From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2015 18:02:12 +0000 (-0700)
Subject: Merge branch 'pt/pull-tags-error-diag' into maint
X-Git-Tag: v2.4.5~5
X-Git-Url: https://git.lorimer.id.au/gitweb.git/diff_plain/6356003c80c744eefdd49d76bb587184d900228f?hp=19d122bf1b119a759267076fead332fb857af87e

Merge branch 'pt/pull-tags-error-diag' into maint

There was a dead code that used to handle "git pull --tags" and
show special-cased error message, which was made irrelevant when
the semantics of the option changed back in Git 1.9 days.

* pt/pull-tags-error-diag:
pull: remove --tags error in no merge candidates case
---

diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b67268a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.3.8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Git v2.3.8 Release Notes
+========================
+
+Fixes since v2.3.7
+------------------
+
+ * The usual "git diff" when seeing a file turning into a directory
+   showed a patchset to remove the file and create all files in the
+   directory, but "git diff --no-index" simply refused to work.  Also,
+   when asked to compare a file and a directory, imitate POSIX "diff"
+   and compare the file with the file with the same name in the
+   directory, instead of refusing to run.
+
+ * The default $HOME/.gitconfig file created upon "git config --global"
+   that edits it had incorrectly spelled user.name and user.email
+   entries in it.
+
+ * "git commit --date=now" or anything that relies on approxidate lost
+   the daylight-saving-time offset.
+
+Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code
+clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a65a6c5829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+Git v2.4.1 Release Notes
+========================
+
+Fixes since v2.4
+----------------
+
+ * The usual "git diff" when seeing a file turning into a directory
+   showed a patchset to remove the file and create all files in the
+   directory, but "git diff --no-index" simply refused to work.  Also,
+   when asked to compare a file and a directory, imitate POSIX "diff"
+   and compare the file with the file with the same name in the
+   directory, instead of refusing to run.
+
+ * The default $HOME/.gitconfig file created upon "git config --global"
+   that edits it had incorrectly spelled user.name and user.email
+   entries in it.
+
+ * "git commit --date=now" or anything that relies on approxidate lost
+   the daylight-saving-time offset.
+
+ * "git cat-file bl $blob" failed to barf even though there is no
+   object type that is "bl".
+
+ * Teach the codepaths that read .gitignore and .gitattributes files
+   that these files encoded in UTF-8 may have UTF-8 BOM marker at the
+   beginning; this makes it in line with what we do for configuration
+   files already.
+
+ * Access to objects in repositories that borrow from another one on a
+   slow NFS server unnecessarily got more expensive due to recent code
+   becoming more cautious in a naive way not to lose objects to pruning.
+
+ * We avoid setting core.worktree when the repository location is the
+   ".git" directory directly at the top level of the working tree, but
+   the code misdetected the case in which the working tree is at the
+   root level of the filesystem (which arguably is a silly thing to
+   do, but still valid).
+
+Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code
+clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..250cdc423c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Git v2.4.2 Release Notes
+========================
+
+Fixes since v2.4.1
+------------------
+
+ * "git rev-list --objects $old --not --all" to see if everything that
+   is reachable from $old is already connected to the existing refs
+   was very inefficient.
+
+ * "hash-object --literally" introduced in v2.2 was not prepared to
+   take a really long object type name.
+
+ * "git rebase --quiet" was not quite quiet when there is nothing to
+   do.
+
+ * The completion for "log --decorate=" parameter value was incorrect.
+
+ * "filter-branch" corrupted commit log message that ends with an
+   incomplete line on platforms with some "sed" implementations that
+   munge such a line.  Work it around by avoiding to use "sed".
+
+ * "git daemon" fails to build from the source under NO_IPV6
+   configuration (regression in 2.4).
+
+ * "git stash pop/apply" forgot to make sure that not just the working
+   tree is clean but also the index is clean. The latter is important
+   as a stash application can conflict and the index will be used for
+   conflict resolution.
+
+ * We have prepended $GIT_EXEC_PATH and the path "git" is installed in
+   (typically "/usr/bin") to $PATH when invoking subprograms and hooks
+   for almost eternity, but the original use case the latter tried to
+   support was semi-bogus (i.e. install git to /opt/foo/git and run it
+   without having /opt/foo on $PATH), and more importantly it has
+   become less and less relevant as Git grew more mainstream (i.e. the
+   users would _want_ to have it on their $PATH).  Stop prepending the
+   path in which "git" is installed to users' $PATH, as that would
+   interfere the command search order people depend on (e.g. they may
+   not like versions of programs that are unrelated to Git in /usr/bin
+   and want to override them by having different ones in /usr/local/bin
+   and have the latter directory earlier in their $PATH).
+
+Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code
+clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..914d2c1860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+Git v2.4.3 Release Notes
+========================
+
+Fixes since v2.4.3
+------------------
+
+ * Error messages from "git branch" called remote-tracking branches as
+   "remote branches".
+
+ * "git rerere forget" in a repository without rerere enabled gave a
+   cryptic error message; it should be a silent no-op instead.
+
+ * "git pull --log" and "git pull --no-log" worked as expected, but
+   "git pull --log=20" did not.
+
+ * The pull.ff configuration was supposed to override the merge.ff
+   configuration, but it didn't.
+
+ * The code to read pack-bitmap wanted to allocate a few hundred
+   pointers to a structure, but by mistake allocated and leaked memory
+   enough to hold that many actual structures.  Correct the allocation
+   size and also have it on stack, as it is small enough.
+
+ * Various documentation mark-up fixes to make the output more
+   consistent in general and also make AsciiDoctor (an alternative
+   formatter) happier.
+
+ * "git bundle verify" did not diagnose extra parameters on the
+   command line.
+
+ * Multi-ref transaction support we merged a few releases ago
+   unnecessarily kept many file descriptors open, risking to fail with
+   resource exhaustion.
+
+ * The ref API did not handle cases where 'refs/heads/xyzzy/frotz' is
+   removed at the same time as 'refs/heads/xyzzy' is added (or vice
+   versa) very well.
+
+ * The "log --decorate" enhancement in Git 2.4 that shows the commit
+   at the tip of the current branch e.g. "HEAD -> master", did not
+   work with --decorate=full.
+
+ * There was a commented-out (instead of being marked to expect
+   failure) test that documented a breakage that was fixed since the
+   test was written; turn it into a proper test.
+
+ * core.excludesfile (defaulting to $XDG_HOME/git/ignore) is supposed
+   to be overridden by repository-specific .git/info/exclude file, but
+   the order was swapped from the beginning. This belatedly fixes it.
+
+ * The connection initiation code for "ssh" transport tried to absorb
+   differences between the stock "ssh" and Putty-supplied "plink" and
+   its derivatives, but the logic to tell that we are using "plink"
+   variants were too loose and falsely triggered when "plink" appeared
+   anywhere in the path (e.g. "/home/me/bin/uplink/ssh").
+
+ * "git rebase -i" moved the "current" command from "todo" to "done" a
+   bit too prematurely, losing a step when a "pick" did not even start.
+
+ * "git add -e" did not allow the user to abort the operation by
+   killing the editor.
+
+ * Git 2.4 broke setting verbosity and progress levels on "git clone"
+   with native transports.
+
+ * Some time ago, "git blame" (incorrectly) lost the convert_to_git()
+   call when synthesizing a fake "tip" commit that represents the
+   state in the working tree, which broke folks who record the history
+   with LF line ending to make their project portabile across
+   platforms while terminating lines in their working tree files with
+   CRLF for their platform.
+
+ * Code clean-up for xdg configuration path support.
+
+Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code
+clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1ccd001be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Git v2.4.4 Release Notes
+========================
+
+Fixes since v2.4.3
+------------------
+
+ * l10n updates for German.
+
+ * An earlier leakfix to bitmap testing code was incomplete.
+
+ * "git clean pathspec..." tried to lstat(2) and complain even for
+   paths outside the given pathspec.
+
+ * Communication between the HTTP server and http_backend process can
+   lead to a dead-lock when relaying a large ref negotiation request.
+   Diagnose the situation better, and mitigate it by reading such a
+   request first into core (to a reasonable limit).
+
+ * The clean/smudge interface did not work well when filtering an
+   empty contents (failed and then passed the empty input through).
+   It can be argued that a filter that produces anything but empty for
+   an empty input is nonsense, but if the user wants to do strange
+   things, then why not?
+
+ * Make "git stash something --help" error out, so that users can
+   safely say "git stash drop --help".
+
+ * Clarify that "log --raw" and "log --format=raw" are unrelated
+   concepts.
+
+ * Catch a programmer mistake to feed a pointer not an array to
+   ARRAY_SIZE() macro, by using a couple of GCC extensions.
+
+Also contains typofixes, documentation updates and trivial code
+clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt
index b299b59023..a09969ba08 100644
--- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 	Include additional statistics at the end of blame output.
 
 -L <start>,<end>::
--L :<regex>::
+-L :<funcname>::
 	Annotate only the given line range. May be specified multiple times.
 	Overlapping ranges are allowed.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 2e5ceaf719..2e919f0df8 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -906,7 +906,8 @@ command line with the `--color[=<when>]` option.
 color.diff.<slot>::
 	Use customized color for diff colorization.  `<slot>` specifies
 	which part of the patch to use the specified color, and is one
-	of `plain` (context text), `meta` (metainformation), `frag`
+	of `context` (context text - `plain` is a historical synonym),
+	`meta` (metainformation), `frag`
 	(hunk header), 'func' (function in hunk header), `old` (removed lines),
 	`new` (added lines), `commit` (commit headers), or `whitespace`
 	(highlighting whitespace errors).
@@ -2033,7 +2034,7 @@ pull.ff::
 	a case (equivalent to giving the `--no-ff` option from the command
 	line). When set to `only`, only such fast-forward merges are
 	allowed (equivalent to giving the `--ff-only` option from the
-	command line).
+	command line). This setting overrides `merge.ff` when pulling.
 
 pull.rebase::
 	When true, rebase branches on top of the fetched branch, instead
@@ -2270,18 +2271,18 @@ remote.<name>.skipFetchAll::
 
 remote.<name>.receivepack::
 	The default program to execute on the remote side when pushing.  See
-	option \--receive-pack of linkgit:git-push[1].
+	option --receive-pack of linkgit:git-push[1].
 
 remote.<name>.uploadpack::
 	The default program to execute on the remote side when fetching.  See
-	option \--upload-pack of linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1].
+	option --upload-pack of linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1].
 
 remote.<name>.tagOpt::
-	Setting this value to \--no-tags disables automatic tag following when
-	fetching from remote <name>. Setting it to \--tags will fetch every
+	Setting this value to --no-tags disables automatic tag following when
+	fetching from remote <name>. Setting it to --tags will fetch every
 	tag from remote <name>, even if they are not reachable from remote
 	branch heads. Passing these flags directly to linkgit:git-fetch[1] can
-	override this setting. See options \--tags and \--no-tags of
+	override this setting. See options --tags and --no-tags of
 	linkgit:git-fetch[1].
 
 remote.<name>.vcs::
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
index 843a20bac2..bcf54da82a 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ combined diff format
 Any diff-generating command can take the `-c` or `--cc` option to
 produce a 'combined diff' when showing a merge. This is the default
 format when showing merges with linkgit:git-diff[1] or
-linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m' option to any
+linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give the `-m` option to any
 of these commands to force generation of diffs with individual parents
 of a merge.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index ccd499867b..3ad6404dbc 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ ifndef::git-format-patch[]
 -u::
 --patch::
 	Generate patch (see section on generating patches).
-	{git-diff? This is the default.}
+ifdef::git-diff[]
+	This is the default.
+endif::git-diff[]
 endif::git-format-patch[]
 
 -s::
@@ -41,8 +43,19 @@ endif::git-format-patch[]
 
 ifndef::git-format-patch[]
 --raw::
-	Generate the raw format.
-	{git-diff-core? This is the default.}
+ifndef::git-log[]
+	Generate the diff in raw format.
+ifdef::git-diff-core[]
+	This is the default.
+endif::git-diff-core[]
+endif::git-log[]
+ifdef::git-log[]
+	For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff
+	format. See the "RAW OUTPUT FORMAT" section of
+	linkgit:git-diff[1]. This is different from showing the log
+	itself in raw format, which you can achieve with
+	`--format=raw`.
+endif::git-log[]
 endif::git-format-patch[]
 
 ifndef::git-format-patch[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt
index f2eb9076d7..fe5282f130 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-add.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ This effectively runs `add --interactive`, but bypasses the
 initial command menu and directly jumps to the `patch` subcommand.
 See ``Interactive mode'' for details.
 
--e, \--edit::
+-e::
+--edit::
 	Open the diff vs. the index in an editor and let the user
 	edit it.  After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers
 	and apply the patch to the index.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
index 617e29b38b..904dafa0f7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ OPTIONS
 --reset-author::
 	When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a
 	a conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the
-	resulting commit now belongs of the committer. This also renews
+	resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews
 	the author timestamp.
 
 --short::
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ OPTIONS
 +
 --
 strip::
-	Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace, and
-	#commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.
+	Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace,
+	commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.
 whitespace::
 	Same as `strip` except #commentary is not removed.
 verbatim::
@@ -282,8 +282,11 @@ configuration variable documented in linkgit:git-config[1].
 --verbose::
 	Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what
 	would be committed at the bottom of the commit message
-	template.  Note that this diff output doesn't have its
-	lines prefixed with '#'.
+	template to help the user describe the commit by reminding
+	what changes the commit has.
+	Note that this diff output doesn't have its
+	lines prefixed with '#'. This diff will not be a part
+	of the commit message.
 +
 If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between
 what would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
index bc97071e76..e3c8f276b1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
@@ -31,10 +31,41 @@ OPTIONS
 
 --file=<path>::
 
-	Use `<path>` to store credentials. The file will have its
+	Use `<path>` to lookup and store credentials. The file will have its
 	filesystem permissions set to prevent other users on the system
 	from reading it, but will not be encrypted or otherwise
-	protected. Defaults to `~/.git-credentials`.
+	protected. If not specified, credentials will be searched for from
+	`~/.git-credentials` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials`, and
+	credentials will be written to `~/.git-credentials` if it exists, or
+	`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials` if it exists and the former does
+	not. See also <<FILES>>.
+
+[[FILES]]
+FILES
+-----
+
+If not set explicitly with '--file', there are two files where
+git-credential-store will search for credentials in order of precedence:
+
+~/.git-credentials::
+	User-specific credentials file.
+
+$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials::
+	Second user-specific credentials file. If '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME' is not set
+	or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/credentials` will be used. Any credentials
+	stored in this file will not be used if `~/.git-credentials` has a
+	matching credential as well. It is a good idea not to create this file
+	if you sometimes use older versions of Git that do not support it.
+
+For credential lookups, the files are read in the order given above, with the
+first matching credential found taking precedence over credentials found in
+files further down the list.
+
+Credential storage will by default write to the first existing file in the
+list. If none of these files exist, `~/.git-credentials` will be created and
+written to.
+
+When erasing credentials, matching credentials will be erased from all files.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
index 929e496af8..ed57c684db 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
@@ -67,17 +67,17 @@ produced incorrect results if you gave these options.
 	have been completed, or to save the marks table across
 	incremental runs.  As <file> is only opened and truncated
 	at completion, the same path can also be safely given to
-	\--import-marks.
+	--import-marks.
 	The file will not be written if no new object has been
 	marked/exported.
 
 --import-marks=<file>::
 	Before processing any input, load the marks specified in
 	<file>.  The input file must exist, must be readable, and
-	must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks.
+	must use the same format as produced by --export-marks.
 +
 Any commits that have already been marked will not be exported again.
-If the backend uses a similar \--import-marks file, this allows for
+If the backend uses a similar --import-marks file, this allows for
 incremental bidirectional exporting of the repository by keeping the
 marks the same across runs.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
index 690fed3ea4..fd32895255 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ OPTIONS
 --quiet::
 	Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it
 	is successful.  This option disables the output shown by
-	\--stats.
+	--stats.
 
 --stats::
 	Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has
 	created, the packfiles they were stored into, and the
 	memory used by fast-import during this run.  Showing this output
-	is currently the default, but can be disabled with \--quiet.
+	is currently the default, but can be disabled with --quiet.
 
 Options for Frontends
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ Locations of Marks Files
 	have been completed, or to save the marks table across
 	incremental runs.  As <file> is only opened and truncated
 	at checkpoint (or completion) the same path can also be
-	safely given to \--import-marks.
+	safely given to --import-marks.
 
 --import-marks=<file>::
 	Before processing any input, load the marks specified in
 	<file>.  The input file must exist, must be readable, and
-	must use the same format as produced by \--export-marks.
+	must use the same format as produced by --export-marks.
 	Multiple options may be supplied to import more than one
 	set of marks.  If a mark is defined to different values,
 	the last file wins.
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and instead
 prints a warning message.  fast-import will always attempt to update all
 branch refs, and does not stop on the first failure.
 
-Branch updates can be forced with \--force, but it's recommended that
-this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository.  Using \--force
+Branch updates can be forced with --force, but it's recommended that
+this only be used on an otherwise quiet repository.  Using --force
 is not necessary for an initial import into an empty repository.
 
 
@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ Date Formats
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 The following date formats are supported.  A frontend should select
 the format it will use for this import by passing the format name
-in the \--date-format=<fmt> command-line option.
+in the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option.
 
 `raw`::
 	This is the Git native format and is `<time> SP <offutc>`.
-	It is also fast-import's default format, if \--date-format was
+	It is also fast-import's default format, if --date-format was
 	not specified.
 +
 The time of the event is specified by `<time>` as the number of
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ the email address from the other fields in the line.  Note that
 of bytes, except `LT`, `GT` and `LF`.  `<name>` is typically UTF-8 encoded.
 
 The time of the change is specified by `<when>` using the date format
-that was selected by the \--date-format=<fmt> command-line option.
+that was selected by the --date-format=<fmt> command-line option.
 See ``Date Formats'' above for the set of supported formats, and
 their syntax.
 
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ be removed from the branch.
 See `filemodify` above for a detailed description of `<path>`.
 
 `filecopy`
-^^^^^^^^^^^^
+^^^^^^^^^^
 Recursively copies an existing file or subdirectory to a different
 location within the branch.  The existing file or directory must
 exist.  If the destination exists it will be completely replaced
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ save out all current branch refs, tags and marks.
 ....
 
 Note that fast-import automatically switches packfiles when the current
-packfile reaches \--max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is
+packfile reaches --max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is
 smaller.  During an automatic packfile switch fast-import does not update
 the branch refs, tags or marks.
 
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ users of fast-import, and are offered here as suggestions.
 Use One Mark Per Commit
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 When doing a repository conversion, use a unique mark per commit
-(`mark :<n>`) and supply the \--export-marks option on the command
+(`mark :<n>`) and supply the --export-marks option on the command
 line.  fast-import will dump a file which lists every mark and the Git
 object SHA-1 that corresponds to it.  If the frontend can tie
 the marks back to the source repository, it is easy to verify the
@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ even for considerably large projects (100,000+ commits).
 
 However repacking the repository is necessary to improve data
 locality and access performance.  It can also take hours on extremely
-large projects (especially if -f and a large \--window parameter is
+large projects (especially if -f and a large --window parameter is
 used).  Since repacking is safe to run alongside readers and writers,
 run the repack in the background and let it finish when it finishes.
 There is no reason to wait to explore your new Git project!
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@ Repacking Historical Data
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the
 last year), consider expending some extra CPU time and supplying
-\--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git repack'.
+--window=50 (or higher) when you run 'git repack'.
 This will take longer, but will also produce a smaller packfile.
 You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using your
 project will benefit from the smaller repository.
@@ -1407,7 +1407,7 @@ branch, their in-memory storage size can grow to a considerable size
 fast-import automatically moves active branches to inactive status based on
 a simple least-recently-used algorithm.  The LRU chain is updated on
 each `commit` command.  The maximum number of active branches can be
-increased or decreased on the command line with \--active-branches=.
+increased or decreased on the command line with --active-branches=.
 
 per active tree
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
index 93b5067946..8680f45f8d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ be in a separate packet, and the list must end with a flush packet.
 	the things up in .bash_profile).
 
 --exec=<git-upload-pack>::
-	Same as \--upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>.
+	Same as --upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>.
 
 --depth=<n>::
 	Limit fetching to ancestor-chains not longer than n.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
index 02c1f12685..0c75f3b610 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-hash-object - Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin] [--] <file>...
+'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>...
 'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters] < <list-of-paths>
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -51,7 +51,13 @@ OPTIONS
 	Hash the contents as is, ignoring any input filter that would
 	have been chosen by the attributes mechanism, including the end-of-line
 	conversion. If the file is read from standard input then this
-	is always implied, unless the --path option is given.
+	is always implied, unless the `--path` option is given.
+
+--literally::
+	Allow `--stdin` to hash any garbage into a loose object which might not
+	otherwise pass standard object parsing or git-fsck checks. Useful for
+	stress-testing Git itself or reproducing characteristics of corrupt or
+	bogus objects encountered in the wild.
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
index d422ba4b59..9268fb6b1e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ automatically by the web server.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-All of the following examples map 'http://$hostname/git/foo/bar.git'
-to '/var/www/git/foo/bar.git'.
+All of the following examples map `http://$hostname/git/foo/bar.git`
+to `/var/www/git/foo/bar.git`.
 
 Apache 2.x::
 	Ensure mod_cgi, mod_alias, and mod_env are enabled, set
@@ -255,6 +255,15 @@ The GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL environmental variable may be passed to
 'git-http-backend' to bypass the check for the "git-daemon-export-ok"
 file in each repository before allowing export of that repository.
 
+The `GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUEST_BUFFER` environment variable (or the
+`http.maxRequestBuffer` config variable) may be set to change the
+largest ref negotiation request that git will handle during a fetch; any
+fetch requiring a larger buffer will not succeed.  This value should not
+normally need to be changed, but may be helpful if you are fetching from
+a repository with an extremely large number of refs.  The value can be
+specified with a unit (e.g., `100M` for 100 megabytes). The default is
+10 megabytes.
+
 The backend process sets GIT_COMMITTER_NAME to '$REMOTE_USER' and
 GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL to '$\{REMOTE_USER}@http.$\{REMOTE_ADDR\}',
 ensuring that any reflogs created by 'git-receive-pack' contain some
diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt
index 18bc716a0c..5692945a0b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ produced by `--stat`, etc.
 	output by allowing them to allocate space in advance.
 
 -L <start>,<end>:<file>::
--L :<regex>:<file>::
+-L :<funcname>:<file>::
 	Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>"
-	(or the funcname regex <regex>) within the <file>.  You may
+	(or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>.  You may
 	not give any pathspec limiters.  This is currently limited to
 	a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only
 	give zero or one positive revision arguments.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index c2f76fb1ea..bbea5294ca 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ self-contained. Use `git index-pack --fix-thin`
 
 --shallow::
 	Optimize a pack that will be provided to a client with a shallow
-	repository.  This option, combined with \--thin, can result in a
+	repository.  This option, combined with --thin, can result in a
 	smaller pack at the cost of speed.
 
 --delta-base-offset::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt
index 863c30c4c2..135d810b7a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ origin +master` to force a push to the `master` branch). See the
 
 --[no-]verify::
 	Toggle the pre-push hook (see linkgit:githooks[5]).  The
-	default is \--verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the
-	push.  With \--no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
+	default is --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the
+	push.  With --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
 
 
 include::urls-remotes.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 47984e84ed..1d01baa5fc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ remain the checked-out branch.
 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
 will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the
-following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
+following history (in which `A'` and `A` introduce the same set of changes,
 but have different committer information):
 
 ------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
index 5b119220bf..b10ea60833 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
@@ -9,54 +9,54 @@ git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git rev-list' [ \--max-count=<number> ]
-	     [ \--skip=<number> ]
-	     [ \--max-age=<timestamp> ]
-	     [ \--min-age=<timestamp> ]
-	     [ \--sparse ]
-	     [ \--merges ]
-	     [ \--no-merges ]
-	     [ \--min-parents=<number> ]
-	     [ \--no-min-parents ]
-	     [ \--max-parents=<number> ]
-	     [ \--no-max-parents ]
-	     [ \--first-parent ]
-	     [ \--remove-empty ]
-	     [ \--full-history ]
-	     [ \--not ]
-	     [ \--all ]
-	     [ \--branches[=<pattern>] ]
-	     [ \--tags[=<pattern>] ]
-	     [ \--remotes[=<pattern>] ]
-	     [ \--glob=<glob-pattern> ]
-	     [ \--ignore-missing ]
-	     [ \--stdin ]
-	     [ \--quiet ]
-	     [ \--topo-order ]
-	     [ \--parents ]
-	     [ \--timestamp ]
-	     [ \--left-right ]
-	     [ \--left-only ]
-	     [ \--right-only ]
-	     [ \--cherry-mark ]
-	     [ \--cherry-pick ]
-	     [ \--encoding=<encoding> ]
-	     [ \--(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ]
-	     [ \--regexp-ignore-case | -i ]
-	     [ \--extended-regexp | -E ]
-	     [ \--fixed-strings | -F ]
-	     [ \--date=(local|relative|default|iso|iso-strict|rfc|short) ]
-	     [ [ \--objects | \--objects-edge | \--objects-edge-aggressive ]
-	       [ \--unpacked ] ]
-	     [ \--pretty | \--header ]
-	     [ \--bisect ]
-	     [ \--bisect-vars ]
-	     [ \--bisect-all ]
-	     [ \--merge ]
-	     [ \--reverse ]
-	     [ \--walk-reflogs ]
-	     [ \--no-walk ] [ \--do-walk ]
-	     [ \--use-bitmap-index ]
+'git rev-list' [ --max-count=<number> ]
+	     [ --skip=<number> ]
+	     [ --max-age=<timestamp> ]
+	     [ --min-age=<timestamp> ]
+	     [ --sparse ]
+	     [ --merges ]
+	     [ --no-merges ]
+	     [ --min-parents=<number> ]
+	     [ --no-min-parents ]
+	     [ --max-parents=<number> ]
+	     [ --no-max-parents ]
+	     [ --first-parent ]
+	     [ --remove-empty ]
+	     [ --full-history ]
+	     [ --not ]
+	     [ --all ]
+	     [ --branches[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ --tags[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ --remotes[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ --glob=<glob-pattern> ]
+	     [ --ignore-missing ]
+	     [ --stdin ]
+	     [ --quiet ]
+	     [ --topo-order ]
+	     [ --parents ]
+	     [ --timestamp ]
+	     [ --left-right ]
+	     [ --left-only ]
+	     [ --right-only ]
+	     [ --cherry-mark ]
+	     [ --cherry-pick ]
+	     [ --encoding=<encoding> ]
+	     [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ]
+	     [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ]
+	     [ --extended-regexp | -E ]
+	     [ --fixed-strings | -F ]
+	     [ --date=(local|relative|default|iso|iso-strict|rfc|short) ]
+	     [ [ --objects | --objects-edge | --objects-edge-aggressive ]
+	       [ --unpacked ] ]
+	     [ --pretty | --header ]
+	     [ --bisect ]
+	     [ --bisect-vars ]
+	     [ --bisect-all ]
+	     [ --merge ]
+	     [ --reverse ]
+	     [ --walk-reflogs ]
+	     [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ]
+	     [ --use-bitmap-index ]
 	     <commit>... [ \-- <paths>... ]
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
index d6de42f74e..bf81b9734e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ eval "set -- $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" "$@")"
 +
 If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in
 your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object
-you require, you can add "\^{type}" peeling operator to the parameter.
+you require, you can add the `^{type}` peeling operator to the parameter.
 For example, `git rev-parse "$VAR^{commit}"` will make sure `$VAR`
 names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an
 annotated tag that points at a commit).  To make sure that `$VAR`
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ can be used.
 	form as close to the original input as possible.
 
 --symbolic-full-name::
-	This is similar to \--symbolic, but it omits input that
+	This is similar to --symbolic, but it omits input that
 	are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more
 	explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you
 	want to name the "master" branch when there is an
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
index 45c7725dc3..b5d09f79ee 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	a directory on the default $PATH.
 
 --exec=<git-receive-pack>::
-	Same as \--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>.
+	Same as --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>.
 
 --all::
 	Instead of explicitly specifying which refs to update,
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt
index 4e617e6979..82a4125a2d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by
 For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.
 
 For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to 'git ls-tree'
-with \--name-only).
+with --name-only).
 
 For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
index 6c6e989074..60328d5d08 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ EXAMPLES
 
 Given the following noisy input with '$' indicating the end of a line:
 
---------
+---------
 |A brief introduction   $
 |   $
 |$
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Given the following noisy input with '$' indicating the end of a line:
 
 Use 'git stripspace' with no arguments to obtain:
 
---------
+---------
 |A brief introduction$
 |$
 |A new paragraph$
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Use 'git stripspace' with no arguments to obtain:
 
 Use 'git stripspace --strip-comments' to obtain:
 
---------
+---------
 |A brief introduction$
 |$
 |A new paragraph$
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 2c25916f8f..f17687e09d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -25,22 +25,17 @@ SYNOPSIS
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Submodules allow foreign repositories to be embedded within
-a dedicated subdirectory of the source tree, always pointed
-at a particular commit.
+Inspects, updates and manages submodules.
 
-They are not to be confused with remotes, which are meant mainly
-for branches of the same project; submodules are meant for
-different projects you would like to make part of your source tree,
-while the history of the two projects still stays completely
-independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule
-from within the main project.
-If you want to merge the project histories and want to treat the
-aggregated whole as a single project from then on, you may want to
-add a remote for the other project and use the 'subtree' merge strategy,
-instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories
-that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole
-if you choose to go that route.
+A submodule allows you to keep another Git repository in a subdirectory
+of your repository. The other repository has its own history, which does not
+interfere with the history of the current repository. This can be used to
+have external dependencies such as third party libraries for example.
+
+When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules however,
+these will not be checked out by default; the 'init' and 'update'
+subcommands will maintain submodules checked out and at
+appropriate revision in your working tree.
 
 Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry
 in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object
@@ -51,19 +46,18 @@ describes the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from.
 The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your
 local repository configuration (see 'submodule init').
 
-This command will manage the tree entries and contents of the
-gitmodules file for you, as well as inspect the status of your
-submodules and update them.
-When adding a new submodule to the tree, the 'add' subcommand
-is to be used.  However, when pulling a tree containing submodules,
-these will not be checked out by default;
-the 'init' and 'update' subcommands will maintain submodules
-checked out and at appropriate revision in your working tree.
-You can briefly inspect the up-to-date status of your submodules
-using the 'status' subcommand and get a detailed overview of the
-difference between the index and checkouts using the 'summary'
-subcommand.
-
+Submodules are not to be confused with remotes, which are other
+repositories of the same project; submodules are meant for
+different projects you would like to make part of your source tree,
+while the history of the two projects still stays completely
+independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule
+from within the main project.
+If you want to merge the project histories and want to treat the
+aggregated whole as a single project from then on, you may want to
+add a remote for the other project and use the 'subtree' merge strategy,
+instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories
+that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole
+if you choose to go that route.
 
 COMMANDS
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index 39e9a181cc..11d1e2fc66 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ COMMANDS
 --username=<user>;;
 	For transports that SVN handles authentication for (http,
 	https, and plain svn), specify the username.  For other
-	transports (e.g. svn+ssh://), you must include the username in
-	the URL, e.g. svn+ssh://foo@svn.bar.com/project
+	transports (e.g. `svn+ssh://`), you must include the username in
+	the URL, e.g. `svn+ssh://foo@svn.bar.com/project`
 --prefix=<prefix>;;
 	This allows one to specify a prefix which is prepended
 	to the names of remotes if trunk/branches/tags are
@@ -279,9 +279,9 @@ first have already been pushed into SVN.
 	Ask the user to confirm that a patch set should actually be sent to SVN.
 	For each patch, one may answer "yes" (accept this patch), "no" (discard this
 	patch), "all" (accept all patches), or "quit".
-	+
-	'git svn dcommit' returns immediately if answer is "no" or "quit", without
-	committing anything to SVN.
++
+'git svn dcommit' returns immediately if answer is "no" or "quit", without
+committing anything to SVN.
 
 'branch'::
 	Create a branch in the SVN repository.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index f5b267e1e3..034d10d633 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines.
 CONFIGURATION
 -------------
 By default, 'git tag' in sign-with-default mode (-s) will use your
-committer identity (of the form "Your Name <\your@email.address>") to
+committer identity (of the form `Your Name <your@email.address>`) to
 find a key.  If you want to use a different default key, you can specify
 it in the repository configuration as follows:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt
index 12cb108b85..07d432988f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-unpack-objects.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-unpack-objects - Unpack objects from a packed archive
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] < <pack-file>
+'git unpack-objects' [-n] [-q] [-r] [--strict] < <packfile>
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ the objects contained within and writing them into the repository in
 "loose" (one object per file) format.
 
 Objects that already exist in the repository will *not* be unpacked
-from the pack-file.  Therefore, nothing will be unpacked if you use
-this command on a pack-file that exists within the target repository.
+from the packfile.  Therefore, nothing will be unpacked if you use
+this command on a packfile that exists within the target repository.
 
 See linkgit:git-repack[1] for options to generate
 new packs and replace existing ones.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
index 526ba7be9c..61ca6d04c2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ OUTPUT FORMAT
 -------------
 When specifying the -v option the format used is:
 
-	SHA-1 type size size-in-pack-file offset-in-packfile
+	SHA-1 type size size-in-packfile offset-in-packfile
 
 for objects that are not deltified in the pack, and
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index c71e818cf4..338ebb7265 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -43,14 +43,19 @@ unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
 branch of the `git.git` repository.
 Documentation for older releases are available here:
 
-* link:v2.4.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.4]
+* link:v2.4.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.4]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4],
+  link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3],
+  link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
+  link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
   link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 
-* link:v2.3.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.7]
+* link:v2.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.8]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8],
   link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7],
   link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6],
   link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5],
diff --git a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt
index 8475c07932..36e9ab3e16 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitcore-tutorial.txt
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ index 557db03..263414f 100644
 @@ -1 +1,2 @@
  Hello World
 +It's a new day for git
-----
+------------
 
 i.e. the diff of the change we caused by adding another line to `hello`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
index c8b3e51c84..c579593e55 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ The 'git diff-{asterisk}' family works by first comparing two sets of
 files:
 
  - 'git diff-index' compares contents of a "tree" object and the
-   working directory (when '\--cached' flag is not used) or a
-   "tree" object and the index file (when '\--cached' flag is
+   working directory (when '--cached' flag is not used) or a
+   "tree" object and the index file (when '--cached' flag is
    used);
 
  - 'git diff-files' compares contents of the index file and the
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ merges these filepairs and creates:
 
 When the "-C" option is used, the original contents of modified files,
 and deleted files (and also unmodified files, if the
-"\--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates
+"--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates
 of the source files in rename/copy operation.  If the input were like
 these filepairs, that talk about a modified file fileY and a newly
 created file file0:
diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt
index 7ae50aa26a..6ade002176 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitk.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for a complete list.
 	detailed explanation.)
 
 -L<start>,<end>:<file>::
--L:<regex>:<file>::
+-L:<funcname>:<file>::
 
 	Trace the evolution of the line range given by "<start>,<end>"
-	(or the funcname regex <regex>) within the <file>.  You may
+	(or the function name regex <funcname>) within the <file>.  You may
 	not give any pathspec limiters.  This is currently limited to
 	a walk starting from a single revision, i.e., you may only
 	give zero or one positive revision arguments.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
index 8edf72cf53..82e2d15435 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
@@ -408,14 +408,14 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability.
 	of <n> correspond to the number of -v flags passed on the
 	command line.
 
-'option progress' \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option progress' {'true'|'false'}::
 	Enables (or disables) progress messages displayed by the
 	transport helper during a command.
 
 'option depth' <depth>::
 	Deepens the history of a shallow repository.
 
-'option followtags' \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option followtags' {'true'|'false'}::
 	If enabled the helper should automatically fetch annotated
 	tag objects if the object the tag points at was transferred
 	during the fetch command.  If the tag is not fetched by
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability.
 	ask for the tag specifically.  Some helpers may be able to
 	use this option to avoid a second network connection.
 
-'option dry-run' \{'true'|'false'\}:
+'option dry-run' {'true'|'false'}:
 	If true, pretend the operation completed successfully,
 	but don't actually change any repository data.	For most
 	helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported.
@@ -434,18 +434,18 @@ set by Git if the remote helper has the 'option' capability.
 	must not rely on this option being set before
 	connect request occurs.
 
-'option check-connectivity' \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option check-connectivity' {'true'|'false'}::
 	Request the helper to check connectivity of a clone.
 
-'option force' \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option force' {'true'|'false'}::
 	Request the helper to perform a force update.  Defaults to
 	'false'.
 
-'option cloning \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option cloning {'true'|'false'}::
 	Notify the helper this is a clone request (i.e. the current
 	repository is guaranteed empty).
 
-'option update-shallow \{'true'|'false'\}::
+'option update-shallow {'true'|'false'}::
 	Allow to extend .git/shallow if the new refs require it.
 
 SEE ALSO
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index bf383c2e8c..ab18f4baca 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -469,6 +469,11 @@ The most notable example is `HEAD`.
 	<<def_push,push>> to describe the mapping between remote
 	<<def_ref,ref>> and local ref.
 
+[[def_remote]]remote repository::
+	A <<def_repository,repository>> which is used to track the same
+	project but resides somewhere else. To communicate with remotes,
+	see <<def_fetch,fetch>> or <<def_push,push>>.
+
 [[def_remote_tracking_branch]]remote-tracking branch::
 	A <<def_ref,ref>> that is used to follow changes from another
 	<<def_repository,repository>>. It typically looks like
@@ -515,6 +520,17 @@ The most notable example is `HEAD`.
 	is created by giving the `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1], and
 	its history can be later deepened with linkgit:git-fetch[1].
 
+[[def_submodule]]submodule::
+	A <<def_repository,repository>> that holds the history of a
+	separate project inside another repository (the latter of
+	which is called <<def_superproject, superproject>>).
+
+[[def_superproject]]superproject::
+	A <<def_repository,repository>> that references repositories
+	of other projects in its working tree as <<def_submodule,submodules>>.
+	The superproject knows about the names of (but does not hold
+	copies of) commit objects of the contained submodules.
+
 [[def_symref]]symref::
 	Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>
 	id itself, it is of the format 'ref: refs/some/thing' and when
diff --git a/Documentation/line-range-format.txt b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt
index d7f26039ca..829676ff98 100644
--- a/Documentation/line-range-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/line-range-format.txt
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number
 of lines before or after the line given by <start>.
 
 +
-If ``:<regex>'' is given in place of <start> and <end>, it denotes the range
-from the first funcname line that matches <regex>, up to the next
-funcname line. ``:<regex>'' searches from the end of the previous `-L` range,
-if any, otherwise from the start of file.
-``^:<regex>'' searches from the start of file.
+If ``:<funcname>'' is given in place of <start> and <end>, it is a
+regular expression that denotes the range from the first funcname line
+that matches <funcname>, up to the next funcname line. ``:<funcname>''
+searches from the end of the previous `-L` range, if any, otherwise
+from the start of file. ``^:<funcname>'' searches from the start of
+file.
diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
index dcf7429a47..dc865cbb27 100644
--- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
@@ -79,7 +79,10 @@ stored in the commit object.  Notably, the SHA-1s are
 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
 --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the
 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
-simplification into account.
+simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
+commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
+`git log --raw`. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
+use `--no-abbrev`.
 
 * 'format:<string>'
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
index 462e20645f..fc09c63b32 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new
 references.
 
 ----
-  update-request    =  *shallow ( command-list | push-cert ) [pack-file]
+  update-request    =  *shallow ( command-list | push-cert ) [packfile]
 
   shallow           =  PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id LF)
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ references.
 		      *PKT-LINE(gpg-signature-lines LF)
 		      PKT-LINE("push-cert-end" LF)
 
-  pack-file         = "PACK" 28*(OCTET)
+  packfile          = "PACK" 28*(OCTET)
 ----
 
 If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST
@@ -502,11 +502,11 @@ MUST NOT send a push-cert command.  When a push-cert command is
 sent, command-list MUST NOT be sent; the commands recorded in the
 push certificate is used instead.
 
-The pack-file MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'.
+The packfile MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'.
 
-A pack-file MUST be sent if either create or update command is used,
+A packfile MUST be sent if either create or update command is used,
 even if the server already has all the necessary objects.  In this
-case the client MUST send an empty pack-file.   The only time this
+case the client MUST send an empty packfile.   The only time this
 is likely to happen is if the client is creating
 a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id.
 
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 48aee9c417..9765504553 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.4.0
+DEF_VER=v2.4.4
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5f3987fe3b..40a93c1a14 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -2102,6 +2102,7 @@ GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS: FORCE
 	@echo PYTHON_PATH=\''$(subst ','\'',$(PYTHON_PATH_SQ))'\' >>$@
 	@echo TAR=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(TAR)))'\' >>$@
 	@echo NO_CURL=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_CURL)))'\' >>$@
+	@echo NO_EXPAT=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_EXPAT)))'\' >>$@
 	@echo USE_LIBPCRE=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(USE_LIBPCRE)))'\' >>$@
 	@echo NO_PERL=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_PERL)))'\' >>$@
 	@echo NO_PYTHON=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_PYTHON)))'\' >>$@
diff --git a/RelNotes b/RelNotes
index 1addbec925..9294b6f080 120000
--- a/RelNotes
+++ b/RelNotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.0.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.4.4.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/attr.c b/attr.c
index 1f9eebd2dd..8f2ac6c88c 100644
--- a/attr.c
+++ b/attr.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
 #include "attr.h"
 #include "dir.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
 
 const char git_attr__true[] = "(builtin)true";
 const char git_attr__false[] = "\0(builtin)false";
@@ -379,8 +380,12 @@ static struct attr_stack *read_attr_from_file(const char *path, int macro_ok)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	res = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*res));
-	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp))
-		handle_attr_line(res, buf, path, ++lineno, macro_ok);
+	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), fp)) {
+		char *bufp = buf;
+		if (!lineno)
+			skip_utf8_bom(&bufp, strlen(bufp));
+		handle_attr_line(res, bufp, path, ++lineno, macro_ok);
+	}
 	fclose(fp);
 	return res;
 }
@@ -488,7 +493,6 @@ static int git_attr_system(void)
 static void bootstrap_attr_stack(void)
 {
 	struct attr_stack *elem;
-	char *xdg_attributes_file;
 
 	if (attr_stack)
 		return;
@@ -507,10 +511,8 @@ static void bootstrap_attr_stack(void)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!git_attributes_file) {
-		home_config_paths(NULL, &xdg_attributes_file, "attributes");
-		git_attributes_file = xdg_attributes_file;
-	}
+	if (!git_attributes_file)
+		git_attributes_file = xdg_config_home("attributes");
 	if (git_attributes_file) {
 		elem = read_attr_from_file(git_attributes_file, 1);
 		if (elem) {
diff --git a/builtin/add.c b/builtin/add.c
index 3390933d68..4bd98b799e 100644
--- a/builtin/add.c
+++ b/builtin/add.c
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ static int edit_patch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (run_diff_files(&rev, 0))
 		die(_("Could not write patch"));
 
-	launch_editor(file, NULL, NULL);
+	if (launch_editor(file, NULL, NULL))
+		die(_("editing patch failed"));
 
 	if (stat(file, &st))
 		die_errno(_("Could not stat '%s'"), file);
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index 06484c2e0e..b3e948e757 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@
 #include "userdiff.h"
 #include "line-range.h"
 #include "line-log.h"
+#include "dir.h"
 
-static char blame_usage[] = N_("git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] file");
+static char blame_usage[] = N_("git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>");
 
 static const char *blame_opt_usage[] = {
 	blame_usage,
@@ -2151,16 +2152,6 @@ static void sanity_check_refcnt(struct scoreboard *sb)
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * Used for the command line parsing; check if the path exists
- * in the working tree.
- */
-static int has_string_in_work_tree(const char *path)
-{
-	struct stat st;
-	return !lstat(path, &st);
-}
-
 static unsigned parse_score(const char *arg)
 {
 	char *end;
@@ -2348,6 +2339,7 @@ static struct commit *fake_working_tree_commit(struct diff_options *opt,
 		if (strbuf_read(&buf, 0, 0) < 0)
 			die_errno("failed to read from stdin");
 	}
+	convert_to_git(path, buf.buf, buf.len, &buf, 0);
 	origin->file.ptr = buf.buf;
 	origin->file.size = buf.len;
 	pretend_sha1_file(buf.buf, buf.len, OBJ_BLOB, origin->blob_sha1);
@@ -2655,14 +2647,14 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (argc < 2)
 			usage_with_options(blame_opt_usage, options);
 		path = add_prefix(prefix, argv[argc - 1]);
-		if (argc == 3 && !has_string_in_work_tree(path)) { /* (2b) */
+		if (argc == 3 && !file_exists(path)) { /* (2b) */
 			path = add_prefix(prefix, argv[1]);
 			argv[1] = argv[2];
 		}
 		argv[argc - 1] = "--";
 
 		setup_work_tree();
-		if (!has_string_in_work_tree(path))
+		if (!file_exists(path))
 			die_errno("cannot stat path '%s'", path);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 1d150378e9..a0a03fc6de 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
 					    sha1, &flags);
 		if (!target) {
 			error(remote_branch
-			      ? _("remote branch '%s' not found.")
+			      ? _("remote-tracking branch '%s' not found.")
 			      : _("branch '%s' not found."), bname.buf);
 			ret = 1;
 			continue;
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
 
 		if (delete_ref(name, sha1, REF_NODEREF)) {
 			error(remote_branch
-			      ? _("Error deleting remote branch '%s'")
+			      ? _("Error deleting remote-tracking branch '%s'")
 			      : _("Error deleting branch '%s'"),
 			      bname.buf);
 			ret = 1;
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
 		}
 		if (!quiet) {
 			printf(remote_branch
-			       ? _("Deleted remote branch %s (was %s).\n")
+			       ? _("Deleted remote-tracking branch %s (was %s).\n")
 			       : _("Deleted branch %s (was %s).\n"),
 			       bname.buf,
 			       (flags & REF_ISBROKEN) ? "broken"
diff --git a/builtin/bundle.c b/builtin/bundle.c
index 92a8a6026a..4883a435a9 100644
--- a/builtin/bundle.c
+++ b/builtin/bundle.c
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ int cmd_bundle(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	if (!strcmp(cmd, "verify")) {
 		close(bundle_fd);
+		if (argc != 1) {
+			usage(builtin_bundle_usage);
+			return 1;
+		}
 		if (verify_bundle(&header, 1))
 			return 1;
 		fprintf(stderr, _("%s is okay\n"), bundle_file);
@@ -52,6 +56,10 @@ int cmd_bundle(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		return !!list_bundle_refs(&header, argc, argv);
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(cmd, "create")) {
+		if (argc < 2) {
+			usage(builtin_bundle_usage);
+			return 1;
+		}
 		if (!startup_info->have_repository)
 			die(_("Need a repository to create a bundle."));
 		return !!create_bundle(&header, bundle_file, argc, argv);
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index 98c103fa8b..6dcb72e644 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -314,7 +314,6 @@ static void print_highlight_menu_stuff(struct menu_stuff *stuff, int **chosen)
 {
 	struct string_list menu_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct strbuf menu = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct menu_item *menu_item;
 	struct string_list_item *string_list_item;
 	int i;
@@ -363,7 +362,6 @@ static void print_highlight_menu_stuff(struct menu_stuff *stuff, int **chosen)
 	pretty_print_menus(&menu_list);
 
 	strbuf_release(&menu);
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	string_list_clear(&menu_list, 0);
 }
 
@@ -941,15 +939,15 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (!cache_name_is_other(ent->name, ent->len))
 			continue;
 
-		if (lstat(ent->name, &st))
-			die_errno("Cannot lstat '%s'", ent->name);
-
 		if (pathspec.nr)
 			matches = dir_path_match(ent, &pathspec, 0, NULL);
 
 		if (pathspec.nr && !matches)
 			continue;
 
+		if (lstat(ent->name, &st))
+			die_errno("Cannot lstat '%s'", ent->name);
+
 		if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && !remove_directories &&
 		    matches != MATCHED_EXACTLY)
 			continue;
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index 53a2e5af35..4646922d6e 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -51,15 +51,6 @@ static struct string_list option_config;
 static struct string_list option_reference;
 static int option_dissociate;
 
-static int opt_parse_reference(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
-{
-	struct string_list *option_reference = opt->value;
-	if (!arg)
-		return -1;
-	string_list_append(option_reference, arg);
-	return 0;
-}
-
 static struct option builtin_clone_options[] = {
 	OPT__VERBOSITY(&option_verbosity),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "progress", &option_progress,
@@ -83,8 +74,10 @@ static struct option builtin_clone_options[] = {
 		    N_("initialize submodules in the clone")),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "template", &option_template, N_("template-directory"),
 		   N_("directory from which templates will be used")),
-	OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "reference", &option_reference, N_("repo"),
-		     N_("reference repository"), &opt_parse_reference),
+	OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "reference", &option_reference, N_("repo"),
+			N_("reference repository")),
+	OPT_BOOL(0, "dissociate", &option_dissociate,
+		 N_("use --reference only while cloning")),
 	OPT_STRING('o', "origin", &option_origin, N_("name"),
 		   N_("use <name> instead of 'origin' to track upstream")),
 	OPT_STRING('b', "branch", &option_branch, N_("branch"),
@@ -95,8 +88,6 @@ static struct option builtin_clone_options[] = {
 		    N_("create a shallow clone of that depth")),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "single-branch", &option_single_branch,
 		    N_("clone only one branch, HEAD or --branch")),
-	OPT_BOOL(0, "dissociate", &option_dissociate,
-		 N_("use --reference only while cloning")),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "separate-git-dir", &real_git_dir, N_("gitdir"),
 		   N_("separate git dir from working tree")),
 	OPT_STRING_LIST('c', "config", &option_config, N_("key=value"),
@@ -906,6 +897,8 @@ int cmd_clone(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	remote = remote_get(option_origin);
 	transport = transport_get(remote, remote->url[0]);
+	transport_set_verbosity(transport, option_verbosity, option_progress);
+
 	path = get_repo_path(remote->url[0], &is_bundle);
 	is_local = option_local != 0 && path && !is_bundle;
 	if (is_local) {
@@ -932,8 +925,6 @@ int cmd_clone(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (option_single_branch)
 		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FOLLOWTAGS, "1");
 
-	transport_set_verbosity(transport, option_verbosity, option_progress);
-
 	if (option_upload_pack)
 		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_UPLOADPACK,
 				     option_upload_pack);
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index da79ac4bc7..c2ebea4ed3 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -1398,12 +1398,10 @@ int cmd_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 static const char *implicit_ident_advice(void)
 {
-	char *user_config = NULL;
-	char *xdg_config = NULL;
-	int config_exists;
+	char *user_config = expand_user_path("~/.gitconfig");
+	char *xdg_config = xdg_config_home("config");
+	int config_exists = file_exists(user_config) || file_exists(xdg_config);
 
-	home_config_paths(&user_config, &xdg_config, "config");
-	config_exists = file_exists(user_config) || file_exists(xdg_config);
 	free(user_config);
 	free(xdg_config);
 
diff --git a/builtin/config.c b/builtin/config.c
index d32c5327e5..a58f99c2d7 100644
--- a/builtin/config.c
+++ b/builtin/config.c
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ static char *default_user_config(void)
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	strbuf_addf(&buf,
 		    _("# This is Git's per-user configuration file.\n"
-		      "[core]\n"
+		      "[user]\n"
 		      "# Please adapt and uncomment the following lines:\n"
-		      "#	user = %s\n"
+		      "#	name = %s\n"
 		      "#	email = %s\n"),
 		    ident_default_name(),
 		    ident_default_email());
@@ -488,10 +488,8 @@ int cmd_config(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	if (use_global_config) {
-		char *user_config = NULL;
-		char *xdg_config = NULL;
-
-		home_config_paths(&user_config, &xdg_config, "config");
+		char *user_config = expand_user_path("~/.gitconfig");
+		char *xdg_config = xdg_config_home("config");
 
 		if (!user_config)
 			/*
diff --git a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
index 1d962dc569..05f4c26311 100644
--- a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
+++ b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
@@ -223,16 +223,14 @@ static void add_branch_desc(struct strbuf *out, const char *name)
 
 #define util_as_integral(elem) ((intptr_t)((elem)->util))
 
-static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
-			  struct commit *commit)
+static void record_person_from_buf(int which, struct string_list *people,
+				   const char *buffer)
 {
-	const char *buffer;
 	char *name_buf, *name, *name_end;
 	struct string_list_item *elem;
 	const char *field;
 
 	field = (which == 'a') ? "\nauthor " : "\ncommitter ";
-	buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
 	name = strstr(buffer, field);
 	if (!name)
 		return;
@@ -245,7 +243,6 @@ static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
 	if (name_end < name)
 		return;
 	name_buf = xmemdupz(name, name_end - name + 1);
-	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
 
 	elem = string_list_lookup(people, name_buf);
 	if (!elem) {
@@ -256,6 +253,15 @@ static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
 	free(name_buf);
 }
 
+
+static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
+			  struct commit *commit)
+{
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+	record_person_from_buf(which, people, buffer);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
+}
+
 static int cmp_string_list_util_as_integral(const void *a_, const void *b_)
 {
 	const struct string_list_item *a = a_, *b = b_;
diff --git a/builtin/hash-object.c b/builtin/hash-object.c
index 207b90c7b1..07fef3cc6b 100644
--- a/builtin/hash-object.c
+++ b/builtin/hash-object.c
@@ -22,10 +22,8 @@ static int hash_literally(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, const char *type, unsigne
 
 	if (strbuf_read(&buf, fd, 4096) < 0)
 		ret = -1;
-	else if (flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT)
-		ret = write_sha1_file(buf.buf, buf.len, type, sha1);
 	else
-		ret = hash_sha1_file(buf.buf, buf.len, type, sha1);
+		ret = hash_sha1_file_literally(buf.buf, buf.len, type, sha1, flags);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 6723d39c3b..ab9f86b889 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -182,6 +182,20 @@ static int git_init_db_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * If the git_dir is not directly inside the working tree, then git will not
+ * find it by default, and we need to set the worktree explicitly.
+ */
+static int needs_work_tree_config(const char *git_dir, const char *work_tree)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(work_tree, "/") && !strcmp(git_dir, "/.git"))
+		return 0;
+	if (skip_prefix(git_dir, work_tree, &git_dir) &&
+	    !strcmp(git_dir, "/.git"))
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
 static int create_default_files(const char *template_path)
 {
 	const char *git_dir = get_git_dir();
@@ -274,10 +288,8 @@ static int create_default_files(const char *template_path)
 		/* allow template config file to override the default */
 		if (log_all_ref_updates == -1)
 		    git_config_set("core.logallrefupdates", "true");
-		if (!starts_with(git_dir, work_tree) ||
-		    strcmp(git_dir + strlen(work_tree), "/.git")) {
+		if (needs_work_tree_config(git_dir, work_tree))
 			git_config_set("core.worktree", work_tree);
-		}
 	}
 
 	if (!reinit) {
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index dd8f3fcfc4..4c4e6be28c 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static const char *fmt_patch_subject_prefix = "PATCH";
 static const char *fmt_pretty;
 
 static const char * const builtin_log_usage[] = {
-	N_("git log [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...]"),
+	N_("git log [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>...]"),
 	N_("git show [<options>] <object>..."),
 	NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index c3a75166bd..c067107a6a 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -961,10 +961,8 @@ static int want_object_in_pack(const unsigned char *sha1,
 		off_t offset = find_pack_entry_one(sha1, p);
 		if (offset) {
 			if (!*found_pack) {
-				if (!is_pack_valid(p)) {
-					warning("packfile %s cannot be accessed", p->pack_name);
+				if (!is_pack_valid(p))
 					continue;
-				}
 				*found_offset = offset;
 				*found_pack = p;
 			}
diff --git a/builtin/rm.c b/builtin/rm.c
index 3304bff42a..80b972f92f 100644
--- a/builtin/rm.c
+++ b/builtin/rm.c
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ static int check_submodules_use_gitfiles(void)
 		const char *name = list.entry[i].name;
 		int pos;
 		const struct cache_entry *ce;
-		struct stat st;
 
 		pos = cache_name_pos(name, strlen(name));
 		if (pos < 0) {
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ static int check_submodules_use_gitfiles(void)
 		ce = active_cache[pos];
 
 		if (!S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode) ||
-		    (lstat(ce->name, &st) < 0) ||
+		    !file_exists(ce->name) ||
 		    is_empty_dir(name))
 			continue;
 
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 3d3244ba64..badf3da340 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -816,7 +816,6 @@ enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories(char *path);
 enum scld_error safe_create_leading_directories_const(const char *path);
 
 int mkdir_in_gitdir(const char *path);
-extern void home_config_paths(char **global, char **xdg, char *file);
 extern char *expand_user_path(const char *path);
 const char *enter_repo(const char *path, int strict);
 static inline int is_absolute_path(const char *path)
@@ -836,6 +835,13 @@ char *strip_path_suffix(const char *path, const char *suffix);
 int daemon_avoid_alias(const char *path);
 extern int is_ntfs_dotgit(const char *name);
 
+/**
+ * Return a newly allocated string with the evaluation of
+ * "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/$filename" if $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is non-empty, otherwise
+ * "$HOME/.config/git/$filename". Return NULL upon error.
+ */
+extern char *xdg_config_home(const char *filename);
+
 /* object replacement */
 #define LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT 1
 extern void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size, unsigned flag);
@@ -874,6 +880,7 @@ static inline const unsigned char *lookup_replace_object_extended(const unsigned
 extern int sha1_object_info(const unsigned char *, unsigned long *);
 extern int hash_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *sha1);
 extern int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *return_sha1);
+extern int hash_sha1_file_literally(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *sha1, unsigned flags);
 extern int pretend_sha1_file(void *, unsigned long, enum object_type, unsigned char *);
 extern int force_object_loose(const unsigned char *sha1, time_t mtime);
 extern int git_open_noatime(const char *name);
@@ -1174,6 +1181,7 @@ extern struct packed_git {
 	int pack_fd;
 	unsigned pack_local:1,
 		 pack_keep:1,
+		 freshened:1,
 		 do_not_close:1;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	/* something like ".git/objects/pack/xxxxx.pack" */
@@ -1289,14 +1297,16 @@ int for_each_loose_file_in_objdir_buf(struct strbuf *path,
 
 /*
  * Iterate over loose and packed objects in both the local
- * repository and any alternates repositories.
+ * repository and any alternates repositories (unless the
+ * LOCAL_ONLY flag is set).
  */
+#define FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY 0x1
 typedef int each_packed_object_fn(const unsigned char *sha1,
 				  struct packed_git *pack,
 				  uint32_t pos,
 				  void *data);
-extern int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn, void *);
-extern int for_each_packed_object(each_packed_object_fn, void *);
+extern int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn, void *, unsigned flags);
+extern int for_each_packed_object(each_packed_object_fn, void *, unsigned flags);
 
 struct object_info {
 	/* Request */
diff --git a/combine-diff.c b/combine-diff.c
index 91edce58e1..d777e92aa0 100644
--- a/combine-diff.c
+++ b/combine-diff.c
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ static void dump_sline(struct sline *sline, const char *line_prefix,
 	const char *c_func = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_FUNCINFO);
 	const char *c_new = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_FILE_NEW);
 	const char *c_old = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_FILE_OLD);
-	const char *c_plain = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_PLAIN);
+	const char *c_context = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_CONTEXT);
 	const char *c_reset = diff_get_color(use_color, DIFF_RESET);
 
 	if (result_deleted)
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ static void dump_sline(struct sline *sline, const char *line_prefix,
 			}
 			if (comment_end)
 				printf("%s%s %s%s", c_reset,
-						    c_plain, c_reset,
+						    c_context, c_reset,
 						    c_func);
 			for (i = 0; i < comment_end; i++)
 				putchar(hunk_comment[i]);
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ static void dump_sline(struct sline *sline, const char *line_prefix,
 				 */
 				if (!context)
 					continue;
-				fputs(c_plain, stdout);
+				fputs(c_context, stdout);
 			}
 			else
 				fputs(c_new, stdout);
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index a8c7577d28..0eee410764 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ int parse_commit_buffer(struct commit *item, const void *buffer, unsigned long s
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int parse_commit(struct commit *item)
+int parse_commit_gently(struct commit *item, int quiet_on_missing)
 {
 	enum object_type type;
 	void *buffer;
@@ -366,7 +366,8 @@ int parse_commit(struct commit *item)
 		return 0;
 	buffer = read_sha1_file(item->object.sha1, &type, &size);
 	if (!buffer)
-		return error("Could not read %s",
+		return quiet_on_missing ? -1 :
+			error("Could not read %s",
 			     sha1_to_hex(item->object.sha1));
 	if (type != OBJ_COMMIT) {
 		free(buffer);
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 9f189cb054..4789839bd0 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -59,7 +59,11 @@ struct commit *lookup_commit_reference_by_name(const char *name);
 struct commit *lookup_commit_or_die(const unsigned char *sha1, const char *ref_name);
 
 int parse_commit_buffer(struct commit *item, const void *buffer, unsigned long size);
-int parse_commit(struct commit *item);
+int parse_commit_gently(struct commit *item, int quiet_on_missing);
+static inline int parse_commit(struct commit *item)
+{
+	return parse_commit_gently(item, 0);
+}
 void parse_commit_or_die(struct commit *item);
 
 /*
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 66c0a51bce..27a73c8500 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
 
 struct config_source {
 	struct config_source *prev;
@@ -417,8 +418,7 @@ static int git_parse_source(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
 	struct strbuf *var = &cf->var;
 
 	/* U+FEFF Byte Order Mark in UTF8 */
-	static const unsigned char *utf8_bom = (unsigned char *) "\xef\xbb\xbf";
-	const unsigned char *bomptr = utf8_bom;
+	const char *bomptr = utf8_bom;
 
 	for (;;) {
 		int c = get_next_char();
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ static int git_parse_source(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
 			/* We are at the file beginning; skip UTF8-encoded BOM
 			 * if present. Sane editors won't put this in on their
 			 * own, but e.g. Windows Notepad will do it happily. */
-			if ((unsigned char) c == *bomptr) {
+			if (c == (*bomptr & 0377)) {
 				bomptr++;
 				continue;
 			} else {
@@ -1185,10 +1185,8 @@ int git_config_system(void)
 int git_config_early(config_fn_t fn, void *data, const char *repo_config)
 {
 	int ret = 0, found = 0;
-	char *xdg_config = NULL;
-	char *user_config = NULL;
-
-	home_config_paths(&user_config, &xdg_config, "config");
+	char *xdg_config = xdg_config_home("config");
+	char *user_config = expand_user_path("~/.gitconfig");
 
 	if (git_config_system() && !access_or_die(git_etc_gitconfig(), R_OK, 0)) {
 		ret += git_config_from_file(fn, git_etc_gitconfig(),
@@ -1939,6 +1937,8 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 	int ret;
 	struct lock_file *lock = NULL;
 	char *filename_buf = NULL;
+	char *contents = NULL;
+	size_t contents_sz;
 
 	/* parse-key returns negative; flip the sign to feed exit(3) */
 	ret = 0 - git_config_parse_key(key, &store.key, &store.baselen);
@@ -1988,8 +1988,7 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 			goto write_err_out;
 	} else {
 		struct stat st;
-		char *contents;
-		size_t contents_sz, copy_begin, copy_end;
+		size_t copy_begin, copy_end;
 		int i, new_line = 0;
 
 		if (value_regex == NULL)
@@ -2052,8 +2051,17 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 
 		fstat(in_fd, &st);
 		contents_sz = xsize_t(st.st_size);
-		contents = xmmap(NULL, contents_sz, PROT_READ,
-			MAP_PRIVATE, in_fd, 0);
+		contents = xmmap_gently(NULL, contents_sz, PROT_READ,
+					MAP_PRIVATE, in_fd, 0);
+		if (contents == MAP_FAILED) {
+			if (errno == ENODEV && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+				errno = EISDIR;
+			error("unable to mmap '%s': %s",
+			      config_filename, strerror(errno));
+			ret = CONFIG_INVALID_FILE;
+			contents = NULL;
+			goto out_free;
+		}
 		close(in_fd);
 
 		if (chmod(lock->filename.buf, st.st_mode & 07777) < 0) {
@@ -2108,8 +2116,6 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 					  contents_sz - copy_begin) <
 			    contents_sz - copy_begin)
 				goto write_err_out;
-
-		munmap(contents, contents_sz);
 	}
 
 	if (commit_lock_file(lock) < 0) {
@@ -2135,6 +2141,8 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 	if (lock)
 		rollback_lock_file(lock);
 	free(filename_buf);
+	if (contents)
+		munmap(contents, contents_sz);
 	return ret;
 
 write_err_out:
diff --git a/connect.c b/connect.c
index 391d21192f..c0144d859a 100644
--- a/connect.c
+++ b/connect.c
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ struct child_process *git_connect(int fd[2], const char *url,
 		conn->in = conn->out = -1;
 		if (protocol == PROTO_SSH) {
 			const char *ssh;
-			int putty;
+			int putty, tortoiseplink = 0;
 			char *ssh_host = hostandport;
 			const char *port = NULL;
 			get_host_and_port(&ssh_host, &port);
@@ -743,28 +743,40 @@ struct child_process *git_connect(int fd[2], const char *url,
 				free(path);
 				free(conn);
 				return NULL;
+			}
+
+			ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH_COMMAND");
+			if (ssh) {
+				conn->use_shell = 1;
+				putty = 0;
 			} else {
-				ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH_COMMAND");
-				if (ssh) {
-					conn->use_shell = 1;
-					putty = 0;
-				} else {
-					ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH");
-					if (!ssh)
-						ssh = "ssh";
-					putty = !!strcasestr(ssh, "plink");
-				}
-
-				argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh);
-				if (putty && !strcasestr(ssh, "tortoiseplink"))
-					argv_array_push(&conn->args, "-batch");
-				if (port) {
-					/* P is for PuTTY, p is for OpenSSH */
-					argv_array_push(&conn->args, putty ? "-P" : "-p");
-					argv_array_push(&conn->args, port);
-				}
-				argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh_host);
+				const char *base;
+				char *ssh_dup;
+
+				ssh = getenv("GIT_SSH");
+				if (!ssh)
+					ssh = "ssh";
+
+				ssh_dup = xstrdup(ssh);
+				base = basename(ssh_dup);
+
+				tortoiseplink = !strcasecmp(base, "tortoiseplink") ||
+					!strcasecmp(base, "tortoiseplink.exe");
+				putty = !strcasecmp(base, "plink") ||
+					!strcasecmp(base, "plink.exe") || tortoiseplink;
+
+				free(ssh_dup);
+			}
+
+			argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh);
+			if (tortoiseplink)
+				argv_array_push(&conn->args, "-batch");
+			if (port) {
+				/* P is for PuTTY, p is for OpenSSH */
+				argv_array_push(&conn->args, putty ? "-P" : "-p");
+				argv_array_push(&conn->args, port);
 			}
+			argv_array_push(&conn->args, ssh_host);
 		} else {
 			/* remove repo-local variables from the environment */
 			conn->env = local_repo_env;
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 5944c824ab..eae9dce590 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -1448,7 +1448,7 @@ _git_log ()
 		return
 		;;
 	--decorate=*)
-		__gitcomp "long short" "" "${cur##--decorate=}"
+		__gitcomp "full short no" "" "${cur##--decorate=}"
 		return
 		;;
 	--*)
diff --git a/credential-store.c b/credential-store.c
index 925d3f4024..f6925096ff 100644
--- a/credential-store.c
+++ b/credential-store.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 static struct lock_file credential_lock;
 
-static void parse_credential_file(const char *fn,
+static int parse_credential_file(const char *fn,
 				  struct credential *c,
 				  void (*match_cb)(struct credential *),
 				  void (*other_cb)(struct strbuf *))
@@ -14,18 +14,20 @@ static void parse_credential_file(const char *fn,
 	FILE *fh;
 	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct credential entry = CREDENTIAL_INIT;
+	int found_credential = 0;
 
 	fh = fopen(fn, "r");
 	if (!fh) {
-		if (errno != ENOENT)
+		if (errno != ENOENT && errno != EACCES)
 			die_errno("unable to open %s", fn);
-		return;
+		return found_credential;
 	}
 
 	while (strbuf_getline(&line, fh, '\n') != EOF) {
 		credential_from_url(&entry, line.buf);
 		if (entry.username && entry.password &&
 		    credential_match(c, &entry)) {
+			found_credential = 1;
 			if (match_cb) {
 				match_cb(&entry);
 				break;
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ static void parse_credential_file(const char *fn,
 	credential_clear(&entry);
 	strbuf_release(&line);
 	fclose(fh);
+	return found_credential;
 }
 
 static void print_entry(struct credential *c)
@@ -64,21 +67,10 @@ static void rewrite_credential_file(const char *fn, struct credential *c,
 		die_errno("unable to commit credential store");
 }
 
-static void store_credential(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
+static void store_credential_file(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	/*
-	 * Sanity check that what we are storing is actually sensible.
-	 * In particular, we can't make a URL without a protocol field.
-	 * Without either a host or pathname (depending on the scheme),
-	 * we have no primary key. And without a username and password,
-	 * we are not actually storing a credential.
-	 */
-	if (!c->protocol || !(c->host || c->path) ||
-	    !c->username || !c->password)
-		return;
-
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s://", c->protocol);
 	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->username, 1);
 	strbuf_addch(&buf, ':');
@@ -95,8 +87,37 @@ static void store_credential(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
-static void remove_credential(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
+static void store_credential(const struct string_list *fns, struct credential *c)
+{
+	struct string_list_item *fn;
+
+	/*
+	 * Sanity check that what we are storing is actually sensible.
+	 * In particular, we can't make a URL without a protocol field.
+	 * Without either a host or pathname (depending on the scheme),
+	 * we have no primary key. And without a username and password,
+	 * we are not actually storing a credential.
+	 */
+	if (!c->protocol || !(c->host || c->path) || !c->username || !c->password)
+		return;
+
+	for_each_string_list_item(fn, fns)
+		if (!access(fn->string, F_OK)) {
+			store_credential_file(fn->string, c);
+			return;
+		}
+	/*
+	 * Write credential to the filename specified by fns->items[0], thus
+	 * creating it
+	 */
+	if (fns->nr)
+		store_credential_file(fns->items[0].string, c);
+}
+
+static void remove_credential(const struct string_list *fns, struct credential *c)
 {
+	struct string_list_item *fn;
+
 	/*
 	 * Sanity check that we actually have something to match
 	 * against. The input we get is a restrictive pattern,
@@ -105,14 +126,20 @@ static void remove_credential(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
 	 * to empty input. So explicitly disallow it, and require that the
 	 * pattern have some actual content to match.
 	 */
-	if (c->protocol || c->host || c->path || c->username)
-		rewrite_credential_file(fn, c, NULL);
+	if (!c->protocol && !c->host && !c->path && !c->username)
+		return;
+	for_each_string_list_item(fn, fns)
+		if (!access(fn->string, F_OK))
+			rewrite_credential_file(fn->string, c, NULL);
 }
 
-static int lookup_credential(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
+static void lookup_credential(const struct string_list *fns, struct credential *c)
 {
-	parse_credential_file(fn, c, print_entry, NULL);
-	return c->username && c->password;
+	struct string_list_item *fn;
+
+	for_each_string_list_item(fn, fns)
+		if (parse_credential_file(fn->string, c, print_entry, NULL))
+			return; /* Found credential */
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
@@ -123,6 +150,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	};
 	const char *op;
 	struct credential c = CREDENTIAL_INIT;
+	struct string_list fns = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	char *file = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_STRING(0, "file", &file, "path",
@@ -137,22 +165,30 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		usage_with_options(usage, options);
 	op = argv[0];
 
-	if (!file)
-		file = expand_user_path("~/.git-credentials");
-	if (!file)
+	if (file) {
+		string_list_append(&fns, file);
+	} else {
+		if ((file = expand_user_path("~/.git-credentials")))
+			string_list_append_nodup(&fns, file);
+		file = xdg_config_home("credentials");
+		if (file)
+			string_list_append_nodup(&fns, file);
+	}
+	if (!fns.nr)
 		die("unable to set up default path; use --file");
 
 	if (credential_read(&c, stdin) < 0)
 		die("unable to read credential");
 
 	if (!strcmp(op, "get"))
-		lookup_credential(file, &c);
+		lookup_credential(&fns, &c);
 	else if (!strcmp(op, "erase"))
-		remove_credential(file, &c);
+		remove_credential(&fns, &c);
 	else if (!strcmp(op, "store"))
-		store_credential(file, &c);
+		store_credential(&fns, &c);
 	else
 		; /* Ignore unknown operation. */
 
+	string_list_clear(&fns, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/daemon.c b/daemon.c
index 9ee21877cd..4be10914e6 100644
--- a/daemon.c
+++ b/daemon.c
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ static void lookup_hostname(struct hostinfo *hi)
 		char **ap;
 		static char addrbuf[HOST_NAME_MAX + 1];
 
-		hent = gethostbyname(hostname.buf);
+		hent = gethostbyname(hi->hostname.buf);
 		if (hent) {
 			ap = hent->h_addr_list;
 			memset(&sa, 0, sizeof sa);
diff --git a/date.c b/date.c
index 3eba2dfe88..733d1b29b1 100644
--- a/date.c
+++ b/date.c
@@ -704,10 +704,17 @@ int parse_date_basic(const char *date, unsigned long *timestamp, int *offset)
 		date += match;
 	}
 
-	/* mktime uses local timezone */
+	/* do not use mktime(), which uses local timezone, here */
 	*timestamp = tm_to_time_t(&tm);
+	if (*timestamp == -1)
+		return -1;
+
 	if (*offset == -1) {
-		time_t temp_time = mktime(&tm);
+		time_t temp_time;
+
+		/* gmtime_r() in match_digit() may have clobbered it */
+		tm.tm_isdst = -1;
+		temp_time = mktime(&tm);
 		if ((time_t)*timestamp > temp_time) {
 			*offset = ((time_t)*timestamp - temp_time) / 60;
 		} else {
@@ -715,9 +722,6 @@ int parse_date_basic(const char *date, unsigned long *timestamp, int *offset)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (*timestamp == -1)
-		return -1;
-
 	if (!tm_gmt)
 		*timestamp -= *offset * 60;
 	return 0; /* success */
diff --git a/diff-no-index.c b/diff-no-index.c
index 265709ba8c..0320605a84 100644
--- a/diff-no-index.c
+++ b/diff-no-index.c
@@ -97,8 +97,27 @@ static int queue_diff(struct diff_options *o,
 	if (get_mode(name1, &mode1) || get_mode(name2, &mode2))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (mode1 && mode2 && S_ISDIR(mode1) != S_ISDIR(mode2))
-		return error("file/directory conflict: %s, %s", name1, name2);
+	if (mode1 && mode2 && S_ISDIR(mode1) != S_ISDIR(mode2)) {
+		struct diff_filespec *d1, *d2;
+
+		if (S_ISDIR(mode1)) {
+			/* 2 is file that is created */
+			d1 = noindex_filespec(NULL, 0);
+			d2 = noindex_filespec(name2, mode2);
+			name2 = NULL;
+			mode2 = 0;
+		} else {
+			/* 1 is file that is deleted */
+			d1 = noindex_filespec(name1, mode1);
+			d2 = noindex_filespec(NULL, 0);
+			name1 = NULL;
+			mode1 = 0;
+		}
+		/* emit that file */
+		diff_queue(&diff_queued_diff, d1, d2);
+
+		/* and then let the entire directory be created or deleted */
+	}
 
 	if (S_ISDIR(mode1) || S_ISDIR(mode2)) {
 		struct strbuf buffer1 = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -182,12 +201,50 @@ static int queue_diff(struct diff_options *o,
 	}
 }
 
+/* append basename of F to D */
+static void append_basename(struct strbuf *path, const char *dir, const char *file)
+{
+	const char *tail = strrchr(file, '/');
+
+	strbuf_addstr(path, dir);
+	while (path->len && path->buf[path->len - 1] == '/')
+		path->len--;
+	strbuf_addch(path, '/');
+	strbuf_addstr(path, tail ? tail + 1 : file);
+}
+
+/*
+ * DWIM "diff D F" into "diff D/F F" and "diff F D" into "diff F D/F"
+ * Note that we append the basename of F to D/, so "diff a/b/file D"
+ * becomes "diff a/b/file D/file", not "diff a/b/file D/a/b/file".
+ */
+static void fixup_paths(const char **path, struct strbuf *replacement)
+{
+	unsigned int isdir0, isdir1;
+
+	if (path[0] == file_from_standard_input ||
+	    path[1] == file_from_standard_input)
+		return;
+	isdir0 = is_directory(path[0]);
+	isdir1 = is_directory(path[1]);
+	if (isdir0 == isdir1)
+		return;
+	if (isdir0) {
+		append_basename(replacement, path[0], path[1]);
+		path[0] = replacement->buf;
+	} else {
+		append_basename(replacement, path[1], path[0]);
+		path[1] = replacement->buf;
+	}
+}
+
 void diff_no_index(struct rev_info *revs,
 		   int argc, const char **argv,
 		   const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i, prefixlen;
 	const char *paths[2];
+	struct strbuf replacement = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	diff_setup(&revs->diffopt);
 	for (i = 1; i < argc - 2; ) {
@@ -217,6 +274,9 @@ void diff_no_index(struct rev_info *revs,
 			p = xstrdup(prefix_filename(prefix, prefixlen, p));
 		paths[i] = p;
 	}
+
+	fixup_paths(paths, &replacement);
+
 	revs->diffopt.skip_stat_unmatch = 1;
 	if (!revs->diffopt.output_format)
 		revs->diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
@@ -235,6 +295,8 @@ void diff_no_index(struct rev_info *revs,
 	diffcore_std(&revs->diffopt);
 	diff_flush(&revs->diffopt);
 
+	strbuf_release(&replacement);
+
 	/*
 	 * The return code for --no-index imitates diff(1):
 	 * 0 = no changes, 1 = changes, else error
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 7500c55095..100773f5b1 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static long diff_algorithm;
 
 static char diff_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
 	GIT_COLOR_RESET,
-	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,	/* PLAIN */
+	GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,	/* CONTEXT */
 	GIT_COLOR_BOLD,		/* METAINFO */
 	GIT_COLOR_CYAN,		/* FRAGINFO */
 	GIT_COLOR_RED,		/* OLD */
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ static char diff_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
 
 static int parse_diff_color_slot(const char *var)
 {
-	if (!strcasecmp(var, "plain"))
-		return DIFF_PLAIN;
+	if (!strcasecmp(var, "context") || !strcasecmp(var, "plain"))
+		return DIFF_CONTEXT;
 	if (!strcasecmp(var, "meta"))
 		return DIFF_METAINFO;
 	if (!strcasecmp(var, "frag"))
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ static void emit_add_line(const char *reset,
 static void emit_hunk_header(struct emit_callback *ecbdata,
 			     const char *line, int len)
 {
-	const char *plain = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_PLAIN);
+	const char *context = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_CONTEXT);
 	const char *frag = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_FRAGINFO);
 	const char *func = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_FUNCINFO);
 	const char *reset = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_RESET);
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ static void emit_hunk_header(struct emit_callback *ecbdata,
 	if (len < 10 ||
 	    memcmp(line, atat, 2) ||
 	    !(ep = memmem(line + 2, len - 2, atat, 2))) {
-		emit_line(ecbdata->opt, plain, reset, line, len);
+		emit_line(ecbdata->opt, context, reset, line, len);
 		return;
 	}
 	ep += 2; /* skip over @@ */
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ static void emit_hunk_header(struct emit_callback *ecbdata,
 		if (*ep != ' ' && *ep != '\t')
 			break;
 	if (ep != cp) {
-		strbuf_addstr(&msgbuf, plain);
+		strbuf_addstr(&msgbuf, context);
 		strbuf_add(&msgbuf, cp, ep - cp);
 		strbuf_addstr(&msgbuf, reset);
 	}
@@ -623,10 +623,10 @@ static void emit_rewrite_lines(struct emit_callback *ecb,
 		data += len;
 	}
 	if (!endp) {
-		const char *plain = diff_get_color(ecb->color_diff,
-						   DIFF_PLAIN);
+		const char *context = diff_get_color(ecb->color_diff,
+						     DIFF_CONTEXT);
 		putc('\n', ecb->opt->file);
-		emit_line_0(ecb->opt, plain, reset, '\\',
+		emit_line_0(ecb->opt, context, reset, '\\',
 			    nneof, strlen(nneof));
 	}
 }
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ static void init_diff_words_data(struct emit_callback *ecbdata,
 		struct diff_words_style *st = ecbdata->diff_words->style;
 		st->old.color = diff_get_color_opt(o, DIFF_FILE_OLD);
 		st->new.color = diff_get_color_opt(o, DIFF_FILE_NEW);
-		st->ctx.color = diff_get_color_opt(o, DIFF_PLAIN);
+		st->ctx.color = diff_get_color_opt(o, DIFF_CONTEXT);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ static void fn_out_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 {
 	struct emit_callback *ecbdata = priv;
 	const char *meta = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_METAINFO);
-	const char *plain = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_PLAIN);
+	const char *context = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_CONTEXT);
 	const char *reset = diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff, DIFF_RESET);
 	struct diff_options *o = ecbdata->opt;
 	const char *line_prefix = diff_line_prefix(o);
@@ -1233,7 +1233,7 @@ static void fn_out_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 		}
 		diff_words_flush(ecbdata);
 		if (ecbdata->diff_words->type == DIFF_WORDS_PORCELAIN) {
-			emit_line(ecbdata->opt, plain, reset, line, len);
+			emit_line(ecbdata->opt, context, reset, line, len);
 			fputs("~\n", ecbdata->opt->file);
 		} else {
 			/*
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ static void fn_out_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 			      line++;
 			      len--;
 			}
-			emit_line(ecbdata->opt, plain, reset, line, len);
+			emit_line(ecbdata->opt, context, reset, line, len);
 		}
 		return;
 	}
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ static void fn_out_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 	if (line[0] != '+') {
 		const char *color =
 			diff_get_color(ecbdata->color_diff,
-				       line[0] == '-' ? DIFF_FILE_OLD : DIFF_PLAIN);
+				       line[0] == '-' ? DIFF_FILE_OLD : DIFF_CONTEXT);
 		ecbdata->lno_in_preimage++;
 		if (line[0] == ' ')
 			ecbdata->lno_in_postimage++;
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index b4a624d235..1ac0582228 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ struct diff_options {
 
 enum color_diff {
 	DIFF_RESET = 0,
-	DIFF_PLAIN = 1,
+	DIFF_CONTEXT = 1,
 	DIFF_METAINFO = 2,
 	DIFF_FRAGINFO = 3,
 	DIFF_FILE_OLD = 4,
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 0943a81964..56106c9ae8 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "wildmatch.h"
 #include "pathspec.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
 
 struct path_simplify {
 	int len;
@@ -384,7 +385,6 @@ int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched,
 	/*
 	 * Make sure all pathspec matched; otherwise it is an error.
 	 */
-	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int num, errors = 0;
 	for (num = 0; num < pathspec->nr; num++) {
 		int other, found_dup;
@@ -416,7 +416,6 @@ int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched,
 		      pathspec->items[num].original);
 		errors++;
 	}
-	strbuf_release(&sb);
 	return errors;
 }
 
@@ -617,7 +616,12 @@ int add_excludes_from_file_to_list(const char *fname,
 	}
 
 	el->filebuf = buf;
+
+	if (skip_utf8_bom(&buf, size))
+		size -= buf - el->filebuf;
+
 	entry = buf;
+
 	for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
 		if (buf[i] == '\n') {
 			if (entry != buf + i && entry[0] != '#') {
@@ -1665,18 +1669,19 @@ int remove_dir_recursively(struct strbuf *path, int flag)
 void setup_standard_excludes(struct dir_struct *dir)
 {
 	const char *path;
-	char *xdg_path;
 
 	dir->exclude_per_dir = ".gitignore";
+
+	/* core.excludefile defaulting to $XDG_HOME/git/ignore */
+	if (!excludes_file)
+		excludes_file = xdg_config_home("ignore");
+	if (excludes_file && !access_or_warn(excludes_file, R_OK, 0))
+		add_excludes_from_file(dir, excludes_file);
+
+	/* per repository user preference */
 	path = git_path("info/exclude");
-	if (!excludes_file) {
-		home_config_paths(NULL, &xdg_path, "ignore");
-		excludes_file = xdg_path;
-	}
 	if (!access_or_warn(path, R_OK, 0))
 		add_excludes_from_file(dir, path);
-	if (excludes_file && !access_or_warn(excludes_file, R_OK, 0))
-		add_excludes_from_file(dir, excludes_file);
 }
 
 int remove_path(const char *name)
diff --git a/exec_cmd.c b/exec_cmd.c
index 8ab37b5f74..e85f0fd8d8 100644
--- a/exec_cmd.c
+++ b/exec_cmd.c
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ void setup_path(void)
 	struct strbuf new_path = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	add_path(&new_path, git_exec_path());
-	add_path(&new_path, argv0_path);
 
 	if (old_path)
 		strbuf_addstr(&new_path, old_path);
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index bc8fc8cf85..3be44f146b 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -3,6 +3,23 @@
 
 #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
 
+
+/* Derived from Linux "Features Test Macro" header
+ * Convenience macros to test the versions of gcc (or
+ * a compatible compiler).
+ * Use them like this:
+ *  #if GIT_GNUC_PREREQ (2,8)
+ *   ... code requiring gcc 2.8 or later ...
+ *  #endif
+*/
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__GNUC_MINOR__)
+# define GIT_GNUC_PREREQ(maj, min) \
+	((__GNUC__ << 16) + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= ((maj) << 16) + (min))
+#else
+ #define GIT_GNUC_PREREQ(maj, min) 0
+#endif
+
+
 #ifndef FLEX_ARRAY
 /*
  * See if our compiler is known to support flexible array members.
@@ -25,7 +42,42 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]))
+
+/*
+ * BUILD_ASSERT_OR_ZERO - assert a build-time dependency, as an expression.
+ * @cond: the compile-time condition which must be true.
+ *
+ * Your compile will fail if the condition isn't true, or can't be evaluated
+ * by the compiler.  This can be used in an expression: its value is "0".
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *	#define foo_to_char(foo)					\
+ *		 ((char *)(foo)						\
+ *		  + BUILD_ASSERT_OR_ZERO(offsetof(struct foo, string) == 0))
+ */
+#define BUILD_ASSERT_OR_ZERO(cond) \
+	(sizeof(char [1 - 2*!(cond)]) - 1)
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 3)
+# if GIT_GNUC_PREREQ(3, 1)
+ /* &arr[0] degrades to a pointer: a different type from an array */
+# define BARF_UNLESS_AN_ARRAY(arr)						\
+	BUILD_ASSERT_OR_ZERO(!__builtin_types_compatible_p(__typeof__(arr), \
+							   __typeof__(&(arr)[0])))
+# else
+#  define BARF_UNLESS_AN_ARRAY(arr) 0
+# endif
+#endif
+/*
+ * ARRAY_SIZE - get the number of elements in a visible array
+ *  <at> x: the array whose size you want.
+ *
+ * This does not work on pointers, or arrays declared as [], or
+ * function parameters.  With correct compiler support, such usage
+ * will cause a build error (see the build_assert_or_zero macro).
+ */
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]) + BARF_UNLESS_AN_ARRAY(x))
+
 #define bitsizeof(x)  (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(x))
 
 #define maximum_signed_value_of_type(a) \
@@ -665,6 +717,7 @@ extern char *xstrndup(const char *str, size_t len);
 extern void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
 extern void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 extern void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
+extern void *xmmap_gently(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
 extern ssize_t xread(int fd, void *buf, size_t len);
 extern ssize_t xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len);
 extern ssize_t xpread(int fd, void *buf, size_t len, off_t offset);
diff --git a/git-filter-branch.sh b/git-filter-branch.sh
index e6e99f5bb5..5b3f63d8bb 100755
--- a/git-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/git-filter-branch.sh
@@ -346,7 +346,15 @@ while read commit parents; do
 				die "parent filter failed: $filter_parent"
 	fi
 
-	sed -e '1,/^$/d' <../commit | \
+	{
+		while read -r header_line && test -n "$header_line"
+		do
+			# skip header lines...
+			:;
+		done
+		# and output the actual commit message
+		cat
+	} <../commit |
 		eval "$filter_msg" > ../message ||
 			die "msg filter failed: $filter_msg"
 	workdir=$workdir @SHELL_PATH@ -c "$filter_commit" "git commit-tree" \
diff --git a/git-pull.sh b/git-pull.sh
index 30fc6f5f43..23781e5611 100755
--- a/git-pull.sh
+++ b/git-pull.sh
@@ -54,8 +54,11 @@ then
 fi
 
 # Setup default fast-forward options via `pull.ff`
-pull_ff=$(git config pull.ff)
+pull_ff=$(bool_or_string_config pull.ff)
 case "$pull_ff" in
+true)
+	no_ff=--ff
+	;;
 false)
 	no_ff=--no-ff
 	;;
@@ -81,8 +84,8 @@ do
 		diffstat=--no-stat ;;
 	--stat|--summary)
 		diffstat=--stat ;;
-	--log|--no-log)
-		log_arg=$1 ;;
+	--log|--log=*|--no-log)
+		log_arg="$1" ;;
 	--no-c|--no-co|--no-com|--no-comm|--no-commi|--no-commit)
 		no_commit=--no-commit ;;
 	--c|--co|--com|--comm|--commi|--commit)
diff --git a/git-rebase--interactive.sh b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
index f7deeb096e..8c5de4c1eb 100644
--- a/git-rebase--interactive.sh
+++ b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
@@ -132,6 +132,16 @@ mark_action_done () {
 	fi
 }
 
+# Put the last action marked done at the beginning of the todo list
+# again. If there has not been an action marked done yet, leave the list of
+# items on the todo list unchanged.
+reschedule_last_action () {
+	tail -n 1 "$done" | cat - "$todo" >"$todo".new
+	sed -e \$d <"$done" >"$done".new
+	mv -f "$todo".new "$todo"
+	mv -f "$done".new "$done"
+}
+
 append_todo_help () {
 	git stripspace --comment-lines >>"$todo" <<\EOF
 
@@ -252,6 +262,12 @@ pick_one () {
 	output eval git cherry-pick \
 			${gpg_sign_opt:+$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$gpg_sign_opt")} \
 			"$strategy_args" $empty_args $ff "$@"
+
+	# If cherry-pick dies it leaves the to-be-picked commit unrecorded. Reschedule
+	# previous task so this commit is not lost.
+	ret=$?
+	case "$ret" in [01]) ;; *) reschedule_last_action ;; esac
+	return $ret
 }
 
 pick_one_preserving_merges () {
@@ -486,7 +502,7 @@ do_pick () {
 }
 
 do_next () {
-	rm -f "$msg" "$author_script" "$amend" || exit
+	rm -f "$msg" "$author_script" "$amend" "$state_dir"/stopped-sha || exit
 	read -r command sha1 rest < "$todo"
 	case "$command" in
 	"$comment_char"*|''|noop)
@@ -576,9 +592,6 @@ do_next () {
 		read -r command rest < "$todo"
 		mark_action_done
 		printf 'Executing: %s\n' "$rest"
-		# "exec" command doesn't take a sha1 in the todo-list.
-		# => can't just use $sha1 here.
-		git rev-parse --verify HEAD > "$state_dir"/stopped-sha
 		${SHELL:-@SHELL_PATH@} -c "$rest" # Actual execution
 		status=$?
 		# Run in subshell because require_clean_work_tree can die.
@@ -874,7 +887,10 @@ first and then run 'git rebase --continue' again."
 		fi
 	fi
 
-	record_in_rewritten "$(cat "$state_dir"/stopped-sha)"
+	if test -r "$state_dir"/stopped-sha
+	then
+		record_in_rewritten "$(cat "$state_dir"/stopped-sha)"
+	fi
 
 	require_clean_work_tree "rebase"
 	do_rest
diff --git a/git-rebase.sh b/git-rebase.sh
index 55da9db818..90854e38cb 100755
--- a/git-rebase.sh
+++ b/git-rebase.sh
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ then
 		# Lazily switch to the target branch if needed...
 		test -z "$switch_to" ||
 		GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $switch_to" \
-			git checkout "$switch_to" --
+			git checkout -q "$switch_to" --
 		say "$(eval_gettext "Current branch \$branch_name is up to date.")"
 		finish_rebase
 		exit 0
diff --git a/git-stash.sh b/git-stash.sh
index d4cf818be9..0fddd5424b 100755
--- a/git-stash.sh
+++ b/git-stash.sh
@@ -219,6 +219,9 @@ save_stash () {
 		-a|--all)
 			untracked=all
 			;;
+		--help)
+			show_help
+			;;
 		--)
 			shift
 			break
@@ -301,11 +304,17 @@ list_stash () {
 }
 
 show_stash () {
+	ALLOW_UNKNOWN_FLAGS=t
 	assert_stash_like "$@"
 
 	git diff ${FLAGS:---stat} $b_commit $w_commit
 }
 
+show_help () {
+	exec git help stash
+	exit 1
+}
+
 #
 # Parses the remaining options looking for flags and
 # at most one revision defaulting to ${ref_stash}@{0}
@@ -332,13 +341,14 @@ show_stash () {
 #
 #   GIT_QUIET is set to t if -q is specified
 #   INDEX_OPTION is set to --index if --index is specified.
-#   FLAGS is set to the remaining flags
+#   FLAGS is set to the remaining flags (if allowed)
 #
 # dies if:
 #   * too many revisions specified
 #   * no revision is specified and there is no stash stack
 #   * a revision is specified which cannot be resolve to a SHA1
 #   * a non-existent stash reference is specified
+#   * unknown flags were set and ALLOW_UNKNOWN_FLAGS is not "t"
 #
 
 parse_flags_and_rev()
@@ -371,7 +381,12 @@ parse_flags_and_rev()
 			--index)
 				INDEX_OPTION=--index
 			;;
+			--help)
+				show_help
+			;;
 			-*)
+				test "$ALLOW_UNKNOWN_FLAGS" = t ||
+					die "$(eval_gettext "unknown option: \$opt")"
 				FLAGS="${FLAGS}${FLAGS:+ }$opt"
 			;;
 		esac
@@ -442,6 +457,8 @@ apply_stash () {
 	assert_stash_like "$@"
 
 	git update-index -q --refresh || die "$(gettext "unable to refresh index")"
+	git diff-index --cached --quiet --ignore-submodules HEAD -- ||
+		die "$(gettext "Cannot apply stash: Your index contains uncommitted changes.")"
 
 	# current index state
 	c_tree=$(git write-tree) ||
diff --git a/http-backend.c b/http-backend.c
index b6c0484fb2..6bf139b768 100644
--- a/http-backend.c
+++ b/http-backend.c
@@ -13,18 +13,20 @@ static const char content_type[] = "Content-Type";
 static const char content_length[] = "Content-Length";
 static const char last_modified[] = "Last-Modified";
 static int getanyfile = 1;
+static unsigned long max_request_buffer = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
 
 static struct string_list *query_params;
 
 struct rpc_service {
 	const char *name;
 	const char *config_name;
+	unsigned buffer_input : 1;
 	signed enabled : 2;
 };
 
 static struct rpc_service rpc_service[] = {
-	{ "upload-pack", "uploadpack", 1 },
-	{ "receive-pack", "receivepack", -1 },
+	{ "upload-pack", "uploadpack", 1, 1 },
+	{ "receive-pack", "receivepack", 0, -1 },
 };
 
 static struct string_list *get_parameters(void)
@@ -225,6 +227,7 @@ static void http_config(void)
 	struct strbuf var = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	git_config_get_bool("http.getanyfile", &getanyfile);
+	git_config_get_ulong("http.maxrequestbuffer", &max_request_buffer);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(rpc_service); i++) {
 		struct rpc_service *svc = &rpc_service[i];
@@ -266,9 +269,52 @@ static struct rpc_service *select_service(const char *name)
 	return svc;
 }
 
-static void inflate_request(const char *prog_name, int out)
+/*
+ * This is basically strbuf_read(), except that if we
+ * hit max_request_buffer we die (we'd rather reject a
+ * maliciously large request than chew up infinite memory).
+ */
+static ssize_t read_request(int fd, unsigned char **out)
+{
+	size_t len = 0, alloc = 8192;
+	unsigned char *buf = xmalloc(alloc);
+
+	if (max_request_buffer < alloc)
+		max_request_buffer = alloc;
+
+	while (1) {
+		ssize_t cnt;
+
+		cnt = read_in_full(fd, buf + len, alloc - len);
+		if (cnt < 0) {
+			free(buf);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		/* partial read from read_in_full means we hit EOF */
+		len += cnt;
+		if (len < alloc) {
+			*out = buf;
+			return len;
+		}
+
+		/* otherwise, grow and try again (if we can) */
+		if (alloc == max_request_buffer)
+			die("request was larger than our maximum size (%lu);"
+			    " try setting GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUEST_BUFFER",
+			    max_request_buffer);
+
+		alloc = alloc_nr(alloc);
+		if (alloc > max_request_buffer)
+			alloc = max_request_buffer;
+		REALLOC_ARRAY(buf, alloc);
+	}
+}
+
+static void inflate_request(const char *prog_name, int out, int buffer_input)
 {
 	git_zstream stream;
+	unsigned char *full_request = NULL;
 	unsigned char in_buf[8192];
 	unsigned char out_buf[8192];
 	unsigned long cnt = 0;
@@ -277,11 +323,21 @@ static void inflate_request(const char *prog_name, int out)
 	git_inflate_init_gzip_only(&stream);
 
 	while (1) {
-		ssize_t n = xread(0, in_buf, sizeof(in_buf));
+		ssize_t n;
+
+		if (buffer_input) {
+			if (full_request)
+				n = 0; /* nothing left to read */
+			else
+				n = read_request(0, &full_request);
+			stream.next_in = full_request;
+		} else {
+			n = xread(0, in_buf, sizeof(in_buf));
+			stream.next_in = in_buf;
+		}
+
 		if (n <= 0)
 			die("request ended in the middle of the gzip stream");
-
-		stream.next_in = in_buf;
 		stream.avail_in = n;
 
 		while (0 < stream.avail_in) {
@@ -307,9 +363,22 @@ static void inflate_request(const char *prog_name, int out)
 done:
 	git_inflate_end(&stream);
 	close(out);
+	free(full_request);
+}
+
+static void copy_request(const char *prog_name, int out)
+{
+	unsigned char *buf;
+	ssize_t n = read_request(0, &buf);
+	if (n < 0)
+		die_errno("error reading request body");
+	if (write_in_full(out, buf, n) != n)
+		die("%s aborted reading request", prog_name);
+	close(out);
+	free(buf);
 }
 
-static void run_service(const char **argv)
+static void run_service(const char **argv, int buffer_input)
 {
 	const char *encoding = getenv("HTTP_CONTENT_ENCODING");
 	const char *user = getenv("REMOTE_USER");
@@ -334,7 +403,7 @@ static void run_service(const char **argv)
 				 "GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=%s@http.%s", user, host);
 
 	cld.argv = argv;
-	if (gzipped_request)
+	if (buffer_input || gzipped_request)
 		cld.in = -1;
 	cld.git_cmd = 1;
 	if (start_command(&cld))
@@ -342,7 +411,9 @@ static void run_service(const char **argv)
 
 	close(1);
 	if (gzipped_request)
-		inflate_request(argv[0], cld.in);
+		inflate_request(argv[0], cld.in, buffer_input);
+	else if (buffer_input)
+		copy_request(argv[0], cld.in);
 	else
 		close(0);
 
@@ -392,7 +463,7 @@ static void get_info_refs(char *arg)
 		packet_flush(1);
 
 		argv[0] = svc->name;
-		run_service(argv);
+		run_service(argv, 0);
 
 	} else {
 		select_getanyfile();
@@ -496,25 +567,28 @@ static void service_rpc(char *service_name)
 	end_headers();
 
 	argv[0] = svc->name;
-	run_service(argv);
+	run_service(argv, svc->buffer_input);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
+static int dead;
 static NORETURN void die_webcgi(const char *err, va_list params)
 {
-	static int dead;
+	if (dead <= 1) {
+		vreportf("fatal: ", err, params);
 
-	if (!dead) {
-		dead = 1;
 		http_status(500, "Internal Server Error");
 		hdr_nocache();
 		end_headers();
-
-		vreportf("fatal: ", err, params);
 	}
 	exit(0); /* we successfully reported a failure ;-) */
 }
 
+static int die_webcgi_recursing(void)
+{
+	return dead++ > 1;
+}
+
 static char* getdir(void)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -569,6 +643,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	git_extract_argv0_path(argv[0]);
 	set_die_routine(die_webcgi);
+	set_die_is_recursing_routine(die_webcgi_recursing);
 
 	if (!method)
 		die("No REQUEST_METHOD from server");
@@ -619,6 +694,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		not_found("Repository not exported: '%s'", dir);
 
 	http_config();
+	max_request_buffer = git_env_ulong("GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUEST_BUFFER",
+					   max_request_buffer);
+
 	cmd->imp(cmd_arg);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index a490efea07..c12c69f05a 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ parse_lines(struct commit *commit, const char *prefix, struct string_list *args)
 
 		name_part = skip_range_arg(item->string);
 		if (!name_part || *name_part != ':' || !name_part[1])
-			die("-L argument '%s' not of the form start,end:file",
+			die("-L argument not 'start,end:file' or ':funcname:file': %s",
 			    item->string);
 		range_part = xstrndup(item->string, name_part - item->string);
 		name_part++;
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ static void dump_diff_hacky_one(struct rev_info *rev, struct line_log_data *rang
 	const char *c_meta = diff_get_color(opt->use_color, DIFF_METAINFO);
 	const char *c_old = diff_get_color(opt->use_color, DIFF_FILE_OLD);
 	const char *c_new = diff_get_color(opt->use_color, DIFF_FILE_NEW);
-	const char *c_plain = diff_get_color(opt->use_color, DIFF_PLAIN);
+	const char *c_context = diff_get_color(opt->use_color, DIFF_CONTEXT);
 
 	if (!pair || !diff)
 		return;
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ static void dump_diff_hacky_one(struct rev_info *rev, struct line_log_data *rang
 			int k;
 			for (; t_cur < diff->target.ranges[j].start; t_cur++)
 				print_line(prefix, ' ', t_cur, t_ends, pair->two->data,
-					   c_plain, c_reset);
+					   c_context, c_reset);
 			for (k = diff->parent.ranges[j].start; k < diff->parent.ranges[j].end; k++)
 				print_line(prefix, '-', k, p_ends, pair->one->data,
 					   c_old, c_reset);
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ static void dump_diff_hacky_one(struct rev_info *rev, struct line_log_data *rang
 		}
 		for (; t_cur < t_end; t_cur++)
 			print_line(prefix, ' ', t_cur, t_ends, pair->two->data,
-				   c_plain, c_reset);
+				   c_context, c_reset);
 	}
 
 	free(p_ends);
@@ -1099,6 +1099,7 @@ static int process_all_files(struct line_log_data **range_out,
 			rg->pair = diff_filepair_dup(queue->queue[i]);
 			memcpy(&rg->diff, pairdiff, sizeof(struct diff_ranges));
 		}
+		free(pairdiff);
 	}
 
 	return changed;
diff --git a/list-objects.c b/list-objects.c
index 2a139b6ced..41736d2372 100644
--- a/list-objects.c
+++ b/list-objects.c
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ static void process_tree(struct rev_info *revs,
 		die("bad tree object");
 	if (obj->flags & (UNINTERESTING | SEEN))
 		return;
-	if (parse_tree(tree) < 0) {
+	if (parse_tree_gently(tree, revs->ignore_missing_links) < 0) {
 		if (revs->ignore_missing_links)
 			return;
 		die("bad tree object %s", sha1_to_hex(obj->sha1));
diff --git a/log-tree.c b/log-tree.c
index 2c1ed0fa90..c931615d92 100644
--- a/log-tree.c
+++ b/log-tree.c
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include "line-log.h"
 
 static struct decoration name_decoration = { "object names" };
+static int decoration_loaded;
+static int decoration_flags;
 
 static char decoration_colors[][COLOR_MAXLEN] = {
 	GIT_COLOR_RESET,
@@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ static int add_ref_decoration(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, in
 	struct object *obj;
 	enum decoration_type type = DECORATION_NONE;
 
+	assert(cb_data == NULL);
+
 	if (starts_with(refname, "refs/replace/")) {
 		unsigned char original_sha1[20];
 		if (!check_replace_refs)
@@ -121,8 +125,6 @@ static int add_ref_decoration(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, in
 	else if (!strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))
 		type = DECORATION_REF_HEAD;
 
-	if (!cb_data || *(int *)cb_data == DECORATE_SHORT_REFS)
-		refname = prettify_refname(refname);
 	add_name_decoration(type, refname, obj);
 	while (obj->type == OBJ_TAG) {
 		obj = ((struct tag *)obj)->tagged;
@@ -146,11 +148,11 @@ static int add_graft_decoration(const struct commit_graft *graft, void *cb_data)
 
 void load_ref_decorations(int flags)
 {
-	static int loaded;
-	if (!loaded) {
-		loaded = 1;
-		for_each_ref(add_ref_decoration, &flags);
-		head_ref(add_ref_decoration, &flags);
+	if (!decoration_loaded) {
+		decoration_loaded = 1;
+		decoration_flags = flags;
+		for_each_ref(add_ref_decoration, NULL);
+		head_ref(add_ref_decoration, NULL);
 		for_each_commit_graft(add_graft_decoration, NULL);
 	}
 }
@@ -196,7 +198,8 @@ static const struct name_decoration *current_pointed_by_HEAD(const struct name_d
 	branch_name = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", 0, unused, &rru_flags);
 	if (!(rru_flags & REF_ISSYMREF))
 		return NULL;
-	if (!skip_prefix(branch_name, "refs/heads/", &branch_name))
+
+	if (!starts_with(branch_name, "refs/"))
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* OK, do we have that ref in the list? */
@@ -209,6 +212,14 @@ static const struct name_decoration *current_pointed_by_HEAD(const struct name_d
 	return NULL;
 }
 
+static void show_name(struct strbuf *sb, const struct name_decoration *decoration)
+{
+	if (decoration_flags == DECORATE_SHORT_REFS)
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, prettify_refname(decoration->name));
+	else
+		strbuf_addstr(sb, decoration->name);
+}
+
 /*
  * The caller makes sure there is no funny color before calling.
  * format_decorations_extended makes sure the same after return.
@@ -246,7 +257,7 @@ void format_decorations_extended(struct strbuf *sb,
 			if (decoration->type == DECORATION_REF_TAG)
 				strbuf_addstr(sb, "tag: ");
 
-			strbuf_addstr(sb, decoration->name);
+			show_name(sb, decoration);
 
 			if (current_and_HEAD &&
 			    decoration->type == DECORATION_REF_HEAD) {
@@ -255,7 +266,7 @@ void format_decorations_extended(struct strbuf *sb,
 				strbuf_addstr(sb, " -> ");
 				strbuf_addstr(sb, color_reset);
 				strbuf_addstr(sb, decorate_get_color(use_color, current_and_HEAD->type));
-				strbuf_addstr(sb, current_and_HEAD->name);
+				show_name(sb, current_and_HEAD);
 			}
 			strbuf_addstr(sb, color_reset);
 
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index 1c9c30db6c..44d85bea4b 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -611,7 +611,6 @@ static char *unique_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path, const char *
 {
 	struct strbuf newpath = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int suffix = 0;
-	struct stat st;
 	size_t base_len;
 
 	strbuf_addf(&newpath, "%s~", path);
@@ -620,7 +619,7 @@ static char *unique_path(struct merge_options *o, const char *path, const char *
 	base_len = newpath.len;
 	while (string_list_has_string(&o->current_file_set, newpath.buf) ||
 	       string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, newpath.buf) ||
-	       lstat(newpath.buf, &st) == 0) {
+	       file_exists(newpath.buf)) {
 		strbuf_setlen(&newpath, base_len);
 		strbuf_addf(&newpath, "_%d", suffix++);
 	}
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 23d6c96719..980ac5fcdf 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ int type_from_string_gently(const char *str, ssize_t len, int gentle)
 		len = strlen(str);
 
 	for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(object_type_strings); i++)
-		if (!strncmp(str, object_type_strings[i], len))
+		if (!strncmp(str, object_type_strings[i], len) &&
+		    object_type_strings[i][len] == '\0')
 			return i;
 
 	if (gentle)
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index 365f9d92ed..2b3ff23797 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -209,14 +209,12 @@ static inline uint8_t read_u8(const unsigned char *buffer, size_t *pos)
 	return buffer[(*pos)++];
 }
 
+#define MAX_XOR_OFFSET 160
+
 static int load_bitmap_entries_v1(struct bitmap_index *index)
 {
-	static const size_t MAX_XOR_OFFSET = 160;
-
 	uint32_t i;
-	struct stored_bitmap **recent_bitmaps;
-
-	recent_bitmaps = xcalloc(MAX_XOR_OFFSET, sizeof(struct stored_bitmap));
+	struct stored_bitmap *recent_bitmaps[MAX_XOR_OFFSET] = { NULL };
 
 	for (i = 0; i < index->entry_count; ++i) {
 		int xor_offset, flags;
@@ -986,6 +984,8 @@ void test_bitmap_walk(struct rev_info *revs)
 		fprintf(stderr, "OK!\n");
 	else
 		fprintf(stderr, "Mismatch!\n");
+
+	bitmap_free(result);
 }
 
 static int rebuild_bitmap(uint32_t *reposition,
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index 595da81ca6..6b537ccfff 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -130,34 +130,6 @@ char *git_path(const char *fmt, ...)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-void home_config_paths(char **global, char **xdg, char *file)
-{
-	char *xdg_home = getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME");
-	char *home = getenv("HOME");
-	char *to_free = NULL;
-
-	if (!home) {
-		if (global)
-			*global = NULL;
-	} else {
-		if (!xdg_home) {
-			to_free = mkpathdup("%s/.config", home);
-			xdg_home = to_free;
-		}
-		if (global)
-			*global = mkpathdup("%s/.gitconfig", home);
-	}
-
-	if (xdg) {
-		if (!xdg_home)
-			*xdg = NULL;
-		else
-			*xdg = mkpathdup("%s/git/%s", xdg_home, file);
-	}
-
-	free(to_free);
-}
-
 char *git_path_submodule(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	char *pathname = get_pathname();
@@ -851,3 +823,18 @@ int is_ntfs_dotgit(const char *name)
 			len = -1;
 		}
 }
+
+char *xdg_config_home(const char *filename)
+{
+	const char *home, *config_home;
+
+	assert(filename);
+	config_home = getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME");
+	if (config_home && *config_home)
+		return mkpathdup("%s/git/%s", config_home, filename);
+
+	home = getenv("HOME");
+	if (home)
+		return mkpathdup("%s/.config/git/%s", home, filename);
+	return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/po/de.po b/po/de.po
index 2feaec1888..7d603c2602 100644
--- a/po/de.po
+++ b/po/de.po
@@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ msgstr "Nichts spezifiziert, nichts hinzugefügt.\n"
 #: builtin/add.c:358
 #, c-format
 msgid "Maybe you wanted to say 'git add .'?\n"
-msgstr "Wollten Sie vielleicht 'git add .' sagen?\n"
+msgstr "Meinten Sie vielleicht 'git add .'?\n"
 
 #: builtin/add.c:363 builtin/check-ignore.c:172 builtin/clean.c:920
 #: builtin/commit.c:335 builtin/mv.c:130 builtin/reset.c:235 builtin/rm.c:299
@@ -10478,8 +10478,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: git-am.sh:142
 msgid "Using index info to reconstruct a base tree..."
 msgstr ""
-"Verwende Informationen aus der Staging-Area, um einen Basisverzeichnis "
-"nachzustellen"
+"Verwende Informationen aus der Staging-Area, um ein Basisverzeichnis "
+"nachzustellen ..."
 
 #: git-am.sh:157
 msgid ""
@@ -10491,11 +10491,11 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #: git-am.sh:166
 msgid "Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge..."
-msgstr "Falle zurück zum Patchen der Basis und des 3-Wege-Merges ..."
+msgstr "Falle zurück zum Patchen der Basis und zum 3-Wege-Merge ..."
 
 #: git-am.sh:182
 msgid "Failed to merge in the changes."
-msgstr "Merge der Änderungen fehlgeschlagen"
+msgstr "Merge der Änderungen fehlgeschlagen."
 
 #: git-am.sh:277
 msgid "Only one StGIT patch series can be applied at once"
diff --git a/reachable.c b/reachable.c
index a647267ae9..69fa6851da 100644
--- a/reachable.c
+++ b/reachable.c
@@ -142,10 +142,12 @@ int add_unseen_recent_objects_to_traversal(struct rev_info *revs,
 	data.revs = revs;
 	data.timestamp = timestamp;
 
-	r = for_each_loose_object(add_recent_loose, &data);
+	r = for_each_loose_object(add_recent_loose, &data,
+				  FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY);
 	if (r)
 		return r;
-	return for_each_packed_object(add_recent_packed, &data);
+	return for_each_packed_object(add_recent_packed, &data,
+				      FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY);
 }
 
 void mark_reachable_objects(struct rev_info *revs, int mark_reflog,
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 36ff89f29e..bf322708f0 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -1540,7 +1540,7 @@ int do_read_index(struct index_state *istate, const char *path, int must_exist)
 	if (mmap_size < sizeof(struct cache_header) + 20)
 		die("index file smaller than expected");
 
-	mmap = xmmap(NULL, mmap_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
+	mmap = xmmap(NULL, mmap_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
 	if (mmap == MAP_FAILED)
 		die_errno("unable to map index file");
 	close(fd);
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index 47e4e5380a..67d6745e28 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ static unsigned char refname_disposition[256] = {
  */
 #define REF_HAVE_OLD	0x10
 
+/*
+ * Used as a flag in ref_update::flags when the lockfile needs to be
+ * committed.
+ */
+#define REF_NEEDS_COMMIT 0x20
+
 /*
  * Try to read one refname component from the front of refname.
  * Return the length of the component found, or -1 if the component is
@@ -263,7 +269,7 @@ struct ref_dir {
  * presence of an empty subdirectory does not block the creation of a
  * similarly-named reference.  (The fact that reference names with the
  * same leading components can conflict *with each other* is a
- * separate issue that is regulated by is_refname_available().)
+ * separate issue that is regulated by verify_refname_available().)
  *
  * Please note that the name field contains the fully-qualified
  * reference (or subdirectory) name.  Space could be saved by only
@@ -841,121 +847,181 @@ static void prime_ref_dir(struct ref_dir *dir)
 	}
 }
 
-static int entry_matches(struct ref_entry *entry, const struct string_list *list)
-{
-	return list && string_list_has_string(list, entry->name);
-}
-
 struct nonmatching_ref_data {
 	const struct string_list *skip;
-	struct ref_entry *found;
+	const char *conflicting_refname;
 };
 
 static int nonmatching_ref_fn(struct ref_entry *entry, void *vdata)
 {
 	struct nonmatching_ref_data *data = vdata;
 
-	if (entry_matches(entry, data->skip))
+	if (data->skip && string_list_has_string(data->skip, entry->name))
 		return 0;
 
-	data->found = entry;
+	data->conflicting_refname = entry->name;
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static void report_refname_conflict(struct ref_entry *entry,
-				    const char *refname)
-{
-	error("'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'", entry->name, refname);
-}
-
 /*
- * Return true iff a reference named refname could be created without
- * conflicting with the name of an existing reference in dir.  If
- * skip is non-NULL, ignore potential conflicts with refs in skip
- * (e.g., because they are scheduled for deletion in the same
- * operation).
+ * Return 0 if a reference named refname could be created without
+ * conflicting with the name of an existing reference in dir.
+ * Otherwise, return a negative value and write an explanation to err.
+ * If extras is non-NULL, it is a list of additional refnames with
+ * which refname is not allowed to conflict. If skip is non-NULL,
+ * ignore potential conflicts with refs in skip (e.g., because they
+ * are scheduled for deletion in the same operation). Behavior is
+ * undefined if the same name is listed in both extras and skip.
  *
  * Two reference names conflict if one of them exactly matches the
- * leading components of the other; e.g., "foo/bar" conflicts with
- * both "foo" and with "foo/bar/baz" but not with "foo/bar" or
- * "foo/barbados".
+ * leading components of the other; e.g., "refs/foo/bar" conflicts
+ * with both "refs/foo" and with "refs/foo/bar/baz" but not with
+ * "refs/foo/bar" or "refs/foo/barbados".
  *
- * skip must be sorted.
+ * extras and skip must be sorted.
  */
-static int is_refname_available(const char *refname,
-				const struct string_list *skip,
-				struct ref_dir *dir)
+static int verify_refname_available(const char *refname,
+				    const struct string_list *extras,
+				    const struct string_list *skip,
+				    struct ref_dir *dir,
+				    struct strbuf *err)
 {
 	const char *slash;
-	size_t len;
 	int pos;
-	char *dirname;
+	struct strbuf dirname = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int ret = -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * For the sake of comments in this function, suppose that
+	 * refname is "refs/foo/bar".
+	 */
+
+	assert(err);
 
+	strbuf_grow(&dirname, strlen(refname) + 1);
 	for (slash = strchr(refname, '/'); slash; slash = strchr(slash + 1, '/')) {
+		/* Expand dirname to the new prefix, not including the trailing slash: */
+		strbuf_add(&dirname, refname + dirname.len, slash - refname - dirname.len);
+
 		/*
-		 * We are still at a leading dir of the refname; we are
-		 * looking for a conflict with a leaf entry.
-		 *
-		 * If we find one, we still must make sure it is
-		 * not in "skip".
+		 * We are still at a leading dir of the refname (e.g.,
+		 * "refs/foo"; if there is a reference with that name,
+		 * it is a conflict, *unless* it is in skip.
 		 */
-		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, slash - refname);
-		if (pos >= 0) {
-			struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[pos];
-			if (entry_matches(entry, skip))
-				return 1;
-			report_refname_conflict(entry, refname);
-			return 0;
+		if (dir) {
+			pos = search_ref_dir(dir, dirname.buf, dirname.len);
+			if (pos >= 0 &&
+			    (!skip || !string_list_has_string(skip, dirname.buf))) {
+				/*
+				 * We found a reference whose name is
+				 * a proper prefix of refname; e.g.,
+				 * "refs/foo", and is not in skip.
+				 */
+				strbuf_addf(err, "'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
+					    dirname.buf, refname);
+				goto cleanup;
+			}
 		}
 
+		if (extras && string_list_has_string(extras, dirname.buf) &&
+		    (!skip || !string_list_has_string(skip, dirname.buf))) {
+			strbuf_addf(err, "cannot process '%s' and '%s' at the same time",
+				    refname, dirname.buf);
+			goto cleanup;
+		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Otherwise, we can try to continue our search with
-		 * the next component; if we come up empty, we know
-		 * there is nothing under this whole prefix.
+		 * the next component. So try to look up the
+		 * directory, e.g., "refs/foo/". If we come up empty,
+		 * we know there is nothing under this whole prefix,
+		 * but even in that case we still have to continue the
+		 * search for conflicts with extras.
 		 */
-		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, refname, slash + 1 - refname);
-		if (pos < 0)
-			return 1;
-
-		dir = get_ref_dir(dir->entries[pos]);
+		strbuf_addch(&dirname, '/');
+		if (dir) {
+			pos = search_ref_dir(dir, dirname.buf, dirname.len);
+			if (pos < 0) {
+				/*
+				 * There was no directory "refs/foo/",
+				 * so there is nothing under this
+				 * whole prefix. So there is no need
+				 * to continue looking for conflicting
+				 * references. But we need to continue
+				 * looking for conflicting extras.
+				 */
+				dir = NULL;
+			} else {
+				dir = get_ref_dir(dir->entries[pos]);
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * We are at the leaf of our refname; we want to
-	 * make sure there are no directories which match it.
+	 * We are at the leaf of our refname (e.g., "refs/foo/bar").
+	 * There is no point in searching for a reference with that
+	 * name, because a refname isn't considered to conflict with
+	 * itself. But we still need to check for references whose
+	 * names are in the "refs/foo/bar/" namespace, because they
+	 * *do* conflict.
 	 */
-	len = strlen(refname);
-	dirname = xmallocz(len + 1);
-	sprintf(dirname, "%s/", refname);
-	pos = search_ref_dir(dir, dirname, len + 1);
-	free(dirname);
+	strbuf_addstr(&dirname, refname + dirname.len);
+	strbuf_addch(&dirname, '/');
+
+	if (dir) {
+		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, dirname.buf, dirname.len);
 
-	if (pos >= 0) {
+		if (pos >= 0) {
+			/*
+			 * We found a directory named "$refname/"
+			 * (e.g., "refs/foo/bar/"). It is a problem
+			 * iff it contains any ref that is not in
+			 * "skip".
+			 */
+			struct nonmatching_ref_data data;
+
+			data.skip = skip;
+			data.conflicting_refname = NULL;
+			dir = get_ref_dir(dir->entries[pos]);
+			sort_ref_dir(dir);
+			if (do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir, 0, nonmatching_ref_fn, &data)) {
+				strbuf_addf(err, "'%s' exists; cannot create '%s'",
+					    data.conflicting_refname, refname);
+				goto cleanup;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (extras) {
 		/*
-		 * We found a directory named "refname". It is a
-		 * problem iff it contains any ref that is not
-		 * in "skip".
+		 * Check for entries in extras that start with
+		 * "$refname/". We do that by looking for the place
+		 * where "$refname/" would be inserted in extras. If
+		 * there is an entry at that position that starts with
+		 * "$refname/" and is not in skip, then we have a
+		 * conflict.
 		 */
-		struct ref_entry *entry = dir->entries[pos];
-		struct ref_dir *dir = get_ref_dir(entry);
-		struct nonmatching_ref_data data;
+		for (pos = string_list_find_insert_index(extras, dirname.buf, 0);
+		     pos < extras->nr; pos++) {
+			const char *extra_refname = extras->items[pos].string;
 
-		data.skip = skip;
-		sort_ref_dir(dir);
-		if (!do_for_each_entry_in_dir(dir, 0, nonmatching_ref_fn, &data))
-			return 1;
+			if (!starts_with(extra_refname, dirname.buf))
+				break;
 
-		report_refname_conflict(data.found, refname);
-		return 0;
+			if (!skip || !string_list_has_string(skip, extra_refname)) {
+				strbuf_addf(err, "cannot process '%s' and '%s' at the same time",
+					    refname, extra_refname);
+				goto cleanup;
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * There is no point in searching for another leaf
-	 * node which matches it; such an entry would be the
-	 * ref we are looking for, not a conflict.
-	 */
-	return 1;
+	/* No conflicts were found */
+	ret = 0;
+
+cleanup:
+	strbuf_release(&dirname);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 struct packed_ref_cache {
@@ -2271,8 +2337,10 @@ int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, unsigned char *sha1, char **log)
  */
 static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 					    const unsigned char *old_sha1,
+					    const struct string_list *extras,
 					    const struct string_list *skip,
-					    unsigned int flags, int *type_p)
+					    unsigned int flags, int *type_p,
+					    struct strbuf *err)
 {
 	char *ref_file;
 	const char *orig_refname = refname;
@@ -2283,6 +2351,8 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 	int resolve_flags = 0;
 	int attempts_remaining = 3;
 
+	assert(err);
+
 	lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct ref_lock));
 	lock->lock_fd = -1;
 
@@ -2305,7 +2375,12 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 		ref_file = git_path("%s", orig_refname);
 		if (remove_empty_directories(ref_file)) {
 			last_errno = errno;
-			error("there are still refs under '%s'", orig_refname);
+
+			if (!verify_refname_available(orig_refname, extras, skip,
+						      get_loose_refs(&ref_cache), err))
+				strbuf_addf(err, "there are still refs under '%s'",
+					    orig_refname);
+
 			goto error_return;
 		}
 		refname = resolve_ref_unsafe(orig_refname, resolve_flags,
@@ -2315,8 +2390,12 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 	    *type_p = type;
 	if (!refname) {
 		last_errno = errno;
-		error("unable to resolve reference %s: %s",
-			orig_refname, strerror(errno));
+		if (last_errno != ENOTDIR ||
+		    !verify_refname_available(orig_refname, extras, skip,
+					      get_loose_refs(&ref_cache), err))
+			strbuf_addf(err, "unable to resolve reference %s: %s",
+				    orig_refname, strerror(last_errno));
+
 		goto error_return;
 	}
 	/*
@@ -2326,7 +2405,8 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 	 * our refname.
 	 */
 	if (is_null_sha1(lock->old_sha1) &&
-	     !is_refname_available(refname, skip, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache))) {
+	    verify_refname_available(refname, extras, skip,
+				     get_packed_refs(&ref_cache), err)) {
 		last_errno = ENOTDIR;
 		goto error_return;
 	}
@@ -2352,7 +2432,7 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 		/* fall through */
 	default:
 		last_errno = errno;
-		error("unable to create directory for %s", ref_file);
+		strbuf_addf(err, "unable to create directory for %s", ref_file);
 		goto error_return;
 	}
 
@@ -2367,10 +2447,7 @@ static struct ref_lock *lock_ref_sha1_basic(const char *refname,
 			 */
 			goto retry;
 		else {
-			struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
-			unable_to_lock_message(ref_file, errno, &err);
-			error("%s", err.buf);
-			strbuf_release(&err);
+			unable_to_lock_message(ref_file, errno, err);
 			goto error_return;
 		}
 	}
@@ -2764,17 +2841,25 @@ static int rename_tmp_log(const char *newrefname)
 static int rename_ref_available(const char *oldname, const char *newname)
 {
 	struct string_list skip = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int ret;
 
 	string_list_insert(&skip, oldname);
-	ret = is_refname_available(newname, &skip, get_packed_refs(&ref_cache))
-	    && is_refname_available(newname, &skip, get_loose_refs(&ref_cache));
+	ret = !verify_refname_available(newname, NULL, &skip,
+					get_packed_refs(&ref_cache), &err)
+		&& !verify_refname_available(newname, NULL, &skip,
+					     get_loose_refs(&ref_cache), &err);
+	if (!ret)
+		error("%s", err.buf);
+
 	string_list_clear(&skip, 0);
+	strbuf_release(&err);
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock, const unsigned char *sha1,
-			  const char *logmsg);
+static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock, const unsigned char *sha1);
+static int commit_ref_update(struct ref_lock *lock,
+			     const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg);
 
 int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logmsg)
 {
@@ -2784,6 +2869,7 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
 	struct stat loginfo;
 	int log = !lstat(git_path("logs/%s", oldrefname), &loginfo);
 	const char *symref = NULL;
+	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (log && S_ISLNK(loginfo.st_mode))
 		return error("reflog for %s is a symlink", oldrefname);
@@ -2826,13 +2912,16 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
 
 	logmoved = log;
 
-	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(newrefname, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(newrefname, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, &err);
 	if (!lock) {
-		error("unable to lock %s for update", newrefname);
+		error("unable to rename '%s' to '%s': %s", oldrefname, newrefname, err.buf);
+		strbuf_release(&err);
 		goto rollback;
 	}
 	hashcpy(lock->old_sha1, orig_sha1);
-	if (write_ref_sha1(lock, orig_sha1, logmsg)) {
+
+	if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1) ||
+	    commit_ref_update(lock, orig_sha1, logmsg)) {
 		error("unable to write current sha1 into %s", newrefname);
 		goto rollback;
 	}
@@ -2840,15 +2929,17 @@ int rename_ref(const char *oldrefname, const char *newrefname, const char *logms
 	return 0;
 
  rollback:
-	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(oldrefname, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(oldrefname, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL, &err);
 	if (!lock) {
-		error("unable to lock %s for rollback", oldrefname);
+		error("unable to lock %s for rollback: %s", oldrefname, err.buf);
+		strbuf_release(&err);
 		goto rollbacklog;
 	}
 
 	flag = log_all_ref_updates;
 	log_all_ref_updates = 0;
-	if (write_ref_sha1(lock, orig_sha1, NULL))
+	if (write_ref_to_lockfile(lock, orig_sha1) ||
+	    commit_ref_update(lock, orig_sha1, NULL))
 		error("unable to write current sha1 into %s", oldrefname);
 	log_all_ref_updates = flag;
 
@@ -3022,11 +3113,11 @@ int is_branch(const char *refname)
 }
 
 /*
- * Write sha1 into the ref specified by the lock. Make sure that errno
- * is sane on error.
+ * Write sha1 into the open lockfile, then close the lockfile. On
+ * errors, rollback the lockfile and set errno to reflect the problem.
  */
-static int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock,
-	const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg)
+static int write_ref_to_lockfile(struct ref_lock *lock,
+				 const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
 	static char term = '\n';
 	struct object *o;
@@ -3055,6 +3146,17 @@ static int write_ref_sha1(struct ref_lock *lock,
 		errno = save_errno;
 		return -1;
 	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Commit a change to a loose reference that has already been written
+ * to the loose reference lockfile. Also update the reflogs if
+ * necessary, using the specified lockmsg (which can be NULL).
+ */
+static int commit_ref_update(struct ref_lock *lock,
+			     const unsigned char *sha1, const char *logmsg)
+{
 	clear_loose_ref_cache(&ref_cache);
 	if (log_ref_write(lock->ref_name, lock->old_sha1, sha1, logmsg) < 0 ||
 	    (strcmp(lock->ref_name, lock->orig_ref_name) &&
@@ -3695,25 +3797,18 @@ int update_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int ref_update_compare(const void *r1, const void *r2)
-{
-	const struct ref_update * const *u1 = r1;
-	const struct ref_update * const *u2 = r2;
-	return strcmp((*u1)->refname, (*u2)->refname);
-}
-
-static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct ref_update **updates, int n,
+static int ref_update_reject_duplicates(struct string_list *refnames,
 					struct strbuf *err)
 {
-	int i;
+	int i, n = refnames->nr;
 
 	assert(err);
 
 	for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
-		if (!strcmp(updates[i - 1]->refname, updates[i]->refname)) {
+		if (!strcmp(refnames->items[i - 1].string, refnames->items[i].string)) {
 			strbuf_addf(err,
 				    "Multiple updates for ref '%s' not allowed.",
-				    updates[i]->refname);
+				    refnames->items[i].string);
 			return 1;
 		}
 	return 0;
@@ -3727,6 +3822,7 @@ int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 	struct ref_update **updates = transaction->updates;
 	struct string_list refs_to_delete = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct string_list_item *ref_to_delete;
+	struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 
 	assert(err);
 
@@ -3738,63 +3834,101 @@ int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	/* Copy, sort, and reject duplicate refs */
-	qsort(updates, n, sizeof(*updates), ref_update_compare);
-	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(updates, n, err)) {
+	/* Fail if a refname appears more than once in the transaction: */
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+		string_list_append(&affected_refnames, updates[i]->refname);
+	string_list_sort(&affected_refnames);
+	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&affected_refnames, err)) {
 		ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
-	/* Acquire all locks while verifying old values */
+	/*
+	 * Acquire all locks, verify old values if provided, check
+	 * that new values are valid, and write new values to the
+	 * lockfiles, ready to be activated. Only keep one lockfile
+	 * open at a time to avoid running out of file descriptors.
+	 */
 	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 		struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
-		unsigned int flags = update->flags;
 
-		if ((flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
-			flags |= REF_DELETING;
+		if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) &&
+		    is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1))
+			update->flags |= REF_DELETING;
 		update->lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(
 				update->refname,
 				((update->flags & REF_HAVE_OLD) ?
 				 update->old_sha1 : NULL),
-				NULL,
-				flags,
-				&update->type);
+				&affected_refnames, NULL,
+				update->flags,
+				&update->type,
+				err);
 		if (!update->lock) {
+			char *reason;
+
 			ret = (errno == ENOTDIR)
 				? TRANSACTION_NAME_CONFLICT
 				: TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
-			strbuf_addf(err, "Cannot lock the ref '%s'.",
-				    update->refname);
+			reason = strbuf_detach(err, NULL);
+			strbuf_addf(err, "Cannot lock ref '%s': %s",
+				    update->refname, reason);
+			free(reason);
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
-	}
-
-	/* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-		struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
-		int flags = update->flags;
-
-		if ((flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && !is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1)) {
+		if ((update->flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) &&
+		    !(update->flags & REF_DELETING)) {
 			int overwriting_symref = ((update->type & REF_ISSYMREF) &&
 						  (update->flags & REF_NODEREF));
 
-			if (!overwriting_symref
-			    && !hashcmp(update->lock->old_sha1, update->new_sha1)) {
+			if (!overwriting_symref &&
+			    !hashcmp(update->lock->old_sha1, update->new_sha1)) {
 				/*
 				 * The reference already has the desired
 				 * value, so we don't need to write it.
 				 */
-				unlock_ref(update->lock);
+			} else if (write_ref_to_lockfile(update->lock,
+							 update->new_sha1)) {
+				/*
+				 * The lock was freed upon failure of
+				 * write_ref_to_lockfile():
+				 */
 				update->lock = NULL;
-			} else if (write_ref_sha1(update->lock, update->new_sha1,
-						  update->msg)) {
-				update->lock = NULL; /* freed by write_ref_sha1 */
 				strbuf_addf(err, "Cannot update the ref '%s'.",
 					    update->refname);
 				ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 				goto cleanup;
 			} else {
-				/* freed by write_ref_sha1(): */
+				update->flags |= REF_NEEDS_COMMIT;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!(update->flags & REF_NEEDS_COMMIT)) {
+			/*
+			 * We didn't have to write anything to the lockfile.
+			 * Close it to free up the file descriptor:
+			 */
+			if (close_ref(update->lock)) {
+				strbuf_addf(err, "Couldn't close %s.lock",
+					    update->refname);
+				goto cleanup;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Perform updates first so live commits remain referenced */
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
+
+		if (update->flags & REF_NEEDS_COMMIT) {
+			if (commit_ref_update(update->lock,
+					      update->new_sha1, update->msg)) {
+				/* freed by commit_ref_update(): */
+				update->lock = NULL;
+				strbuf_addf(err, "Cannot update the ref '%s'.",
+					    update->refname);
+				ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
+				goto cleanup;
+			} else {
+				/* freed by commit_ref_update(): */
 				update->lock = NULL;
 			}
 		}
@@ -3803,15 +3937,14 @@ int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 	/* Perform deletes now that updates are safely completed */
 	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 		struct ref_update *update = updates[i];
-		int flags = update->flags;
 
-		if ((flags & REF_HAVE_NEW) && is_null_sha1(update->new_sha1)) {
+		if (update->flags & REF_DELETING) {
 			if (delete_ref_loose(update->lock, update->type, err)) {
 				ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 				goto cleanup;
 			}
 
-			if (!(flags & REF_ISPRUNING))
+			if (!(update->flags & REF_ISPRUNING))
 				string_list_append(&refs_to_delete,
 						   update->lock->ref_name);
 		}
@@ -3832,6 +3965,7 @@ int ref_transaction_commit(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 		if (updates[i]->lock)
 			unlock_ref(updates[i]->lock);
 	string_list_clear(&refs_to_delete, 0);
+	string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -4021,6 +4155,7 @@ int reflog_expire(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
 	char *log_file;
 	int status = 0;
 	int type;
+	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
 	cb.flags = flags;
@@ -4032,9 +4167,12 @@ int reflog_expire(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
 	 * reference itself, plus we might need to update the
 	 * reference if --updateref was specified:
 	 */
-	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, sha1, NULL, 0, &type);
-	if (!lock)
-		return error("cannot lock ref '%s'", refname);
+	lock = lock_ref_sha1_basic(refname, sha1, NULL, NULL, 0, &type, &err);
+	if (!lock) {
+		error("cannot lock ref '%s': %s", refname, err.buf);
+		strbuf_release(&err);
+		return -1;
+	}
 	if (!reflog_exists(refname)) {
 		unlock_ref(lock);
 		return 0;
diff --git a/rerere.c b/rerere.c
index 31644dec04..94aea9a36f 100644
--- a/rerere.c
+++ b/rerere.c
@@ -659,6 +659,8 @@ int rerere_forget(struct pathspec *pathspec)
 		return error("Could not read index");
 
 	fd = setup_rerere(&merge_rr, RERERE_NOAUTOUPDATE);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return 0;
 
 	unmerge_cache(pathspec);
 	find_conflict(&conflict);
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index 6399a0412c..0b322b4fdc 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -345,14 +345,24 @@ static struct commit *handle_commit(struct rev_info *revs,
 	die("%s is unknown object", name);
 }
 
-static int everybody_uninteresting(struct commit_list *orig)
+static int everybody_uninteresting(struct commit_list *orig,
+				   struct commit **interesting_cache)
 {
 	struct commit_list *list = orig;
+
+	if (*interesting_cache) {
+		struct commit *commit = *interesting_cache;
+		if (!(commit->object.flags & UNINTERESTING))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
 	while (list) {
 		struct commit *commit = list->item;
 		list = list->next;
 		if (commit->object.flags & UNINTERESTING)
 			continue;
+		if (interesting_cache)
+			*interesting_cache = commit;
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return 1;
@@ -807,7 +817,7 @@ static int add_parents_to_list(struct rev_info *revs, struct commit *commit,
 			parent = parent->next;
 			if (p)
 				p->object.flags |= UNINTERESTING;
-			if (parse_commit(p) < 0)
+			if (parse_commit_gently(p, 1) < 0)
 				continue;
 			if (p->parents)
 				mark_parents_uninteresting(p);
@@ -834,7 +844,7 @@ static int add_parents_to_list(struct rev_info *revs, struct commit *commit,
 	for (parent = commit->parents; parent; parent = parent->next) {
 		struct commit *p = parent->item;
 
-		if (parse_commit(p) < 0)
+		if (parse_commit_gently(p, revs->ignore_missing_links) < 0)
 			return -1;
 		if (revs->show_source && !p->util)
 			p->util = commit->util;
@@ -940,7 +950,8 @@ static void cherry_pick_list(struct commit_list *list, struct rev_info *revs)
 /* How many extra uninteresting commits we want to see.. */
 #define SLOP 5
 
-static int still_interesting(struct commit_list *src, unsigned long date, int slop)
+static int still_interesting(struct commit_list *src, unsigned long date, int slop,
+			     struct commit **interesting_cache)
 {
 	/*
 	 * No source list at all? We're definitely done..
@@ -959,7 +970,7 @@ static int still_interesting(struct commit_list *src, unsigned long date, int sl
 	 * Does the source list still have interesting commits in
 	 * it? Definitely not done..
 	 */
-	if (!everybody_uninteresting(src))
+	if (!everybody_uninteresting(src, interesting_cache))
 		return SLOP;
 
 	/* Ok, we're closing in.. */
@@ -1078,6 +1089,7 @@ static int limit_list(struct rev_info *revs)
 	struct commit_list *newlist = NULL;
 	struct commit_list **p = &newlist;
 	struct commit_list *bottom = NULL;
+	struct commit *interesting_cache = NULL;
 
 	if (revs->ancestry_path) {
 		bottom = collect_bottom_commits(list);
@@ -1094,6 +1106,9 @@ static int limit_list(struct rev_info *revs)
 		list = list->next;
 		free(entry);
 
+		if (commit == interesting_cache)
+			interesting_cache = NULL;
+
 		if (revs->max_age != -1 && (commit->date < revs->max_age))
 			obj->flags |= UNINTERESTING;
 		if (add_parents_to_list(revs, commit, &list, NULL) < 0)
@@ -1102,7 +1117,7 @@ static int limit_list(struct rev_info *revs)
 			mark_parents_uninteresting(commit);
 			if (revs->show_all)
 				p = &commit_list_insert(commit, p)->next;
-			slop = still_interesting(list, date, slop);
+			slop = still_interesting(list, date, slop, &interesting_cache);
 			if (slop)
 				continue;
 			/* If showing all, add the whole pending list to the end */
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index 88f06bac92..56c69cebc8 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -707,8 +707,8 @@ static void mmap_limit_check(size_t length)
 		    (uintmax_t)length, (uintmax_t)limit);
 }
 
-void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
-	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
+void *xmmap_gently(void *start, size_t length,
+		  int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
 {
 	void *ret;
 
@@ -719,12 +719,19 @@ void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
 			return NULL;
 		release_pack_memory(length);
 		ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-		if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
-			die_errno("Out of memory? mmap failed");
 	}
 	return ret;
 }
 
+void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
+	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
+{
+	void *ret = xmmap_gently(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
+	if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
+		die_errno("mmap failed");
+	return ret;
+}
+
 void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *p)
 {
 	while (p->windows) {
@@ -2473,10 +2480,8 @@ static int fill_pack_entry(const unsigned char *sha1,
 	 * answer, as it may have been deleted since the index was
 	 * loaded!
 	 */
-	if (!is_pack_valid(p)) {
-		warning("packfile %s cannot be accessed", p->pack_name);
+	if (!is_pack_valid(p))
 		return 0;
-	}
 	e->offset = offset;
 	e->p = p;
 	hashcpy(e->sha1, sha1);
@@ -2999,12 +3004,18 @@ static int freshen_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
 static int freshen_packed_object(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
 	struct pack_entry e;
-	return find_pack_entry(sha1, &e) && freshen_file(e.p->pack_name);
+	if (!find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
+		return 0;
+	if (e.p->freshened)
+		return 1;
+	if (!freshen_file(e.p->pack_name))
+		return 0;
+	e.p->freshened = 1;
+	return 1;
 }
 
-int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *returnsha1)
+int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *sha1)
 {
-	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	char hdr[32];
 	int hdrlen;
 
@@ -3012,13 +3023,32 @@ int write_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsign
 	 * it out into .git/objects/??/?{38} file.
 	 */
 	write_sha1_file_prepare(buf, len, type, sha1, hdr, &hdrlen);
-	if (returnsha1)
-		hashcpy(returnsha1, sha1);
-	if (freshen_loose_object(sha1) || freshen_packed_object(sha1))
+	if (freshen_packed_object(sha1) || freshen_loose_object(sha1))
 		return 0;
 	return write_loose_object(sha1, hdr, hdrlen, buf, len, 0);
 }
 
+int hash_sha1_file_literally(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type,
+			     unsigned char *sha1, unsigned flags)
+{
+	char *header;
+	int hdrlen, status = 0;
+
+	/* type string, SP, %lu of the length plus NUL must fit this */
+	header = xmalloc(strlen(type) + 32);
+	write_sha1_file_prepare(buf, len, type, sha1, header, &hdrlen);
+
+	if (!(flags & HASH_WRITE_OBJECT))
+		goto cleanup;
+	if (freshen_packed_object(sha1) || freshen_loose_object(sha1))
+		goto cleanup;
+	status = write_loose_object(sha1, header, hdrlen, buf, len, 0);
+
+cleanup:
+	free(header);
+	return status;
+}
+
 int force_object_loose(const unsigned char *sha1, time_t mtime)
 {
 	void *buf;
@@ -3179,7 +3209,7 @@ static int index_core(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, size_t size,
 	int ret;
 
 	if (!size) {
-		ret = index_mem(sha1, NULL, size, type, path, flags);
+		ret = index_mem(sha1, "", size, type, path, flags);
 	} else if (size <= SMALL_FILE_SIZE) {
 		char *buf = xmalloc(size);
 		if (size == read_in_full(fd, buf, size))
@@ -3418,7 +3448,7 @@ static int loose_from_alt_odb(struct alternate_object_database *alt,
 	return r;
 }
 
-int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn cb, void *data)
+int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn cb, void *data, unsigned flags)
 {
 	struct loose_alt_odb_data alt;
 	int r;
@@ -3428,6 +3458,9 @@ int for_each_loose_object(each_loose_object_fn cb, void *data)
 	if (r)
 		return r;
 
+	if (flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY)
+		return 0;
+
 	alt.cb = cb;
 	alt.data = data;
 	return foreach_alt_odb(loose_from_alt_odb, &alt);
@@ -3452,13 +3485,15 @@ static int for_each_object_in_pack(struct packed_git *p, each_packed_object_fn c
 	return r;
 }
 
-int for_each_packed_object(each_packed_object_fn cb, void *data)
+int for_each_packed_object(each_packed_object_fn cb, void *data, unsigned flags)
 {
 	struct packed_git *p;
 	int r = 0;
 
 	prepare_packed_git();
 	for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
+		if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY) && !p->pack_local)
+			continue;
 		r = for_each_object_in_pack(p, cb, data);
 		if (r)
 			break;
diff --git a/sha1_name.c b/sha1_name.c
index 6d10f052b5..6de8c87c8a 100644
--- a/sha1_name.c
+++ b/sha1_name.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "tree-walk.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "remote.h"
+#include "dir.h"
 
 static int get_sha1_oneline(const char *, unsigned char *, struct commit_list *);
 
@@ -1237,14 +1238,13 @@ static void diagnose_invalid_sha1_path(const char *prefix,
 				       const char *object_name,
 				       int object_name_len)
 {
-	struct stat st;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	unsigned mode;
 
 	if (!prefix)
 		prefix = "";
 
-	if (!lstat(filename, &st))
+	if (file_exists(filename))
 		die("Path '%s' exists on disk, but not in '%.*s'.",
 		    filename, object_name_len, object_name);
 	if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR) {
@@ -1271,7 +1271,6 @@ static void diagnose_invalid_index_path(int stage,
 					const char *prefix,
 					const char *filename)
 {
-	struct stat st;
 	const struct cache_entry *ce;
 	int pos;
 	unsigned namelen = strlen(filename);
@@ -1314,7 +1313,7 @@ static void diagnose_invalid_index_path(int stage,
 			    ce_stage(ce), filename);
 	}
 
-	if (!lstat(filename, &st))
+	if (file_exists(filename))
 		die("Path '%s' exists on disk, but not in the index.", filename);
 	if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR)
 		die("Path '%s' does not exist (neither on disk nor in the index).",
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index c0e6c81fc4..5a563ad100 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -891,7 +891,6 @@ int submodule_uses_gitfile(const char *path)
 
 int ok_to_remove_submodule(const char *path)
 {
-	struct stat st;
 	ssize_t len;
 	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	const char *argv[] = {
@@ -904,7 +903,7 @@ int ok_to_remove_submodule(const char *path)
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int ok_to_remove = 1;
 
-	if ((lstat(path, &st) < 0) || is_empty_dir(path))
+	if (!file_exists(path) || is_empty_dir(path))
 		return 1;
 
 	if (!submodule_uses_gitfile(path))
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd.sh b/t/lib-httpd.sh
index e6adf2f82d..e9714467d0 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd.sh
+++ b/t/lib-httpd.sh
@@ -30,6 +30,18 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2008 Clemens Buchacher <drizzd@aon.at>
 #
 
+if test -n "$NO_CURL"
+then
+	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
+	test_done
+fi
+
+if test -n "$NO_EXPAT" && test -n "$LIB_HTTPD_DAV"
+then
+	skip_all='skipping test, git built without expat support'
+	test_done
+fi
+
 test_tristate GIT_TEST_HTTPD
 if test "$GIT_TEST_HTTPD" = false
 then
diff --git a/t/t0008-ignores.sh b/t/t0008-ignores.sh
index 8dc6939b90..4ef5ed484c 100755
--- a/t/t0008-ignores.sh
+++ b/t/t0008-ignores.sh
@@ -831,4 +831,14 @@ test_expect_success !MINGW,!CYGWIN 'correct handling of backslashes' '
 	test_cmp err.expect err
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'info/exclude trumps core.excludesfile' '
+	echo >>global-excludes usually-ignored &&
+	echo >>.git/info/exclude "!usually-ignored" &&
+	>usually-ignored &&
+	echo "?? usually-ignored" >expect &&
+
+	git status --porcelain usually-ignored >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0021-conversion.sh b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
index ca7d2a630a..e9f1626b09 100755
--- a/t/t0021-conversion.sh
+++ b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
@@ -216,4 +216,30 @@ test_expect_success EXPENSIVE 'filter large file' '
 	! test -s err
 '
 
+test_expect_success "filter: clean empty file" '
+	git config filter.in-repo-header.clean  "echo cleaned && cat" &&
+	git config filter.in-repo-header.smudge "sed 1d" &&
+
+	echo "empty-in-worktree    filter=in-repo-header" >>.gitattributes &&
+	>empty-in-worktree &&
+
+	echo cleaned >expected &&
+	git add empty-in-worktree &&
+	git show :empty-in-worktree >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success "filter: smudge empty file" '
+	git config filter.empty-in-repo.clean "cat >/dev/null" &&
+	git config filter.empty-in-repo.smudge "echo smudged && cat" &&
+
+	echo "empty-in-repo filter=empty-in-repo" >>.gitattributes &&
+	echo dead data walking >empty-in-repo &&
+	git add empty-in-repo &&
+
+	echo smudged >expected &&
+	git checkout-index --prefix=filtered- empty-in-repo &&
+	test_cmp expected filtered-empty-in-repo
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0302-credential-store.sh b/t/t0302-credential-store.sh
index f61b40c69b..0979df93a1 100755
--- a/t/t0302-credential-store.sh
+++ b/t/t0302-credential-store.sh
@@ -6,4 +6,118 @@ test_description='credential-store tests'
 
 helper_test store
 
+test_expect_success 'when xdg file does not exist, xdg file not created' '
+	test_path_is_missing "$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	test -s "$HOME/.git-credentials"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup xdg file' '
+	rm -f "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	>"$HOME/.config/git/credentials"
+'
+
+helper_test store
+
+test_expect_success 'when xdg file exists, home file not created' '
+	test -s "$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "$HOME/.git-credentials"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup custom xdg file' '
+	rm -f "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	rm -f "$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/xdg/git" &&
+	>"$HOME/xdg/git/credentials"
+'
+
+XDG_CONFIG_HOME="$HOME/xdg"
+export XDG_CONFIG_HOME
+helper_test store
+unset XDG_CONFIG_HOME
+
+test_expect_success 'if custom xdg file exists, home and xdg files not created' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f $HOME/xdg/git/credentials" &&
+	test -s "$HOME/xdg/git/credentials" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	test_path_is_missing "$HOME/.config/git/credentials"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'get: use home file if both home and xdg files have matches' '
+	echo "https://home-user:home-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	echo "https://xdg-user:xdg-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	check fill store <<-\EOF
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	--
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	username=home-user
+	password=home-pass
+	--
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'get: use xdg file if home file has no matches' '
+	>"$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	echo "https://xdg-user:xdg-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	check fill store <<-\EOF
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	--
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	username=xdg-user
+	password=xdg-pass
+	--
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM 'get: use xdg file if home file is unreadable' '
+	echo "https://home-user:home-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	chmod -r "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	echo "https://xdg-user:xdg-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	check fill store <<-\EOF
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	--
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	username=xdg-user
+	password=xdg-pass
+	--
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'store: if both xdg and home files exist, only store in home file' '
+	>"$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	>"$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	check approve store <<-\EOF &&
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	username=store-user
+	password=store-pass
+	EOF
+	echo "https://store-user:store-pass@example.com" >expected &&
+	test_cmp expected "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$HOME/.config/git/credentials"
+'
+
+
+test_expect_success 'erase: erase matching credentials from both xdg and home files' '
+	echo "https://home-user:home-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	mkdir -p "$HOME/.config/git" &&
+	echo "https://xdg-user:xdg-pass@example.com" >"$HOME/.config/git/credentials" &&
+	check reject store <<-\EOF &&
+	protocol=https
+	host=example.com
+	EOF
+	test_must_be_empty "$HOME/.git-credentials" &&
+	test_must_be_empty "$HOME/.config/git/credentials"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1007-hash-object.sh b/t/t1007-hash-object.sh
index f83df8eb8b..7d2baa15bb 100755
--- a/t/t1007-hash-object.sh
+++ b/t/t1007-hash-object.sh
@@ -201,4 +201,23 @@ test_expect_success 'corrupt tag' '
 	test_must_fail git hash-object -t tag --stdin </dev/null
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'hash-object complains about bogus type name' '
+	test_must_fail git hash-object -t bogus --stdin </dev/null
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'hash-object complains about truncated type name' '
+	test_must_fail git hash-object -t bl --stdin </dev/null
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--literally' '
+	t=1234567890 &&
+	echo example | git hash-object -t $t --literally --stdin
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--literally with extra-long type' '
+	t=12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
+	t="$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t" &&
+	echo example | git hash-object -t $t --literally --stdin
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh b/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
index 2edb4f2de5..8e22b03cdd 100755
--- a/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
+++ b/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
@@ -162,16 +162,20 @@ test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside .git' '
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside a bare repo' '
+test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside a bare repo (explicit GIT_DIR)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr foo.git" &&
 	git clone -s --bare .git foo.git &&
 	(
 		cd foo.git &&
+		# older Git needed help by exporting GIT_DIR=.
+		# to realize that it is inside a bare repository.
+		# We keep this test around for regression testing.
 		GIT_DIR=. git show -s HEAD
 	)
 '
 
-# This still does not work as it should...
-: test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside a bare repo' '
+test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside a bare repo' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr foo.git" &&
 	git clone -s --bare .git foo.git &&
 	(
 		cd foo.git &&
@@ -180,7 +184,6 @@ test_expect_success 'no file/rev ambiguity check inside a bare repo' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'detection should not be fooled by a symlink' '
-	rm -fr foo.git &&
 	git clone -s .git another &&
 	ln -s another yetanother &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
index 6805b9e6bb..ba89f4c009 100755
--- a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin create ref works with path with space to blob' '
 test_expect_success 'stdin update ref fails with wrong old value' '
 	echo "update $c $m $m~1" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify -q $c
 '
 
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin update ref works with right old value' '
 test_expect_success 'stdin delete ref fails with wrong old value' '
 	echo "delete $a $m~1" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$a'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$a'"'"'" err &&
 	git rev-parse $m >expect &&
 	git rev-parse $a >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin update refs fails with wrong old value' '
 	update $c  ''
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
 	git rev-parse $m >expect &&
 	git rev-parse $a >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin -z create ref works with path with space to blob' '
 test_expect_success 'stdin -z update ref fails with wrong old value' '
 	printf $F "update $c" "$m" "$m~1" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -z --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify -q $c
 '
 
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin -z create ref fails when ref exists' '
 	git rev-parse "$c" >expect &&
 	printf $F "create $c" "$m~1" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -z --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
 	git rev-parse "$c" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin -z update ref works with right old value' '
 test_expect_success 'stdin -z delete ref fails with wrong old value' '
 	printf $F "delete $a" "$m~1" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -z --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$a'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$a'"'"'" err &&
 	git rev-parse $m >expect &&
 	git rev-parse $a >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin -z update refs fails with wrong old value' '
 	git update-ref $c $m &&
 	printf $F "update $a" "$m" "$m" "update $b" "$m" "$m" "update $c" "$m" "$Z" >stdin &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -z --stdin <stdin 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: Cannot lock the ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
+	grep "fatal: Cannot lock ref '"'"'$c'"'"'" err &&
 	git rev-parse $m >expect &&
 	git rev-parse $a >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
@@ -1065,4 +1065,32 @@ test_expect_success 'stdin -z delete refs works with packed and loose refs' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify -q $c
 '
 
+run_with_limited_open_files () {
+	(ulimit -n 32 && "$@")
+}
+
+test_lazy_prereq ULIMIT_FILE_DESCRIPTORS 'run_with_limited_open_files true'
+
+test_expect_success ULIMIT_FILE_DESCRIPTORS 'large transaction creating branches does not burst open file limit' '
+(
+	for i in $(test_seq 33)
+	do
+		echo "create refs/heads/$i HEAD"
+	done >large_input &&
+	run_with_limited_open_files git update-ref --stdin <large_input &&
+	git rev-parse --verify -q refs/heads/33
+)
+'
+
+test_expect_success ULIMIT_FILE_DESCRIPTORS 'large transaction deleting branches does not burst open file limit' '
+(
+	for i in $(test_seq 33)
+	do
+		echo "delete refs/heads/$i HEAD"
+	done >large_input &&
+	run_with_limited_open_files git update-ref --stdin <large_input &&
+	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify -q refs/heads/33
+)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1404-update-ref-df-conflicts.sh b/t/t1404-update-ref-df-conflicts.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..66bafb5cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t1404-update-ref-df-conflicts.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='Test git update-ref with D/F conflicts'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_update_rejected () {
+	prefix="$1" &&
+	before="$2" &&
+	pack="$3" &&
+	create="$4" &&
+	error="$5" &&
+	printf "create $prefix/%s $C\n" $before |
+	git update-ref --stdin &&
+	git for-each-ref $prefix >unchanged &&
+	if $pack
+	then
+		git pack-refs --all
+	fi &&
+	printf "create $prefix/%s $C\n" $create >input &&
+	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <input 2>output.err &&
+	grep -F "$error" output.err &&
+	git for-each-ref $prefix >actual &&
+	test_cmp unchanged actual
+}
+
+Q="'"
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+
+	git commit --allow-empty -m Initial &&
+	C=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a simple prefix of new' '
+
+	prefix=refs/1l &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c e" false "b c/x d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a simple prefix of new' '
+
+	prefix=refs/1p &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c e" true "b c/x d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'existing loose ref is a deeper prefix of new' '
+
+	prefix=refs/2l &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c e" false "b c/x/y d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'existing packed ref is a deeper prefix of new' '
+
+	prefix=refs/2p &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c e" true "b c/x/y d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing loose' '
+
+	prefix=refs/3l &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c/x e" false "b c d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c/x$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a simple prefix of existing packed' '
+
+	prefix=refs/3p &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c/x e" true "b c d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c/x$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing loose' '
+
+	prefix=refs/4l &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c/x/y e" false "b c d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'new ref is a deeper prefix of existing packed' '
+
+	prefix=refs/4p &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a c/x/y e" true "b c d" \
+		"$Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'one new ref is a simple prefix of another' '
+
+	prefix=refs/5 &&
+	test_update_rejected $prefix "a e" false "b c c/x d" \
+		"cannot process $Q$prefix/c$Q and $Q$prefix/c/x$Q at the same time"
+
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t1509/prepare-chroot.sh b/t/t1509/prepare-chroot.sh
index 62691172e3..6d47e2c725 100755
--- a/t/t1509/prepare-chroot.sh
+++ b/t/t1509/prepare-chroot.sh
@@ -14,25 +14,45 @@ xmkdir() {
 
 R="$1"
 
+[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ] && die "This script should not be run as root, what if it does rm -rf /?"
 [ -n "$R" ] || die "usage: prepare-chroot.sh <root>"
 [ -x git ] || die "This script needs to be executed at git source code's top directory"
-[ -x /bin/busybox ] || die "You need busybox"
+if [ -x /bin/busybox ]; then
+	BB=/bin/busybox
+elif [ -x /usr/bin/busybox ]; then
+	BB=/usr/bin/busybox
+else
+	die "You need busybox"
+fi
 
 xmkdir "$R" "$R/bin" "$R/etc" "$R/lib" "$R/dev"
-[ -c "$R/dev/null" ] || die "/dev/null is missing. Do mknod $R/dev/null c 1 3 && chmod 666 $R/dev/null"
+touch "$R/dev/null"
 echo "root:x:0:0:root:/:/bin/sh" > "$R/etc/passwd"
 echo "$(id -nu):x:$(id -u):$(id -g)::$(pwd)/t:/bin/sh" >> "$R/etc/passwd"
 echo "root::0:root" > "$R/etc/group"
 echo "$(id -ng)::$(id -g):$(id -nu)" >> "$R/etc/group"
 
-[ -x "$R/bin/busybox" ] || cp /bin/busybox "$R/bin/busybox"
-[ -x "$R/bin/sh" ] || ln -s /bin/busybox "$R/bin/sh"
-[ -x "$R/bin/su" ] || ln -s /bin/busybox "$R/bin/su"
+[ -x "$R$BB" ] || cp $BB "$R/bin/busybox"
+for cmd in sh su ls expr tr basename rm mkdir mv id uname dirname cat true sed diff; do
+	ln -f -s /bin/busybox "$R/bin/$cmd"
+done
 
 mkdir -p "$R$(pwd)"
 rsync --exclude-from t/t1509/excludes -Ha . "$R$(pwd)"
-ldd git | grep '/' | sed 's,.*\s\(/[^ ]*\).*,\1,' | while read i; do
-	mkdir -p "$R$(dirname $i)"
-	cp "$i" "$R/$i"
+# Fake perl to reduce dependency, t1509 does not use perl, but some
+# env might slip through, see test-lib.sh, unset.*PERL_PATH
+sed 's|^PERL_PATH=.*|PERL_PATH=/bin/true|' GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS > "$R$(pwd)/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS"
+for cmd in git $BB;do 
+	ldd $cmd | grep '/' | sed 's,.*\s\(/[^ ]*\).*,\1,' | while read i; do
+		mkdir -p "$R$(dirname $i)"
+		cp "$i" "$R/$i"
+	done
 done
-echo "Execute this in root: 'chroot $R /bin/su - $(id -nu)'"
+cat <<EOF
+All is set up in $R, execute t1509 with the following commands:
+
+sudo chroot $R /bin/su - $(id -nu)
+IKNOWWHATIAMDOING=YES ./t1509-root-worktree.sh -v -i
+
+When you are done, simply delete $R to clean up
+EOF
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index eed76cca55..ac429a0bbb 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -1055,4 +1055,51 @@ test_expect_success 'todo count' '
 	grep "^# Rebase ..* onto ..* ([0-9]" actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase -i commits that overwrite untracked files (pick)' '
+	git checkout --force branch2 &&
+	git clean -f &&
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	FAKE_LINES="edit 1 2" git rebase -i A &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD F &&
+	test_path_is_missing file6 &&
+	>file6 &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --continue &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD F &&
+	rm file6 &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD I
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase -i commits that overwrite untracked files (squash)' '
+	git checkout --force branch2 &&
+	git clean -f &&
+	git tag original-branch2 &&
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	FAKE_LINES="edit 1 squash 2" git rebase -i A &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD F &&
+	test_path_is_missing file6 &&
+	>file6 &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --continue &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD F &&
+	rm file6 &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	test $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) = I &&
+	git reset --hard original-branch2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase -i commits that overwrite untracked files (no ff)' '
+	git checkout --force branch2 &&
+	git clean -f &&
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	FAKE_LINES="edit 1 2" git rebase -i --no-ff A &&
+	test $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) = F &&
+	test_path_is_missing file6 &&
+	>file6 &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --continue &&
+	test $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) = F &&
+	rm file6 &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	test $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) = I
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3702-add-edit.sh b/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
index 4ee47cc9a8..3cb74ca296 100755
--- a/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
+++ b/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
@@ -118,4 +118,11 @@ test_expect_success 'add -e' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'add -e notices editor failure' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	echo change >>file &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_EDITOR=false git add -e &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff --exit-code
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 1e29962fad..7396ca9911 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ test_description='Test git stash'
 test_expect_success 'stash some dirty working directory' '
 	echo 1 > file &&
 	git add file &&
+	echo unrelated >other-file &&
+	git add other-file &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m initial &&
 	echo 2 > file &&
@@ -43,10 +45,15 @@ test_expect_success 'applying bogus stash does nothing' '
 	test_cmp expect file
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'apply requires a clean index' '
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard" &&
+	echo changed >other-file &&
+	git add other-file &&
+	test_must_fail git stash apply
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'apply does not need clean working directory' '
 	echo 4 >other-file &&
-	git add other-file &&
-	echo 5 >other-file &&
 	git stash apply &&
 	echo 3 >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect file
@@ -93,6 +100,10 @@ test_expect_success 'unstashing in a subdirectory' '
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash drop complains of extra options' '
+	test_must_fail git stash drop --foo
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'drop top stash' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git stash list > stashlist1 &&
@@ -695,8 +706,8 @@ test_expect_success 'setup stash with index and worktree changes' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash list implies --first-parent -m' '
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	stash@{0}: WIP on master: b27a2bc subdir
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	stash@{0}
 
 	diff --git a/file b/file
 	index 257cc56..d26b33d 100644
@@ -706,13 +717,13 @@ test_expect_success 'stash list implies --first-parent -m' '
 	-foo
 	+working
 	EOF
-	git stash list -p >actual &&
+	git stash list --format=%gd -p >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash list --cc shows combined diff' '
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	stash@{0}: WIP on master: b27a2bc subdir
+	stash@{0}
 
 	diff --cc file
 	index 257cc56,9015a7a..d26b33d
@@ -723,7 +734,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stash list --cc shows combined diff' '
 	 -index
 	++working
 	EOF
-	git stash list -p --cc >actual &&
+	git stash list --format=%gd -p --cc >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4013/diff.log_--decorate=full_--all b/t/t4013/diff.log_--decorate=full_--all
index 44d45257da..b345b2ebfa 100644
--- a/t/t4013/diff.log_--decorate=full_--all
+++ b/t/t4013/diff.log_--decorate=full_--all
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Date:   Mon Jun 26 00:06:00 2006 +0000
 
     Rearranged lines in dir/sub
 
-commit 59d314ad6f356dd08601a4cd5e530381da3e3c64 (HEAD, refs/heads/master)
+commit 59d314ad6f356dd08601a4cd5e530381da3e3c64 (HEAD -> refs/heads/master)
 Merge: 9a6d494 c7a2ab9
 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 Date:   Mon Jun 26 00:04:00 2006 +0000
diff --git a/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh b/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
index 075ece6db1..6eb83211b5 100755
--- a/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
+++ b/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
@@ -55,4 +55,38 @@ test_expect_success 'git diff --no-index executed outside repo gives correct err
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'diff D F and diff F D' '
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		echo in-repo >a &&
+		echo non-repo >../non/git/a &&
+		mkdir sub &&
+		echo sub-repo >sub/a &&
+
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index sub/a ../non/git/a >expect &&
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index sub/a ../non/git/ >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index a ../non/git/a >expect &&
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index a ../non/git/ >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index ../non/git/a a >expect &&
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index ../non/git a >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'turning a file into a directory' '
+	(
+		cd non/git &&
+		mkdir d e e/sub &&
+		echo 1 >d/sub &&
+		echo 2 >e/sub/file &&
+		printf "D\td/sub\nA\te/sub/file\n" >expect &&
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index --name-status d e >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4211-line-log.sh b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
index 0901b30982..4451127eb2 100755
--- a/t/t4211-line-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
@@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ canned_test "-L 4:a.c -L 8,12:a.c simple" multiple-superset
 canned_test "-L 8,12:a.c -L 4:a.c simple" multiple-superset
 
 test_bad_opts "-L" "switch.*requires a value"
-test_bad_opts "-L b.c" "argument.*not of the form"
-test_bad_opts "-L 1:" "argument.*not of the form"
+test_bad_opts "-L b.c" "argument not .start,end:file"
+test_bad_opts "-L 1:" "argument not .start,end:file"
 test_bad_opts "-L 1:nonexistent" "There is no path"
 test_bad_opts "-L 1:simple" "There is no path"
-test_bad_opts "-L '/foo:b.c'" "argument.*not of the form"
+test_bad_opts "-L '/foo:b.c'" "argument not .start,end:file"
 test_bad_opts "-L 1000:b.c" "has only.*lines"
 test_bad_opts "-L 1,1000:b.c" "has only.*lines"
-test_bad_opts "-L :b.c" "argument.*not of the form"
+test_bad_opts "-L :b.c" "argument not .start,end:file"
 test_bad_opts "-L :foo:b.c" "no match"
 
 test_expect_success '-L X (X == nlines)' '
diff --git a/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh b/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
index ea2e0d4b48..7a48236e87 100755
--- a/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase --skip' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase --skip the last one' '
 	test_must_fail git rebase --onto D A &&
 	git rebase --skip &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse E) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse E) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -m' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -m --skip' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (unchanged)' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (skip)' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (squash)' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -189,10 +189,10 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (fixup without conflict)' '
 	clear_hook_input &&
 	FAKE_LINES="1 fixup 2" git rebase -i B &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
@@ -205,10 +205,27 @@ test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (double edit)' '
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	echo rebase >expected.args &&
-	cat >expected.data <<EOF &&
-$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
-$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
-EOF
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
+	verify_hook_input
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git rebase -i (exec)' '
+	git reset --hard D &&
+	clear_hook_input &&
+	FAKE_LINES="edit 1 exec_false 2" git rebase -i B &&
+	echo something >bar &&
+	git add bar &&
+	# Fails because of exec false
+	test_must_fail git rebase --continue &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	echo rebase >expected.args &&
+	cat >expected.data <<-EOF &&
+	$(git rev-parse C) $(git rev-parse HEAD^)
+	$(git rev-parse D) $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+	EOF
 	verify_hook_input
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5524-pull-msg.sh b/t/t5524-pull-msg.sh
index 8cccecc2fc..c278adaa5a 100755
--- a/t/t5524-pull-msg.sh
+++ b/t/t5524-pull-msg.sh
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 		git commit -m "add bfile"
 	) &&
 	test_tick && test_tick &&
+	echo "second" >afile &&
+	git add afile &&
+	git commit -m "second commit" &&
 	echo "original $dollar" >afile &&
 	git add afile &&
 	git commit -m "do not clobber $dollar signs"
@@ -32,4 +35,18 @@ test_expect_success pull '
 )
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--log=1 limits shortlog length' '
+(
+	cd cloned &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
+	test "$(cat afile)" = original &&
+	test "$(cat bfile)" = added &&
+	git pull --log=1 &&
+	git log -3 &&
+	git cat-file commit HEAD >result &&
+	grep Dollar result &&
+	! grep "second commit" result
+)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
index b46118846c..37a433504e 100755
--- a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
@@ -3,12 +3,6 @@
 test_description='fetch/clone from a shallow clone over http'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
-
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
diff --git a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
index 9cf27e8c99..fd7d06b9a2 100755
--- a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
@@ -6,11 +6,6 @@
 test_description='test smart pushing over http via http-backend'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 ROOT_PATH="$PWD"
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-gpg.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
diff --git a/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh b/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
index 2a691e09eb..5165833157 100755
--- a/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
@@ -3,12 +3,6 @@
 test_description='push from/to a shallow clone over http'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
-
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	say 'skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index 3d11b7a6bb..87a7aa04ae 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@
 
 test_description='test dumb fetching over http via static file'
 . ./test-lib.sh
-
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
diff --git a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
index 66439e58fc..58207d8825 100755
--- a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@
 
 test_description='test smart fetching over http via http-backend'
 . ./test-lib.sh
-
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
@@ -224,27 +218,35 @@ test_expect_success 'transfer.hiderefs works over smart-http' '
 	git -C hidden.git rev-parse --verify b
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'create 2,000 tags in the repo' '
-	(
-	cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" &&
-	for i in $(test_seq 2000)
+# create an arbitrary number of tags, numbered from tag-$1 to tag-$2
+create_tags () {
+	rm -f marks &&
+	for i in $(test_seq "$1" "$2")
 	do
-		echo "commit refs/heads/too-many-refs"
-		echo "mark :$i"
-		echo "committer git <git@example.com> $i +0000"
-		echo "data 0"
-		echo "M 644 inline bla.txt"
-		echo "data 4"
-		echo "bla"
+		# don't use here-doc, because it requires a process
+		# per loop iteration
+		echo "commit refs/heads/too-many-refs-$1" &&
+		echo "mark :$i" &&
+		echo "committer git <git@example.com> $i +0000" &&
+		echo "data 0" &&
+		echo "M 644 inline bla.txt" &&
+		echo "data 4" &&
+		echo "bla" &&
 		# make every commit dangling by always
 		# rewinding the branch after each commit
-		echo "reset refs/heads/too-many-refs"
-		echo "from :1"
+		echo "reset refs/heads/too-many-refs-$1" &&
+		echo "from :$1"
 	done | git fast-import --export-marks=marks &&
 
 	# now assign tags to all the dangling commits we created above
 	tag=$(perl -e "print \"bla\" x 30") &&
 	sed -e "s|^:\([^ ]*\) \(.*\)$|\2 refs/tags/$tag-\1|" <marks >>packed-refs
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'create 2,000 tags in the repo' '
+	(
+		cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" &&
+		create_tags 1 2000
 	)
 '
 
@@ -265,5 +267,20 @@ test_expect_success 'large fetch-pack requests can be split across POSTs' '
 	test_line_count = 2 posts
 '
 
+test_expect_success EXPENSIVE 'http can handle enormous ref negotiation' '
+	(
+		cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" &&
+		create_tags 2001 50000
+	) &&
+	git -C too-many-refs fetch -q --tags &&
+	(
+		cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" &&
+		create_tags 50001 100000
+	) &&
+	git -C too-many-refs fetch -q --tags &&
+	git -C too-many-refs for-each-ref refs/tags >tags &&
+	test_line_count = 100000 tags
+'
+
 stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5561-http-backend.sh b/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
index d23fb02384..19afe96698 100755
--- a/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
+++ b/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@
 
 test_description='test git-http-backend'
 . ./test-lib.sh
-
-if test -n "$NO_CURL"; then
-	skip_all='skipping test, git built without http support'
-	test_done
-fi
-
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 1befc453a3..bfdaf75966 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -296,6 +296,12 @@ setup_ssh_wrapper () {
 	'
 }
 
+copy_ssh_wrapper_as () {
+	cp "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/ssh-wrapper" "$1" &&
+	GIT_SSH="$1" &&
+	export GIT_SSH
+}
+
 expect_ssh () {
 	test_when_finished '
 		(cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY" && rm -f ssh-expect && >ssh-output)
@@ -332,9 +338,36 @@ test_expect_success !MINGW,!CYGWIN 'clone local path foo:bar' '
 
 test_expect_success 'bracketed hostnames are still ssh' '
 	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone &&
-	expect_ssh myhost '-p 123' src
+	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'uplink is not treated as putty' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/uplink" &&
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-uplink &&
+	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'plink is treated specially (as putty)' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-plink-0 &&
+	expect_ssh "-P 123" myhost src
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'plink.exe is treated specially (as putty)' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe" &&
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-plink-1 &&
+	expect_ssh "-P 123" myhost src
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'tortoiseplink is like putty, with extra arguments' '
+	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/tortoiseplink" &&
+	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-plink-2 &&
+	expect_ssh "-batch -P 123" myhost src
+'
+
+# Reset the GIT_SSH environment variable for clone tests.
+setup_ssh_wrapper
+
 counter=0
 # $1 url
 # $2 none|host
diff --git a/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh b/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
index 157f3f91db..2adf825076 100755
--- a/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
@@ -129,4 +129,19 @@ for repack in '' true; do
 	'
 done
 
+test_expect_success 'do not complain about existing broken links' '
+	cat >broken-commit <<-\EOF &&
+	tree 0000000000000000000000000000000000000001
+	parent 0000000000000000000000000000000000000002
+	author whatever <whatever@example.com> 1234 -0000
+	committer whatever <whatever@example.com> 1234 -0000
+
+	some message
+	EOF
+	commit=$(git hash-object -t commit -w broken-commit) &&
+	git gc 2>stderr &&
+	verbose git cat-file -e $commit &&
+	test_must_be_empty stderr
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
index 66643e4bd7..855afda80a 100755
--- a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
@@ -394,4 +394,14 @@ test_expect_success 'replace submodule revision' '
 	test $orig_head != `git show-ref --hash --head HEAD`
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'filter commit message without trailing newline' '
+	git reset --hard original &&
+	commit=$(printf "no newline" | git commit-tree HEAD^{tree}) &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/no-newline $commit &&
+	git filter-branch -f refs/heads/no-newline &&
+	echo $commit >expect &&
+	git rev-parse refs/heads/no-newline >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index fa207f3b8c..d1ff5c94f2 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -1491,10 +1491,10 @@ run_with_limited_stack () {
 	(ulimit -s 128 && "$@")
 }
 
-test_lazy_prereq ULIMIT 'run_with_limited_stack true'
+test_lazy_prereq ULIMIT_STACK_SIZE 'run_with_limited_stack true'
 
 # we require ulimit, this excludes Windows
-test_expect_success ULIMIT '--contains works in a deep repo' '
+test_expect_success ULIMIT_STACK_SIZE '--contains works in a deep repo' '
 	>expect &&
 	i=1 &&
 	while test $i -lt 8000
diff --git a/t/t7061-wtstatus-ignore.sh b/t/t7061-wtstatus-ignore.sh
index 460789b4d8..cdc0747bf0 100755
--- a/t/t7061-wtstatus-ignore.sh
+++ b/t/t7061-wtstatus-ignore.sh
@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ test_expect_success 'status untracked directory with --ignored' '
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'same with gitignore starting with BOM' '
+	printf "\357\273\277ignored\n" >.gitignore &&
+	mkdir -p untracked &&
+	: >untracked/ignored &&
+	: >untracked/uncommitted &&
+	git status --porcelain --ignored >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 cat >expected <<\EOF
 ?? .gitignore
 ?? actual
diff --git a/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh b/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
index f768c900ab..c6c44ec570 100755
--- a/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
+++ b/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
@@ -45,6 +45,14 @@ test_expect_success 'fast-forward pull succeeds with "true" in pull.ff' '
 	test "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" = "$(git rev-parse c1)"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'pull.ff=true overrides merge.ff=false' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	test_config merge.ff false &&
+	test_config pull.ff true &&
+	git pull . c1 &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" = "$(git rev-parse c1)"
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'fast-forward pull creates merge with "false" in pull.ff' '
 	git reset --hard c0 &&
 	test_config pull.ff false &&
diff --git a/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh b/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
index 32895e5acb..16f1442c1e 100755
--- a/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
+++ b/t/t8003-blame-corner-cases.sh
@@ -191,12 +191,24 @@ test_expect_success 'indent of line numbers, ten lines' '
 	test $(grep -c "  " actual) = 9
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'blaming files with CRLF newlines' '
+test_expect_success 'setup file with CRLF newlines' '
 	git config core.autocrlf false &&
-	printf "testcase\r\n" >crlffile &&
+	printf "testcase\n" >crlffile &&
 	git add crlffile &&
 	git commit -m testcase &&
-	git -c core.autocrlf=input blame crlffile >actual &&
+	printf "testcase\r\n" >crlffile
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'blame file with CRLF core.autocrlf true' '
+	git config core.autocrlf true &&
+	git blame crlffile >actual &&
+	grep "A U Thor" actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'blame file with CRLF attributes text' '
+	git config core.autocrlf false &&
+	echo "crlffile text" >.gitattributes &&
+	git blame crlffile >actual &&
 	grep "A U Thor" actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index 0698ce7908..8f8858a5f0 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ test_external_without_stderr () {
 test_path_is_file () {
 	if ! test -f "$1"
 	then
-		echo "File $1 doesn't exist. $*"
+		echo "File $1 doesn't exist. $2"
 		false
 	fi
 }
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ test_path_is_file () {
 test_path_is_dir () {
 	if ! test -d "$1"
 	then
-		echo "Directory $1 doesn't exist. $*"
+		echo "Directory $1 doesn't exist. $2"
 		false
 	fi
 }
diff --git a/tree.c b/tree.c
index 58ebfce1bc..413a5b1fa6 100644
--- a/tree.c
+++ b/tree.c
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ int parse_tree_buffer(struct tree *item, void *buffer, unsigned long size)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int parse_tree(struct tree *item)
+int parse_tree_gently(struct tree *item, int quiet_on_missing)
 {
 	 enum object_type type;
 	 void *buffer;
@@ -214,7 +214,8 @@ int parse_tree(struct tree *item)
 		return 0;
 	buffer = read_sha1_file(item->object.sha1, &type, &size);
 	if (!buffer)
-		return error("Could not read %s",
+		return quiet_on_missing ? -1 :
+			error("Could not read %s",
 			     sha1_to_hex(item->object.sha1));
 	if (type != OBJ_TREE) {
 		free(buffer);
diff --git a/tree.h b/tree.h
index d24125f84f..d24786cba2 100644
--- a/tree.h
+++ b/tree.h
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ struct tree *lookup_tree(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 int parse_tree_buffer(struct tree *item, void *buffer, unsigned long size);
 
-int parse_tree(struct tree *tree);
+int parse_tree_gently(struct tree *tree, int quiet_on_missing);
+static inline int parse_tree(struct tree *tree)
+{
+	return parse_tree_gently(tree, 0);
+}
 void free_tree_buffer(struct tree *tree);
 
 /* Parses and returns the tree in the given ent, chasing tags and commits. */
diff --git a/utf8.c b/utf8.c
index 520fbb4994..28e6d76a42 100644
--- a/utf8.c
+++ b/utf8.c
@@ -633,3 +633,14 @@ int is_hfs_dotgit(const char *path)
 
 	return 1;
 }
+
+const char utf8_bom[] = "\357\273\277";
+
+int skip_utf8_bom(char **text, size_t len)
+{
+	if (len < strlen(utf8_bom) ||
+	    memcmp(*text, utf8_bom, strlen(utf8_bom)))
+		return 0;
+	*text += strlen(utf8_bom);
+	return 1;
+}
diff --git a/utf8.h b/utf8.h
index e4d9183c5f..e7b2aa4168 100644
--- a/utf8.h
+++ b/utf8.h
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ int same_encoding(const char *, const char *);
 __attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)))
 int utf8_fprintf(FILE *, const char *, ...);
 
+extern const char utf8_bom[];
+extern int skip_utf8_bom(char **, size_t);
+
 void strbuf_add_wrapped_text(struct strbuf *buf,
 		const char *text, int indent, int indent2, int width);
 void strbuf_add_wrapped_bytes(struct strbuf *buf, const char *data, int len,