parse-options API
=================
-Talk about <parse-options.h>
+The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in git
+and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
-(Pierre)
+Basics
+------
+
+The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
+'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'.
+Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
+that allow to change the behavior of a command.
+
+* There are basically three types of options:
+ 'boolean' options,
+ options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
+ options with 'optional arguments'
+ (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
+
+* There are basically two forms of options:
+ 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
+ character.
+ 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`\--`) and some
+ alphanumeric characters.
+
+* Options are case-sensitive.
+ Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
+
+The parse-options API allows:
+
+* 'sticked' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
+ `-oArg` is sticked, `-o Arg` is separate form.
+ `\--option=Arg` is sticked, `\--option Arg` is separate form.
+
+* Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
+ is unambiguous.
+
+* Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
+
+* Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
+ `no-`, e.g. `\--no-abbrev` instead of `\--abbrev`.
+
+* Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `\--`
+ option, e.g. `-a -b \--option \-- \--this-is-a-file` indicates that
+ `\--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
+
+Steps to parse options
+----------------------
+
+. `#include "parse-options.h"`
+
+. define a NULL-terminated
+ `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
+ containing alternative usage strings
+
+. define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
+ in section 'Data Structure'.
+
+. in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
+ call
+
+ argc = parse_options(argc, argv, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
++
+`parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
+non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
+`argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
++
+You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as fourth parameter of
+parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
+option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
+a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
+before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.
++
+Flags are the bitwise-or of:
+
+`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
+ Keep the `\--` that usually separates options from
+ non-option arguments.
+
+`PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
+ Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
+ Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
+ argument.
+
+`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`::
+ Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's
+ removed from argv[] by default.
+
+`PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`::
+ Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't
+ work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
+ it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known`
+ takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is
+ mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if
+ `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in
+ `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a
+ non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
+ the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if
+ both options are set.
+
+`PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`::
+ By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and
+ `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option
+ turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
+ options, or to just leave them unknown.
+
+Data Structure
+--------------
+
+The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
+say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
+There are some macros to easily define options:
+
+`OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
+ Add `\--abbrev[=<n>]`.
+
+`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`::
+ Add `-n, \--dry-run`.
+
+`OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`::
+ Add `-q, \--quiet`.
+
+`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`::
+ Add `-v, \--verbose`.
+
+`OPT_GROUP(description)`::
+ Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
+ describes the group or an empty string.
+ Start the description with an upper-case letter.
+
+`OPT_BOOLEAN(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
+ Introduce a boolean option.
+ `int_var` is incremented on each use.
+
+`OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
+ Introduce a boolean option.
+ If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
+
+`OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
+ Introduce a boolean option.
+ If used, set `int_var` to `integer`.
+
+`OPT_SET_PTR(short, long, &ptr_var, description, ptr)`::
+ Introduce a boolean option.
+ If used, set `ptr_var` to `ptr`.
+
+`OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
+ Introduce an option with string argument.
+ The string argument is put into `str_var`.
+
+`OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
+ Introduce an option with integer argument.
+ The integer is put into `int_var`.
+
+`OPT_DATE(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
+ Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`.
+ The timestamp is put into `int_var`.
+
+`OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
+ Introduce an option with argument.
+ The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
+ and the result will be put into `var`.
+ See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
+
+`OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
+ Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
+
+
+The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
+
+If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
+
+* `short` is a character for the short option
+ (e.g. `\'e\'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
+
+* `long` is a string for the long option
+ (e.g. `"example"` for `\--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
+
+* `int_var` is an integer variable,
+
+* `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
+
+* `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
+ (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
+ If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
+
+* `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
+ It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
+ omitted at the end.
+
+Option Callbacks
+----------------
+
+The function must be defined in this form:
+
+ int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+
+The callback mechanism is as follows:
+
+* Inside `funct`, the only interesting member of the structure
+ given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`.
+ `\*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
+ use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
+ For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42
+ into an `unsigned long` variable.
+
+* Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
+ value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
+
+* If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
+
+Sophisticated option parsing
+----------------------------
+
+If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
+or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
+that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
+members of the `option` structure manually.
+
+This is not covered in this document, but well documented
+in `parse-options.h` itself.
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+See `test-parse-options.c` and
+`builtin-add.c`,
+`builtin-clone.c`,
+`builtin-commit.c`,
+`builtin-fetch.c`,
+`builtin-fsck.c`,
+`builtin-rm.c`
+for real-world examples.