Merge branch 'tz/notes-error-to-stderr' into maint
[gitweb.git] / refs / packed-backend.c
index 9c0d685c7f4e8d770f151ddd9e0aeac48b9e252b..dab8a85d9a67870d45e160e66ab382991a181eae 100644 (file)
 #include "../config.h"
 #include "../refs.h"
 #include "refs-internal.h"
-#include "ref-cache.h"
 #include "packed-backend.h"
 #include "../iterator.h"
 #include "../lockfile.h"
 
-struct packed_ref_cache {
-       struct ref_cache *cache;
+enum mmap_strategy {
+       /*
+        * Don't use mmap() at all for reading `packed-refs`.
+        */
+       MMAP_NONE,
 
        /*
-        * Count of references to the data structure in this instance,
-        * including the pointer from files_ref_store::packed if any.
-        * The data will not be freed as long as the reference count
-        * is nonzero.
+        * Can use mmap() for reading `packed-refs`, but the file must
+        * not remain mmapped. This is the usual option on Windows,
+        * where you cannot rename a new version of a file onto a file
+        * that is currently mmapped.
         */
-       unsigned int referrers;
+       MMAP_TEMPORARY,
 
-       /* The metadata from when this packed-refs cache was read */
-       struct stat_validity validity;
+       /*
+        * It is OK to leave the `packed-refs` file mmapped while
+        * arbitrary other code is running.
+        */
+       MMAP_OK
 };
 
-/*
- * Increment the reference count of *packed_refs.
- */
-static void acquire_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       packed_refs->referrers++;
-}
+#if defined(NO_MMAP)
+static enum mmap_strategy mmap_strategy = MMAP_NONE;
+#elif defined(MMAP_PREVENTS_DELETE)
+static enum mmap_strategy mmap_strategy = MMAP_TEMPORARY;
+#else
+static enum mmap_strategy mmap_strategy = MMAP_OK;
+#endif
+
+struct packed_ref_store;
 
 /*
- * Decrease the reference count of *packed_refs.  If it goes to zero,
- * free *packed_refs and return true; otherwise return false.
+ * A `snapshot` represents one snapshot of a `packed-refs` file.
+ *
+ * Normally, this will be a mmapped view of the contents of the
+ * `packed-refs` file at the time the snapshot was created. However,
+ * if the `packed-refs` file was not sorted, this might point at heap
+ * memory holding the contents of the `packed-refs` file with its
+ * records sorted by refname.
+ *
+ * `snapshot` instances are reference counted (via
+ * `acquire_snapshot()` and `release_snapshot()`). This is to prevent
+ * an instance from disappearing while an iterator is still iterating
+ * over it. Instances are garbage collected when their `referrers`
+ * count goes to zero.
+ *
+ * The most recent `snapshot`, if available, is referenced by the
+ * `packed_ref_store`. Its freshness is checked whenever
+ * `get_snapshot()` is called; if the existing snapshot is obsolete, a
+ * new snapshot is taken.
  */
-static int release_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       if (!--packed_refs->referrers) {
-               free_ref_cache(packed_refs->cache);
-               stat_validity_clear(&packed_refs->validity);
-               free(packed_refs);
-               return 1;
-       } else {
-               return 0;
-       }
-}
+struct snapshot {
+       /*
+        * A back-pointer to the packed_ref_store with which this
+        * snapshot is associated:
+        */
+       struct packed_ref_store *refs;
+
+       /* Is the `packed-refs` file currently mmapped? */
+       int mmapped;
+
+       /*
+        * The contents of the `packed-refs` file. If the file was
+        * already sorted, this points at the mmapped contents of the
+        * file. If not, this points at heap-allocated memory
+        * containing the contents, sorted. If there were no contents
+        * (e.g., because the file didn't exist), `buf` and `eof` are
+        * both NULL.
+        */
+       char *buf, *eof;
+
+       /* The size of the header line, if any; otherwise, 0: */
+       size_t header_len;
+
+       /*
+        * What is the peeled state of the `packed-refs` file that
+        * this snapshot represents? (This is usually determined from
+        * the file's header.)
+        */
+       enum { PEELED_NONE, PEELED_TAGS, PEELED_FULLY } peeled;
+
+       /*
+        * Count of references to this instance, including the pointer
+        * from `packed_ref_store::snapshot`, if any. The instance
+        * will not be freed as long as the reference count is
+        * nonzero.
+        */
+       unsigned int referrers;
+
+       /*
+        * The metadata of the `packed-refs` file from which this
+        * snapshot was created, used to tell if the file has been
+        * replaced since we read it.
+        */
+       struct stat_validity validity;
+};
 
 /*
- * A container for `packed-refs`-related data. It is not (yet) a
- * `ref_store`.
+ * A `ref_store` representing references stored in a `packed-refs`
+ * file. It implements the `ref_store` interface, though it has some
+ * limitations:
+ *
+ * - It cannot store symbolic references.
+ *
+ * - It cannot store reflogs.
+ *
+ * - It does not support reference renaming (though it could).
+ *
+ * On the other hand, it can be locked outside of a reference
+ * transaction. In that case, it remains locked even after the
+ * transaction is done and the new `packed-refs` file is activated.
  */
 struct packed_ref_store {
        struct ref_store base;
@@ -59,10 +127,10 @@ struct packed_ref_store {
        char *path;
 
        /*
-        * A cache of the values read from the `packed-refs` file, if
-        * it might still be current; otherwise, NULL.
+        * A snapshot of the values read from the `packed-refs` file,
+        * if it might still be current; otherwise, NULL.
         */
-       struct packed_ref_cache *cache;
+       struct snapshot *snapshot;
 
        /*
         * Lock used for the "packed-refs" file. Note that this (and
@@ -78,6 +146,49 @@ struct packed_ref_store {
        struct tempfile *tempfile;
 };
 
+/*
+ * Increment the reference count of `*snapshot`.
+ */
+static void acquire_snapshot(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       snapshot->referrers++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If the buffer in `snapshot` is active, then either munmap the
+ * memory and close the file, or free the memory. Then set the buffer
+ * pointers to NULL.
+ */
+static void clear_snapshot_buffer(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       if (snapshot->mmapped) {
+               if (munmap(snapshot->buf, snapshot->eof - snapshot->buf))
+                       die_errno("error ummapping packed-refs file %s",
+                                 snapshot->refs->path);
+               snapshot->mmapped = 0;
+       } else {
+               free(snapshot->buf);
+       }
+       snapshot->buf = snapshot->eof = NULL;
+       snapshot->header_len = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decrease the reference count of `*snapshot`. If it goes to zero,
+ * free `*snapshot` and return true; otherwise return false.
+ */
+static int release_snapshot(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       if (!--snapshot->referrers) {
+               stat_validity_clear(&snapshot->validity);
+               clear_snapshot_buffer(snapshot);
+               free(snapshot);
+               return 1;
+       } else {
+               return 0;
+       }
+}
+
 struct ref_store *packed_ref_store_create(const char *path,
                                          unsigned int store_flags)
 {
@@ -116,64 +227,369 @@ static struct packed_ref_store *packed_downcast(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return refs;
 }
 
-static void clear_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
+static void clear_snapshot(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
+{
+       if (refs->snapshot) {
+               struct snapshot *snapshot = refs->snapshot;
+
+               refs->snapshot = NULL;
+               release_snapshot(snapshot);
+       }
+}
+
+static NORETURN void die_unterminated_line(const char *path,
+                                          const char *p, size_t len)
+{
+       if (len < 80)
+               die("unterminated line in %s: %.*s", path, (int)len, p);
+       else
+               die("unterminated line in %s: %.75s...", path, p);
+}
+
+static NORETURN void die_invalid_line(const char *path,
+                                     const char *p, size_t len)
+{
+       const char *eol = memchr(p, '\n', len);
+
+       if (!eol)
+               die_unterminated_line(path, p, len);
+       else if (eol - p < 80)
+               die("unexpected line in %s: %.*s", path, (int)(eol - p), p);
+       else
+               die("unexpected line in %s: %.75s...", path, p);
+
+}
+
+struct snapshot_record {
+       const char *start;
+       size_t len;
+};
+
+static int cmp_packed_ref_records(const void *v1, const void *v2)
 {
-       if (refs->cache) {
-               struct packed_ref_cache *cache = refs->cache;
+       const struct snapshot_record *e1 = v1, *e2 = v2;
+       const char *r1 = e1->start + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1;
+       const char *r2 = e2->start + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1;
+
+       while (1) {
+               if (*r1 == '\n')
+                       return *r2 == '\n' ? 0 : -1;
+               if (*r1 != *r2) {
+                       if (*r2 == '\n')
+                               return 1;
+                       else
+                               return (unsigned char)*r1 < (unsigned char)*r2 ? -1 : +1;
+               }
+               r1++;
+               r2++;
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compare a snapshot record at `rec` to the specified NUL-terminated
+ * refname.
+ */
+static int cmp_record_to_refname(const char *rec, const char *refname)
+{
+       const char *r1 = rec + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1;
+       const char *r2 = refname;
+
+       while (1) {
+               if (*r1 == '\n')
+                       return *r2 ? -1 : 0;
+               if (!*r2)
+                       return 1;
+               if (*r1 != *r2)
+                       return (unsigned char)*r1 < (unsigned char)*r2 ? -1 : +1;
+               r1++;
+               r2++;
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * `snapshot->buf` is not known to be sorted. Check whether it is, and
+ * if not, sort it into new memory and munmap/free the old storage.
+ */
+static void sort_snapshot(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       struct snapshot_record *records = NULL;
+       size_t alloc = 0, nr = 0;
+       int sorted = 1;
+       const char *pos, *eof, *eol;
+       size_t len, i;
+       char *new_buffer, *dst;
+
+       pos = snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len;
+       eof = snapshot->eof;
+       len = eof - pos;
 
-               refs->cache = NULL;
-               release_packed_ref_cache(cache);
+       if (!len)
+               return;
+
+       /*
+        * Initialize records based on a crude estimate of the number
+        * of references in the file (we'll grow it below if needed):
+        */
+       ALLOC_GROW(records, len / 80 + 20, alloc);
+
+       while (pos < eof) {
+               eol = memchr(pos, '\n', eof - pos);
+               if (!eol)
+                       /* The safety check should prevent this. */
+                       BUG("unterminated line found in packed-refs");
+               if (eol - pos < GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 2)
+                       die_invalid_line(snapshot->refs->path,
+                                        pos, eof - pos);
+               eol++;
+               if (eol < eof && *eol == '^') {
+                       /*
+                        * Keep any peeled line together with its
+                        * reference:
+                        */
+                       const char *peeled_start = eol;
+
+                       eol = memchr(peeled_start, '\n', eof - peeled_start);
+                       if (!eol)
+                               /* The safety check should prevent this. */
+                               BUG("unterminated peeled line found in packed-refs");
+                       eol++;
+               }
+
+               ALLOC_GROW(records, nr + 1, alloc);
+               records[nr].start = pos;
+               records[nr].len = eol - pos;
+               nr++;
+
+               if (sorted &&
+                   nr > 1 &&
+                   cmp_packed_ref_records(&records[nr - 2],
+                                          &records[nr - 1]) >= 0)
+                       sorted = 0;
+
+               pos = eol;
        }
+
+       if (sorted)
+               goto cleanup;
+
+       /* We need to sort the memory. First we sort the records array: */
+       QSORT(records, nr, cmp_packed_ref_records);
+
+       /*
+        * Allocate a new chunk of memory, and copy the old memory to
+        * the new in the order indicated by `records` (not bothering
+        * with the header line):
+        */
+       new_buffer = xmalloc(len);
+       for (dst = new_buffer, i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
+               memcpy(dst, records[i].start, records[i].len);
+               dst += records[i].len;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Now munmap the old buffer and use the sorted buffer in its
+        * place:
+        */
+       clear_snapshot_buffer(snapshot);
+       snapshot->buf = new_buffer;
+       snapshot->eof = new_buffer + len;
+       snapshot->header_len = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+       free(records);
 }
 
-/* The length of a peeled reference line in packed-refs, including EOL: */
-#define PEELED_LINE_LENGTH 42
+/*
+ * Return a pointer to the start of the record that contains the
+ * character `*p` (which must be within the buffer). If no other
+ * record start is found, return `buf`.
+ */
+static const char *find_start_of_record(const char *buf, const char *p)
+{
+       while (p > buf && (p[-1] != '\n' || p[0] == '^'))
+               p--;
+       return p;
+}
 
 /*
- * Parse one line from a packed-refs file.  Write the SHA1 to sha1.
- * Return a pointer to the refname within the line (null-terminated),
- * or NULL if there was a problem.
+ * Return a pointer to the start of the record following the record
+ * that contains `*p`. If none is found before `end`, return `end`.
  */
-static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, struct object_id *oid)
+static const char *find_end_of_record(const char *p, const char *end)
 {
-       const char *ref;
+       while (++p < end && (p[-1] != '\n' || p[0] == '^'))
+               ;
+       return p;
+}
 
-       if (parse_oid_hex(line->buf, oid, &ref) < 0)
-               return NULL;
-       if (!isspace(*ref++))
-               return NULL;
+/*
+ * We want to be able to compare mmapped reference records quickly,
+ * without totally parsing them. We can do so because the records are
+ * LF-terminated, and the refname should start exactly (GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ
+ * + 1) bytes past the beginning of the record.
+ *
+ * But what if the `packed-refs` file contains garbage? We're willing
+ * to tolerate not detecting the problem, as long as we don't produce
+ * totally garbled output (we can't afford to check the integrity of
+ * the whole file during every Git invocation). But we do want to be
+ * sure that we never read past the end of the buffer in memory and
+ * perform an illegal memory access.
+ *
+ * Guarantee that minimum level of safety by verifying that the last
+ * record in the file is LF-terminated, and that it has at least
+ * (GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1) characters before the LF. Die if either of
+ * these checks fails.
+ */
+static void verify_buffer_safe(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       const char *buf = snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len;
+       const char *eof = snapshot->eof;
+       const char *last_line;
 
-       if (isspace(*ref))
-               return NULL;
+       if (buf == eof)
+               return;
 
-       if (line->buf[line->len - 1] != '\n')
-               return NULL;
-       line->buf[--line->len] = 0;
+       last_line = find_start_of_record(buf, eof - 1);
+       if (*(eof - 1) != '\n' || eof - last_line < GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 2)
+               die_invalid_line(snapshot->refs->path,
+                                last_line, eof - last_line);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Depending on `mmap_strategy`, either mmap or read the contents of
+ * the `packed-refs` file into the snapshot. Return 1 if the file
+ * existed and was read, or 0 if the file was absent. Die on errors.
+ */
+static int load_contents(struct snapshot *snapshot)
+{
+       int fd;
+       struct stat st;
+       size_t size;
+       ssize_t bytes_read;
+
+       fd = open(snapshot->refs->path, O_RDONLY);
+       if (fd < 0) {
+               if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                       /*
+                        * This is OK; it just means that no
+                        * "packed-refs" file has been written yet,
+                        * which is equivalent to it being empty,
+                        * which is its state when initialized with
+                        * zeros.
+                        */
+                       return 0;
+               } else {
+                       die_errno("couldn't read %s", snapshot->refs->path);
+               }
+       }
+
+       stat_validity_update(&snapshot->validity, fd);
+
+       if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+               die_errno("couldn't stat %s", snapshot->refs->path);
+       size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
+
+       switch (mmap_strategy) {
+       case MMAP_NONE:
+               snapshot->buf = xmalloc(size);
+               bytes_read = read_in_full(fd, snapshot->buf, size);
+               if (bytes_read < 0 || bytes_read != size)
+                       die_errno("couldn't read %s", snapshot->refs->path);
+               snapshot->eof = snapshot->buf + size;
+               snapshot->mmapped = 0;
+               break;
+       case MMAP_TEMPORARY:
+       case MMAP_OK:
+               snapshot->buf = xmmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
+               snapshot->eof = snapshot->buf + size;
+               snapshot->mmapped = 1;
+               break;
+       }
+       close(fd);
+
+       return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find the place in `snapshot->buf` where the start of the record for
+ * `refname` starts. If `mustexist` is true and the reference doesn't
+ * exist, then return NULL. If `mustexist` is false and the reference
+ * doesn't exist, then return the point where that reference would be
+ * inserted. In the latter mode, `refname` doesn't have to be a proper
+ * reference name; for example, one could search for "refs/replace/"
+ * to find the start of any replace references.
+ *
+ * The record is sought using a binary search, so `snapshot->buf` must
+ * be sorted.
+ */
+static const char *find_reference_location(struct snapshot *snapshot,
+                                          const char *refname, int mustexist)
+{
+       /*
+        * This is not *quite* a garden-variety binary search, because
+        * the data we're searching is made up of records, and we
+        * always need to find the beginning of a record to do a
+        * comparison. A "record" here is one line for the reference
+        * itself and zero or one peel lines that start with '^'. Our
+        * loop invariant is described in the next two comments.
+        */
+
+       /*
+        * A pointer to the character at the start of a record whose
+        * preceding records all have reference names that come
+        * *before* `refname`.
+        */
+       const char *lo = snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len;
+
+       /*
+        * A pointer to a the first character of a record whose
+        * reference name comes *after* `refname`.
+        */
+       const char *hi = snapshot->eof;
+
+       while (lo < hi) {
+               const char *mid, *rec;
+               int cmp;
+
+               mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
+               rec = find_start_of_record(lo, mid);
+               cmp = cmp_record_to_refname(rec, refname);
+               if (cmp < 0) {
+                       lo = find_end_of_record(mid, hi);
+               } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                       hi = rec;
+               } else {
+                       return rec;
+               }
+       }
 
-       return ref;
+       if (mustexist)
+               return NULL;
+       else
+               return lo;
 }
 
 /*
- * Read from `packed_refs_file` into a newly-allocated
- * `packed_ref_cache` and return it. The return value will already
- * have its reference count incremented.
+ * Create a newly-allocated `snapshot` of the `packed-refs` file in
+ * its current state and return it. The return value will already have
+ * its reference count incremented.
  *
  * A comment line of the form "# pack-refs with: " may contain zero or
  * more traits. We interpret the traits as follows:
  *
- *   No traits:
+ *   Neither `peeled` nor `fully-peeled`:
  *
  *      Probably no references are peeled. But if the file contains a
  *      peeled value for a reference, we will use it.
  *
- *   peeled:
+ *   `peeled`:
  *
  *      References under "refs/tags/", if they *can* be peeled, *are*
  *      peeled in this file. References outside of "refs/tags/" are
  *      probably not peeled even if they could have been, but if we find
  *      a peeled value for such a reference we will use it.
  *
- *   fully-peeled:
+ *   `fully-peeled`:
  *
  *      All references in the file that can be peeled are peeled.
  *      Inversely (and this is more important), any references in the
@@ -181,141 +597,122 @@ static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, struct object_id *oid)
  *      trait should typically be written alongside "peeled" for
  *      compatibility with older clients, but we do not require it
  *      (i.e., "peeled" is a no-op if "fully-peeled" is set).
+ *
+ *   `sorted`:
+ *
+ *      The references in this file are known to be sorted by refname.
  */
-static struct packed_ref_cache *read_packed_refs(const char *packed_refs_file)
+static struct snapshot *create_snapshot(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
 {
-       FILE *f;
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*packed_refs));
-       struct ref_entry *last = NULL;
-       struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
-       enum { PEELED_NONE, PEELED_TAGS, PEELED_FULLY } peeled = PEELED_NONE;
-       struct ref_dir *dir;
-
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
-       packed_refs->cache = create_ref_cache(NULL, NULL);
-       packed_refs->cache->root->flag &= ~REF_INCOMPLETE;
-
-       f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
-       if (!f) {
-               if (errno == ENOENT) {
-                       /*
-                        * This is OK; it just means that no
-                        * "packed-refs" file has been written yet,
-                        * which is equivalent to it being empty.
-                        */
-                       return packed_refs;
-               } else {
-                       die_errno("couldn't read %s", packed_refs_file);
-               }
-       }
+       struct snapshot *snapshot = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*snapshot));
+       int sorted = 0;
 
-       stat_validity_update(&packed_refs->validity, fileno(f));
+       snapshot->refs = refs;
+       acquire_snapshot(snapshot);
+       snapshot->peeled = PEELED_NONE;
 
-       dir = get_ref_dir(packed_refs->cache->root);
-       while (strbuf_getwholeline(&line, f, '\n') != EOF) {
-               struct object_id oid;
-               const char *refname;
-               const char *traits;
-
-               if (!line.len || line.buf[line.len - 1] != '\n')
-                       die("unterminated line in %s: %s", packed_refs_file, line.buf);
-
-               if (skip_prefix(line.buf, "# pack-refs with:", &traits)) {
-                       if (strstr(traits, " fully-peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_FULLY;
-                       else if (strstr(traits, " peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_TAGS;
-                       /* perhaps other traits later as well */
-                       continue;
-               }
+       if (!load_contents(snapshot))
+               return snapshot;
 
-               refname = parse_ref_line(&line, &oid);
-               if (refname) {
-                       int flag = REF_ISPACKED;
+       /* If the file has a header line, process it: */
+       if (snapshot->buf < snapshot->eof && *snapshot->buf == '#') {
+               struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
+               char *p;
+               const char *eol;
+               struct string_list traits = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 
-                       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
-                               if (!refname_is_safe(refname))
-                                       die("packed refname is dangerous: %s", refname);
-                               oidclr(&oid);
-                               flag |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       }
-                       last = create_ref_entry(refname, &oid, flag);
-                       if (peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
-                           (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/")))
-                               last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-                       add_ref_entry(dir, last);
-               } else if (last &&
-                   line.buf[0] == '^' &&
-                   line.len == PEELED_LINE_LENGTH &&
-                   line.buf[PEELED_LINE_LENGTH - 1] == '\n' &&
-                   !get_oid_hex(line.buf + 1, &oid)) {
-                       oidcpy(&last->u.value.peeled, &oid);
-                       /*
-                        * Regardless of what the file header said,
-                        * we definitely know the value of *this*
-                        * reference:
-                        */
-                       last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-               } else {
-                       strbuf_setlen(&line, line.len - 1);
-                       die("unexpected line in %s: %s", packed_refs_file, line.buf);
-               }
+               eol = memchr(snapshot->buf, '\n',
+                            snapshot->eof - snapshot->buf);
+               if (!eol)
+                       die_unterminated_line(refs->path,
+                                             snapshot->buf,
+                                             snapshot->eof - snapshot->buf);
+
+               strbuf_add(&tmp, snapshot->buf, eol - snapshot->buf);
+
+               if (!skip_prefix(tmp.buf, "# pack-refs with:", (const char **)&p))
+                       die_invalid_line(refs->path,
+                                        snapshot->buf,
+                                        snapshot->eof - snapshot->buf);
+
+               string_list_split_in_place(&traits, p, ' ', -1);
+
+               if (unsorted_string_list_has_string(&traits, "fully-peeled"))
+                       snapshot->peeled = PEELED_FULLY;
+               else if (unsorted_string_list_has_string(&traits, "peeled"))
+                       snapshot->peeled = PEELED_TAGS;
+
+               sorted = unsorted_string_list_has_string(&traits, "sorted");
+
+               /* perhaps other traits later as well */
+
+               /* The "+ 1" is for the LF character. */
+               snapshot->header_len = eol + 1 - snapshot->buf;
+
+               string_list_clear(&traits, 0);
+               strbuf_release(&tmp);
        }
 
-       fclose(f);
-       strbuf_release(&line);
+       verify_buffer_safe(snapshot);
+
+       if (!sorted) {
+               sort_snapshot(snapshot);
 
-       return packed_refs;
+               /*
+                * Reordering the records might have moved a short one
+                * to the end of the buffer, so verify the buffer's
+                * safety again:
+                */
+               verify_buffer_safe(snapshot);
+       }
+
+       if (mmap_strategy != MMAP_OK && snapshot->mmapped) {
+               /*
+                * We don't want to leave the file mmapped, so we are
+                * forced to make a copy now:
+                */
+               size_t size = snapshot->eof -
+                       (snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len);
+               char *buf_copy = xmalloc(size);
+
+               memcpy(buf_copy, snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len, size);
+               clear_snapshot_buffer(snapshot);
+               snapshot->buf = buf_copy;
+               snapshot->eof = buf_copy + size;
+       }
+
+       return snapshot;
 }
 
 /*
- * Check that the packed refs cache (if any) still reflects the
- * contents of the file. If not, clear the cache.
+ * Check that `refs->snapshot` (if present) still reflects the
+ * contents of the `packed-refs` file. If not, clear the snapshot.
  */
-static void validate_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
+static void validate_snapshot(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
 {
-       if (refs->cache &&
-           !stat_validity_check(&refs->cache->validity, refs->path))
-               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+       if (refs->snapshot &&
+           !stat_validity_check(&refs->snapshot->validity, refs->path))
+               clear_snapshot(refs);
 }
 
 /*
- * Get the packed_ref_cache for the specified packed_ref_store,
- * creating and populating it if it hasn't been read before or if the
- * file has been changed (according to its `validity` field) since it
- * was last read. On the other hand, if we hold the lock, then assume
- * that the file hasn't been changed out from under us, so skip the
- * extra `stat()` call in `stat_validity_check()`.
+ * Get the `snapshot` for the specified packed_ref_store, creating and
+ * populating it if it hasn't been read before or if the file has been
+ * changed (according to its `validity` field) since it was last read.
+ * On the other hand, if we hold the lock, then assume that the file
+ * hasn't been changed out from under us, so skip the extra `stat()`
+ * call in `stat_validity_check()`. This function does *not* increase
+ * the snapshot's reference count on behalf of the caller.
  */
-static struct packed_ref_cache *get_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
+static struct snapshot *get_snapshot(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
 {
        if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->lock))
-               validate_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-
-       if (!refs->cache)
-               refs->cache = read_packed_refs(refs->path);
-
-       return refs->cache;
-}
-
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_ref_dir(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache)
-{
-       return get_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache->cache->root);
-}
+               validate_snapshot(refs);
 
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct packed_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       return get_packed_ref_dir(get_packed_ref_cache(refs));
-}
+       if (!refs->snapshot)
+               refs->snapshot = create_snapshot(refs);
 
-/*
- * Return the ref_entry for the given refname from the packed
- * references.  If it does not exist, return NULL.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *get_packed_ref(struct packed_ref_store *refs,
-                                       const char *refname)
-{
-       return find_ref_entry(get_packed_refs(refs), refname);
+       return refs->snapshot;
 }
 
 static int packed_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
@@ -324,69 +721,147 @@ static int packed_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 {
        struct packed_ref_store *refs =
                packed_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_READ, "read_raw_ref");
-
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
+       struct snapshot *snapshot = get_snapshot(refs);
+       const char *rec;
 
        *type = 0;
 
-       entry = get_packed_ref(refs, refname);
-       if (!entry) {
+       rec = find_reference_location(snapshot, refname, 1);
+
+       if (!rec) {
+               /* refname is not a packed reference. */
                errno = ENOENT;
                return -1;
        }
 
-       hashcpy(sha1, entry->u.value.oid.hash);
+       if (get_sha1_hex(rec, sha1))
+               die_invalid_line(refs->path, rec, snapshot->eof - rec);
+
        *type = REF_ISPACKED;
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int packed_peel_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
-                          const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       struct packed_ref_store *refs =
-               packed_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_READ | REF_STORE_ODB,
-                               "peel_ref");
-       struct ref_entry *r = get_packed_ref(refs, refname);
-
-       if (!r || peel_entry(r, 0))
-               return -1;
-
-       hashcpy(sha1, r->u.value.peeled.hash);
-       return 0;
-}
+/*
+ * This value is set in `base.flags` if the peeled value of the
+ * current reference is known. In that case, `peeled` contains the
+ * correct peeled value for the reference, which might be `null_sha1`
+ * if the reference is not a tag or if it is broken.
+ */
+#define REF_KNOWS_PEELED 0x40
 
+/*
+ * An iterator over a snapshot of a `packed-refs` file.
+ */
 struct packed_ref_iterator {
        struct ref_iterator base;
 
-       struct packed_ref_cache *cache;
-       struct ref_iterator *iter0;
+       struct snapshot *snapshot;
+
+       /* The current position in the snapshot's buffer: */
+       const char *pos;
+
+       /* The end of the part of the buffer that will be iterated over: */
+       const char *eof;
+
+       /* Scratch space for current values: */
+       struct object_id oid, peeled;
+       struct strbuf refname_buf;
+
        unsigned int flags;
 };
 
+/*
+ * Move the iterator to the next record in the snapshot, without
+ * respect for whether the record is actually required by the current
+ * iteration. Adjust the fields in `iter` and return `ITER_OK` or
+ * `ITER_DONE`. This function does not free the iterator in the case
+ * of `ITER_DONE`.
+ */
+static int next_record(struct packed_ref_iterator *iter)
+{
+       const char *p = iter->pos, *eol;
+
+       strbuf_reset(&iter->refname_buf);
+
+       if (iter->pos == iter->eof)
+               return ITER_DONE;
+
+       iter->base.flags = REF_ISPACKED;
+
+       if (iter->eof - p < GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 2 ||
+           parse_oid_hex(p, &iter->oid, &p) ||
+           !isspace(*p++))
+               die_invalid_line(iter->snapshot->refs->path,
+                                iter->pos, iter->eof - iter->pos);
+
+       eol = memchr(p, '\n', iter->eof - p);
+       if (!eol)
+               die_unterminated_line(iter->snapshot->refs->path,
+                                     iter->pos, iter->eof - iter->pos);
+
+       strbuf_add(&iter->refname_buf, p, eol - p);
+       iter->base.refname = iter->refname_buf.buf;
+
+       if (check_refname_format(iter->base.refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
+               if (!refname_is_safe(iter->base.refname))
+                       die("packed refname is dangerous: %s",
+                           iter->base.refname);
+               oidclr(&iter->oid);
+               iter->base.flags |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
+       }
+       if (iter->snapshot->peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
+           (iter->snapshot->peeled == PEELED_TAGS &&
+            starts_with(iter->base.refname, "refs/tags/")))
+               iter->base.flags |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+
+       iter->pos = eol + 1;
+
+       if (iter->pos < iter->eof && *iter->pos == '^') {
+               p = iter->pos + 1;
+               if (iter->eof - p < GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1 ||
+                   parse_oid_hex(p, &iter->peeled, &p) ||
+                   *p++ != '\n')
+                       die_invalid_line(iter->snapshot->refs->path,
+                                        iter->pos, iter->eof - iter->pos);
+               iter->pos = p;
+
+               /*
+                * Regardless of what the file header said, we
+                * definitely know the value of *this* reference. But
+                * we suppress it if the reference is broken:
+                */
+               if ((iter->base.flags & REF_ISBROKEN)) {
+                       oidclr(&iter->peeled);
+                       iter->base.flags &= ~REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+               } else {
+                       iter->base.flags |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
+               }
+       } else {
+               oidclr(&iter->peeled);
+       }
+
+       return ITER_OK;
+}
+
 static int packed_ref_iterator_advance(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
 {
        struct packed_ref_iterator *iter =
                (struct packed_ref_iterator *)ref_iterator;
        int ok;
 
-       while ((ok = ref_iterator_advance(iter->iter0)) == ITER_OK) {
+       while ((ok = next_record(iter)) == ITER_OK) {
                if (iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_PER_WORKTREE_ONLY &&
-                   ref_type(iter->iter0->refname) != REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE)
+                   ref_type(iter->base.refname) != REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE)
                        continue;
 
                if (!(iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN) &&
-                   !ref_resolves_to_object(iter->iter0->refname,
-                                           iter->iter0->oid,
-                                           iter->iter0->flags))
+                   !ref_resolves_to_object(iter->base.refname, &iter->oid,
+                                           iter->flags))
                        continue;
 
-               iter->base.refname = iter->iter0->refname;
-               iter->base.oid = iter->iter0->oid;
-               iter->base.flags = iter->iter0->flags;
                return ITER_OK;
        }
 
-       iter->iter0 = NULL;
        if (ref_iterator_abort(ref_iterator) != ITER_DONE)
                ok = ITER_ERROR;
 
@@ -399,7 +874,14 @@ static int packed_ref_iterator_peel(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator,
        struct packed_ref_iterator *iter =
                (struct packed_ref_iterator *)ref_iterator;
 
-       return ref_iterator_peel(iter->iter0, peeled);
+       if ((iter->base.flags & REF_KNOWS_PEELED)) {
+               oidcpy(peeled, &iter->peeled);
+               return is_null_oid(&iter->peeled) ? -1 : 0;
+       } else if ((iter->base.flags & (REF_ISBROKEN | REF_ISSYMREF))) {
+               return -1;
+       } else {
+               return !!peel_object(iter->oid.hash, peeled->hash);
+       }
 }
 
 static int packed_ref_iterator_abort(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
@@ -408,10 +890,8 @@ static int packed_ref_iterator_abort(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
                (struct packed_ref_iterator *)ref_iterator;
        int ok = ITER_DONE;
 
-       if (iter->iter0)
-               ok = ref_iterator_abort(iter->iter0);
-
-       release_packed_ref_cache(iter->cache);
+       strbuf_release(&iter->refname_buf);
+       release_snapshot(iter->snapshot);
        base_ref_iterator_free(ref_iterator);
        return ok;
 }
@@ -427,6 +907,8 @@ static struct ref_iterator *packed_ref_iterator_begin(
                const char *prefix, unsigned int flags)
 {
        struct packed_ref_store *refs;
+       struct snapshot *snapshot;
+       const char *start;
        struct packed_ref_iterator *iter;
        struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator;
        unsigned int required_flags = REF_STORE_READ;
@@ -435,22 +917,40 @@ static struct ref_iterator *packed_ref_iterator_begin(
                required_flags |= REF_STORE_ODB;
        refs = packed_downcast(ref_store, required_flags, "ref_iterator_begin");
 
+       /*
+        * Note that `get_snapshot()` internally checks whether the
+        * snapshot is up to date with what is on disk, and re-reads
+        * it if not.
+        */
+       snapshot = get_snapshot(refs);
+
+       if (!snapshot->buf)
+               return empty_ref_iterator_begin();
+
        iter = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*iter));
        ref_iterator = &iter->base;
-       base_ref_iterator_init(ref_iterator, &packed_ref_iterator_vtable);
+       base_ref_iterator_init(ref_iterator, &packed_ref_iterator_vtable, 1);
 
-       /*
-        * Note that get_packed_ref_cache() internally checks whether
-        * the packed-ref cache is up to date with what is on disk,
-        * and re-reads it if not.
-        */
+       iter->snapshot = snapshot;
+       acquire_snapshot(snapshot);
+
+       if (prefix && *prefix)
+               start = find_reference_location(snapshot, prefix, 0);
+       else
+               start = snapshot->buf + snapshot->header_len;
 
-       iter->cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(iter->cache);
-       iter->iter0 = cache_ref_iterator_begin(iter->cache->cache, prefix, 0);
+       iter->pos = start;
+       iter->eof = snapshot->eof;
+       strbuf_init(&iter->refname_buf, 0);
+
+       iter->base.oid = &iter->oid;
 
        iter->flags = flags;
 
+       if (prefix && *prefix)
+               /* Stop iteration after we've gone *past* prefix: */
+               ref_iterator = prefix_ref_iterator_begin(ref_iterator, prefix, 0);
+
        return ref_iterator;
 }
 
@@ -505,19 +1005,19 @@ int packed_refs_lock(struct ref_store *ref_store, int flags, struct strbuf *err)
 
        /*
         * Now that we hold the `packed-refs` lock, make sure that our
-        * cache matches the current version of the file. Normally
-        * `get_packed_ref_cache()` does that for us, but that
-        * function assumes that when the file is locked, any existing
-        * cache is still valid. We've just locked the file, but it
-        * might have changed the moment *before* we locked it.
+        * snapshot matches the current version of the file. Normally
+        * `get_snapshot()` does that for us, but that function
+        * assumes that when the file is locked, any existing snapshot
+        * is still valid. We've just locked the file, but it might
+        * have changed the moment *before* we locked it.
         */
-       validate_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+       validate_snapshot(refs);
 
        /*
         * Now make sure that the packed-refs file as it exists in the
-        * locked state is loaded into the cache:
+        * locked state is loaded into the snapshot:
         */
-       get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
+       get_snapshot(refs);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -544,11 +1044,15 @@ int packed_refs_is_locked(struct ref_store *ref_store)
 }
 
 /*
- * The packed-refs header line that we write out.  Perhaps other
- * traits will be added later.  The trailing space is required.
+ * The packed-refs header line that we write out. Perhaps other traits
+ * will be added later.
+ *
+ * Note that earlier versions of Git used to parse these traits by
+ * looking for " trait " in the line. For this reason, the space after
+ * the colon and the trailing space are required.
  */
 static const char PACKED_REFS_HEADER[] =
-       "# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled \n";
+       "# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled sorted \n";
 
 static int packed_init_db(struct ref_store *ref_store, struct strbuf *err)
 {
@@ -557,9 +1061,9 @@ static int packed_init_db(struct ref_store *ref_store, struct strbuf *err)
 }
 
 /*
- * Write the packed-refs from the cache to the packed-refs tempfile,
- * incorporating any changes from `updates`. `updates` must be a
- * sorted string list whose keys are the refnames and whose util
+ * Write the packed refs from the current snapshot to the packed-refs
+ * tempfile, incorporating any changes from `updates`. `updates` must
+ * be a sorted string list whose keys are the refnames and whose util
  * values are `struct ref_update *`. On error, rollback the tempfile,
  * write an error message to `err`, and return a nonzero value.
  *
@@ -729,8 +1233,8 @@ static int write_with_updates(struct packed_ref_store *refs,
        }
 
        if (ok != ITER_DONE) {
-               strbuf_addf(err, "unable to write packed-refs file: "
-                           "error iterating over old contents");
+               strbuf_addstr(err, "unable to write packed-refs file: "
+                             "error iterating over old contents");
                goto error;
        }
 
@@ -757,6 +1261,100 @@ static int write_with_updates(struct packed_ref_store *refs,
        return -1;
 }
 
+int is_packed_transaction_needed(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                struct ref_transaction *transaction)
+{
+       struct packed_ref_store *refs = packed_downcast(
+                       ref_store,
+                       REF_STORE_READ,
+                       "is_packed_transaction_needed");
+       struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT;
+       size_t i;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->lock))
+               BUG("is_packed_transaction_needed() called while unlocked");
+
+       /*
+        * We're only going to bother returning false for the common,
+        * trivial case that references are only being deleted, their
+        * old values are not being checked, and the old `packed-refs`
+        * file doesn't contain any of those reference(s). This gives
+        * false positives for some other cases that could
+        * theoretically be optimized away:
+        *
+        * 1. It could be that the old value is being verified without
+        *    setting a new value. In this case, we could verify the
+        *    old value here and skip the update if it agrees. If it
+        *    disagrees, we could either let the update go through
+        *    (the actual commit would re-detect and report the
+        *    problem), or come up with a way of reporting such an
+        *    error to *our* caller.
+        *
+        * 2. It could be that a new value is being set, but that it
+        *    is identical to the current packed value of the
+        *    reference.
+        *
+        * Neither of these cases will come up in the current code,
+        * because the only caller of this function passes to it a
+        * transaction that only includes `delete` updates with no
+        * `old_id`. Even if that ever changes, false positives only
+        * cause an optimization to be missed; they do not affect
+        * correctness.
+        */
+
+       /*
+        * Start with the cheap checks that don't require old
+        * reference values to be read:
+        */
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
+
+               if (update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD)
+                       /* Have to check the old value -> needed. */
+                       return 1;
+
+               if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && !is_null_oid(&update->new_oid))
+                       /* Have to set a new value -> needed. */
+                       return 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * The transaction isn't checking any old values nor is it
+        * setting any nonzero new values, so it still might be able
+        * to be skipped. Now do the more expensive check: the update
+        * is needed if any of the updates is a delete, and the old
+        * `packed-refs` file contains a value for that reference.
+        */
+       ret = 0;
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
+               unsigned int type;
+               struct object_id oid;
+
+               if (!(update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW))
+                       /*
+                        * This reference isn't being deleted -> not
+                        * needed.
+                        */
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!refs_read_raw_ref(ref_store, update->refname,
+                                      oid.hash, &referent, &type) ||
+                   errno != ENOENT) {
+                       /*
+                        * We have to actually delete that reference
+                        * -> this transaction is needed.
+                        */
+                       ret = 1;
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+
+       strbuf_release(&referent);
+       return ret;
+}
+
 struct packed_transaction_backend_data {
        /* True iff the transaction owns the packed-refs lock. */
        int own_lock;
@@ -802,9 +1400,10 @@ static int packed_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        /*
         * Note that we *don't* skip transactions with zero updates,
         * because such a transaction might be executed for the side
-        * effect of ensuring that all of the references are peeled.
-        * If the caller wants to optimize away empty transactions, it
-        * should do so itself.
+        * effect of ensuring that all of the references are peeled or
+        * ensuring that the `packed-refs` file is sorted. If the
+        * caller wants to optimize away empty transactions, it should
+        * do so itself.
         */
 
        data = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*data));
@@ -870,6 +1469,8 @@ static int packed_transaction_finish(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        int ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
        char *packed_refs_path;
 
+       clear_snapshot(refs);
+
        packed_refs_path = get_locked_file_path(&refs->lock);
        if (rename_tempfile(&refs->tempfile, packed_refs_path)) {
                strbuf_addf(err, "error replacing %s: %s",
@@ -877,7 +1478,6 @@ static int packed_transaction_finish(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                goto cleanup;
        }
 
-       clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
        ret = 0;
 
 cleanup:
@@ -1034,7 +1634,6 @@ struct ref_storage_be refs_be_packed = {
        packed_initial_transaction_commit,
 
        packed_pack_refs,
-       packed_peel_ref,
        packed_create_symref,
        packed_delete_refs,
        packed_rename_ref,