Merge branch 'rs/commit-h-single-parent-cleanup' into next
[gitweb.git] / refs / files-backend.c
index 83ea080e013f90e95d1897258dd80b44ac9b5db6..5cca55510b6a0683f16937215f6056d896c622e0 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include "../cache.h"
+#include "../config.h"
 #include "../refs.h"
 #include "refs-internal.h"
 #include "ref-cache.h"
+#include "packed-backend.h"
 #include "../iterator.h"
 #include "../dir-iterator.h"
 #include "../lockfile.h"
@@ -14,48 +16,6 @@ struct ref_lock {
        struct object_id old_oid;
 };
 
-/*
- * Return true if refname, which has the specified oid and flags, can
- * be resolved to an object in the database. If the referred-to object
- * does not exist, emit a warning and return false.
- */
-static int ref_resolves_to_object(const char *refname,
-                                 const struct object_id *oid,
-                                 unsigned int flags)
-{
-       if (flags & REF_ISBROKEN)
-               return 0;
-       if (!has_sha1_file(oid->hash)) {
-               error("%s does not point to a valid object!", refname);
-               return 0;
-       }
-       return 1;
-}
-
-struct packed_ref_cache {
-       struct ref_cache *cache;
-
-       /*
-        * Count of references to the data structure in this instance,
-        * including the pointer from files_ref_store::packed if any.
-        * The data will not be freed as long as the reference count
-        * is nonzero.
-        */
-       unsigned int referrers;
-
-       /*
-        * Iff the packed-refs file associated with this instance is
-        * currently locked for writing, this points at the associated
-        * lock (which is owned by somebody else).  The referrer count
-        * is also incremented when the file is locked and decremented
-        * when it is unlocked.
-        */
-       struct lock_file *lock;
-
-       /* The metadata from when this packed-refs cache was read */
-       struct stat_validity validity;
-};
-
 /*
  * Future: need to be in "struct repository"
  * when doing a full libification.
@@ -66,50 +26,11 @@ struct files_ref_store {
 
        char *gitdir;
        char *gitcommondir;
-       char *packed_refs_path;
 
        struct ref_cache *loose;
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed;
-};
-
-/* Lock used for the main packed-refs file: */
-static struct lock_file packlock;
 
-/*
- * Increment the reference count of *packed_refs.
- */
-static void acquire_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       packed_refs->referrers++;
-}
-
-/*
- * Decrease the reference count of *packed_refs.  If it goes to zero,
- * free *packed_refs and return true; otherwise return false.
- */
-static int release_packed_ref_cache(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs)
-{
-       if (!--packed_refs->referrers) {
-               free_ref_cache(packed_refs->cache);
-               stat_validity_clear(&packed_refs->validity);
-               free(packed_refs);
-               return 1;
-       } else {
-               return 0;
-       }
-}
-
-static void clear_packed_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       if (refs->packed) {
-               struct packed_ref_cache *packed_refs = refs->packed;
-
-               if (packed_refs->lock)
-                       die("internal error: packed-ref cache cleared while locked");
-               refs->packed = NULL;
-               release_packed_ref_cache(packed_refs);
-       }
-}
+       struct ref_store *packed_ref_store;
+};
 
 static void clear_loose_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
 {
@@ -137,7 +58,8 @@ static struct ref_store *files_ref_store_create(const char *gitdir,
        get_common_dir_noenv(&sb, gitdir);
        refs->gitcommondir = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
        strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s/packed-refs", refs->gitcommondir);
-       refs->packed_refs_path = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
+       refs->packed_ref_store = packed_ref_store_create(sb.buf, flags);
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
 
        return ref_store;
 }
@@ -180,139 +102,6 @@ static struct files_ref_store *files_downcast(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return refs;
 }
 
-/* The length of a peeled reference line in packed-refs, including EOL: */
-#define PEELED_LINE_LENGTH 42
-
-/*
- * The packed-refs header line that we write out.  Perhaps other
- * traits will be added later.  The trailing space is required.
- */
-static const char PACKED_REFS_HEADER[] =
-       "# pack-refs with: peeled fully-peeled \n";
-
-/*
- * Parse one line from a packed-refs file.  Write the SHA1 to sha1.
- * Return a pointer to the refname within the line (null-terminated),
- * or NULL if there was a problem.
- */
-static const char *parse_ref_line(struct strbuf *line, unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       const char *ref;
-
-       /*
-        * 42: the answer to everything.
-        *
-        * In this case, it happens to be the answer to
-        *  40 (length of sha1 hex representation)
-        *  +1 (space in between hex and name)
-        *  +1 (newline at the end of the line)
-        */
-       if (line->len <= 42)
-               return NULL;
-
-       if (get_sha1_hex(line->buf, sha1) < 0)
-               return NULL;
-       if (!isspace(line->buf[40]))
-               return NULL;
-
-       ref = line->buf + 41;
-       if (isspace(*ref))
-               return NULL;
-
-       if (line->buf[line->len - 1] != '\n')
-               return NULL;
-       line->buf[--line->len] = 0;
-
-       return ref;
-}
-
-/*
- * Read f, which is a packed-refs file, into dir.
- *
- * A comment line of the form "# pack-refs with: " may contain zero or
- * more traits. We interpret the traits as follows:
- *
- *   No traits:
- *
- *      Probably no references are peeled. But if the file contains a
- *      peeled value for a reference, we will use it.
- *
- *   peeled:
- *
- *      References under "refs/tags/", if they *can* be peeled, *are*
- *      peeled in this file. References outside of "refs/tags/" are
- *      probably not peeled even if they could have been, but if we find
- *      a peeled value for such a reference we will use it.
- *
- *   fully-peeled:
- *
- *      All references in the file that can be peeled are peeled.
- *      Inversely (and this is more important), any references in the
- *      file for which no peeled value is recorded is not peelable. This
- *      trait should typically be written alongside "peeled" for
- *      compatibility with older clients, but we do not require it
- *      (i.e., "peeled" is a no-op if "fully-peeled" is set).
- */
-static void read_packed_refs(FILE *f, struct ref_dir *dir)
-{
-       struct ref_entry *last = NULL;
-       struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
-       enum { PEELED_NONE, PEELED_TAGS, PEELED_FULLY } peeled = PEELED_NONE;
-
-       while (strbuf_getwholeline(&line, f, '\n') != EOF) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
-               const char *refname;
-               const char *traits;
-
-               if (skip_prefix(line.buf, "# pack-refs with:", &traits)) {
-                       if (strstr(traits, " fully-peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_FULLY;
-                       else if (strstr(traits, " peeled "))
-                               peeled = PEELED_TAGS;
-                       /* perhaps other traits later as well */
-                       continue;
-               }
-
-               refname = parse_ref_line(&line, sha1);
-               if (refname) {
-                       int flag = REF_ISPACKED;
-
-                       if (check_refname_format(refname, REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
-                               if (!refname_is_safe(refname))
-                                       die("packed refname is dangerous: %s", refname);
-                               hashclr(sha1);
-                               flag |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       }
-                       last = create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, flag, 0);
-                       if (peeled == PEELED_FULLY ||
-                           (peeled == PEELED_TAGS && starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/")))
-                               last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-                       add_ref_entry(dir, last);
-                       continue;
-               }
-               if (last &&
-                   line.buf[0] == '^' &&
-                   line.len == PEELED_LINE_LENGTH &&
-                   line.buf[PEELED_LINE_LENGTH - 1] == '\n' &&
-                   !get_sha1_hex(line.buf + 1, sha1)) {
-                       hashcpy(last->u.value.peeled.hash, sha1);
-                       /*
-                        * Regardless of what the file header said,
-                        * we definitely know the value of *this*
-                        * reference:
-                        */
-                       last->flag |= REF_KNOWS_PEELED;
-               }
-       }
-
-       strbuf_release(&line);
-}
-
-static const char *files_packed_refs_path(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       return refs->packed_refs_path;
-}
-
 static void files_reflog_path(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                              struct strbuf *sb,
                              const char *refname)
@@ -358,62 +147,6 @@ static void files_ref_path(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        }
 }
 
-/*
- * Get the packed_ref_cache for the specified files_ref_store,
- * creating it if necessary.
- */
-static struct packed_ref_cache *get_packed_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       const char *packed_refs_file = files_packed_refs_path(refs);
-
-       if (refs->packed &&
-           !stat_validity_check(&refs->packed->validity, packed_refs_file))
-               clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-
-       if (!refs->packed) {
-               FILE *f;
-
-               refs->packed = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*refs->packed));
-               acquire_packed_ref_cache(refs->packed);
-               refs->packed->cache = create_ref_cache(&refs->base, NULL);
-               refs->packed->cache->root->flag &= ~REF_INCOMPLETE;
-               f = fopen(packed_refs_file, "r");
-               if (f) {
-                       stat_validity_update(&refs->packed->validity, fileno(f));
-                       read_packed_refs(f, get_ref_dir(refs->packed->cache->root));
-                       fclose(f);
-               }
-       }
-       return refs->packed;
-}
-
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_ref_dir(struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache)
-{
-       return get_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache->cache->root);
-}
-
-static struct ref_dir *get_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       return get_packed_ref_dir(get_packed_ref_cache(refs));
-}
-
-/*
- * Add a reference to the in-memory packed reference cache.  This may
- * only be called while the packed-refs file is locked (see
- * lock_packed_refs()).  To actually write the packed-refs file, call
- * commit_packed_refs().
- */
-static void add_packed_ref(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                          const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed refs not locked");
-       add_ref_entry(get_packed_ref_dir(packed_ref_cache),
-                     create_ref_entry(refname, sha1, REF_ISPACKED, 1));
-}
-
 /*
  * Read the loose references from the namespace dirname into dir
  * (without recursing).  dirname must end with '/'.  dir must be the
@@ -444,7 +177,7 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        strbuf_add(&refname, dirname, dirnamelen);
 
        while ((de = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
-               unsigned char sha1[20];
+               struct object_id oid;
                struct stat st;
                int flag;
 
@@ -465,10 +198,10 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                        if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base,
                                                     refname.buf,
                                                     RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-                                                    sha1, &flag)) {
-                               hashclr(sha1);
+                                                    oid.hash, &flag)) {
+                               oidclr(&oid);
                                flag |= REF_ISBROKEN;
-                       } else if (is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
+                       } else if (is_null_oid(&oid)) {
                                /*
                                 * It is so astronomically unlikely
                                 * that NULL_SHA1 is the SHA-1 of an
@@ -484,11 +217,11 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                                                 REFNAME_ALLOW_ONELEVEL)) {
                                if (!refname_is_safe(refname.buf))
                                        die("loose refname is dangerous: %s", refname.buf);
-                               hashclr(sha1);
+                               oidclr(&oid);
                                flag |= REF_BAD_NAME | REF_ISBROKEN;
                        }
                        add_entry_to_dir(dir,
-                                        create_ref_entry(refname.buf, sha1, flag, 0));
+                                        create_ref_entry(refname.buf, &oid, flag));
                }
                strbuf_setlen(&refname, dirnamelen);
                strbuf_setlen(&path, path_baselen);
@@ -536,39 +269,6 @@ static struct ref_cache *get_loose_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
        return refs->loose;
 }
 
-/*
- * Return the ref_entry for the given refname from the packed
- * references.  If it does not exist, return NULL.
- */
-static struct ref_entry *get_packed_ref(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                                       const char *refname)
-{
-       return find_ref_entry(get_packed_refs(refs), refname);
-}
-
-/*
- * A loose ref file doesn't exist; check for a packed ref.
- */
-static int resolve_packed_ref(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                             const char *refname,
-                             unsigned char *sha1, unsigned int *flags)
-{
-       struct ref_entry *entry;
-
-       /*
-        * The loose reference file does not exist; check for a packed
-        * reference.
-        */
-       entry = get_packed_ref(refs, refname);
-       if (entry) {
-               hashcpy(sha1, entry->u.value.oid.hash);
-               *flags |= REF_ISPACKED;
-               return 0;
-       }
-       /* refname is not a packed reference. */
-       return -1;
-}
-
 static int files_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                              const char *refname, unsigned char *sha1,
                              struct strbuf *referent, unsigned int *type)
@@ -612,7 +312,8 @@ static int files_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        if (lstat(path, &st) < 0) {
                if (errno != ENOENT)
                        goto out;
-               if (resolve_packed_ref(refs, refname, sha1, type)) {
+               if (refs_read_raw_ref(refs->packed_ref_store, refname,
+                                     sha1, referent, type)) {
                        errno = ENOENT;
                        goto out;
                }
@@ -651,7 +352,8 @@ static int files_read_raw_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                 * ref is supposed to be, there could still be a
                 * packed ref:
                 */
-               if (resolve_packed_ref(refs, refname, sha1, type)) {
+               if (refs_read_raw_ref(refs->packed_ref_store, refname,
+                                     sha1, referent, type)) {
                        errno = EISDIR;
                        goto out;
                }
@@ -930,11 +632,11 @@ static int lock_raw_ref(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 
                /*
                 * If the ref did not exist and we are creating it,
-                * make sure there is no existing ref that conflicts
-                * with refname:
+                * make sure there is no existing packed ref that
+                * conflicts with refname:
                 */
                if (refs_verify_refname_available(
-                                   &refs->base, refname,
+                                   refs->packed_ref_store, refname,
                                    extras, skip, err))
                        goto error_return;
        }
@@ -981,15 +683,9 @@ static int files_peel_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
         * be expensive and (b) loose references anyway usually do not
         * have REF_KNOWS_PEELED.
         */
-       if (flag & REF_ISPACKED) {
-               struct ref_entry *r = get_packed_ref(refs, refname);
-               if (r) {
-                       if (peel_entry(r, 0))
-                               return -1;
-                       hashcpy(sha1, r->u.value.peeled.hash);
-                       return 0;
-               }
-       }
+       if (flag & REF_ISPACKED &&
+           !refs_peel_ref(refs->packed_ref_store, refname, sha1))
+               return 0;
 
        return peel_object(base, sha1);
 }
@@ -997,7 +693,6 @@ static int files_peel_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 struct files_ref_iterator {
        struct ref_iterator base;
 
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
        struct ref_iterator *iter0;
        unsigned int flags;
 };
@@ -1050,7 +745,6 @@ static int files_ref_iterator_abort(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
        if (iter->iter0)
                ok = ref_iterator_abort(iter->iter0);
 
-       release_packed_ref_cache(iter->packed_ref_cache);
        base_ref_iterator_free(ref_iterator);
        return ok;
 }
@@ -1069,15 +763,12 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_ref_iterator_begin(
        struct ref_iterator *loose_iter, *packed_iter;
        struct files_ref_iterator *iter;
        struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator;
+       unsigned int required_flags = REF_STORE_READ;
 
-       if (ref_paranoia < 0)
-               ref_paranoia = git_env_bool("GIT_REF_PARANOIA", 0);
-       if (ref_paranoia)
-               flags |= DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN;
+       if (!(flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN))
+               required_flags |= REF_STORE_ODB;
 
-       refs = files_downcast(ref_store,
-                             REF_STORE_READ | (ref_paranoia ? 0 : REF_STORE_ODB),
-                             "ref_iterator_begin");
+       refs = files_downcast(ref_store, required_flags, "ref_iterator_begin");
 
        iter = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*iter));
        ref_iterator = &iter->base;
@@ -1095,18 +786,28 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_ref_iterator_begin(
         * (If they've already been read, that's OK; we only need to
         * guarantee that they're read before the packed refs, not
         * *how much* before.) After that, we call
-        * get_packed_ref_cache(), which internally checks whether the
-        * packed-ref cache is up to date with what is on disk, and
-        * re-reads it if not.
+        * packed_ref_iterator_begin(), which internally checks
+        * whether the packed-ref cache is up to date with what is on
+        * disk, and re-reads it if not.
         */
 
        loose_iter = cache_ref_iterator_begin(get_loose_ref_cache(refs),
                                              prefix, 1);
 
-       iter->packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(iter->packed_ref_cache);
-       packed_iter = cache_ref_iterator_begin(iter->packed_ref_cache->cache,
-                                              prefix, 0);
+       /*
+        * The packed-refs file might contain broken references, for
+        * example an old version of a reference that points at an
+        * object that has since been garbage-collected. This is OK as
+        * long as there is a corresponding loose reference that
+        * overrides it, and we don't want to emit an error message in
+        * this case. So ask the packed_ref_store for all of its
+        * references, and (if needed) do our own check for broken
+        * ones in files_ref_iterator_advance(), after we have merged
+        * the packed and loose references.
+        */
+       packed_iter = refs_ref_iterator_begin(
+                       refs->packed_ref_store, prefix, 0,
+                       DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN);
 
        iter->iter0 = overlay_ref_iterator_begin(loose_iter, packed_iter);
        iter->flags = flags;
@@ -1238,7 +939,7 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(struct files_ref_store *refs,
         * our refname.
         */
        if (is_null_oid(&lock->old_oid) &&
-           refs_verify_refname_available(&refs->base, refname,
+           refs_verify_refname_available(refs->packed_ref_store, refname,
                                          extras, skip, err)) {
                last_errno = ENOTDIR;
                goto error_return;
@@ -1270,122 +971,6 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        return lock;
 }
 
-/*
- * Write an entry to the packed-refs file for the specified refname.
- * If peeled is non-NULL, write it as the entry's peeled value.
- */
-static void write_packed_entry(FILE *fh, const char *refname,
-                              const unsigned char *sha1,
-                              const unsigned char *peeled)
-{
-       fprintf_or_die(fh, "%s %s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname);
-       if (peeled)
-               fprintf_or_die(fh, "^%s\n", sha1_to_hex(peeled));
-}
-
-/*
- * Lock the packed-refs file for writing. Flags is passed to
- * hold_lock_file_for_update(). Return 0 on success. On errors, set
- * errno appropriately and return a nonzero value.
- */
-static int lock_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs, int flags)
-{
-       static int timeout_configured = 0;
-       static int timeout_value = 1000;
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache;
-
-       files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_packed_refs");
-
-       if (!timeout_configured) {
-               git_config_get_int("core.packedrefstimeout", &timeout_value);
-               timeout_configured = 1;
-       }
-
-       if (hold_lock_file_for_update_timeout(
-                           &packlock, files_packed_refs_path(refs),
-                           flags, timeout_value) < 0)
-               return -1;
-       /*
-        * Get the current packed-refs while holding the lock.  If the
-        * packed-refs file has been modified since we last read it,
-        * this will automatically invalidate the cache and re-read
-        * the packed-refs file.
-        */
-       packed_ref_cache = get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = &packlock;
-       /* Increment the reference count to prevent it from being freed: */
-       acquire_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Write the current version of the packed refs cache from memory to
- * disk. The packed-refs file must already be locked for writing (see
- * lock_packed_refs()). Return zero on success. On errors, set errno
- * and return a nonzero value
- */
-static int commit_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
-               get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-       int ok, error = 0;
-       int save_errno = 0;
-       FILE *out;
-       struct ref_iterator *iter;
-
-       files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_packed_refs");
-
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
-
-       out = fdopen_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock, "w");
-       if (!out)
-               die_errno("unable to fdopen packed-refs descriptor");
-
-       fprintf_or_die(out, "%s", PACKED_REFS_HEADER);
-
-       iter = cache_ref_iterator_begin(packed_ref_cache->cache, NULL, 0);
-       while ((ok = ref_iterator_advance(iter)) == ITER_OK) {
-               struct object_id peeled;
-               int peel_error = ref_iterator_peel(iter, &peeled);
-
-               write_packed_entry(out, iter->refname, iter->oid->hash,
-                                  peel_error ? NULL : peeled.hash);
-       }
-
-       if (ok != ITER_DONE)
-               die("error while iterating over references");
-
-       if (commit_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock)) {
-               save_errno = errno;
-               error = -1;
-       }
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
-       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       errno = save_errno;
-       return error;
-}
-
-/*
- * Rollback the lockfile for the packed-refs file, and discard the
- * in-memory packed reference cache.  (The packed-refs file will be
- * read anew if it is needed again after this function is called.)
- */
-static void rollback_packed_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs)
-{
-       struct packed_ref_cache *packed_ref_cache =
-               get_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-
-       files_assert_main_repository(refs, "rollback_packed_refs");
-
-       if (!packed_ref_cache->lock)
-               die("internal error: packed-refs not locked");
-       rollback_lock_file(packed_ref_cache->lock);
-       packed_ref_cache->lock = NULL;
-       release_packed_ref_cache(packed_ref_cache);
-       clear_packed_ref_cache(refs);
-}
-
 struct ref_to_prune {
        struct ref_to_prune *next;
        unsigned char sha1[20];
@@ -1476,18 +1061,43 @@ static void prune_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs, struct ref_to_prune *r)
        }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Return true if the specified reference should be packed.
+ */
+static int should_pack_ref(const char *refname,
+                          const struct object_id *oid, unsigned int ref_flags,
+                          unsigned int pack_flags)
+{
+       /* Do not pack per-worktree refs: */
+       if (ref_type(refname) != REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack non-tags unless PACK_REFS_ALL is set: */
+       if (!(pack_flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !starts_with(refname, "refs/tags/"))
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack symbolic refs: */
+       if (ref_flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
+               return 0;
+
+       /* Do not pack broken refs: */
+       if (!ref_resolves_to_object(refname, oid, ref_flags))
+               return 0;
+
+       return 1;
+}
+
 static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE | REF_STORE_ODB,
                               "pack_refs");
        struct ref_iterator *iter;
-       struct ref_dir *packed_refs;
        int ok;
        struct ref_to_prune *refs_to_prune = NULL;
+       struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-       lock_packed_refs(refs, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-       packed_refs = get_packed_refs(refs);
+       packed_refs_lock(refs->packed_ref_store, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR, &err);
 
        iter = cache_ref_iterator_begin(get_loose_ref_cache(refs), NULL, 0);
        while ((ok = ref_iterator_advance(iter)) == ITER_OK) {
@@ -1496,22 +1106,8 @@ static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
                 * in the packed ref cache. If the reference should be
                 * pruned, also add it to refs_to_prune.
                 */
-               struct ref_entry *packed_entry;
-               int is_tag_ref = starts_with(iter->refname, "refs/tags/");
-
-               /* Do not pack per-worktree refs: */
-               if (ref_type(iter->refname) != REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
-                       continue;
-
-               /* ALWAYS pack tags */
-               if (!(flags & PACK_REFS_ALL) && !is_tag_ref)
-                       continue;
-
-               /* Do not pack symbolic or broken refs: */
-               if (iter->flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
-                       continue;
-
-               if (!ref_resolves_to_object(iter->refname, iter->oid, iter->flags))
+               if (!should_pack_ref(iter->refname, iter->oid, iter->flags,
+                                    flags))
                        continue;
 
                /*
@@ -1520,17 +1116,7 @@ static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
                 * we don't copy the peeled status, because we want it
                 * to be re-peeled.
                 */
-               packed_entry = find_ref_entry(packed_refs, iter->refname);
-               if (packed_entry) {
-                       /* Overwrite existing packed entry with info from loose entry */
-                       packed_entry->flag = REF_ISPACKED;
-                       oidcpy(&packed_entry->u.value.oid, iter->oid);
-               } else {
-                       packed_entry = create_ref_entry(iter->refname, iter->oid->hash,
-                                                       REF_ISPACKED, 0);
-                       add_ref_entry(packed_refs, packed_entry);
-               }
-               oidclr(&packed_entry->u.value.peeled);
+               add_packed_ref(refs->packed_ref_store, iter->refname, iter->oid);
 
                /* Schedule the loose reference for pruning if requested. */
                if ((flags & PACK_REFS_PRUNE)) {
@@ -1544,70 +1130,16 @@ static int files_pack_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, unsigned int flags)
        if (ok != ITER_DONE)
                die("error while iterating over references");
 
-       if (commit_packed_refs(refs))
-               die_errno("unable to overwrite old ref-pack file");
+       if (commit_packed_refs(refs->packed_ref_store, &err))
+               die("unable to overwrite old ref-pack file: %s", err.buf);
+       packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
 
        prune_refs(refs, refs_to_prune);
+       strbuf_release(&err);
        return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Rewrite the packed-refs file, omitting any refs listed in
- * 'refnames'. On error, leave packed-refs unchanged, write an error
- * message to 'err', and return a nonzero value.
- *
- * The refs in 'refnames' needn't be sorted. `err` must not be NULL.
- */
-static int repack_without_refs(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                              struct string_list *refnames, struct strbuf *err)
-{
-       struct ref_dir *packed;
-       struct string_list_item *refname;
-       int ret, needs_repacking = 0, removed = 0;
-
-       files_assert_main_repository(refs, "repack_without_refs");
-       assert(err);
-
-       /* Look for a packed ref */
-       for_each_string_list_item(refname, refnames) {
-               if (get_packed_ref(refs, refname->string)) {
-                       needs_repacking = 1;
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-
-       /* Avoid locking if we have nothing to do */
-       if (!needs_repacking)
-               return 0; /* no refname exists in packed refs */
-
-       if (lock_packed_refs(refs, 0)) {
-               unable_to_lock_message(files_packed_refs_path(refs), errno, err);
-               return -1;
-       }
-       packed = get_packed_refs(refs);
-
-       /* Remove refnames from the cache */
-       for_each_string_list_item(refname, refnames)
-               if (remove_entry_from_dir(packed, refname->string) != -1)
-                       removed = 1;
-       if (!removed) {
-               /*
-                * All packed entries disappeared while we were
-                * acquiring the lock.
-                */
-               rollback_packed_refs(refs);
-               return 0;
-       }
-
-       /* Write what remains */
-       ret = commit_packed_refs(refs);
-       if (ret)
-               strbuf_addf(err, "unable to overwrite old ref-pack file: %s",
-                           strerror(errno));
-       return ret;
-}
-
-static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store, const char *msg,
                             struct string_list *refnames, unsigned int flags)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
@@ -1618,34 +1150,41 @@ static int files_delete_refs(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        if (!refnames->nr)
                return 0;
 
-       result = repack_without_refs(refs, refnames, &err);
-       if (result) {
-               /*
-                * If we failed to rewrite the packed-refs file, then
-                * it is unsafe to try to remove loose refs, because
-                * doing so might expose an obsolete packed value for
-                * a reference that might even point at an object that
-                * has been garbage collected.
-                */
-               if (refnames->nr == 1)
-                       error(_("could not delete reference %s: %s"),
-                             refnames->items[0].string, err.buf);
-               else
-                       error(_("could not delete references: %s"), err.buf);
+       if (packed_refs_lock(refs->packed_ref_store, 0, &err))
+               goto error;
 
-               goto out;
+       if (repack_without_refs(refs->packed_ref_store, refnames, &err)) {
+               packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
+               goto error;
        }
 
+       packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
+
        for (i = 0; i < refnames->nr; i++) {
                const char *refname = refnames->items[i].string;
 
-               if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, NULL, refname, NULL, flags))
+               if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, msg, refname, NULL, flags))
                        result |= error(_("could not remove reference %s"), refname);
        }
 
-out:
        strbuf_release(&err);
        return result;
+
+error:
+       /*
+        * If we failed to rewrite the packed-refs file, then it is
+        * unsafe to try to remove loose refs, because doing so might
+        * expose an obsolete packed value for a reference that might
+        * even point at an object that has been garbage collected.
+        */
+       if (refnames->nr == 1)
+               error(_("could not delete reference %s: %s"),
+                     refnames->items[0].string, err.buf);
+       else
+               error(_("could not delete references: %s"), err.buf);
+
+       strbuf_release(&err);
+       return -1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1709,10 +1248,10 @@ static int rename_tmp_log(struct files_ref_store *refs, const char *newrefname)
 }
 
 static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
-                                const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *err);
+                                const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *err);
 static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                             struct ref_lock *lock,
-                            const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg,
+                            const struct object_id *oid, const char *logmsg,
                             struct strbuf *err);
 
 static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
@@ -1721,7 +1260,7 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE, "rename_ref");
-       unsigned char sha1[20], orig_sha1[20];
+       struct object_id oid, orig_oid;
        int flag = 0, logmoved = 0;
        struct ref_lock *lock;
        struct stat loginfo;
@@ -1743,7 +1282,7 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
        if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base, oldrefname,
                                     RESOLVE_REF_READING | RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE,
-                               orig_sha1, &flag)) {
+                               orig_oid.hash, &flag)) {
                ret = error("refname %s not found", oldrefname);
                goto out;
        }
@@ -1765,21 +1304,21 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        }
 
        if (refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, logmsg, oldrefname,
-                           orig_sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
+                           orig_oid.hash, REF_NODEREF)) {
                error("unable to delete old %s", oldrefname);
                goto rollback;
        }
 
        /*
-        * Since we are doing a shallow lookup, sha1 is not the
-        * correct value to pass to delete_ref as old_sha1. But that
-        * doesn't matter, because an old_sha1 check wouldn't add to
+        * Since we are doing a shallow lookup, oid is not the
+        * correct value to pass to delete_ref as old_oid. But that
+        * doesn't matter, because an old_oid check wouldn't add to
         * the safety anyway; we want to delete the reference whatever
         * its current value.
         */
        if (!refs_read_ref_full(&refs->base, newrefname,
                                RESOLVE_REF_READING | RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE,
-                               sha1, NULL) &&
+                               oid.hash, NULL) &&
            refs_delete_ref(&refs->base, NULL, newrefname,
                            NULL, REF_NODEREF)) {
                if (errno == EISDIR) {
@@ -1812,10 +1351,10 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                strbuf_release(&err);
                goto rollback;
        }
-       hashcpy(lock->old_oid.hash, orig_sha1);
+       oidcpy(&lock->old_oid, &orig_oid);
 
-       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1, &err) ||
-           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, orig_sha1, logmsg, &err)) {
+       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &orig_oid, &err) ||
+           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, &orig_oid, logmsg, &err)) {
                error("unable to write current sha1 into %s: %s", newrefname, err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
                goto rollback;
@@ -1835,8 +1374,8 @@ static int files_rename_ref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
        flag = log_all_ref_updates;
        log_all_ref_updates = LOG_REFS_NONE;
-       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1, &err) ||
-           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, orig_sha1, NULL, &err)) {
+       if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &orig_oid, &err) ||
+           commit_ref_update(refs, lock, &orig_oid, NULL, &err)) {
                error("unable to write current sha1 into %s: %s", oldrefname, err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
        }
@@ -1986,8 +1525,8 @@ static int files_create_reflog(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                           const unsigned char *new_sha1,
+static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const struct object_id *old_oid,
+                           const struct object_id *new_oid,
                            const char *committer, const char *msg)
 {
        int msglen, written;
@@ -1998,8 +1537,8 @@ static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
        maxlen = strlen(committer) + msglen + 100;
        logrec = xmalloc(maxlen);
        len = xsnprintf(logrec, maxlen, "%s %s %s\n",
-                       sha1_to_hex(old_sha1),
-                       sha1_to_hex(new_sha1),
+                       oid_to_hex(old_oid),
+                       oid_to_hex(new_oid),
                        committer);
        if (msglen)
                len += copy_reflog_msg(logrec + len - 1, msg) - 1;
@@ -2013,8 +1552,8 @@ static int log_ref_write_fd(int fd, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
 }
 
 static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-                              const char *refname, const unsigned char *old_sha1,
-                              const unsigned char *new_sha1, const char *msg,
+                              const char *refname, const struct object_id *old_oid,
+                              const struct object_id *new_oid, const char *msg,
                               int flags, struct strbuf *err)
 {
        int logfd, result;
@@ -2031,7 +1570,7 @@ static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 
        if (logfd < 0)
                return 0;
-       result = log_ref_write_fd(logfd, old_sha1, new_sha1,
+       result = log_ref_write_fd(logfd, old_oid, new_oid,
                                  git_committer_info(0), msg);
        if (result) {
                struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -2063,29 +1602,29 @@ static int files_log_ref_write(struct files_ref_store *refs,
  * return -1.
  */
 static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
-                                const unsigned char *sha1, struct strbuf *err)
+                                const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *err)
 {
        static char term = '\n';
        struct object *o;
        int fd;
 
-       o = parse_object(sha1);
+       o = parse_object(oid);
        if (!o) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
                            "trying to write ref '%s' with nonexistent object %s",
-                           lock->ref_name, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+                           lock->ref_name, oid_to_hex(oid));
                unlock_ref(lock);
                return -1;
        }
        if (o->type != OBJ_COMMIT && is_branch(lock->ref_name)) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
                            "trying to write non-commit object %s to branch '%s'",
-                           sha1_to_hex(sha1), lock->ref_name);
+                           oid_to_hex(oid), lock->ref_name);
                unlock_ref(lock);
                return -1;
        }
        fd = get_lock_file_fd(lock->lk);
-       if (write_in_full(fd, sha1_to_hex(sha1), 40) != 40 ||
+       if (write_in_full(fd, oid_to_hex(oid), GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ) != GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ ||
            write_in_full(fd, &term, 1) != 1 ||
            close_ref(lock) < 0) {
                strbuf_addf(err,
@@ -2103,14 +1642,14 @@ static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
  */
 static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                             struct ref_lock *lock,
-                            const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg,
+                            const struct object_id *oid, const char *logmsg,
                             struct strbuf *err)
 {
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "commit_ref_update");
 
        clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
        if (files_log_ref_write(refs, lock->ref_name,
-                               lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+                               &lock->old_oid, oid,
                                logmsg, 0, err)) {
                char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot update the ref '%s': %s",
@@ -2133,18 +1672,18 @@ static int commit_ref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                 * check with HEAD only which should cover 99% of all usage
                 * scenarios (even 100% of the default ones).
                 */
-               unsigned char head_sha1[20];
+               struct object_id head_oid;
                int head_flag;
                const char *head_ref;
 
                head_ref = refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base, "HEAD",
                                                   RESOLVE_REF_READING,
-                                                  head_sha1, &head_flag);
+                                                  head_oid.hash, &head_flag);
                if (head_ref && (head_flag & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
                    !strcmp(head_ref, lock->ref_name)) {
                        struct strbuf log_err = STRBUF_INIT;
                        if (files_log_ref_write(refs, "HEAD",
-                                               lock->old_oid.hash, sha1,
+                                               &lock->old_oid, oid,
                                                logmsg, 0, &log_err)) {
                                error("%s", log_err.buf);
                                strbuf_release(&log_err);
@@ -2182,12 +1721,12 @@ static void update_symref_reflog(struct files_ref_store *refs,
                                 const char *target, const char *logmsg)
 {
        struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
-       unsigned char new_sha1[20];
+       struct object_id new_oid;
        if (logmsg &&
            !refs_read_ref_full(&refs->base, target,
-                               RESOLVE_REF_READING, new_sha1, NULL) &&
-           files_log_ref_write(refs, refname, lock->old_oid.hash,
-                               new_sha1, logmsg, 0, &err)) {
+                               RESOLVE_REF_READING, new_oid.hash, NULL) &&
+           files_log_ref_write(refs, refname, &lock->old_oid,
+                               &new_oid, logmsg, 0, &err)) {
                error("%s", err.buf);
                strbuf_release(&err);
        }
@@ -2240,50 +1779,6 @@ static int files_create_symref(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        return ret;
 }
 
-int set_worktree_head_symref(const char *gitdir, const char *target, const char *logmsg)
-{
-       /*
-        * FIXME: this obviously will not work well for future refs
-        * backends. This function needs to die.
-        */
-       struct files_ref_store *refs =
-               files_downcast(get_main_ref_store(),
-                              REF_STORE_WRITE,
-                              "set_head_symref");
-
-       static struct lock_file head_lock;
-       struct ref_lock *lock;
-       struct strbuf head_path = STRBUF_INIT;
-       const char *head_rel;
-       int ret;
-
-       strbuf_addf(&head_path, "%s/HEAD", absolute_path(gitdir));
-       if (hold_lock_file_for_update(&head_lock, head_path.buf,
-                                     LOCK_NO_DEREF) < 0) {
-               struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
-               unable_to_lock_message(head_path.buf, errno, &err);
-               error("%s", err.buf);
-               strbuf_release(&err);
-               strbuf_release(&head_path);
-               return -1;
-       }
-
-       /* head_rel will be "HEAD" for the main tree, "worktrees/wt/HEAD" for
-          linked trees */
-       head_rel = remove_leading_path(head_path.buf,
-                                      absolute_path(get_git_common_dir()));
-       /* to make use of create_symref_locked(), initialize ref_lock */
-       lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
-       lock->lk = &head_lock;
-       lock->ref_name = xstrdup(head_rel);
-
-       ret = create_symref_locked(refs, lock, head_rel, target, logmsg);
-
-       unlock_ref(lock); /* will free lock */
-       strbuf_release(&head_path);
-       return ret;
-}
-
 static int files_reflog_exists(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                               const char *refname)
 {
@@ -2317,7 +1812,7 @@ static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *c
 {
        struct object_id ooid, noid;
        char *email_end, *message;
-       unsigned long timestamp;
+       timestamp_t timestamp;
        int tz;
        const char *p = sb->buf;
 
@@ -2327,7 +1822,7 @@ static int show_one_reflog_ent(struct strbuf *sb, each_reflog_ent_fn fn, void *c
            parse_oid_hex(p, &noid, &p) || *p++ != ' ' ||
            !(email_end = strchr(p, '>')) ||
            email_end[1] != ' ' ||
-           !(timestamp = strtoul(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
+           !(timestamp = parse_timestamp(email_end + 2, &message, 10)) ||
            !message || message[0] != ' ' ||
            (message[1] != '+' && message[1] != '-') ||
            !isdigit(message[2]) || !isdigit(message[3]) ||
@@ -2577,23 +2072,6 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_reflog_iterator_begin(struct ref_store *ref_st
        return ref_iterator;
 }
 
-static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct string_list *refnames,
-                                       struct strbuf *err)
-{
-       int i, n = refnames->nr;
-
-       assert(err);
-
-       for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
-               if (!strcmp(refnames->items[i - 1].string, refnames->items[i].string)) {
-                       strbuf_addf(err,
-                                   "multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.",
-                                   refnames->items[i].string);
-                       return 1;
-               }
-       return 0;
-}
-
 /*
  * If update is a direct update of head_ref (the reference pointed to
  * by HEAD), then add an extra REF_LOG_ONLY update for HEAD.
@@ -2633,7 +2111,7 @@ static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
        new_update = ref_transaction_add_update(
                        transaction, "HEAD",
                        update->flags | REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NODEREF,
-                       update->new_sha1, update->old_sha1,
+                       update->new_oid.hash, update->old_oid.hash,
                        update->msg);
 
        item->util = new_update;
@@ -2690,7 +2168,7 @@ static int split_symref_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 
        new_update = ref_transaction_add_update(
                        transaction, referent, new_flags,
-                       update->new_sha1, update->old_sha1,
+                       update->new_oid.hash, update->old_oid.hash,
                        update->msg);
 
        new_update->parent_update = update;
@@ -2729,10 +2207,10 @@ static int check_old_oid(struct ref_update *update, struct object_id *oid,
                         struct strbuf *err)
 {
        if (!(update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) ||
-                  !hashcmp(oid->hash, update->old_sha1))
+                  !oidcmp(oid, &update->old_oid))
                return 0;
 
-       if (is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1))
+       if (is_null_oid(&update->old_oid))
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "reference already exists",
                            original_update_refname(update));
@@ -2740,13 +2218,13 @@ static int check_old_oid(struct ref_update *update, struct object_id *oid,
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "reference is missing but expected %s",
                            original_update_refname(update),
-                           sha1_to_hex(update->old_sha1));
+                           oid_to_hex(&update->old_oid));
        else
                strbuf_addf(err, "cannot lock ref '%s': "
                            "is at %s but expected %s",
                            original_update_refname(update),
                            oid_to_hex(oid),
-                           sha1_to_hex(update->old_sha1));
+                           oid_to_hex(&update->old_oid));
 
        return -1;
 }
@@ -2773,13 +2251,13 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 {
        struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT;
        int mustexist = (update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) &&
-               !is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1);
+               !is_null_oid(&update->old_oid);
        int ret;
        struct ref_lock *lock;
 
        files_assert_main_repository(refs, "lock_ref_for_update");
 
-       if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
+       if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_oid(&update->new_oid))
                update->flags |= REF_DELETING;
 
        if (head_ref) {
@@ -2861,12 +2339,12 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
            !(update->flags & REF_DELETING) &&
            !(update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY)) {
                if (!(update->type & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
-                   !hashcmp(lock->old_oid.hash, update->new_sha1)) {
+                   !oidcmp(&lock->old_oid, &update->new_oid)) {
                        /*
                         * The reference already has the desired
                         * value, so we don't need to write it.
                         */
-               } else if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, update->new_sha1,
+               } else if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, &update->new_oid,
                                                 err)) {
                        char *write_err = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
 
@@ -2899,31 +2377,45 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
-                                   struct ref_transaction *transaction,
-                                   struct strbuf *err)
+/*
+ * Unlock any references in `transaction` that are still locked, and
+ * mark the transaction closed.
+ */
+static void files_transaction_cleanup(struct ref_transaction *transaction)
+{
+       size_t i;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
+               struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
+               struct ref_lock *lock = update->backend_data;
+
+               if (lock) {
+                       unlock_ref(lock);
+                       update->backend_data = NULL;
+               }
+       }
+
+       transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+}
+
+static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                    struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                    struct strbuf *err)
 {
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE,
-                              "ref_transaction_commit");
-       int ret = 0, i;
-       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
-       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+                              "ref_transaction_prepare");
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
        struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
        char *head_ref = NULL;
        int head_type;
        struct object_id head_oid;
-       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
        assert(err);
 
-       if (transaction->state != REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN)
-               die("BUG: commit called for transaction that is not open");
-
-       if (!transaction->nr) {
-               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
-               return 0;
-       }
+       if (!transaction->nr)
+               goto cleanup;
 
        /*
         * Fail if a refname appears more than once in the
@@ -2973,8 +2465,7 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                                       head_oid.hash, &head_type);
 
        if (head_ref && !(head_type & REF_ISSYMREF)) {
-               free(head_ref);
-               head_ref = NULL;
+               FREE_AND_NULL(head_ref);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -2982,6 +2473,8 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
         * that new values are valid, and write new values to the
         * lockfiles, ready to be activated. Only keep one lockfile
         * open at a time to avoid running out of file descriptors.
+        * Note that lock_ref_for_update() might append more updates
+        * to the transaction.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
@@ -2989,7 +2482,38 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                ret = lock_ref_for_update(refs, update, transaction,
                                          head_ref, &affected_refnames, err);
                if (ret)
-                       goto cleanup;
+                       break;
+       }
+
+cleanup:
+       free(head_ref);
+       string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
+
+       if (ret)
+               files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
+       else
+               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED;
+
+       return ret;
+}
+
+static int files_transaction_finish(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                   struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                   struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       struct files_ref_store *refs =
+               files_downcast(ref_store, 0, "ref_transaction_finish");
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
+       struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+       struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+       assert(err);
+
+       if (!transaction->nr) {
+               transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+               return 0;
        }
 
        /* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
@@ -3001,8 +2525,8 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                    update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY) {
                        if (files_log_ref_write(refs,
                                                lock->ref_name,
-                                               lock->old_oid.hash,
-                                               update->new_sha1,
+                                               &lock->old_oid,
+                                               &update->new_oid,
                                                update->msg, update->flags,
                                                err)) {
                                char *old_msg = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
@@ -3052,11 +2576,19 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                }
        }
 
-       if (repack_without_refs(refs, &refs_to_delete, err)) {
+       if (packed_refs_lock(refs->packed_ref_store, 0, err)) {
                ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
                goto cleanup;
        }
 
+       if (repack_without_refs(refs->packed_ref_store, &refs_to_delete, err)) {
+               ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
+               packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
+               goto cleanup;
+       }
+
+       packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
+
        /* Delete the reflogs of any references that were deleted: */
        for_each_string_list_item(ref_to_delete, &refs_to_delete) {
                strbuf_reset(&sb);
@@ -3069,15 +2601,10 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        clear_loose_ref_cache(refs);
 
 cleanup:
-       strbuf_release(&sb);
-       transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
+       files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
 
        for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
-               struct ref_lock *lock = update->backend_data;
-
-               if (lock)
-                       unlock_ref(lock);
 
                if (update->flags & REF_DELETED_LOOSE) {
                        /*
@@ -3091,13 +2618,19 @@ static int files_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                }
        }
 
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
        string_list_clear(&refs_to_delete, 0);
-       free(head_ref);
-       string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
-
        return ret;
 }
 
+static int files_transaction_abort(struct ref_store *ref_store,
+                                  struct ref_transaction *transaction,
+                                  struct strbuf *err)
+{
+       files_transaction_cleanup(transaction);
+       return 0;
+}
+
 static int ref_present(const char *refname,
                       const struct object_id *oid, int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
@@ -3113,7 +2646,8 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        struct files_ref_store *refs =
                files_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE,
                               "initial_ref_transaction_commit");
-       int ret = 0, i;
+       size_t i;
+       int ret = 0;
        struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 
        assert(err);
@@ -3151,7 +2685,7 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
 
                if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) &&
-                   !is_null_sha1(update->old_sha1))
+                   !is_null_oid(&update->old_oid))
                        die("BUG: initial ref transaction with old_sha1 set");
                if (refs_verify_refname_available(&refs->base, update->refname,
                                                  &affected_refnames, NULL,
@@ -3161,9 +2695,7 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                }
        }
 
-       if (lock_packed_refs(refs, 0)) {
-               strbuf_addf(err, "unable to lock packed-refs file: %s",
-                           strerror(errno));
+       if (packed_refs_lock(refs->packed_ref_store, 0, err)) {
                ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
                goto cleanup;
        }
@@ -3172,18 +2704,18 @@ static int files_initial_transaction_commit(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
 
                if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) &&
-                   !is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
-                       add_packed_ref(refs, update->refname, update->new_sha1);
+                   !is_null_oid(&update->new_oid))
+                       add_packed_ref(refs->packed_ref_store, update->refname,
+                                      &update->new_oid);
        }
 
-       if (commit_packed_refs(refs)) {
-               strbuf_addf(err, "unable to commit packed-refs file: %s",
-                           strerror(errno));
+       if (commit_packed_refs(refs->packed_ref_store, err)) {
                ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
                goto cleanup;
        }
 
 cleanup:
+       packed_refs_unlock(refs->packed_ref_store);
        transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_CLOSED;
        string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
        return ret;
@@ -3198,7 +2730,7 @@ struct expire_reflog_cb {
 };
 
 static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
-                            const char *email, unsigned long timestamp, int tz,
+                            const char *email, timestamp_t timestamp, int tz,
                             const char *message, void *cb_data)
 {
        struct expire_reflog_cb *cb = cb_data;
@@ -3207,7 +2739,7 @@ static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
        if (cb->flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_REWRITE)
                ooid = &cb->last_kept_oid;
 
-       if ((*cb->should_prune_fn)(ooid->hash, noid->hash, email, timestamp, tz,
+       if ((*cb->should_prune_fn)(ooid, noid, email, timestamp, tz,
                                   message, policy_cb)) {
                if (!cb->newlog)
                        printf("would prune %s", message);
@@ -3215,7 +2747,7 @@ static int expire_reflog_ent(struct object_id *ooid, struct object_id *noid,
                        printf("prune %s", message);
        } else {
                if (cb->newlog) {
-                       fprintf(cb->newlog, "%s %s %s %lu %+05d\t%s",
+                       fprintf(cb->newlog, "%s %s %s %"PRItime" %+05d\t%s",
                                oid_to_hex(ooid), oid_to_hex(noid),
                                email, timestamp, tz, message);
                        oidcpy(&cb->last_kept_oid, noid);
@@ -3244,6 +2776,7 @@ static int files_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *ref_store,
        int status = 0;
        int type;
        struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct object_id oid;
 
        memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
        cb.flags = flags;
@@ -3293,7 +2826,9 @@ static int files_reflog_expire(struct ref_store *ref_store,
                }
        }
 
-       (*prepare_fn)(refname, sha1, cb.policy_cb);
+       hashcpy(oid.hash, sha1);
+
+       (*prepare_fn)(refname, &oid, cb.policy_cb);
        refs_for_each_reflog_ent(ref_store, refname, expire_reflog_ent, &cb);
        (*cleanup_fn)(cb.policy_cb);
 
@@ -3363,7 +2898,9 @@ struct ref_storage_be refs_be_files = {
        "files",
        files_ref_store_create,
        files_init_db,
-       files_transaction_commit,
+       files_transaction_prepare,
+       files_transaction_finish,
+       files_transaction_abort,
        files_initial_transaction_commit,
 
        files_pack_refs,