while heads are expected to advance as development progresses.
Create a new branch head pointing to one of these versions and check it
-out using linkgit:git-checkout[1]:
+out using linkgit:git-switch[1]:
------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b new v2.6.13
+$ git switch -c new v2.6.13
------------------------------------------------
The working directory then reflects the contents that the project had
this command will fail with a warning.
`git branch -D <branch>`::
delete the branch `<branch>` irrespective of its merged status.
-`git checkout <branch>`::
+`git switch <branch>`::
make the current branch `<branch>`, updating the working
directory to reflect the version referenced by `<branch>`.
-`git checkout -b <new> <start-point>`::
+`git switch -c <new> <start-point>`::
create a new branch `<new>` referencing `<start-point>`, and
check it out.
Examining an old version without creating a new branch
------------------------------------------------------
-The `git checkout` command normally expects a branch head, but will also
-accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit
-referenced by a tag:
+The `git switch` command normally expects a branch head, but will also
+accept an arbitrary commit when invoked with --detach; for example,
+you can check out the commit referenced by a tag:
------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout v2.6.17
+$ git switch --detach v2.6.17
Note: checking out 'v2.6.17'.
You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental
changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this
-state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout.
+state without impacting any branches by performing another switch.
If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may
-do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example:
+do so (now or later) by using -c with the switch command again. Example:
- git checkout -b new_branch_name
+ git switch -c new_branch_name
-HEAD is now at 427abfa... Linux v2.6.17
+HEAD is now at 427abfa Linux v2.6.17
------------------------------------------------
The HEAD then refers to the SHA-1 of the commit instead of to a branch,
on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag:
------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo
+$ git switch -c my-todo-copy origin/todo
------------------------------------------------
You can also check out `origin/todo` directly to examine it or
If you run `git branch` at this point, you'll see that Git has
temporarily moved you in "(no branch)". HEAD is now detached from any
-branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934...) that
+branch and points directly to a commit (with commit id 65934) that
is reachable from "master" but not from v2.6.18. Compile and test it,
and see whether it crashes. Assume it does crash. Then:
id, and check it out with:
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db...
+$ git reset --hard fb47ddb2db
-------------------------------------------------
then test, run `bisect good` or `bisect bad` as appropriate, and
continue.
Instead of `git bisect visualize` and then `git reset --hard
-fb47ddb2db...`, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip
+fb47ddb2db`, you might just want to tell Git that you want to skip
the current commit:
-------------------------------------------------
away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git reset --hard HEAD
+$ git merge --abort
-------------------------------------------------
Or, if you've already committed the merge that you want to throw away,
state with
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git reset --hard HEAD
+$ git restore --staged --worktree :/
-------------------------------------------------
If you make a commit that you later wish you hadn't, there are two
In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it
useful to check out an older version of a particular file using
-linkgit:git-checkout[1]. We've used `git checkout` before to switch
-branches, but it has quite different behavior if it is given a path
-name: the command
+linkgit:git-restore[1]. The command
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout HEAD^ path/to/file
+$ git restore --source=HEAD^ path/to/file
-------------------------------------------------
replaces path/to/file by the contents it had in the commit HEAD^, and
work-in-progress changes.
------------------------------------------------
-$ git stash save "work in progress for foo feature"
+$ git stash push -m "work in progress for foo feature"
------------------------------------------------
This command will save your changes away to the `stash`, and
These can be easily kept up to date using linkgit:git-pull[1].
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout test && git pull
-$ git checkout release && git pull
+$ git switch test && git pull
+$ git switch release && git pull
-------------------------------------------------
Important note! If you have any local changes in these branches, then
2) help future bug hunters that use `git bisect` to find problems
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35
+$ git switch -c speed-up-spinlocks v2.6.35
-------------------------------------------------
Now you apply the patch(es), run some tests, and commit the change(s). If
"test" branch in preparation to make it public:
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks
+$ git switch test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks
-------------------------------------------------
It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you
means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order.
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks
+$ git switch release && git merge speed-up-spinlocks
-------------------------------------------------
After a while, you will have a number of branches, and despite the
`origin`, and create some commits on top of it:
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b mywork origin
+$ git switch -c mywork origin
$ vi file.txt
$ git commit
$ vi otherfile.txt
linkgit:git-rebase[1]:
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout mywork
+$ git switch mywork
$ git rebase origin
-------------------------------------------------
Author:
Date:
...
-:100644 100644 4b9458b... newsha... M somedirectory/myfile
+:100644 100644 4b9458b newsha M somedirectory/myfile
commit xyz
Date:
...
-:100644 100644 oldsha... 4b9458b... M somedirectory/myfile
+:100644 100644 oldsha 4b9458b M somedirectory/myfile
------------------------------------------------
This tells you that the immediately following version of the file was
$ git log --raw --all
------------------------------------------------
-and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b..) in that
+and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b) in that
whole thing. It's up to you--Git does *have* a lot of information, it is
just missing one particular blob version.
new commit:
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout master
+$ git switch master
-------------------------------------------------
or
-------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b fix-up
+$ git switch -c fix-up
-------------------------------------------------
then
The Workflow
------------
-High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1],
-linkgit:git-checkout[1] and linkgit:git-reset[1] work by moving data
+High-level operations such as linkgit:git-commit[1] and
+linkgit:git-restore[1] work by moving data
between the working tree, the index, and the object database. Git
provides low-level operations which perform each of these steps
individually.
the blob objects from these three stages yourself, like this:
------------------------------------------------
-$ git cat-file blob 263414f... >hello.c~1
-$ git cat-file blob 06fa6a2... >hello.c~2
-$ git cat-file blob cc44c73... >hello.c~3
+$ git cat-file blob 263414f >hello.c~1
+$ git cat-file blob 06fa6a2 >hello.c~2
+$ git cat-file blob cc44c73 >hello.c~3
$ git merge-file hello.c~2 hello.c~1 hello.c~3
------------------------------------------------
A good place to start is with the contents of the initial commit, with:
----------------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout e83c5163
+$ git switch --detach e83c5163
----------------------------------------------------
The initial revision lays the foundation for almost everything Git has
------------------------
In the pager (`less`), just search for "bundle", go a few lines back,
-and see that it is in commit 18449ab0... Now just copy this object name,
+and see that it is in commit 18449ab0. Now just copy this object name,
and paste it into the command line
-------------------
-----------------
-----------------------------------------------
-$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo
-$ git checkout test # switch working directory to branch "test"
-$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD
-$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new"
+$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo
+$ git switch test # switch working directory to branch "test"
+$ git branch new # create branch "new" starting at current HEAD
+$ git branch -d new # delete branch "new"
-----------------------------------------------
Instead of basing a new branch on current HEAD (the default), use:
Create and switch to a new branch at the same time:
-----------------------------------------------
-$ git checkout -b new v2.6.15
+$ git switch -c new v2.6.15
-----------------------------------------------
Update and examine branches from the repository you cloned from:
origin/master
origin/next
...
-$ git checkout -b masterwork origin/master
+$ git switch -c masterwork origin/master
-----------------------------------------------
Fetch a branch from a different repository, and give it a new