refnames, int n, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct ref_dir *packed;
+       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+       int i, ret, removed = 0;
+
+       /* Look for a packed ref */
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+               if (get_packed_ref(refnames[i]))
+                       break;
+
+       /* Avoid locking if we have nothing to do */
+       if (i == n)
+               return 0; /* no refname exists in packed refs */
+
+       if (lock_packed_refs(0)) {
+               if (err) {
+                       unable_to_lock_message(git_path("packed-refs"), errno,
+                                              err);
+                       return -1;
+               }
                unable_to_lock_error(git_path("packed-refs"), errno);
-               return error("cannot delete '%s' from packed refs", refname);
+               return error("cannot delete '%s' from packed refs", refnames[i]);
        }
-       clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       packed = get_packed_refs(refs);
-       do_for_each_ref_in_dir(packed, 0, "", repack_without_ref_fn, 0, 0, &data);
-       return commit_lock_file(&packlock);
+       packed = get_packed_refs(&ref_cache);
+
+       /* Remove refnames from the cache */
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+               if (remove_entry(packed, refnames[i]) != -1)
+                       removed = 1;
+       if (!removed) {
+               /*
+                * All packed entries disappeared while we were
+                * acquiring the lock.
+                */
+               rollback_packed_refs();
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Remove any other accumulated cruft */
+       do_for_each_entry_in_dir(packed, 0, curate_packed_ref_fn, &refs_to_delete);
+       for_each_string_list_item(ref_to_delete, &refs_to_delete) {
+               if (remove_entry(packed, ref_to_delete->string) == -1)
+                       die("internal error");
+       }
+
+       /* Write what remains */
+       ret = commit_packed_refs();
+       if (ret && err)
+               strbuf_addf(err, "unable to overwrite old ref-pack file: %s",
+                           strerror(errno));
+       return ret;
 }
 
-int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int delopt)
+static int repack_without_ref(const char *refname)
 {
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       int err, i = 0, ret = 0, flag = 0;
+       return repack_without_refs(&refname, 1, NULL);
+}
 
-       lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, sha1, delopt, &flag);
-       if (!lock)
-               return 1;
+static int delete_ref_loose(struct ref_lock *lock, int flag)
+{
        if (!(flag & REF_ISPACKED) || flag & REF_ISSYMREF) {
                /* loose */
-               i = strlen(lock->lk->filename) - 5; /* .lock */
+               int err, i = strlen(lock->lk->filename) - 5; /* .lock */
+
                lock->lk->filename[i] = 0;
                err = unlink_or_warn(lock->lk->filename);
-               if (err && errno != ENOENT)
-                       ret = 1;
-
                lock->lk->filename[i] = '.';
+               if (err && errno != ENOENT)
+                       return 1;
        }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int delopt)
+{
+       struct ref_lock *lock;
+       int ret = 0, flag = 0;
+
+       lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, sha1, delopt, &flag);
+       if (!lock)
+               return 1;
+       ret |= delete_ref_loose(lock, flag);
+
        /* removing the loose one could have resurrected an earlier
         * packed one.  Also, if it was not loose we need to repack
         * without it.
@@ -1823,7 +2772,7 @@ int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int delopt)
        ret |= repack_without_ref(lock->ref_name);
 
        unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", lock->ref_name));
-       invalidate_ref_cache(NULL);
+       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
        unlock_ref(lock);
        return ret;
 }
@@ -1837,6 +2786,51 @@ int delete_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int delopt)
  */
 #define TMP_RENAMED_LOG  "logs/refs/.tmp-renamed-log"
 
+static int rename_tmp_log(const char *newrefname)
+{
+       int attempts_remaining = 4;
+
+ retry:
+       switch (safe_create_leading_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
+       case SCLD_OK:
+               break; /* success */
+       case SCLD_VANISHED:
+               if (--attempts_remaining > 0)
+                       goto retry;
+               /* fall through */
+       default:
+               error("unable to create directory for %s", newrefname);
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       if (rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
+               if ((errno==EISDIR || errno==ENOTDIR) && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
+                       /*
+                        * rename(a, b) when b is an existing
+                        * directory ought to result in ISDIR, but
+                        * Solaris 5.8 gives ENOTDIR.  Sheesh.
+                        */
+                       if (remove_empty_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
+                               error("Directory not empty: logs/%s", newrefname);
+                               return -1;
+                       }
+                       goto retry;
+               } else if (errno == ENOENT && --attempts_remaining > 0) {
+                       /*
+                        * Maybe another process just deleted one of
+                        * the directories in the path to newrefname.
+                        * Try again from the beginning.
+                        */
+                       goto retry;
+               } else {
+                       error("unable to move logfile "TMP_RENAMED_LOG" to logs/%s: %s",
+                               newrefname, strerror(errno));
+                       return -1;
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
 int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logmsg)
 {
        unsigned char sha1[20], orig_sha1[20];
@@ -1845,7 +2839,6 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
        struct stat loginfo;
        int log = !lstat(git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname), &loginfo);
        const char *symref = NULL;
-       struct ref_cache *refs = get_ref_cache(NULL);
 
        if (log && S_ISLNK(loginfo.st_mode))
                return error("reflog for %s is a symlink", oldrefname);
@@ -1857,10 +2850,10 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
        if (!symref)
                return error("refname %s not found", oldrefname);
 
-       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_packed_refs(refs)))
+       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache)))
                return 1;
 
-       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_loose_refs(refs)))
+       if (!is_refname_available(newrefname, oldrefname, get_loose_refs(&ref_cache)))
                return 1;
 
        if (log && rename(git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname), git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG)))
@@ -1885,30 +2878,9 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
                }
        }
 
-       if (log && safe_create_leading_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-               error("unable to create directory for %s", newrefname);
+       if (log && rename_tmp_log(newrefname))
                goto rollback;
-       }
 
- retry:
-       if (log && rename(git_path(TMP_RENAMED_LOG), git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-               if (errno==EISDIR || errno==ENOTDIR) {
-                       /*
-                        * rename(a, b) when b is an existing
-                        * directory ought to result in ISDIR, but
-                        * Solaris 5.8 gives ENOTDIR.  Sheesh.
-                        */
-                       if (remove_empty_directories(git_path("logs/%s", newrefname))) {
-                               error("Directory not empty: logs/%s", newrefname);
-                               goto rollback;
-                       }
-                       goto retry;
-               } else {
-                       error("unable to move logfile "TMP_RENAMED_LOG" to logs/%s: %s",
-                               newrefname, strerror(errno));
-                       goto rollback;
-               }
-       }
        logmoved = log;
 
        lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(newrefname, NULL, 0, NULL);
@@ -2003,19 +2975,23 @@ static int copy_msg(char *buf, const char *msg)
        return cp - buf;
 }
 
+/* This function must set a meaningful errno on failure */
 int log_ref_setup(const char *refname, char *logfile, int bufsize)
 {
        int logfd, oflags = O_APPEND | O_WRONLY;
 
        git_snpath(logfile, bufsize, "logs/%s", refname);
        if (log_all_ref_updates &&
-           (!prefixcmp(refname, "refs/heads/") ||
-            !prefixcmp(refname, "refs/remotes/") ||
-            !prefixcmp(refname, "refs/notes/") ||
+           (starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/") ||
+            starts_with(refname, "refs/remotes/") ||
+            starts_with(refname, "refs/notes/") ||
             !strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))) {
-               if (safe_create_leading_directories(logfile) < 0)
-                       return error("unable to create directory for %s",
-                                    logfile);
+               if (safe_create_leading_directories(logfile) < 0) {
+                       int save_errno = errno;
+                       error("unable to create directory for %s", logfile);
+                       errno = save_errno;
+                       return -1;
+               }
                oflags |= O_CREAT;
        }
 
@@ -2026,15 +3002,22 @@ int log_ref_setup(const char *refname, char *logfile, int bufsize)
 
                if ((oflags & O_CREAT) && errno == EISDIR) {
                        if (remove_empty_directories(logfile)) {
-                               return error("There are still logs under '%s'",
-                                            logfile);
+                               int save_errno = errno;
+                               error("There are still logs under '%s'",
+                                     logfile);
+                               errno = save_errno;
+                               return -1;
                        }
                        logfd = open(logfile, oflags, 0666);
                }
 
-               if (logfd < 0)
-                       return error("Unable to append to %s: %s",
-                                    logfile, strerror(errno));
+               if (logfd < 0) {
+                       int save_errno = errno;
+                       error("Unable to append to %s: %s", logfile,
+                             strerror(errno));
+                       errno = save_errno;
+                       return -1;
+               }
        }
 
        adjust_shared_perm(logfile);
@@ -2074,24 +3057,38 @@ static int log_ref_write(const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
                len += copy_msg(logrec + len - 1, msg) - 1;
        written = len <= maxlen ? write_in_full(logfd, logrec, len) : -1;
        free(logrec);
-       if (close(logfd) != 0 || written != len)
-               return error("Unable to append to %s", log_file);
+       if (written != len) {
+               int save_errno = errno;
+               close(logfd);
+               error("Unable to append to %s", log_file);
+               errno = save_errno;
+               return -1;
+       }
+       if (close(logfd)) {
+               int save_errno = errno;
+               error("Unable to append to %s", log_file);
+               errno = save_errno;
+               return -1;
+       }
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int is_branch(const char *refname)
+int is_branch(const char *refname)
 {
-       return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD") || !prefixcmp(refname, "refs/heads/");
+       return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD") || starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/");
 }
 
+/* This function must return a meaningful errno */
 int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock,
        const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg)
 {
        static char term = '\n';
        struct object *o;
 
-       if (!lock)
+       if (!lock) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
                return -1;
+       }
        if (!lock->force_write && !hashcmp(lock->old_sha1, sha1)) {
                unlock_ref(lock);
                return 0;
@@ -2101,22 +3098,26 @@ int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock,
                error("Trying to write ref %s with nonexistent object %s",
                        lock->ref_name, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
                unlock_ref(lock);
+               errno = EINVAL;
                return -1;
        }
        if (o->type != OBJ_COMMIT && is_branch(lock->ref_name)) {
                error("Trying to write non-commit object %s to branch %s",
                        sha1_to_hex(sha1), lock->ref_name);
                unlock_ref(lock);
+               errno = EINVAL;
                return -1;
        }
        if (write_in_full(lock->lock_fd, sha1_to_hex(sha1), 40) != 40 ||
-           write_in_full(lock->lock_fd, &term, 1) != 1
-               || close_ref(lock) < 0) {
+           write_in_full(lock->lock_fd, &term, 1) != 1 ||
+           close_ref(lock) < 0) {
+               int save_errno = errno;
                error("Couldn't write %s", lock->lk->filename);
                unlock_ref(lock);
+               errno = save_errno;
                return -1;
        }
-       clear_loose_ref_cache(get_ref_cache(NULL));
+       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
        if (log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg) < 0 ||
            (strcmp(lock->ref_name, lock->orig_ref_name) &&
             log_ref_write(lock->orig_ref_name, lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg) < 0)) {
@@ -2216,175 +3217,244 @@ int create_symref(const char *ref_target, const char *refs_heads_master,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static char *ref_msg(const char *line, const char *endp)
-{
-       const char *ep;
-       line += 82;
-       ep = memchr(line, '\n', endp - line);
-       if (!ep)
-               ep = endp;
-       return xmemdupz(line, ep - line);
+struct read_ref_at_cb {
+       const char *refname;
+       unsigned long at_time;
+       int cnt;
+       int reccnt;
+       unsigned char *sha1;
+       int found_it;
+
+       unsigned char osha1[20];
+       unsigned char nsha1[20];
+       int tz;
+       unsigned long date;
+       char **msg;
+       unsigned long *cutoff_time;
+       int *cutoff_tz;
+       int *cutoff_cnt;
+};
+
+static int read_ref_at_ent(unsigned char *osha1, unsigned char *nsha1,
+               const char *email, unsigned long timestamp, int tz,
+               const char *message, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct read_ref_at_cb *cb = cb_data;
+
+       cb->reccnt++;
+       cb->tz = tz;
+       cb->date = timestamp;
+
+       if (timestamp <= cb->at_time || cb->cnt == 0) {
+               if (cb->msg)
+                       *cb->msg = xstrdup(message);
+               if (cb->cutoff_time)
+                       *cb->cutoff_time = timestamp;
+               if (cb->cutoff_tz)
+                       *cb->cutoff_tz = tz;
+               if (cb->cutoff_cnt)
+                       *cb->cutoff_cnt = cb->reccnt - 1;
+               /*
+                * we have not yet updated cb->[n|o]sha1 so they still
+                * hold the values for the previous record.
+                */
+               if (!is_null_sha1(cb->osha1)) {
+                       hashcpy(cb->sha1, nsha1);
+                       if (hashcmp(cb->osha1, nsha1))
+                               warning("Log for ref %s has gap after %s.",
+                                       cb->refname, show_date(cb->date, cb->tz, DATE_RFC2822));
+               }
+               else if (cb->date == cb->at_time)
+                       hashcpy(cb->sha1, nsha1);
+               else if (hashcmp(nsha1, cb->sha1))
+                       warning("Log for ref %s unexpectedly ended on %s.",
+                               cb->refname, show_date(cb->date, cb->tz,
+                                                  DATE_RFC2822));
+               hashcpy(cb->osha1, osha1);
+               hashcpy(cb->nsha1, nsha1);
+               cb->found_it = 1;
+               return 1;
+       }
+       hashcpy(cb->osha1, osha1);
+       hashcpy(cb->nsha1, nsha1);
+       if (cb->cnt > 0)
+               cb->cnt--;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_ref_at_ent_oldest(unsigned char *osha1, unsigned char *nsha1,
+                                 const char *email, unsigned long timestamp,
+                                 int tz, const char *message, void *cb_data)
+{
+       struct read_ref_at_cb *cb = cb_data;
+
+       if (cb->msg)
+               *cb->msg = xstrdup(message);
+       if (cb->cutoff_time)
+               *cb->cutoff_time = timestamp;
+       if (cb->cutoff_tz)
+               *cb->cutoff_tz = tz;
+       if (cb->cutoff_cnt)
+               *cb->cutoff_cnt = cb->reccnt;
+       hashcpy(cb->sha1, osha1);
+       if (is_null_sha1(cb->sha1))
+               hashcpy(cb->sha1, nsha1);
+       /* We just want the first entry */
+       return 1;
 }
 
 int read_ref_at(const char *refname, unsigned long at_time, int cnt,
                unsigned char *sha1, char **msg,
                unsigned long *cutoff_time, int *cutoff_tz, int *cutoff_cnt)
 {
-       const char *logfile, *logdata, *logend, *rec, *lastgt, *lastrec;
-       char *tz_c;
-       int logfd, tz, reccnt = 0;
-       struct stat st;
-       unsigned long date;
-       unsigned char logged_sha1[20];
-       void *log_mapped;
-       size_t mapsz;
+       struct read_ref_at_cb cb;
 
-       logfile = git_path("logs/%s", refname);
-       logfd = open(logfile, O_RDONLY, 0);
-       if (logfd < 0)
-               die_errno("Unable to read log '%s'", logfile);
-       fstat(logfd, &st);
-       if (!st.st_size)
-               die("Log %s is empty.", logfile);
-       mapsz = xsize_t(st.st_size);
-       log_mapped = xmmap(NULL, mapsz, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, logfd, 0);
-       logdata = log_mapped;
-       close(logfd);
+       memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
+       cb.refname = refname;
+       cb.at_time = at_time;
+       cb.cnt = cnt;
+       cb.msg = msg;
+       cb.cutoff_time = cutoff_time;
+       cb.cutoff_tz = cutoff_tz;
+       cb.cutoff_cnt = cutoff_cnt;
+       cb.sha1 = sha1;
+
+       for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(refname, read_ref_at_ent, &cb);
+
+       if (!cb.reccnt)
+               die("Log for %s is empty.", refname);
+       if (cb.found_it)
+               return 0;
+
+       for_each_reflog_ent(refname, read_ref_at_ent_oldest, &cb);
 
-       lastrec = NULL;
-       rec = logend = logdata + st.st_size;
-       while (logdata < rec) {
-               reccnt++;
-               if (logdata < rec && *(rec-1) == '\n')
-                       rec--;
-               lastgt = NULL;
-               while (logdata < rec && *(rec-1) != '\n') {
-                       rec--;
-                       if (*rec == '>')
-                               lastgt = rec;
-               }
-               if (!lastgt)
-                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-               date = strtoul(lastgt + 1, &tz_c, 10);
-               if (date <= at_time || cnt == 0) {
-                       tz = strtoul(tz_c, NULL, 10);
-                       if (msg)
-                               *msg = ref_msg(rec, logend);
-                       if (cutoff_time)
-                               *cutoff_time = date;
-                       if (cutoff_tz)
-                               *cutoff_tz = tz;
-                       if (cutoff_cnt)
-                               *cutoff_cnt = reccnt - 1;
-                       if (lastrec) {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(lastrec, logged_sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (hashcmp(logged_sha1, sha1)) {
-                                       warning("Log %s has gap after %s.",
-                                               logfile, show_date(date, tz, DATE_RFC2822));
-                               }
-                       }
-                       else if (date == at_time) {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                       }
-                       else {
-                               if (get_sha1_hex(rec + 41, logged_sha1))
-                                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-                               if (hashcmp(logged_sha1, sha1)) {
-                                       warning("Log %s unexpectedly ended on %s.",
-                                               logfile, show_date(date, tz, DATE_RFC2822));
-                               }
-                       }
-                       munmap(log_mapped, mapsz);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-               lastrec = rec;
-               if (cnt > 0)
-                       cnt--;
-       }
-
-       rec = logdata;
-       while (rec < logend && *rec != '>' && *rec != '\n')
-               rec++;
-       if (rec == logend || *rec == '\n')
-               die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       date = strtoul(rec + 1, &tz_c, 10);
-       tz = strtoul(tz_c, NULL, 10);
-       if (get_sha1_hex(logdata, sha1))
-               die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
-               if (get_sha1_hex(logdata + 41, sha1))
-                       die("Log %s is corrupt.", logfile);
-       }
-       if (msg)
-               *msg = ref_msg(logdata, logend);
-       munmap(log_mapped, mapsz);
-
-       if (cutoff_time)
-               *cutoff_time = date;
-       if (cutoff_tz)
-               *cutoff_tz = tz;
-       if (cutoff_cnt)
-               *cutoff_cnt = reccnt;
        return 1;
 }
 
-int for_each_recent_reflog_ent(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, long ofs, void *cb_data)
+int reflog_exists(const char *refname)
+{
+       struct stat st;
+
+       return !lstat(git_path("logs/%s", refname), &st) &&
+               S_ISREG(st.st_mode);
+}
+
+int delete_reflog(const char *refname)
+{
+       return remove_path(git_path("logs/%s", refname));
+}
+
+static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+       unsigned char osha1[20], nsha1[20];
+       char *email_end, *message;
+       unsigned long timestamp;
+       int tz;
+
+       /* old SP new SP name <email> SP time TAB msg LF */
+       if (sb->len < 83 || sb->buf[sb->len - 1] != '\n' ||
+           get_sha1_hex(sb->buf, osha1) || sb->buf[40] != ' ' ||
+           get_sha1_hex(sb->buf + 41, nsha1) || sb->buf[81] != ' ' ||
+           !(email_end = strchr(sb->buf + 82, '>')) ||
+           email_end[1] != ' ' ||
+           !(timestamp = strtoul(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
+           !message || message[0] != ' ' ||
+           (message[1] != '+' && message[1] != '-') ||
+           !isdigit(message[2]) || !isdigit(message[3]) ||
+           !isdigit(message[4]) || !isdigit(message[5]))
+               return 0; /* corrupt? */
+       email_end[1] = '\0';
+       tz = strtol(message + 1, NULL, 10);
+       if (message[6] != '\t')
+               message += 6;
+       else
+               message += 7;
+       return fn(osha1, nsha1, sb->buf + 82, timestamp, tz, message, cb_data);
+}
+
+static char *find_beginning_of_line(char *bob, char *scan)
+{
+       while (bob < scan && *(--scan) != '\n')
+               ; /* keep scanning backwards */
+       /*
+        * Return either beginning of the buffer, or LF at the end of
+        * the previous line.
+        */
+       return scan;
+}
+
+int for_each_reflog_ent_reverse(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       const char *logfile;
-       FILE *logfp;
        struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-       int ret = 0;
+       FILE *logfp;
+       long pos;
+       int ret = 0, at_tail = 1;
 
-       logfile = git_path("logs/%s", refname);
-       logfp = fopen(logfile, "r");
+       logfp = fopen(git_path("logs/%s", refname), "r");
        if (!logfp)
                return -1;
 
-       if (ofs) {
-               struct stat statbuf;
-               if (fstat(fileno(logfp), &statbuf) ||
-                   statbuf.st_size < ofs ||
-                   fseek(logfp, -ofs, SEEK_END) ||
-                   strbuf_getwholeline(&sb, logfp, '\n')) {
-                       fclose(logfp);
-                       strbuf_release(&sb);
-                       return -1;
+       /* Jump to the end */
+       if (fseek(logfp, 0, SEEK_END) < 0)
+               return error("cannot seek back reflog for %s: %s",
+                            refname, strerror(errno));
+       pos = ftell(logfp);
+       while (!ret && 0 < pos) {
+               int cnt;
+               size_t nread;
+               char buf[BUFSIZ];
+               char *endp, *scanp;
+
+               /* Fill next block from the end */
+               cnt = (sizeof(buf) < pos) ? sizeof(buf) : pos;
+               if (fseek(logfp, pos - cnt, SEEK_SET))
+                       return error("cannot seek back reflog for %s: %s",
+                                    refname, strerror(errno));
+               nread = fread(buf, cnt, 1, logfp);
+               if (nread != 1)
+                       return error("cannot read %d bytes from reflog for %s: %s",
+                                    cnt, refname, strerror(errno));
+               pos -= cnt;
+
+               scanp = endp = buf + cnt;
+               if (at_tail && scanp[-1] == '\n')
+                       /* Looking at the final LF at the end of the file */
+                       scanp--;
+               at_tail = 0;
+
+               while (buf < scanp) {
+                       /*
+                        * terminating LF of the previous line, or the beginning
+                        * of the buffer.
+                        */
+                       char *bp;
+
+                       bp = find_beginning_of_line(buf, scanp);
+
+                       if (*bp != '\n') {
+                               strbuf_splice(&sb, 0, 0, buf, endp - buf);
+                               if (pos)
+                                       break; /* need to fill another block */
+                               scanp = buf - 1; /* leave loop */
+                       } else {
+                               /*
+                                * (bp + 1) thru endp is the beginning of the
+                                * current line we have in sb
+                                */
+                               strbuf_splice(&sb, 0, 0, bp + 1, endp - (bp + 1));
+                               scanp = bp;
+                               endp = bp + 1;
+                       }
+                       ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
+                       strbuf_reset(&sb);
+                       if (ret)
+                               break;
                }
-       }
 
-       while (!strbuf_getwholeline(&sb, logfp, '\n')) {
-               unsigned char osha1[20], nsha1[20];
-               char *email_end, *message;
-               unsigned long timestamp;
-               int tz;
-
-               /* old SP new SP name <email> SP time TAB msg LF */
-               if (sb.len < 83 || sb.buf[sb.len - 1] != '\n' ||
-                   get_sha1_hex(sb.buf, osha1) || sb.buf[40] != ' ' ||
-                   get_sha1_hex(sb.buf + 41, nsha1) || sb.buf[81] != ' ' ||
-                   !(email_end = strchr(sb.buf + 82, '>')) ||
-                   email_end[1] != ' ' ||
-                   !(timestamp = strtoul(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
-                   !message || message[0] != ' ' ||
-                   (message[1] != '+' && message[1] != '-') ||
-                   !isdigit(message[2]) || !isdigit(message[3]) ||
-                   !isdigit(message[4]) || !isdigit(message[5]))
-                       continue; /* corrupt? */
-               email_end[1] = '\0';
-               tz = strtol(message + 1, NULL, 10);
-               if (message[6] != '\t')
-                       message += 6;
-               else
-                       message += 7;
-               ret = fn(osha1, nsha1, sb.buf + 82, timestamp, tz, message,
-                        cb_data);
-               if (ret)
-                       break;
        }
+       if (!ret && sb.len)
+               ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
+
        fclose(logfp);
        strbuf_release(&sb);
        return ret;
@@ -2392,9 +3462,20 @@ int for_each_recent_reflog_ent(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, long
 
 int for_each_reflog_ent(const char *refname, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-       return for_each_recent_reflog_ent(refname, fn, 0, cb_data);
-}
+       FILE *logfp;
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int ret = 0;
 
+       logfp = fopen(git_path("logs/%s", refname), "r");
+       if (!logfp)
+               return -1;
+
+       while (!ret && !strbuf_getwholeline(&sb, logfp, '\n'))
+               ret = show_one_reflog_ent(&sb, fn, cb_data);
+       fclose(logfp);
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
+       return ret;
+}
 /*
  * Call fn for each reflog in the namespace indicated by name.  name
  * must be empty or end with '/'.  Name will be used as a scratch
@@ -2415,7 +3496,7 @@ static int do_for_each_reflog(struct strbuf *name, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data
 
                if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
                        continue;
-               if (has_extension(de->d_name, ".lock"))
+               if (ends_with(de->d_name, ".lock"))
                        continue;
                strbuf_addstr(name, de->d_name);
                if (stat(git_path("logs/%s", name->buf), &st) < 0) {
@@ -2450,62 +3531,261 @@ int for_each_reflog(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
        return retval;
 }
 
-int update_ref(const char *action, const char *refname,
-               const unsigned char *sha1, const unsigned char *oldval,
-               int flags, enum action_on_err onerr)
+static struct ref_lock *update_ref_lock(const char *refname,
+                                       const unsigned char *oldval,
+                                       int flags, int *type_p,
+                                       enum action_on_err onerr)
 {
-       static struct ref_lock *lock;
-       lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(refname, oldval, flags);
+       struct ref_lock *lock;
+       lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(refname, oldval, flags, type_p);
        if (!lock) {
                const char *str = "Cannot lock the ref '%s'.";
                switch (onerr) {
-               case MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
-               case DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
-               case QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
                }
-               return 1;
        }
+       return lock;
+}
+
+static int update_ref_write(const char *action, const char *refname,
+                           const unsigned char *sha1, struct ref_lock *lock,
+                           struct strbuf *err, enum action_on_err onerr)
+{
        if (write_ref_sha1(lock, sha1, action) < 0) {
                const char *str = "Cannot update the ref '%s'.";
+               if (err)
+                       strbuf_addf(err, str, refname);
+
                switch (onerr) {
-               case MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
-               case DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
-               case QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR: error(str, refname); break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR: die(str, refname); break;
+               case UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR: break;
                }
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
 }
 
-struct ref *find_ref_by_name(const struct ref *list, const char *name)
-{
-       for ( ; list; list = list->next)
-               if (!strcmp(list->name, name))
-                       return (struct ref *)list;
-       return NULL;
-}
+/**
+ * Information needed for a single ref update.  Set new_sha1 to the
+ * new value or to zero to delete the ref.  To check the old value
+ * while locking the ref, set have_old to 1 and set old_sha1 to the
+ * value or to zero to ensure the ref does not exist before update.
+ */
+struct ref_update {
+       unsigned char new_sha1[20];
+       unsigned char old_sha1[20];
+       int flags; /* REF_NODEREF? */
+       int have_old; /* 1 if old_sha1 is valid, 0 otherwise */
+       struct ref_lock *lock;
+       int type;
+       const char refname[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
 
 /*
- * generate a format suitable for scanf from a ref_rev_parse_rules
- * rule, that is replace the "%.*s" spec with a "%s" spec
+ * Data structure for holding a reference transaction, which can
+ * consist of checks and updates to multiple references, carried out
+ * as atomically as possible.  This structure is opaque to callers.
  */
-static void gen_scanf_fmt(char *scanf_fmt, const char *rule)
+struct ref_transaction {
+       struct ref_update **updates;
+       size_t alloc;
+       size_t nr;
+};
+
+struct ref_transaction *ref_transaction_begin(void)
 {
-       char *spec;
+       return xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_transaction));
+}
 
-       spec = strstr(rule, "%.*s");
-       if (!spec || strstr(spec + 4, "%.*s"))
-               die("invalid rule in ref_rev_parse_rules: %s", rule);
+void ref_transaction_free(struct ref_transaction *transaction)
+{
+       int i;
+
+       if (!transaction)
+               return;
 
-       /* copy all until spec */
-       strncpy(scanf_fmt, rule, spec - rule);
-       scanf_fmt[spec - rule] = '\0';
-       /* copy new spec */
-       strcat(scanf_fmt, "%s");
-       /* copy remaining rule */
-       strcat(scanf_fmt, spec + 4);
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++)
+               free(transaction->updates[i]);
 
-       return;
+       free(transaction->updates);
+       free(transaction);
+}
+
+static struct ref_update *add_update(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                    const char *refname)
+{
+       size_t len = strlen(refname);
+       struct ref_update *update = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*update) + len + 1);
+
+       strcpy((char *)update->refname, refname);
+       ALLOC_GROW(transaction->updates, transaction->nr + 1, transaction->alloc);
+       transaction->updates[transaction->nr++] = update;
+       return update;
+}
+
+int ref_transaction_update(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *refname,
+                          const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+                          const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                          int flags, int have_old,
+                          struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct ref_update *update;
+
+       if (have_old && !old_sha1)
+               die("BUG: have_old is true but old_sha1 is NULL");
+
+       update = add_update(transaction, refname);
+       hashcpy(update->new_sha1, new_sha1);
+       update->flags = flags;
+       update->have_old = have_old;
+       if (have_old)
+               hashcpy(update->old_sha1, old_sha1);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+void ref_transaction_create(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                           const char *refname,
+                           const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+                           int flags)
+{
+       struct ref_update *update = add_update(transaction, refname);
+
+       assert(!is_null_sha1(new_sha1));
+       hashcpy(update->new_sha1, new_sha1);
+       hashclr(update->old_sha1);
+       update->flags = flags;
+       update->have_old = 1;
+}
+
+void ref_transaction_delete(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                           const char *refname,
+                           const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+                           int flags, int have_old)
+{
+       struct ref_update *update = add_update(transaction, refname);
+
+       update->flags = flags;
+       update->have_old = have_old;
+       if (have_old) {
+               assert(!is_null_sha1(old_sha1));
+               hashcpy(update->old_sha1, old_sha1);
+       }
+}
+
+int update_ref(const char *action, const char *refname,
+              const unsigned char *sha1, const unsigned char *oldval,
+              int flags, enum action_on_err onerr)
+{
+       struct ref_lock *lock;
+       lock = update_ref_lock(refname, oldval, flags, NULL, onerr);
+       if (!lock)
+               return 1;
+       return update_ref_write(action, refname, sha1, lock, NULL, onerr);
+}
+
+static int ref_update_compare(const void *r1, const void *r2)
+{
+       const struct ref_update * const *u1 = r1;
+       const struct ref_update * const *u2 = r2;
+       return strcmp((*u1)->refname, (*u2)->refname);
+}
+
+static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct ref_update **updates, int n,
+                                       struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       int i;
+       for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
+               if (!strcmp(updates[i - 1]->refname, updates[i]->refname)) {
+                       const char *str =
+                               "Multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.";
+                       if (err)
+                               strbuf_addf(err, str, updates[i]->refname);
+
+                       return 1;
+               }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                          const char *msg, struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       int ret = 0, delnum = 0, i;
+       const char **delnames;
+       int n = transaction->nr;
+       struct ref_update **updates = transaction->updates;
+
+       if (!n)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Allocate work space */
+       delnames = xmalloc(sizeof(*delnames) * n);
+
+       /* Copy, sort, and reject duplicate refs */
+       qsort(updates, n, sizeof(*updates), ref_update_compare);
+       ret = ref_update_reject_duplicates(updates, n, err);
+       if (ret)
+               goto cleanup;
+
+       /* Acquire all locks while verifying old values */
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
+
+               update->lock = update_ref_lock(update->refname,
+                                              (update->have_old ?
+                                               update->old_sha1 : NULL),
+                                              update->flags,
+                                              &update->type,
+                                              UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR);
+               if (!update->lock) {
+                       if (err)
+                               strbuf_addf(err, "Cannot lock the ref '%s'.",
+                                           update->refname);
+                       ret = 1;
+                       goto cleanup;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
+
+               if (!is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1)) {
+                       ret = update_ref_write(msg,
+                                              update->refname,
+                                              update->new_sha1,
+                                              update->lock, err,
+                                              UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR);
+                       update->lock = NULL; /* freed by update_ref_write */
+                       if (ret)
+                               goto cleanup;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Perform deletes now that updates are safely completed */
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
+
+               if (update->lock) {
+                       delnames[delnum++] = update->lock->ref_name;
+                       ret |= delete_ref_loose(update->lock, update->type);
+               }
+       }
+
+       ret |= repack_without_refs(delnames, delnum, err);
+       for (i = 0; i < delnum; i++)
+               unlink_or_warn(git_path("logs/%s", delnames[i]));
+       clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
+
+cleanup:
+       for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+               if (updates[i]->lock)
+                       unlock_ref(updates[i]->lock);
+       free(delnames);
+       return ret;
 }
 
 char *shorten_unambiguous_ref(const char *refname, int strict)
@@ -2515,23 +3795,29 @@ char *shorten_unambiguous_ref(const char *refname, int strict)
        static int nr_rules;
        char *short_name;
 
-       /* pre generate scanf formats from ref_rev_parse_rules[] */
        if (!nr_rules) {
+               /*
+                * Pre-generate scanf formats from ref_rev_parse_rules[].
+                * Generate a format suitable for scanf from a
+                * ref_rev_parse_rules rule by interpolating "%s" at the
+                * location of the "%.*s".
+                */
                size_t total_len = 0;
+               size_t offset = 0;
 
                /* the rule list is NULL terminated, count them first */
-               for (; ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]; nr_rules++)
-                       /* no +1 because strlen("%s") < strlen("%.*s") */
-                       total_len += strlen(ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]);
+               for (nr_rules = 0; ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]; nr_rules++)
+                       /* -2 for strlen("%.*s") - strlen("%s"); +1 for NUL */
+                       total_len += strlen(ref_rev_parse_rules[nr_rules]) - 2 + 1;
 
                scanf_fmts = xmalloc(nr_rules * sizeof(char *) + total_len);
 
-               total_len = 0;
+               offset = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < nr_rules; i++) {
-                       scanf_fmts[i] = (char *)&scanf_fmts[nr_rules]
-                                       + total_len;
-                       gen_scanf_fmt(scanf_fmts[i], ref_rev_parse_rules[i]);
-                       total_len += strlen(ref_rev_parse_rules[i]);
+                       assert(offset < total_len);
+                       scanf_fmts[i] = (char *)&scanf_fmts[nr_rules] + offset;
+                       offset += snprintf(scanf_fmts[i], total_len - offset,
+                                          ref_rev_parse_rules[i], 2, "%s") + 1;
                }
        }
 
@@ -2601,7 +3887,7 @@ int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *secti
 {
        if (!strcmp("transfer.hiderefs", var) ||
            /* NEEDSWORK: use parse_config_key() once both are merged */
-           (!prefixcmp(var, section) && var[strlen(section)] == '.' &&
+           (starts_with(var, section) && var[strlen(section)] == '.' &&
             !strcmp(var + strlen(section), ".hiderefs"))) {
                char *ref;
                int len;
@@ -2629,7 +3915,7 @@ int ref_is_hidden(const char *refname)
                return 0;
        for_each_string_list_item(item, hide_refs) {
                int len;
-               if (prefixcmp(refname, item->string))
+               if (!starts_with(refname, item->string))
                        continue;
                len = strlen(item->string);
                if (!refname[len] || refname[len] == '/')