-<number>::
-n <number>::
--max-count=<number>::
-
Limit the number of commits to output.
--skip=<number>::
-
Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>::
--after=<date>::
-
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>::
--before=<date>::
-
Show commits older than a specific date.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--max-age=<timestamp>::
--min-age=<timestamp>::
-
Limit the commits output to specified time range.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--author=<pattern>::
--committer=<pattern>::
-
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
expression). With more than one `--author=<pattern>`,
chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`).
--grep-reflog=<pattern>::
-
Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message
error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use.
--grep=<pattern>::
-
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message
if it is part of the log message.
--all-match::
- Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
+ Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`,
instead of ones that match at least one.
-i::
--regexp-ignore-case::
-
- Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
+ Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
+ case.
--basic-regexp::
-
Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
this is the default.
-E::
--extended-regexp::
-
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F::
--fixed-strings::
-
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
pattern as a regular expression).
--perl-regexp::
-
- Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regexp.
+ Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions.
Requires libpcre to be compiled in.
--remove-empty::
-
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges::
-
Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`.
--no-merges::
-
Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`.
--max-parents=<number>::
--no-min-parents::
--no-max-parents::
-
Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`,
`--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`. `--max-parents=0`
brought in to your history by such a merge.
--not::
-
Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof)
- for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'.
+ for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`.
--all::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/` are listed on the
command line as '<commit>'.
--branches[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?',
'{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
--tags[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
--remotes[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
---ignore-missing::
+--exclude=<glob-pattern>::
+ Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`,
+ `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise
+ consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
+ up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or
+ `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear
+ accumlated patterns).
++
+The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or
+`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`,
+respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob`
+or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given
+explicitly.
+
+--ignore-missing::
Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
the bad input was not given.
ifndef::git-rev-list[]
--bisect::
-
Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad`
was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good
bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command
endif::git-rev-list[]
--stdin::
-
In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command
line, read them from the standard input. If a '--' separator is
seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--quiet::
-
Don't print anything to standard output. This form
is primarily meant to allow the caller to
test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout
- to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted.
+ to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--cherry-mark::
-
Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits
with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`.
--cherry-pick::
-
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
- another commit on the "other side" when the set of
+ another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.
+
For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
`--left-right` (see the example below in the description of
-the `--left-right` option). It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
-from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
-from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
+the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were
+cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be
+cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.
--left-only::
--right-only::
-
List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric range,
i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by
`--left-right`.
list.
--cherry::
-
A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to
limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
-g::
--walk-reflogs::
-
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2',
nor 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used).
+
-With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
+With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is
used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as
'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation
-instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is
+instead. Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
-This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'.
+This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`.
See also linkgit:git-reflog[1].
--merge::
-
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary::
-
Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
prefixed with `-`.
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>::
-
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration::
-
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode::
-
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
with the same content)
--full-history::
-
Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
--dense::
-
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
meaningful history.
--sparse::
-
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges::
-
- Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless
+ Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless
merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
commits contributing to this merge.
--ancestry-path::
-
When given a range of commits to display (e.g. 'commit1..commit2'
or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only display commits that exist
directly on the ancestry chain between the 'commit1' and
each merge. The commits are:
* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents
- "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial
+ ``asdf'', and a file `quux` exists with contents ``quux''. Initial
commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
-* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo".
+* In `A`, `foo` contains just ``foo''.
* `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and
hence TREESAME to all parents.
-* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar",
+* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to ``foobar'',
so it is not TREESAME to any parent.
-* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from
- `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
+* `D` sets `foo` to ``baz''. Its merge `O` combines the strings from
+ `N` and `D` to ``foobarbaz''; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
-* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the
- strings to "quux xyzzy". `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`.
+* `E` changes `quux` to ``xyzzy'', and its merge `P` combines the
+ strings to ``quux xyzzy''. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`.
* `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y`
modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and
`Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`.
-'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding
-commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting
-(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings
+`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding
+commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting
+(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings
are available.
Default mode::
-
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
- (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the
+ (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). If the
commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME
parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all
considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an
empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
+
-Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does
+Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting::
-
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
them disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting::
-
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
- (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below).
+ (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below).
+
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten:
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
`-------------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E`
+Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above. Note that `E`
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and
`N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`.
affects inclusion:
--dense::
-
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
to any parent.
--sparse::
-
All commits that are walked are included.
+
-Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if
+Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
sides of the merge are never walked.
--simplify-merges::
-
First, build a history graph in the same way that
- '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above).
+ `--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above).
+
Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final
history according to the following rules:
--
+
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
-'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
+`--full-history` with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
.-A---M---N---O
`---------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-Note the major differences in `N`, `P` and `Q` over '--full-history':
+Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`:
+
--
* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the
Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available:
--ancestry-path::
-
Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry
- chain between the "from" and "to" commits in the given commit
- range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the "to"
- commit, and descendants of the "from" commit.
+ chain between the ``from'' and ``to'' commits in the given commit
+ range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the ``to''
+ commit and descendants of the ``from'' commit.
+
As an example use case, consider the following commit history:
+
A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`,
but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see
what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense
-that "what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`". The result in this
+that ``what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`''. The result in this
example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself,
of course).
+
When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the
bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view
only the subset of 'D..M' that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e.
-excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the '--ancestry-path'
+excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path`
option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-The '\--simplify-by-decoration' option allows you to view only the
+The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the
big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME
(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--bisect::
-
-Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
-included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
-`refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it
-exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are
-added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
-are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if
-
+ Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
+ included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
+ `refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it
+ exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are
+ added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
+ are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if
++
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
++
outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands
-
++
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
$ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
++
would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.
--bisect-vars::
-
-This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in
-`refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs
-text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
-name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
-expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested
-to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if
-`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected
-number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to
-`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
-`bisect_all`.
+ This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in
+ `refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs
+ text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
+ name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
+ expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested
+ to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if
+ `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected
+ number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to
+ `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
+ `bisect_all`.
--bisect-all::
-
-This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
-commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
-commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest
-from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
-`--bisect`.)
+ This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
+ commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
+ commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest
+ from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
+ `--bisect`.)
+
This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
together.
--reverse::
-
Output the commits in reverse order.
- Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'.
+ Cannot be combined with `--walk-reflogs`.
Object Traversal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.
--objects::
-
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
- commits. '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me
+ commits. `--objects foo ^bar` thus means ``send me
all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
- object 'bar', but not 'foo'".
+ object _bar_ but not _foo_''.
--objects-edge::
-
- Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded
- commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by
- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records
+ Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded
+ commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by
+ linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build ``thin'' pack, which records
objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
--unpacked::
-
- Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not
+ Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not
in packs.
--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]::
-
Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
- "unsorted" is given, the commits are show in the order they were
- given on the command line. Otherwise (if "sorted" or no argument
- was given), the commits are show in reverse chronological order
+ `unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
+ given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument
+ was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
by commit time.
--do-walk::
-
- Overrides a previous --no-walk.
+ Overrides a previous `--no-walk`.
Commit Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include::pretty-options.txt[]
--relative-date::
-
Synonym for `--date=relative`.
--date=(relative|local|default|iso|rfc|short|raw)::
-
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
- as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default
- value for log command's --date option.
+ as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default
+ value for the log command's `--date` option.
+
`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
-e.g. "2 hours ago".
+e.g. ``2 hours ago''.
+
-`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
+`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local time zone.
+
`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
+
`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
-format, often found in E-mail messages.
+format, often found in email messages.
+
-`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+
`--date=raw` shows the date in the internal raw Git format `%s %z` format.
+
-`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone
+`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original time zone
(either committer's or author's).
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--header::
-
Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
separated with a NUL character.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--parents::
-
Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent...").
Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
--children::
-
Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child...").
Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--left-right::
-
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from
the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--graph::
-
Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines
to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
+
This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
+
-This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the
-'--date-order' option may also be specified.
+This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the
+`--date-order` option may also be specified.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--count::
Print a number stating how many commits would have been
listed, and suppress all other output. When used together
- with '--left-right', instead print the counts for left and
+ with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and
right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
- '--cherry-mark', omit patch equivalent commits from these
+ `--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these
counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
by a tab.
endif::git-rev-list[]
-
ifndef::git-rev-list[]
Diff Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
+Listed below are options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff
options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options.
-c::
-
With this option, diff output for a merge commit
shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result
simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
which were modified from all parents.
--cc::
-
- This flag implies the '-c' option and further compresses the
+ This flag implies the `-c` option and further compresses the
patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in
the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks
one of them without modification.
-m::
-
This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like
regular commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry
and diff is generated. An exception is that only diff against
- the first parent is shown when '--first-parent' option is given;
+ the first parent is shown when `--first-parent` option is given;
in that case, the output represents the changes the merge
brought _into_ the then-current branch.
-r::
-
Show recursive diffs.
-t::
-
- Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'.
+ Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`.
endif::git-rev-list[]