fetch-pack: eliminate spurious error messages
[gitweb.git] / builtin / apply.c
index 74f47486fed456eb9559113a6884067decbecd4c..156b3ce3b72f51013baacff0a8ffd37ac97e6158 100644 (file)
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "dir.h"
+#include "diff.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
+#include "xdiff-interface.h"
+#include "ll-merge.h"
+#include "rerere.h"
 
 /*
  *  --check turns on checking that the working tree matches the
@@ -45,11 +49,12 @@ static int apply_with_reject;
 static int apply_verbosely;
 static int allow_overlap;
 static int no_add;
+static int threeway;
 static const char *fake_ancestor;
 static int line_termination = '\n';
 static unsigned int p_context = UINT_MAX;
 static const char * const apply_usage[] = {
-       "git apply [options] [<patch>...]",
+       N_("git apply [options] [<patch>...]"),
        NULL
 };
 
@@ -102,7 +107,7 @@ static void parse_whitespace_option(const char *option)
                ws_error_action = correct_ws_error;
                return;
        }
-       die("unrecognized whitespace option '%s'", option);
+       die(_("unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"), option);
 }
 
 static void parse_ignorewhitespace_option(const char *option)
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ static void parse_ignorewhitespace_option(const char *option)
                ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_change;
                return;
        }
-       die("unrecognized whitespace ignore option '%s'", option);
+       die(_("unrecognized whitespace ignore option '%s'"), option);
 }
 
 static void set_default_whitespace_mode(const char *whitespace_option)
@@ -151,9 +156,14 @@ struct fragment {
        unsigned long leading, trailing;
        unsigned long oldpos, oldlines;
        unsigned long newpos, newlines;
+       /*
+        * 'patch' is usually borrowed from buf in apply_patch(),
+        * but some codepaths store an allocated buffer.
+        */
        const char *patch;
+       unsigned free_patch:1,
+               rejected:1;
        int size;
-       int rejected;
        int linenr;
        struct fragment *next;
 };
@@ -186,14 +196,49 @@ struct patch {
        unsigned int is_copy:1;
        unsigned int is_rename:1;
        unsigned int recount:1;
+       unsigned int conflicted_threeway:1;
+       unsigned int direct_to_threeway:1;
        struct fragment *fragments;
        char *result;
        size_t resultsize;
        char old_sha1_prefix[41];
        char new_sha1_prefix[41];
        struct patch *next;
+
+       /* three-way fallback result */
+       unsigned char threeway_stage[3][20];
 };
 
+static void free_fragment_list(struct fragment *list)
+{
+       while (list) {
+               struct fragment *next = list->next;
+               if (list->free_patch)
+                       free((char *)list->patch);
+               free(list);
+               list = next;
+       }
+}
+
+static void free_patch(struct patch *patch)
+{
+       free_fragment_list(patch->fragments);
+       free(patch->def_name);
+       free(patch->old_name);
+       free(patch->new_name);
+       free(patch->result);
+       free(patch);
+}
+
+static void free_patch_list(struct patch *list)
+{
+       while (list) {
+               struct patch *next = list->next;
+               free_patch(list);
+               list = next;
+       }
+}
+
 /*
  * A line in a file, len-bytes long (includes the terminating LF,
  * except for an incomplete line at the end if the file ends with
@@ -249,9 +294,6 @@ static int fuzzy_matchlines(const char *s1, size_t n1,
        const char *last2 = s2 + n2 - 1;
        int result = 0;
 
-       if (n1 < 0 || n2 < 0)
-               return 0;
-
        /* ignore line endings */
        while ((*last1 == '\r') || (*last1 == '\n'))
                last1--;
@@ -303,6 +345,11 @@ static void add_line_info(struct image *img, const char *bol, size_t len, unsign
        img->nr++;
 }
 
+/*
+ * "buf" has the file contents to be patched (read from various sources).
+ * attach it to "image" and add line-based index to it.
+ * "image" now owns the "buf".
+ */
 static void prepare_image(struct image *image, char *buf, size_t len,
                          int prepare_linetable)
 {
@@ -332,29 +379,31 @@ static void prepare_image(struct image *image, char *buf, size_t len,
 static void clear_image(struct image *image)
 {
        free(image->buf);
-       image->buf = NULL;
-       image->len = 0;
+       free(image->line_allocated);
+       memset(image, 0, sizeof(*image));
 }
 
-static void say_patch_name(FILE *output, const char *pre,
-                          struct patch *patch, const char *post)
+/* fmt must contain _one_ %s and no other substitution */
+static void say_patch_name(FILE *output, const char *fmt, struct patch *patch)
 {
-       fputs(pre, output);
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
        if (patch->old_name && patch->new_name &&
            strcmp(patch->old_name, patch->new_name)) {
-               quote_c_style(patch->old_name, NULL, output, 0);
-               fputs(" => ", output);
-               quote_c_style(patch->new_name, NULL, output, 0);
+               quote_c_style(patch->old_name, &sb, NULL, 0);
+               strbuf_addstr(&sb, " => ");
+               quote_c_style(patch->new_name, &sb, NULL, 0);
        } else {
                const char *n = patch->new_name;
                if (!n)
                        n = patch->old_name;
-               quote_c_style(n, NULL, output, 0);
+               quote_c_style(n, &sb, NULL, 0);
        }
-       fputs(post, output);
+       fprintf(output, fmt, sb.buf);
+       fputc('\n', output);
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
 }
 
-#define CHUNKSIZE (8192)
 #define SLOP (16)
 
 static void read_patch_file(struct strbuf *sb, int fd)
@@ -417,7 +466,7 @@ static char *squash_slash(char *name)
        return name;
 }
 
-static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, char *def, int p_value)
+static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, const char *def, int p_value)
 {
        struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
        char *cp;
@@ -440,11 +489,7 @@ static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, char *def, int p_value)
                cp++;
        }
 
-       /* name can later be freed, so we need
-        * to memmove, not just return cp
-        */
        strbuf_remove(&name, 0, cp - name.buf);
-       free(def);
        if (root)
                strbuf_insert(&name, 0, root, root_len);
        return squash_slash(strbuf_detach(&name, NULL));
@@ -609,8 +654,13 @@ static size_t diff_timestamp_len(const char *line, size_t len)
        return line + len - end;
 }
 
-static char *find_name_common(const char *line, char *def, int p_value,
-                               const char *end, int terminate)
+static char *null_strdup(const char *s)
+{
+       return s ? xstrdup(s) : NULL;
+}
+
+static char *find_name_common(const char *line, const char *def,
+                             int p_value, const char *end, int terminate)
 {
        int len;
        const char *start = NULL;
@@ -631,10 +681,10 @@ static char *find_name_common(const char *line, char *def, int p_value,
                        start = line;
        }
        if (!start)
-               return squash_slash(def);
+               return squash_slash(null_strdup(def));
        len = line - start;
        if (!len)
-               return squash_slash(def);
+               return squash_slash(null_strdup(def));
 
        /*
         * Generally we prefer the shorter name, especially
@@ -645,8 +695,7 @@ static char *find_name_common(const char *line, char *def, int p_value,
        if (def) {
                int deflen = strlen(def);
                if (deflen < len && !strncmp(start, def, deflen))
-                       return squash_slash(def);
-               free(def);
+                       return squash_slash(xstrdup(def));
        }
 
        if (root) {
@@ -771,7 +820,7 @@ static int has_epoch_timestamp(const char *nameline)
        if (!stamp) {
                stamp = xmalloc(sizeof(*stamp));
                if (regcomp(stamp, stamp_regexp, REG_EXTENDED)) {
-                       warning("Cannot prepare timestamp regexp %s",
+                       warning(_("Cannot prepare timestamp regexp %s"),
                                stamp_regexp);
                        return 0;
                }
@@ -780,7 +829,7 @@ static int has_epoch_timestamp(const char *nameline)
        status = regexec(stamp, timestamp, ARRAY_SIZE(m), m, 0);
        if (status) {
                if (status != REG_NOMATCH)
-                       warning("regexec returned %d for input: %s",
+                       warning(_("regexec returned %d for input: %s"),
                                status, timestamp);
                return 0;
        }
@@ -843,8 +892,10 @@ static void parse_traditional_patch(const char *first, const char *second, struc
                name = find_name_traditional(first, NULL, p_value);
                patch->old_name = name;
        } else {
-               name = find_name_traditional(first, NULL, p_value);
-               name = find_name_traditional(second, name, p_value);
+               char *first_name;
+               first_name = find_name_traditional(first, NULL, p_value);
+               name = find_name_traditional(second, first_name, p_value);
+               free(first_name);
                if (has_epoch_timestamp(first)) {
                        patch->is_new = 1;
                        patch->is_delete = 0;
@@ -854,11 +905,12 @@ static void parse_traditional_patch(const char *first, const char *second, struc
                        patch->is_delete = 1;
                        patch->old_name = name;
                } else {
-                       patch->old_name = patch->new_name = name;
+                       patch->old_name = name;
+                       patch->new_name = xstrdup(name);
                }
        }
        if (!name)
-               die("unable to find filename in patch at line %d", linenr);
+               die(_("unable to find filename in patch at line %d"), linenr);
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_hdrend(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
@@ -875,7 +927,10 @@ static int gitdiff_hdrend(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
  * their names against any previous information, just
  * to make sure..
  */
-static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name, const char *oldnew)
+#define DIFF_OLD_NAME 0
+#define DIFF_NEW_NAME 1
+
+static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name, int side)
 {
        if (!orig_name && !isnull)
                return find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
@@ -887,30 +942,40 @@ static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name,
                name = orig_name;
                len = strlen(name);
                if (isnull)
-                       die("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d", name, linenr);
+                       die(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d"), name, linenr);
                another = find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
                if (!another || memcmp(another, name, len + 1))
-                       die("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent %s filename on line %d", oldnew, linenr);
+                       die((side == DIFF_NEW_NAME) ?
+                           _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent new filename on line %d") :
+                           _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent old filename on line %d"), linenr);
                free(another);
                return orig_name;
        }
        else {
                /* expect "/dev/null" */
                if (memcmp("/dev/null", line, 9) || line[9] != '\n')
-                       die("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d", linenr);
+                       die(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d"), linenr);
                return NULL;
        }
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_oldname(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
-       patch->old_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_new, patch->old_name, "old");
+       char *orig = patch->old_name;
+       patch->old_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_new, patch->old_name,
+                                             DIFF_OLD_NAME);
+       if (orig != patch->old_name)
+               free(orig);
        return 0;
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_newname(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
-       patch->new_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_delete, patch->new_name, "new");
+       char *orig = patch->new_name;
+       patch->new_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_delete, patch->new_name,
+                                             DIFF_NEW_NAME);
+       if (orig != patch->new_name)
+               free(orig);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -929,20 +994,23 @@ static int gitdiff_newmode(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static int gitdiff_delete(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_delete = 1;
-       patch->old_name = patch->def_name;
+       free(patch->old_name);
+       patch->old_name = null_strdup(patch->def_name);
        return gitdiff_oldmode(line, patch);
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_newfile(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_new = 1;
-       patch->new_name = patch->def_name;
+       free(patch->new_name);
+       patch->new_name = null_strdup(patch->def_name);
        return gitdiff_newmode(line, patch);
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_copysrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_copy = 1;
+       free(patch->old_name);
        patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
        return 0;
 }
@@ -950,6 +1018,7 @@ static int gitdiff_copysrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static int gitdiff_copydst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_copy = 1;
+       free(patch->new_name);
        patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
        return 0;
 }
@@ -957,6 +1026,7 @@ static int gitdiff_copydst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static int gitdiff_renamesrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_rename = 1;
+       free(patch->old_name);
        patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
        return 0;
 }
@@ -964,6 +1034,7 @@ static int gitdiff_renamesrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static int gitdiff_renamedst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
        patch->is_rename = 1;
+       free(patch->new_name);
        patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
        return 0;
 }
@@ -1024,15 +1095,23 @@ static int gitdiff_unrecognized(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
        return -1;
 }
 
-static const char *stop_at_slash(const char *line, int llen)
+/*
+ * Skip p_value leading components from "line"; as we do not accept
+ * absolute paths, return NULL in that case.
+ */
+static const char *skip_tree_prefix(const char *line, int llen)
 {
-       int nslash = p_value;
+       int nslash;
        int i;
 
+       if (!p_value)
+               return (llen && line[0] == '/') ? NULL : line;
+
+       nslash = p_value;
        for (i = 0; i < llen; i++) {
                int ch = line[i];
                if (ch == '/' && --nslash <= 0)
-                       return &line[i];
+                       return (i == 0) ? NULL : &line[i + 1];
        }
        return NULL;
 }
@@ -1045,7 +1124,7 @@ static const char *stop_at_slash(const char *line, int llen)
  * creation or deletion of an empty file.  In any of these cases,
  * both sides are the same name under a/ and b/ respectively.
  */
-static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
+static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 {
        const char *name;
        const char *second = NULL;
@@ -1062,12 +1141,11 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                if (unquote_c_style(&first, line, &second))
                        goto free_and_fail1;
 
-               /* advance to the first slash */
-               cp = stop_at_slash(first.buf, first.len);
-               /* we do not accept absolute paths */
-               if (!cp || cp == first.buf)
+               /* strip the a/b prefix including trailing slash */
+               cp = skip_tree_prefix(first.buf, first.len);
+               if (!cp)
                        goto free_and_fail1;
-               strbuf_remove(&first, 0, cp + 1 - first.buf);
+               strbuf_remove(&first, 0, cp - first.buf);
 
                /*
                 * second points at one past closing dq of name.
@@ -1081,22 +1159,21 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                if (*second == '"') {
                        if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
                                goto free_and_fail1;
-                       cp = stop_at_slash(sp.buf, sp.len);
-                       if (!cp || cp == sp.buf)
+                       cp = skip_tree_prefix(sp.buf, sp.len);
+                       if (!cp)
                                goto free_and_fail1;
                        /* They must match, otherwise ignore */
-                       if (strcmp(cp + 1, first.buf))
+                       if (strcmp(cp, first.buf))
                                goto free_and_fail1;
                        strbuf_release(&sp);
                        return strbuf_detach(&first, NULL);
                }
 
                /* unquoted second */
-               cp = stop_at_slash(second, line + llen - second);
-               if (!cp || cp == second)
+               cp = skip_tree_prefix(second, line + llen - second);
+               if (!cp)
                        goto free_and_fail1;
-               cp++;
-               if (line + llen - cp != first.len + 1 ||
+               if (line + llen - cp != first.len ||
                    memcmp(first.buf, cp, first.len))
                        goto free_and_fail1;
                return strbuf_detach(&first, NULL);
@@ -1108,10 +1185,9 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
        }
 
        /* unquoted first name */
-       name = stop_at_slash(line, llen);
-       if (!name || name == line)
+       name = skip_tree_prefix(line, llen);
+       if (!name)
                return NULL;
-       name++;
 
        /*
         * since the first name is unquoted, a dq if exists must be
@@ -1125,10 +1201,9 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                        if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
                                goto free_and_fail2;
 
-                       np = stop_at_slash(sp.buf, sp.len);
-                       if (!np || np == sp.buf)
+                       np = skip_tree_prefix(sp.buf, sp.len);
+                       if (!np)
                                goto free_and_fail2;
-                       np++;
 
                        len = sp.buf + sp.len - np;
                        if (len < second - name &&
@@ -1160,19 +1235,33 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
                case '\n':
                        return NULL;
                case '\t': case ' ':
-                       second = stop_at_slash(name + len, line_len - len);
+                       /*
+                        * Is this the separator between the preimage
+                        * and the postimage pathname?  Again, we are
+                        * only interested in the case where there is
+                        * no rename, as this is only to set def_name
+                        * and a rename patch has the names elsewhere
+                        * in an unambiguous form.
+                        */
+                       if (!name[len + 1])
+                               return NULL; /* no postimage name */
+                       second = skip_tree_prefix(name + len + 1,
+                                                 line_len - (len + 1));
                        if (!second)
                                return NULL;
-                       second++;
-                       if (second[len] == '\n' && !strncmp(name, second, len)) {
+                       /*
+                        * Does len bytes starting at "name" and "second"
+                        * (that are separated by one HT or SP we just
+                        * found) exactly match?
+                        */
+                       if (second[len] == '\n' && !strncmp(name, second, len))
                                return xmemdupz(name, len);
-                       }
                }
        }
 }
 
 /* Verify that we recognize the lines following a git header */
-static int parse_git_header(char *line, int len, unsigned int size, struct patch *patch)
+static int parse_git_header(const char *line, int len, unsigned int size, struct patch *patch)
 {
        unsigned long offset;
 
@@ -1288,7 +1377,7 @@ static int parse_range(const char *line, int len, int offset, const char *expect
        return offset + ex;
 }
 
-static void recount_diff(char *line, int size, struct fragment *fragment)
+static void recount_diff(const char *line, int size, struct fragment *fragment)
 {
        int oldlines = 0, newlines = 0, ret = 0;
 
@@ -1328,7 +1417,7 @@ static void recount_diff(char *line, int size, struct fragment *fragment)
                        break;
                }
                if (ret) {
-                       warning("recount: unexpected line: %.*s",
+                       warning(_("recount: unexpected line: %.*s"),
                                (int)linelen(line, size), line);
                        return;
                }
@@ -1342,7 +1431,7 @@ static void recount_diff(char *line, int size, struct fragment *fragment)
  * Parse a unified diff fragment header of the
  * form "@@ -a,b +c,d @@"
  */
-static int parse_fragment_header(char *line, int len, struct fragment *fragment)
+static int parse_fragment_header(const char *line, int len, struct fragment *fragment)
 {
        int offset;
 
@@ -1356,7 +1445,7 @@ static int parse_fragment_header(char *line, int len, struct fragment *fragment)
        return offset;
 }
 
-static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patch *patch)
+static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patch *patch)
 {
        unsigned long offset, len;
 
@@ -1385,7 +1474,7 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
                        struct fragment dummy;
                        if (parse_fragment_header(line, len, &dummy) < 0)
                                continue;
-                       die("patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s",
+                       die(_("patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s"),
                            linenr, (int)len-1, line);
                }
 
@@ -1402,10 +1491,18 @@ static int find_header(char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patc
                                continue;
                        if (!patch->old_name && !patch->new_name) {
                                if (!patch->def_name)
-                                       die("git diff header lacks filename information when removing "
-                                           "%d leading pathname components (line %d)" , p_value, linenr);
-                               patch->old_name = patch->new_name = patch->def_name;
+                                       die(Q_("git diff header lacks filename information when removing "
+                                              "%d leading pathname component (line %d)",
+                                              "git diff header lacks filename information when removing "
+                                              "%d leading pathname components (line %d)",
+                                              p_value),
+                                           p_value, linenr);
+                               patch->old_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
+                               patch->new_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
                        }
+                       if (!patch->is_delete && !patch->new_name)
+                               die("git diff header lacks filename information "
+                                   "(line %d)", linenr);
                        patch->is_toplevel_relative = 1;
                        *hdrsize = git_hdr_len;
                        return offset;
@@ -1464,7 +1561,7 @@ static void check_whitespace(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule)
  * between a "---" that is part of a patch, and a "---" that starts
  * the next patch is to look at the line counts..
  */
-static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size,
+static int parse_fragment(const char *line, unsigned long size,
                          struct patch *patch, struct fragment *fragment)
 {
        int added, deleted;
@@ -1554,13 +1651,21 @@ static int parse_fragment(char *line, unsigned long size,
        patch->lines_deleted += deleted;
 
        if (0 < patch->is_new && oldlines)
-               return error("new file depends on old contents");
+               return error(_("new file depends on old contents"));
        if (0 < patch->is_delete && newlines)
-               return error("deleted file still has contents");
+               return error(_("deleted file still has contents"));
        return offset;
 }
 
-static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+/*
+ * We have seen "diff --git a/... b/..." header (or a traditional patch
+ * header).  Read hunks that belong to this patch into fragments and hang
+ * them to the given patch structure.
+ *
+ * The (fragment->patch, fragment->size) pair points into the memory given
+ * by the caller, not a copy, when we return.
+ */
+static int parse_single_patch(const char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 {
        unsigned long offset = 0;
        unsigned long oldlines = 0, newlines = 0, context = 0;
@@ -1574,7 +1679,7 @@ static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patc
                fragment->linenr = linenr;
                len = parse_fragment(line, size, patch, fragment);
                if (len <= 0)
-                       die("corrupt patch at line %d", linenr);
+                       die(_("corrupt patch at line %d"), linenr);
                fragment->patch = line;
                fragment->size = len;
                oldlines += fragment->oldlines;
@@ -1610,12 +1715,14 @@ static int parse_single_patch(char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patc
                patch->is_delete = 0;
 
        if (0 < patch->is_new && oldlines)
-               die("new file %s depends on old contents", patch->new_name);
+               die(_("new file %s depends on old contents"), patch->new_name);
        if (0 < patch->is_delete && newlines)
-               die("deleted file %s still has contents", patch->old_name);
+               die(_("deleted file %s still has contents"), patch->old_name);
        if (!patch->is_delete && !newlines && context)
-               fprintf(stderr, "** warning: file %s becomes empty but "
-                       "is not deleted\n", patch->new_name);
+               fprintf_ln(stderr,
+                          _("** warning: "
+                            "file %s becomes empty but is not deleted"),
+                          patch->new_name);
 
        return offset;
 }
@@ -1653,6 +1760,11 @@ static char *inflate_it(const void *data, unsigned long size,
        return out;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Read a binary hunk and return a new fragment; fragment->patch
+ * points at an allocated memory that the caller must free, so
+ * it is marked as "->free_patch = 1".
+ */
 static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
                                          unsigned long *sz_p,
                                          int *status_p,
@@ -1740,6 +1852,7 @@ static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
 
        frag = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*frag));
        frag->patch = inflate_it(data, hunk_size, origlen);
+       frag->free_patch = 1;
        if (!frag->patch)
                goto corrupt;
        free(data);
@@ -1753,7 +1866,7 @@ static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
  corrupt:
        free(data);
        *status_p = -1;
-       error("corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s",
+       error(_("corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s"),
              linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
        return NULL;
 }
@@ -1782,7 +1895,7 @@ static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
        forward = parse_binary_hunk(&buffer, &size, &status, &used);
        if (!forward && !status)
                /* there has to be one hunk (forward hunk) */
-               return error("unrecognized binary patch at line %d", linenr-1);
+               return error(_("unrecognized binary patch at line %d"), linenr-1);
        if (status)
                /* otherwise we already gave an error message */
                return status;
@@ -1805,6 +1918,13 @@ static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
        return used;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Read the patch text in "buffer" taht extends for "size" bytes; stop
+ * reading after seeing a single patch (i.e. changes to a single file).
+ * Create fragments (i.e. patch hunks) and hang them to the given patch.
+ * Return the number of bytes consumed, so that the caller can call us
+ * again for the next patch.
+ */
 static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 {
        int hdrsize, patchsize;
@@ -1861,7 +1981,7 @@ static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
                 */
                if ((apply || check) &&
                    (!patch->is_binary && !metadata_changes(patch)))
-                       die("patch with only garbage at line %d", linenr);
+                       die(_("patch with only garbage at line %d"), linenr);
        }
 
        return offset + hdrsize + patchsize;
@@ -1951,11 +2071,11 @@ static int read_old_data(struct stat *st, const char *path, struct strbuf *buf)
        switch (st->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
        case S_IFLNK:
                if (strbuf_readlink(buf, path, st->st_size) < 0)
-                       return error("unable to read symlink %s", path);
+                       return error(_("unable to read symlink %s"), path);
                return 0;
        case S_IFREG:
                if (strbuf_read_file(buf, path, st->st_size) != st->st_size)
-                       return error("unable to open or read %s", path);
+                       return error(_("unable to open or read %s"), path);
                convert_to_git(path, buf->buf, buf->len, buf, 0);
                return 0;
        default:
@@ -2026,7 +2146,7 @@ static void update_pre_post_images(struct image *preimage,
                        ctx++;
                }
                if (preimage->nr <= ctx)
-                       die("oops");
+                       die(_("oops"));
 
                /* and copy it in, while fixing the line length */
                len = preimage->line[ctx].len;
@@ -2365,6 +2485,11 @@ static void remove_last_line(struct image *img)
        img->len -= img->line[--img->nr].len;
 }
 
+/*
+ * The change from "preimage" and "postimage" has been found to
+ * apply at applied_pos (counts in line numbers) in "img".
+ * Update "img" to remove "preimage" and replace it with "postimage".
+ */
 static void update_image(struct image *img,
                         int applied_pos,
                         struct image *preimage,
@@ -2436,6 +2561,11 @@ static void update_image(struct image *img,
        img->nr = nr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Use the patch-hunk text in "frag" to prepare two images (preimage and
+ * postimage) for the hunk.  Find lines that match "preimage" in "img" and
+ * replace the part of "img" with "postimage" text.
+ */
 static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
                              int inaccurate_eof, unsigned ws_rule,
                              int nth_fragment)
@@ -2446,6 +2576,8 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
        char *old, *oldlines;
        struct strbuf newlines;
        int new_blank_lines_at_end = 0;
+       int found_new_blank_lines_at_end = 0;
+       int hunk_linenr = frag->linenr;
        unsigned long leading, trailing;
        int pos, applied_pos;
        struct image preimage;
@@ -2536,17 +2668,21 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
                        break;
                default:
                        if (apply_verbosely)
-                               error("invalid start of line: '%c'", first);
+                               error(_("invalid start of line: '%c'"), first);
                        return -1;
                }
-               if (added_blank_line)
+               if (added_blank_line) {
+                       if (!new_blank_lines_at_end)
+                               found_new_blank_lines_at_end = hunk_linenr;
                        new_blank_lines_at_end++;
+               }
                else if (is_blank_context)
                        ;
                else
                        new_blank_lines_at_end = 0;
                patch += len;
                size -= len;
+               hunk_linenr++;
        }
        if (inaccurate_eof &&
            old > oldlines && old[-1] == '\n' &&
@@ -2628,7 +2764,8 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
                    preimage.nr + applied_pos >= img->nr &&
                    (ws_rule & WS_BLANK_AT_EOF) &&
                    ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error) {
-                       record_ws_error(WS_BLANK_AT_EOF, "+", 1, frag->linenr);
+                       record_ws_error(WS_BLANK_AT_EOF, "+", 1,
+                                       found_new_blank_lines_at_end);
                        if (ws_error_action == correct_ws_error) {
                                while (new_blank_lines_at_end--)
                                        remove_last_line(&postimage);
@@ -2648,9 +2785,11 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
                        int offset = applied_pos - pos;
                        if (apply_in_reverse)
                                offset = 0 - offset;
-                       fprintf(stderr,
-                               "Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d lines).\n",
-                               nth_fragment, applied_pos + 1, offset);
+                       fprintf_ln(stderr,
+                                  Q_("Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d line).",
+                                     "Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d lines).",
+                                     offset),
+                                  nth_fragment, applied_pos + 1, offset);
                }
 
                /*
@@ -2659,13 +2798,13 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
                 */
                if ((leading != frag->leading) ||
                    (trailing != frag->trailing))
-                       fprintf(stderr, "Context reduced to (%ld/%ld)"
-                               " to apply fragment at %d\n",
-                               leading, trailing, applied_pos+1);
+                       fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Context reduced to (%ld/%ld)"
+                                            " to apply fragment at %d"),
+                                  leading, trailing, applied_pos+1);
                update_image(img, applied_pos, &preimage, &postimage);
        } else {
                if (apply_verbosely)
-                       error("while searching for:\n%.*s",
+                       error(_("while searching for:\n%.*s"),
                              (int)(old - oldlines), oldlines);
        }
 
@@ -2684,7 +2823,7 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
        void *dst;
 
        if (!fragment)
-               return error("missing binary patch data for '%s'",
+               return error(_("missing binary patch data for '%s'"),
                             patch->new_name ?
                             patch->new_name :
                             patch->old_name);
@@ -2719,6 +2858,12 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
        return -1;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Replace "img" with the result of applying the binary patch.
+ * The binary patch data itself in patch->fragment is still kept
+ * but the preimage prepared by the caller in "img" is freed here
+ * or in the helper function apply_binary_fragment() this calls.
+ */
 static int apply_binary(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 {
        const char *name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
@@ -2781,13 +2926,13 @@ static int apply_binary(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
                 * in the patch->fragments->{patch,size}.
                 */
                if (apply_binary_fragment(img, patch))
-                       return error("binary patch does not apply to '%s'",
+                       return error(_("binary patch does not apply to '%s'"),
                                     name);
 
                /* verify that the result matches */
                hash_sha1_file(img->buf, img->len, blob_type, sha1);
                if (strcmp(sha1_to_hex(sha1), patch->new_sha1_prefix))
-                       return error("binary patch to '%s' creates incorrect result (expecting %s, got %s)",
+                       return error(_("binary patch to '%s' creates incorrect result (expecting %s, got %s)"),
                                name, patch->new_sha1_prefix, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
        }
 
@@ -2808,7 +2953,7 @@ static int apply_fragments(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
        while (frag) {
                nth++;
                if (apply_one_fragment(img, frag, inaccurate_eof, ws_rule, nth)) {
-                       error("patch failed: %s:%ld", name, frag->oldpos);
+                       error(_("patch failed: %s:%ld"), name, frag->oldpos);
                        if (!apply_with_reject)
                                return -1;
                        frag->rejected = 1;
@@ -2818,20 +2963,17 @@ static int apply_fragments(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int read_file_or_gitlink(struct cache_entry *ce, struct strbuf *buf)
+static int read_blob_object(struct strbuf *buf, const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned mode)
 {
-       if (!ce)
-               return 0;
-
-       if (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode)) {
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
                strbuf_grow(buf, 100);
-               strbuf_addf(buf, "Subproject commit %s\n", sha1_to_hex(ce->sha1));
+               strbuf_addf(buf, "Subproject commit %s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
        } else {
                enum object_type type;
                unsigned long sz;
                char *result;
 
-               result = read_sha1_file(ce->sha1, &type, &sz);
+               result = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &sz);
                if (!result)
                        return -1;
                /* XXX read_sha1_file NUL-terminates */
@@ -2840,6 +2982,13 @@ static int read_file_or_gitlink(struct cache_entry *ce, struct strbuf *buf)
        return 0;
 }
 
+static int read_file_or_gitlink(struct cache_entry *ce, struct strbuf *buf)
+{
+       if (!ce)
+               return 0;
+       return read_blob_object(buf, ce->sha1, ce->ce_mode);
+}
+
 static struct patch *in_fn_table(const char *name)
 {
        struct string_list_item *item;
@@ -2858,9 +3007,15 @@ static struct patch *in_fn_table(const char *name)
  * item->util in the filename table records the status of the path.
  * Usually it points at a patch (whose result records the contents
  * of it after applying it), but it could be PATH_WAS_DELETED for a
- * path that a previously applied patch has already removed.
+ * path that a previously applied patch has already removed, or
+ * PATH_TO_BE_DELETED for a path that a later patch would remove.
+ *
+ * The latter is needed to deal with a case where two paths A and B
+ * are swapped by first renaming A to B and then renaming B to A;
+ * moving A to B should not be prevented due to presense of B as we
+ * will remove it in a later patch.
  */
- #define PATH_TO_BE_DELETED ((struct patch *) -2)
+#define PATH_TO_BE_DELETED ((struct patch *) -2)
 #define PATH_WAS_DELETED ((struct patch *) -1)
 
 static int to_be_deleted(struct patch *patch)
@@ -2912,152 +3067,346 @@ static void prepare_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
        }
 }
 
-static int apply_data(struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, struct cache_entry *ce)
+static int checkout_target(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st)
+{
+       struct checkout costate;
+
+       memset(&costate, 0, sizeof(costate));
+       costate.base_dir = "";
+       costate.refresh_cache = 1;
+       if (checkout_entry(ce, &costate, NULL) || lstat(ce->name, st))
+               return error(_("cannot checkout %s"), ce->name);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static struct patch *previous_patch(struct patch *patch, int *gone)
+{
+       struct patch *previous;
+
+       *gone = 0;
+       if (patch->is_copy || patch->is_rename)
+               return NULL; /* "git" patches do not depend on the order */
+
+       previous = in_fn_table(patch->old_name);
+       if (!previous)
+               return NULL;
+
+       if (to_be_deleted(previous))
+               return NULL; /* the deletion hasn't happened yet */
+
+       if (was_deleted(previous))
+               *gone = 1;
+
+       return previous;
+}
+
+static int verify_index_match(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st)
+{
+       if (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode)) {
+               if (!S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
+                       return -1;
+               return 0;
+       }
+       return ce_match_stat(ce, st, CE_MATCH_IGNORE_VALID|CE_MATCH_IGNORE_SKIP_WORKTREE);
+}
+
+#define SUBMODULE_PATCH_WITHOUT_INDEX 1
+
+static int load_patch_target(struct strbuf *buf,
+                            struct cache_entry *ce,
+                            struct stat *st,
+                            const char *name,
+                            unsigned expected_mode)
+{
+       if (cached) {
+               if (read_file_or_gitlink(ce, buf))
+                       return error(_("read of %s failed"), name);
+       } else if (name) {
+               if (S_ISGITLINK(expected_mode)) {
+                       if (ce)
+                               return read_file_or_gitlink(ce, buf);
+                       else
+                               return SUBMODULE_PATCH_WITHOUT_INDEX;
+               } else {
+                       if (read_old_data(st, name, buf))
+                               return error(_("read of %s failed"), name);
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We are about to apply "patch"; populate the "image" with the
+ * current version we have, from the working tree or from the index,
+ * depending on the situation e.g. --cached/--index.  If we are
+ * applying a non-git patch that incrementally updates the tree,
+ * we read from the result of a previous diff.
+ */
+static int load_preimage(struct image *image,
+                        struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
        struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-       struct image image;
        size_t len;
        char *img;
-       struct patch *tpatch;
+       struct patch *previous;
+       int status;
 
-       if (!(patch->is_copy || patch->is_rename) &&
-           (tpatch = in_fn_table(patch->old_name)) != NULL && !to_be_deleted(tpatch)) {
-               if (was_deleted(tpatch)) {
-                       return error("patch %s has been renamed/deleted",
-                               patch->old_name);
-               }
-               /* We have a patched copy in memory use that */
-               strbuf_add(&buf, tpatch->result, tpatch->resultsize);
-       } else if (cached) {
-               if (read_file_or_gitlink(ce, &buf))
-                       return error("read of %s failed", patch->old_name);
-       } else if (patch->old_name) {
-               if (S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode)) {
-                       if (ce) {
-                               read_file_or_gitlink(ce, &buf);
-                       } else {
-                               /*
-                                * There is no way to apply subproject
-                                * patch without looking at the index.
-                                */
-                               patch->fragments = NULL;
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       if (read_old_data(st, patch->old_name, &buf))
-                               return error("read of %s failed", patch->old_name);
+       previous = previous_patch(patch, &status);
+       if (status)
+               return error(_("path %s has been renamed/deleted"),
+                            patch->old_name);
+       if (previous) {
+               /* We have a patched copy in memory; use that. */
+               strbuf_add(&buf, previous->result, previous->resultsize);
+       } else {
+               status = load_patch_target(&buf, ce, st,
+                                          patch->old_name, patch->old_mode);
+               if (status < 0)
+                       return status;
+               else if (status == SUBMODULE_PATCH_WITHOUT_INDEX) {
+                       /*
+                        * There is no way to apply subproject
+                        * patch without looking at the index.
+                        * NEEDSWORK: shouldn't this be flagged
+                        * as an error???
+                        */
+                       free_fragment_list(patch->fragments);
+                       patch->fragments = NULL;
+               } else if (status) {
+                       return error(_("read of %s failed"), patch->old_name);
                }
        }
 
        img = strbuf_detach(&buf, &len);
-       prepare_image(&image, img, len, !patch->is_binary);
+       prepare_image(image, img, len, !patch->is_binary);
+       return 0;
+}
 
-       if (apply_fragments(&image, patch) < 0)
-               return -1; /* note with --reject this succeeds. */
-       patch->result = image.buf;
-       patch->resultsize = image.len;
-       add_to_fn_table(patch);
-       free(image.line_allocated);
+static int three_way_merge(struct image *image,
+                          char *path,
+                          const unsigned char *base,
+                          const unsigned char *ours,
+                          const unsigned char *theirs)
+{
+       mmfile_t base_file, our_file, their_file;
+       mmbuffer_t result = { NULL };
+       int status;
 
-       if (0 < patch->is_delete && patch->resultsize)
-               return error("removal patch leaves file contents");
+       read_mmblob(&base_file, base);
+       read_mmblob(&our_file, ours);
+       read_mmblob(&their_file, theirs);
+       status = ll_merge(&result, path,
+                         &base_file, "base",
+                         &our_file, "ours",
+                         &their_file, "theirs", NULL);
+       free(base_file.ptr);
+       free(our_file.ptr);
+       free(their_file.ptr);
+       if (status < 0 || !result.ptr) {
+               free(result.ptr);
+               return -1;
+       }
+       clear_image(image);
+       image->buf = result.ptr;
+       image->len = result.size;
+
+       return status;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When directly falling back to add/add three-way merge, we read from
+ * the current contents of the new_name.  In no cases other than that
+ * this function will be called.
+ */
+static int load_current(struct image *image, struct patch *patch)
+{
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       int status, pos;
+       size_t len;
+       char *img;
+       struct stat st;
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
+       char *name = patch->new_name;
+       unsigned mode = patch->new_mode;
+
+       if (!patch->is_new)
+               die("BUG: patch to %s is not a creation", patch->old_name);
 
+       pos = cache_name_pos(name, strlen(name));
+       if (pos < 0)
+               return error(_("%s: does not exist in index"), name);
+       ce = active_cache[pos];
+       if (lstat(name, &st)) {
+               if (errno != ENOENT)
+                       return error(_("%s: %s"), name, strerror(errno));
+               if (checkout_target(ce, &st))
+                       return -1;
+       }
+       if (verify_index_match(ce, &st))
+               return error(_("%s: does not match index"), name);
+
+       status = load_patch_target(&buf, ce, &st, name, mode);
+       if (status < 0)
+               return status;
+       else if (status)
+               return -1;
+       img = strbuf_detach(&buf, &len);
+       prepare_image(image, img, len, !patch->is_binary);
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int check_to_create_blob(const char *new_name, int ok_if_exists)
+static int try_threeway(struct image *image, struct patch *patch,
+                       struct stat *st, struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
-       struct stat nst;
-       if (!lstat(new_name, &nst)) {
-               if (S_ISDIR(nst.st_mode) || ok_if_exists)
-                       return 0;
-               /*
-                * A leading component of new_name might be a symlink
-                * that is going to be removed with this patch, but
-                * still pointing at somewhere that has the path.
-                * In such a case, path "new_name" does not exist as
-                * far as git is concerned.
-                */
-               if (has_symlink_leading_path(new_name, strlen(new_name)))
-                       return 0;
+       unsigned char pre_sha1[20], post_sha1[20], our_sha1[20];
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       size_t len;
+       int status;
+       char *img;
+       struct image tmp_image;
 
-               return error("%s: already exists in working directory", new_name);
+       /* No point falling back to 3-way merge in these cases */
+       if (patch->is_delete ||
+           S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode) || S_ISGITLINK(patch->new_mode))
+               return -1;
+
+       /* Preimage the patch was prepared for */
+       if (patch->is_new)
+               write_sha1_file("", 0, blob_type, pre_sha1);
+       else if (get_sha1(patch->old_sha1_prefix, pre_sha1) ||
+                read_blob_object(&buf, pre_sha1, patch->old_mode))
+               return error("repository lacks the necessary blob to fall back on 3-way merge.");
+
+       fprintf(stderr, "Falling back to three-way merge...\n");
+
+       img = strbuf_detach(&buf, &len);
+       prepare_image(&tmp_image, img, len, 1);
+       /* Apply the patch to get the post image */
+       if (apply_fragments(&tmp_image, patch) < 0) {
+               clear_image(&tmp_image);
+               return -1;
+       }
+       /* post_sha1[] is theirs */
+       write_sha1_file(tmp_image.buf, tmp_image.len, blob_type, post_sha1);
+       clear_image(&tmp_image);
+
+       /* our_sha1[] is ours */
+       if (patch->is_new) {
+               if (load_current(&tmp_image, patch))
+                       return error("cannot read the current contents of '%s'",
+                                    patch->new_name);
+       } else {
+               if (load_preimage(&tmp_image, patch, st, ce))
+                       return error("cannot read the current contents of '%s'",
+                                    patch->old_name);
+       }
+       write_sha1_file(tmp_image.buf, tmp_image.len, blob_type, our_sha1);
+       clear_image(&tmp_image);
+
+       /* in-core three-way merge between post and our using pre as base */
+       status = three_way_merge(image, patch->new_name,
+                                pre_sha1, our_sha1, post_sha1);
+       if (status < 0) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "Failed to fall back on three-way merge...\n");
+               return status;
+       }
+
+       if (status) {
+               patch->conflicted_threeway = 1;
+               if (patch->is_new)
+                       hashclr(patch->threeway_stage[0]);
+               else
+                       hashcpy(patch->threeway_stage[0], pre_sha1);
+               hashcpy(patch->threeway_stage[1], our_sha1);
+               hashcpy(patch->threeway_stage[2], post_sha1);
+               fprintf(stderr, "Applied patch to '%s' with conflicts.\n", patch->new_name);
+       } else {
+               fprintf(stderr, "Applied patch to '%s' cleanly.\n", patch->new_name);
        }
-       else if ((errno != ENOENT) && (errno != ENOTDIR))
-               return error("%s: %s", new_name, strerror(errno));
        return 0;
 }
 
-static int verify_index_match(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st)
+static int apply_data(struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
-       if (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode)) {
-               if (!S_ISDIR(st->st_mode))
+       struct image image;
+
+       if (load_preimage(&image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
+               return -1;
+
+       if (patch->direct_to_threeway ||
+           apply_fragments(&image, patch) < 0) {
+               /* Note: with --reject, apply_fragments() returns 0 */
+               if (!threeway || try_threeway(&image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
                        return -1;
-               return 0;
        }
-       return ce_match_stat(ce, st, CE_MATCH_IGNORE_VALID|CE_MATCH_IGNORE_SKIP_WORKTREE);
+       patch->result = image.buf;
+       patch->resultsize = image.len;
+       add_to_fn_table(patch);
+       free(image.line_allocated);
+
+       if (0 < patch->is_delete && patch->resultsize)
+               return error(_("removal patch leaves file contents"));
+
+       return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * If "patch" that we are looking at modifies or deletes what we have,
+ * we would want it not to lose any local modification we have, either
+ * in the working tree or in the index.
+ *
+ * This also decides if a non-git patch is a creation patch or a
+ * modification to an existing empty file.  We do not check the state
+ * of the current tree for a creation patch in this function; the caller
+ * check_patch() separately makes sure (and errors out otherwise) that
+ * the path the patch creates does not exist in the current tree.
+ */
 static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct stat *st)
 {
        const char *old_name = patch->old_name;
-       struct patch *tpatch = NULL;
-       int stat_ret = 0;
+       struct patch *previous = NULL;
+       int stat_ret = 0, status;
        unsigned st_mode = 0;
 
-       /*
-        * Make sure that we do not have local modifications from the
-        * index when we are looking at the index.  Also make sure
-        * we have the preimage file to be patched in the work tree,
-        * unless --cached, which tells git to apply only in the index.
-        */
        if (!old_name)
                return 0;
 
        assert(patch->is_new <= 0);
+       previous = previous_patch(patch, &status);
 
-       if (!(patch->is_copy || patch->is_rename) &&
-           (tpatch = in_fn_table(old_name)) != NULL && !to_be_deleted(tpatch)) {
-               if (was_deleted(tpatch))
-                       return error("%s: has been deleted/renamed", old_name);
-               st_mode = tpatch->new_mode;
+       if (status)
+               return error(_("path %s has been renamed/deleted"), old_name);
+       if (previous) {
+               st_mode = previous->new_mode;
        } else if (!cached) {
                stat_ret = lstat(old_name, st);
                if (stat_ret && errno != ENOENT)
-                       return error("%s: %s", old_name, strerror(errno));
+                       return error(_("%s: %s"), old_name, strerror(errno));
        }
 
-       if (to_be_deleted(tpatch))
-               tpatch = NULL;
-
-       if (check_index && !tpatch) {
+       if (check_index && !previous) {
                int pos = cache_name_pos(old_name, strlen(old_name));
                if (pos < 0) {
                        if (patch->is_new < 0)
                                goto is_new;
-                       return error("%s: does not exist in index", old_name);
+                       return error(_("%s: does not exist in index"), old_name);
                }
                *ce = active_cache[pos];
                if (stat_ret < 0) {
-                       struct checkout costate;
-                       /* checkout */
-                       memset(&costate, 0, sizeof(costate));
-                       costate.base_dir = "";
-                       costate.refresh_cache = 1;
-                       if (checkout_entry(*ce, &costate, NULL) ||
-                           lstat(old_name, st))
+                       if (checkout_target(*ce, st))
                                return -1;
                }
                if (!cached && verify_index_match(*ce, st))
-                       return error("%s: does not match index", old_name);
+                       return error(_("%s: does not match index"), old_name);
                if (cached)
                        st_mode = (*ce)->ce_mode;
        } else if (stat_ret < 0) {
                if (patch->is_new < 0)
                        goto is_new;
-               return error("%s: %s", old_name, strerror(errno));
+               return error(_("%s: %s"), old_name, strerror(errno));
        }
 
-       if (!cached && !tpatch)
+       if (!cached && !previous)
                st_mode = ce_mode_from_stat(*ce, st->st_mode);
 
        if (patch->is_new < 0)
@@ -3065,9 +3414,9 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
        if (!patch->old_mode)
                patch->old_mode = st_mode;
        if ((st_mode ^ patch->old_mode) & S_IFMT)
-               return error("%s: wrong type", old_name);
+               return error(_("%s: wrong type"), old_name);
        if (st_mode != patch->old_mode)
-               warning("%s has type %o, expected %o",
+               warning(_("%s has type %o, expected %o"),
                        old_name, st_mode, patch->old_mode);
        if (!patch->new_mode && !patch->is_delete)
                patch->new_mode = st_mode;
@@ -3076,10 +3425,50 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
  is_new:
        patch->is_new = 1;
        patch->is_delete = 0;
+       free(patch->old_name);
        patch->old_name = NULL;
        return 0;
 }
 
+
+#define EXISTS_IN_INDEX 1
+#define EXISTS_IN_WORKTREE 2
+
+static int check_to_create(const char *new_name, int ok_if_exists)
+{
+       struct stat nst;
+
+       if (check_index &&
+           cache_name_pos(new_name, strlen(new_name)) >= 0 &&
+           !ok_if_exists)
+               return EXISTS_IN_INDEX;
+       if (cached)
+               return 0;
+
+       if (!lstat(new_name, &nst)) {
+               if (S_ISDIR(nst.st_mode) || ok_if_exists)
+                       return 0;
+               /*
+                * A leading component of new_name might be a symlink
+                * that is going to be removed with this patch, but
+                * still pointing at somewhere that has the path.
+                * In such a case, path "new_name" does not exist as
+                * far as git is concerned.
+                */
+               if (has_symlink_leading_path(new_name, strlen(new_name)))
+                       return 0;
+
+               return EXISTS_IN_WORKTREE;
+       } else if ((errno != ENOENT) && (errno != ENOTDIR)) {
+               return error("%s: %s", new_name, strerror(errno));
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check and apply the patch in-core; leave the result in patch->result
+ * for the caller to write it out to the final destination.
+ */
 static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 {
        struct stat st;
@@ -3098,31 +3487,45 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
                return status;
        old_name = patch->old_name;
 
+       /*
+        * A type-change diff is always split into a patch to delete
+        * old, immediately followed by a patch to create new (see
+        * diff.c::run_diff()); in such a case it is Ok that the entry
+        * to be deleted by the previous patch is still in the working
+        * tree and in the index.
+        *
+        * A patch to swap-rename between A and B would first rename A
+        * to B and then rename B to A.  While applying the first one,
+        * the presense of B should not stop A from getting renamed to
+        * B; ask to_be_deleted() about the later rename.  Removal of
+        * B and rename from A to B is handled the same way by asking
+        * was_deleted().
+        */
        if ((tpatch = in_fn_table(new_name)) &&
-                       (was_deleted(tpatch) || to_be_deleted(tpatch)))
-               /*
-                * A type-change diff is always split into a patch to
-                * delete old, immediately followed by a patch to
-                * create new (see diff.c::run_diff()); in such a case
-                * it is Ok that the entry to be deleted by the
-                * previous patch is still in the working tree and in
-                * the index.
-                */
+           (was_deleted(tpatch) || to_be_deleted(tpatch)))
                ok_if_exists = 1;
        else
                ok_if_exists = 0;
 
        if (new_name &&
            ((0 < patch->is_new) | (0 < patch->is_rename) | patch->is_copy)) {
-               if (check_index &&
-                   cache_name_pos(new_name, strlen(new_name)) >= 0 &&
-                   !ok_if_exists)
-                       return error("%s: already exists in index", new_name);
-               if (!cached) {
-                       int err = check_to_create_blob(new_name, ok_if_exists);
-                       if (err)
-                               return err;
+               int err = check_to_create(new_name, ok_if_exists);
+
+               if (err && threeway) {
+                       patch->direct_to_threeway = 1;
+               } else switch (err) {
+               case 0:
+                       break; /* happy */
+               case EXISTS_IN_INDEX:
+                       return error(_("%s: already exists in index"), new_name);
+                       break;
+               case EXISTS_IN_WORKTREE:
+                       return error(_("%s: already exists in working directory"),
+                                    new_name);
+               default:
+                       return err;
                }
+
                if (!patch->new_mode) {
                        if (0 < patch->is_new)
                                patch->new_mode = S_IFREG | 0644;
@@ -3135,14 +3538,22 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
                int same = !strcmp(old_name, new_name);
                if (!patch->new_mode)
                        patch->new_mode = patch->old_mode;
-               if ((patch->old_mode ^ patch->new_mode) & S_IFMT)
-                       return error("new mode (%o) of %s does not match old mode (%o)%s%s",
-                               patch->new_mode, new_name, patch->old_mode,
-                               same ? "" : " of ", same ? "" : old_name);
+               if ((patch->old_mode ^ patch->new_mode) & S_IFMT) {
+                       if (same)
+                               return error(_("new mode (%o) of %s does not "
+                                              "match old mode (%o)"),
+                                       patch->new_mode, new_name,
+                                       patch->old_mode);
+                       else
+                               return error(_("new mode (%o) of %s does not "
+                                              "match old mode (%o) of %s"),
+                                       patch->new_mode, new_name,
+                                       patch->old_mode, old_name);
+               }
        }
 
        if (apply_data(patch, &st, ce) < 0)
-               return error("%s: patch does not apply", name);
+               return error(_("%s: patch does not apply"), name);
        patch->rejected = 0;
        return 0;
 }
@@ -3155,7 +3566,7 @@ static int check_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
        while (patch) {
                if (apply_verbosely)
                        say_patch_name(stderr,
-                                      "Checking patch ", patch, "...\n");
+                                      _("Checking patch %s..."), patch);
                err |= check_patch(patch);
                patch = patch->next;
        }
@@ -3195,7 +3606,7 @@ static void build_fake_ancestor(struct patch *list, const char *filename)
                name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
                if (0 < patch->is_new)
                        continue;
-               else if (get_sha1(patch->old_sha1_prefix, sha1))
+               else if (get_sha1_blob(patch->old_sha1_prefix, sha1))
                        /* git diff has no index line for mode/type changes */
                        if (!patch->lines_added && !patch->lines_deleted) {
                                if (get_current_sha1(patch->old_name, sha1))
@@ -3210,7 +3621,7 @@ static void build_fake_ancestor(struct patch *list, const char *filename)
 
                ce = make_cache_entry(patch->old_mode, sha1_ptr, name, 0, 0);
                if (!ce)
-                       die("make_cache_entry failed for path '%s'", name);
+                       die(_("make_cache_entry failed for path '%s'"), name);
                if (add_index_entry(&result, ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
                        die ("Could not add %s to temporary index", name);
        }
@@ -3233,7 +3644,7 @@ static void stat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
                show_stats(patch);
        }
 
-       printf(" %d files changed, %d insertions(+), %d deletions(-)\n", files, adds, dels);
+       print_stat_summary(stdout, files, adds, dels);
 }
 
 static void numstat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
@@ -3353,7 +3764,7 @@ static void remove_file(struct patch *patch, int rmdir_empty)
 {
        if (update_index) {
                if (remove_file_from_cache(patch->old_name) < 0)
-                       die("unable to remove %s from index", patch->old_name);
+                       die(_("unable to remove %s from index"), patch->old_name);
        }
        if (!cached) {
                if (!remove_or_warn(patch->old_mode, patch->old_name) && rmdir_empty) {
@@ -3375,24 +3786,25 @@ static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned
        ce = xcalloc(1, ce_size);
        memcpy(ce->name, path, namelen);
        ce->ce_mode = create_ce_mode(mode);
-       ce->ce_flags = namelen;
+       ce->ce_flags = create_ce_flags(0);
+       ce->ce_namelen = namelen;
        if (S_ISGITLINK(mode)) {
                const char *s = buf;
 
                if (get_sha1_hex(s + strlen("Subproject commit "), ce->sha1))
-                       die("corrupt patch for subproject %s", path);
+                       die(_("corrupt patch for subproject %s"), path);
        } else {
                if (!cached) {
                        if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
-                               die_errno("unable to stat newly created file '%s'",
+                               die_errno(_("unable to stat newly created file '%s'"),
                                          path);
                        fill_stat_cache_info(ce, &st);
                }
                if (write_sha1_file(buf, size, blob_type, ce->sha1) < 0)
-                       die("unable to create backing store for newly created file %s", path);
+                       die(_("unable to create backing store for newly created file %s"), path);
        }
        if (add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD) < 0)
-               die("unable to add cache entry for %s", path);
+               die(_("unable to add cache entry for %s"), path);
 }
 
 static int try_create_file(const char *path, unsigned int mode, const char *buf, unsigned long size)
@@ -3425,7 +3837,7 @@ static int try_create_file(const char *path, unsigned int mode, const char *buf,
        strbuf_release(&nbuf);
 
        if (close(fd) < 0)
-               die_errno("closing file '%s'", path);
+               die_errno(_("closing file '%s'"), path);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -3474,7 +3886,34 @@ static void create_one_file(char *path, unsigned mode, const char *buf, unsigned
                        ++nr;
                }
        }
-       die_errno("unable to write file '%s' mode %o", path, mode);
+       die_errno(_("unable to write file '%s' mode %o"), path, mode);
+}
+
+static void add_conflicted_stages_file(struct patch *patch)
+{
+       int stage, namelen;
+       unsigned ce_size, mode;
+       struct cache_entry *ce;
+
+       if (!update_index)
+               return;
+       namelen = strlen(patch->new_name);
+       ce_size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
+       mode = patch->new_mode ? patch->new_mode : (S_IFREG | 0644);
+
+       remove_file_from_cache(patch->new_name);
+       for (stage = 1; stage < 4; stage++) {
+               if (is_null_sha1(patch->threeway_stage[stage - 1]))
+                       continue;
+               ce = xcalloc(1, ce_size);
+               memcpy(ce->name, patch->new_name, namelen);
+               ce->ce_mode = create_ce_mode(mode);
+               ce->ce_flags = create_ce_flags(stage);
+               ce->ce_namelen = namelen;
+               hashcpy(ce->sha1, patch->threeway_stage[stage - 1]);
+               if (add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD) < 0)
+                       die(_("unable to add cache entry for %s"), patch->new_name);
+       }
 }
 
 static void create_file(struct patch *patch)
@@ -3487,7 +3926,11 @@ static void create_file(struct patch *patch)
        if (!mode)
                mode = S_IFREG | 0644;
        create_one_file(path, mode, buf, size);
-       add_index_file(path, mode, buf, size);
+
+       if (patch->conflicted_threeway)
+               add_conflicted_stages_file(patch);
+       else
+               add_index_file(path, mode, buf, size);
 }
 
 /* phase zero is to remove, phase one is to create */
@@ -3519,6 +3962,7 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
        char namebuf[PATH_MAX];
        struct fragment *frag;
        int cnt = 0;
+       struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
        for (cnt = 0, frag = patch->fragments; frag; frag = frag->next) {
                if (!frag->rejected)
@@ -3529,7 +3973,7 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
        if (!cnt) {
                if (apply_verbosely)
                        say_patch_name(stderr,
-                                      "Applied patch ", patch, " cleanly.\n");
+                                      _("Applied patch %s cleanly."), patch);
                return 0;
        }
 
@@ -3537,16 +3981,20 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
         * contents are marked "rejected" at the patch level.
         */
        if (!patch->new_name)
-               die("internal error");
+               die(_("internal error"));
 
        /* Say this even without --verbose */
-       say_patch_name(stderr, "Applying patch ", patch, " with");
-       fprintf(stderr, " %d rejects...\n", cnt);
+       strbuf_addf(&sb, Q_("Applying patch %%s with %d reject...",
+                           "Applying patch %%s with %d rejects...",
+                           cnt),
+                   cnt);
+       say_patch_name(stderr, sb.buf, patch);
+       strbuf_release(&sb);
 
        cnt = strlen(patch->new_name);
        if (ARRAY_SIZE(namebuf) <= cnt + 5) {
                cnt = ARRAY_SIZE(namebuf) - 5;
-               warning("truncating .rej filename to %.*s.rej",
+               warning(_("truncating .rej filename to %.*s.rej"),
                        cnt - 1, patch->new_name);
        }
        memcpy(namebuf, patch->new_name, cnt);
@@ -3554,7 +4002,7 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
 
        rej = fopen(namebuf, "w");
        if (!rej)
-               return error("cannot open %s: %s", namebuf, strerror(errno));
+               return error(_("cannot open %s: %s"), namebuf, strerror(errno));
 
        /* Normal git tools never deal with .rej, so do not pretend
         * this is a git patch by saying --git nor give extended
@@ -3567,10 +4015,10 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
             frag;
             cnt++, frag = frag->next) {
                if (!frag->rejected) {
-                       fprintf(stderr, "Hunk #%d applied cleanly.\n", cnt);
+                       fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Hunk #%d applied cleanly."), cnt);
                        continue;
                }
-               fprintf(stderr, "Rejected hunk #%d.\n", cnt);
+               fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Rejected hunk #%d."), cnt);
                fprintf(rej, "%.*s", frag->size, frag->patch);
                if (frag->patch[frag->size-1] != '\n')
                        fputc('\n', rej);
@@ -3579,14 +4027,12 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
        return -1;
 }
 
-static int write_out_results(struct patch *list, int skipped_patch)
+static int write_out_results(struct patch *list)
 {
        int phase;
        int errs = 0;
        struct patch *l;
-
-       if (!list && !skipped_patch)
-               return error("No changes");
+       struct string_list cpath = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
        for (phase = 0; phase < 2; phase++) {
                l = list;
@@ -3595,12 +4041,30 @@ static int write_out_results(struct patch *list, int skipped_patch)
                                errs = 1;
                        else {
                                write_out_one_result(l, phase);
-                               if (phase == 1 && write_out_one_reject(l))
-                                       errs = 1;
+                               if (phase == 1) {
+                                       if (write_out_one_reject(l))
+                                               errs = 1;
+                                       if (l->conflicted_threeway) {
+                                               string_list_append(&cpath, l->new_name);
+                                               errs = 1;
+                                       }
+                               }
                        }
                        l = l->next;
                }
        }
+
+       if (cpath.nr) {
+               struct string_list_item *item;
+
+               sort_string_list(&cpath);
+               for_each_string_list_item(item, &cpath)
+                       fprintf(stderr, "U %s\n", item->string);
+               string_list_clear(&cpath, 0);
+
+               rerere(0);
+       }
+
        return errs;
 }
 
@@ -3659,15 +4123,8 @@ static void prefix_patches(struct patch *p)
        if (!prefix || p->is_toplevel_relative)
                return;
        for ( ; p; p = p->next) {
-               if (p->new_name == p->old_name) {
-                       char *prefixed = p->new_name;
-                       prefix_one(&prefixed);
-                       p->new_name = p->old_name = prefixed;
-               }
-               else {
-                       prefix_one(&p->new_name);
-                       prefix_one(&p->old_name);
-               }
+               prefix_one(&p->new_name);
+               prefix_one(&p->old_name);
        }
 }
 
@@ -3677,12 +4134,10 @@ static void prefix_patches(struct patch *p)
 static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
 {
        size_t offset;
-       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+       struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT; /* owns the patch text */
        struct patch *list = NULL, **listp = &list;
        int skipped_patch = 0;
 
-       /* FIXME - memory leak when using multiple patch files as inputs */
-       memset(&fn_table, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
        patch_input_file = filename;
        read_patch_file(&buf, fd);
        offset = 0;
@@ -3706,13 +4161,15 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
                        listp = &patch->next;
                }
                else {
-                       /* perhaps free it a bit better? */
-                       free(patch);
+                       free_patch(patch);
                        skipped_patch++;
                }
                offset += nr;
        }
 
+       if (!list && !skipped_patch)
+               die(_("unrecognized input"));
+
        if (whitespace_error && (ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error))
                apply = 0;
 
@@ -3722,7 +4179,7 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
 
        if (check_index) {
                if (read_cache() < 0)
-                       die("unable to read index file");
+                       die(_("unable to read index file"));
        }
 
        if ((check || apply) &&
@@ -3730,8 +4187,12 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
            !apply_with_reject)
                exit(1);
 
-       if (apply && write_out_results(list, skipped_patch))
-               exit(1);
+       if (apply && write_out_results(list)) {
+               if (apply_with_reject)
+                       exit(1);
+               /* with --3way, we still need to write the index out */
+               return 1;
+       }
 
        if (fake_ancestor)
                build_fake_ancestor(list, fake_ancestor);
@@ -3745,7 +4206,9 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
        if (summary)
                summary_patch_list(list);
 
+       free_patch_list(list);
        strbuf_release(&buf);
+       string_list_clear(&fn_table, 0);
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -3830,76 +4293,73 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
        int i;
        int errs = 0;
        int is_not_gitdir = !startup_info->have_repository;
-       int binary;
        int force_apply = 0;
 
        const char *whitespace_option = NULL;
 
        struct option builtin_apply_options[] = {
-               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude", NULL, "path",
-                       "don't apply changes matching the given path",
+               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude", NULL, N_("path"),
+                       N_("don't apply changes matching the given path"),
                        0, option_parse_exclude },
-               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "include", NULL, "path",
-                       "apply changes matching the given path",
+               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "include", NULL, N_("path"),
+                       N_("apply changes matching the given path"),
                        0, option_parse_include },
-               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 'p', NULL, NULL, "num",
-                       "remove <num> leading slashes from traditional diff paths",
+               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 'p', NULL, NULL, N_("num"),
+                       N_("remove <num> leading slashes from traditional diff paths"),
                        0, option_parse_p },
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "no-add", &no_add,
-                       "ignore additions made by the patch"),
+                       N_("ignore additions made by the patch")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "stat", &diffstat,
-                       "instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the input"),
-               { OPTION_BOOLEAN, 0, "allow-binary-replacement", &binary,
-                 NULL, "old option, now no-op",
-                 PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN | PARSE_OPT_NOARG },
-               { OPTION_BOOLEAN, 0, "binary", &binary,
-                 NULL, "old option, now no-op",
-                 PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN | PARSE_OPT_NOARG },
+                       N_("instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the input")),
+               OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "allow-binary-replacement"),
+               OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "binary"),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "numstat", &numstat,
-                       "shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation"),
+                       N_("show number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "summary", &summary,
-                       "instead of applying the patch, output a summary for the input"),
+                       N_("instead of applying the patch, output a summary for the input")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "check", &check,
-                       "instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is applicable"),
+                       N_("instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is applicable")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "index", &check_index,
-                       "make sure the patch is applicable to the current index"),
+                       N_("make sure the patch is applicable to the current index")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "cached", &cached,
-                       "apply a patch without touching the working tree"),
+                       N_("apply a patch without touching the working tree")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "apply", &force_apply,
-                       "also apply the patch (use with --stat/--summary/--check)"),
+                       N_("also apply the patch (use with --stat/--summary/--check)")),
+               OPT_BOOL('3', "3way", &threeway,
+                        N_( "attempt three-way merge if a patch does not apply")),
                OPT_FILENAME(0, "build-fake-ancestor", &fake_ancestor,
-                       "build a temporary index based on embedded index information"),
+                       N_("build a temporary index based on embedded index information")),
                { OPTION_CALLBACK, 'z', NULL, NULL, NULL,
-                       "paths are separated with NUL character",
+                       N_("paths are separated with NUL character"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_z },
                OPT_INTEGER('C', NULL, &p_context,
-                               "ensure at least <n> lines of context match"),
-               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "whitespace", &whitespace_option, "action",
-                       "detect new or modified lines that have whitespace errors",
+                               N_("ensure at least <n> lines of context match")),
+               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "whitespace", &whitespace_option, N_("action"),
+                       N_("detect new or modified lines that have whitespace errors"),
                        0, option_parse_whitespace },
                { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-space-change", NULL, NULL,
-                       "ignore changes in whitespace when finding context",
+                       N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
                { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-whitespace", NULL, NULL,
-                       "ignore changes in whitespace when finding context",
+                       N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
                        PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
                OPT_BOOLEAN('R', "reverse", &apply_in_reverse,
-                       "apply the patch in reverse"),
+                       N_("apply the patch in reverse")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "unidiff-zero", &unidiff_zero,
-                       "don't expect at least one line of context"),
+                       N_("don't expect at least one line of context")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "reject", &apply_with_reject,
-                       "leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files"),
+                       N_("leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files")),
                OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "allow-overlap", &allow_overlap,
-                       "allow overlapping hunks"),
-               OPT__VERBOSE(&apply_verbosely, "be verbose"),
+                       N_("allow overlapping hunks")),
+               OPT__VERBOSE(&apply_verbosely, N_("be verbose")),
                OPT_BIT(0, "inaccurate-eof", &options,
-                       "tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file",
+                       N_("tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file"),
                        INACCURATE_EOF),
                OPT_BIT(0, "recount", &options,
-                       "do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers",
+                       N_("do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers"),
                        RECOUNT),
-               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "directory", NULL, "root",
-                       "prepend <root> to all filenames",
+               { OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "directory", NULL, N_("root"),
+                       N_("prepend <root> to all filenames"),
                        0, option_parse_directory },
                OPT_END()
        };
@@ -3915,15 +4375,24 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
        argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_apply_options,
                        apply_usage, 0);
 
+       if (apply_with_reject && threeway)
+               die("--reject and --3way cannot be used together.");
+       if (cached && threeway)
+               die("--cached and --3way cannot be used together.");
+       if (threeway) {
+               if (is_not_gitdir)
+                       die(_("--3way outside a repository"));
+               check_index = 1;
+       }
        if (apply_with_reject)
                apply = apply_verbosely = 1;
        if (!force_apply && (diffstat || numstat || summary || check || fake_ancestor))
                apply = 0;
        if (check_index && is_not_gitdir)
-               die("--index outside a repository");
+               die(_("--index outside a repository"));
        if (cached) {
                if (is_not_gitdir)
-                       die("--cached outside a repository");
+                       die(_("--cached outside a repository"));
                check_index = 1;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
@@ -3939,7 +4408,7 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
 
                fd = open(arg, O_RDONLY);
                if (fd < 0)
-                       die_errno("can't open patch '%s'", arg);
+                       die_errno(_("can't open patch '%s'"), arg);
                read_stdin = 0;
                set_default_whitespace_mode(whitespace_option);
                errs |= apply_patch(fd, arg, options);
@@ -3953,32 +4422,32 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
                    squelch_whitespace_errors < whitespace_error) {
                        int squelched =
                                whitespace_error - squelch_whitespace_errors;
-                       warning("squelched %d "
-                               "whitespace error%s",
-                               squelched,
-                               squelched == 1 ? "" : "s");
+                       warning(Q_("squelched %d whitespace error",
+                                  "squelched %d whitespace errors",
+                                  squelched),
+                               squelched);
                }
                if (ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error)
-                       die("%d line%s add%s whitespace errors.",
-                           whitespace_error,
-                           whitespace_error == 1 ? "" : "s",
-                           whitespace_error == 1 ? "s" : "");
+                       die(Q_("%d line adds whitespace errors.",
+                              "%d lines add whitespace errors.",
+                              whitespace_error),
+                           whitespace_error);
                if (applied_after_fixing_ws && apply)
                        warning("%d line%s applied after"
                                " fixing whitespace errors.",
                                applied_after_fixing_ws,
                                applied_after_fixing_ws == 1 ? "" : "s");
                else if (whitespace_error)
-                       warning("%d line%s add%s whitespace errors.",
-                               whitespace_error,
-                               whitespace_error == 1 ? "" : "s",
-                               whitespace_error == 1 ? "s" : "");
+                       warning(Q_("%d line adds whitespace errors.",
+                                  "%d lines add whitespace errors.",
+                                  whitespace_error),
+                               whitespace_error);
        }
 
        if (update_index) {
                if (write_cache(newfd, active_cache, active_nr) ||
                    commit_locked_index(&lock_file))
-                       die("Unable to write new index file");
+                       die(_("Unable to write new index file"));
        }
 
        return !!errs;