From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:15:34 +0000 (-0700)
Subject: Merge branch 'va/p4-branch-import'
X-Git-Tag: v1.7.7-rc1~46
X-Git-Url: https://git.lorimer.id.au/gitweb.git/diff_plain/cfd2f0f5580a5524707693d4d055b18b519a325c?hp=7ca97f6ecc66f1d70ca126edd33b6a3065c914f7

Merge branch 'va/p4-branch-import'

* va/p4-branch-import:
git-p4: Add simple test case for branch import
git-p4: Allow branch definition with git config
git-p4: Allow filtering Perforce branches by user
git-p4: Correct branch base depot path detection
git-p4: Process detectCopiesHarder with --bool
git-p4: Add test case for copy detection
git-p4: Add test case for rename detection
git-p4: Add description of rename/copy detection options
git-p4: Allow setting rename/copy detection threshold
---

diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore
index 1c3a9fead5..d62aebd848 100644
--- a/Documentation/.gitignore
+++ b/Documentation/.gitignore
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 *.[1-8]
 *.made
 *.texi
+*.pdf
 git.info
 gitman.info
 howto-index.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index 36989b7f65..6346a75dda 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ MAN5_TXT=gitattributes.txt gitignore.txt gitmodules.txt githooks.txt \
 	gitrepository-layout.txt
 MAN7_TXT=gitcli.txt gittutorial.txt gittutorial-2.txt \
 	gitcvs-migration.txt gitcore-tutorial.txt gitglossary.txt \
-	gitdiffcore.txt gitrevisions.txt gitworkflows.txt
+	gitdiffcore.txt gitnamespaces.txt gitrevisions.txt gitworkflows.txt
 
 MAN_TXT = $(MAN1_TXT) $(MAN5_TXT) $(MAN7_TXT)
 MAN_XML=$(patsubst %.txt,%.xml,$(MAN_TXT))
@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@ cmd-list.made: cmd-list.perl ../command-list.txt $(MAN1_TXT)
 clean:
 	$(RM) *.xml *.xml+ *.html *.html+ *.1 *.5 *.7
 	$(RM) *.texi *.texi+ *.texi++ git.info gitman.info
+	$(RM) *.pdf
 	$(RM) howto-index.txt howto/*.html doc.dep
 	$(RM) technical/api-*.html technical/api-index.txt
 	$(RM) $(cmds_txt) *.made
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42e46ab17f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Git v1.7.6.1 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+Fixes since v1.7.6
+------------------
+
+ * Various codepaths that invoked zlib deflate/inflate assumed that these
+   functions can compress or uncompress more than 4GB data in one call on
+   platforms with 64-bit long, which has been corrected.
+
+ * "git unexecutable" reported that "unexecutable" was not found, even
+   though the actual error was that "unexecutable" was found but did
+   not have a proper she-bang line to be executed.
+
+ * Error exits from $PAGER were silently ignored.
+
+ * "git checkout -b <branch>" was confused when attempting to create a
+   branch whose name ends with "-g" followed by hexadecimal digits,
+   and refused to work.
+
+ * "git checkout -b <branch>" sometimes wrote a bogus reflog entry,
+   causing later "git checkout -" to fail.
+
+ * "git diff --cc" learned to correctly ignore binary files.
+
+ * "git diff -c/--cc" mishandled a deletion that resolves a conflict, and
+   looked in the working tree instead.
+
+ * "git fast-export" forgot to quote pathnames with unsafe characters
+   in its output.
+
+ * "git fetch" over smart-http transport used to abort when the
+   repository was updated between the initial connection and the
+   subsequent object transfer.
+
+ * "git fetch" did not recurse into submodules in subdirectories.
+
+ * "git ls-tree" did not error out when asked to show a corrupt tree.
+
+ * "git pull" without any argument left an extra whitespace after the
+   command name in its reflog.
+
+ * "git push --quiet" was not really quiet.
+
+ * "git rebase -i -p" incorrectly dropped commits from side branches.
+
+ * "git reset [<commit>] paths..." did not reset the index entry correctly
+   for unmerged paths.
+
+ * "git submodule add" did not allow a relative repository path when
+   the superproject did not have any default remote url.
+
+ * "git submodule foreach" failed to correctly give the standard input to
+   the user-supplied command it invoked.
+
+ * submodules that the user has never showed interest in by running
+   "git submodule init" was incorrectly marked as interesting by "git
+   submodule sync".
+
+ * "git submodule update --quiet" was not really quiet.
+
+  * "git tag -l <glob>..." did not take multiple glob patterns from the
+   command line.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt
index 6d3bfd1968..a717cd622a 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.7.txt
@@ -6,26 +6,62 @@ Updates since v1.7.6
 
  * The scripting part of the codebase is getting prepared for i18n/l10n.
 
- * Interix and Cygwin ports got updated.
+ * Interix, Cygwin and Minix ports got updated.
+
+ * A handful of patches to update git-p4 (in contrib/).
+
+ * Gitweb learned to read from /etc/gitweb-common.conf when it exists,
+   before reading from gitweb_config.perl or from /etc/gitweb.conf
+   (this last one is read only when per-repository gitweb_config.perl
+   does not exist).
 
  * Various codepaths that invoked zlib deflate/inflate assumed that these
    functions can compress or uncompress more than 4GB data in one call on
    platforms with 64-bit long, which has been corrected.
 
+ * Git now recognizes loose objects written by other implementations that
+   uses non-standard window size for zlib deflation (e.g. Agit running on
+   Android with 4kb window). We used to reject anything that was not
+   deflated with 32kb window.
+
+ * "git am" learned to pass "--exclude=<path>" option through to underlying
+   "git apply".
+
+ * You can now feed many empty lines before feeding a mbox file to
+   "git am".
+
  * "git archive" can be told to pass the output to gzip compression and
    produce "archive.tar.gz".
 
+ * "git bisect" can be used in a bare repository (provided if the test
+   you perform per each iteration does not need a working tree, of
+   course).
+
+ * "git check-attr" can take relative paths from the command line.
+
+ * "git check-attr" learned "--all" option to list the attributes for a
+   given path.
+
  * "git checkout" (both the code to update the files upon checking out a
    different branch, the code to checkout specific set of files) learned
    to stream the data from object store when possible, without having to
-   read the entire contents of a file in memory first.
+   read the entire contents of a file in memory first. An earlier round
+   of this code that is not in any released version had a large leak but
+   now it has been plugged.
 
  * "git clone" can now take "--config key=value" option to set the
    repository configuration options that affect the initial checkout.
 
+ * "git commit <paths>..." now lets you feed relative pathspecs that
+   refer outside your current subdirectory.
+
  * "git diff --stat" learned --stat-count option to limit the output of
    diffstat report.
 
+ * "git diff" learned "--histogram" option, to use a different diff
+   generation machinery stolen from jgit, which might give better
+   performance.
+
  * "git fetch", "git push" and friends no longer show connection
    errors for addresses that couldn't be connected when at least one
    address succeeds (this is arguably a regression but a deliberate
@@ -34,6 +70,9 @@ Updates since v1.7.6
  * "git grep" learned --break and --heading options, to let users mimic
    output format of "ack".
 
+ * "git grep" learned "-W" option that shows wider context using the same
+   logic used by "git diff" to determine the hunk header.
+
  * "git rebase master topci" no longer spews usage hints after giving
    "fatal: no such branch: topci" error message.
 
@@ -43,6 +82,11 @@ Updates since v1.7.6
    submodule; it now goes on to update other submodules that can be
    updated, and reports the ones with errors at the end.
 
+ * "git upload-pack" and "git receive-pack" learned to pretend only a
+   subset of the refs exist in a repository. This may help a site to
+   put many tiny repositories into one repository (this would not be
+   useful for larger repositories as repacking would be problematic).
+
  * "git verify-pack" has been rewritten to use the "index-pack" machinery
    that is more efficient in reading objects in packfiles.
 
@@ -59,40 +103,21 @@ Fixes since v1.7.6
 Unless otherwise noted, all the fixes in 1.7.6.X maintenance track are
 included in this release.
 
- * "git checkout -b <branch>" sometimes wrote a bogus reflog entry,
-   causing later "git checkout -" fail.
-   (merge 71ee7fd jc/checkout-reflog-fix~1 later).
-
- * "git diff --cc" learned to correctly ignore binary files.
-   (merge 0508fe5 jk/combine-diff-binary-etc later)
-
- * "git fetch" did not recurse into submodules in subdirectories.
-   (merge ea2d325 jl/maint-fetch-recursive-fix later)
-
- * "git rebase -i -p" incorrectly dropped commits from side branches.
-   (merge 12bf828 aw/rebase-i-p later)
-
- * "git submodule add" did not allow a relative repository path when
-   the superproject did not have any default remote url.
-   (merge f22a17e8 jl/submodule-add-relurl-wo-upstream later)
-
- * "git submodule foreach" failed to correctly give the standard input to
-   the user-supplied command it invoked.
-   (merge 4dca1aa bc/submodule-foreach-stdin-fix-1.7.4 later)
+ * "git branch --set-upstream @{-1} foo" did not expand @{-1} correctly.
+   (merge e9d4f74 mg/branch-set-upstream-previous later to 'maint').
 
- * submodules that the user has never showed interest in by running
-   "git submodule init" was incorrectly marked as interesting by "git
-   submodule sync".
-   (merge 2cd9de3 jc/submodule-sync-no-auto-vivify later)
+ * "git describe --dirty" did not refresh the index before checking the
+   state of the working tree files.
+   (cherry-pick bb57148 ac/describe-dirty-refresh later to 'maint').
 
- * "git tag -l <glob>..." did not take multiple glob patterns from the
-   command line.
-   (merge 588d0e8 jk/tag-list-multiple-patterns later)
+ * "git ls-files ../$path" that is run from a subdirectory reported errors
+   incorrectly when there is no such path that matches the given pathspec.
+   (merge 0f64bfa cb/maint-ls-files-error-report later to 'maint').
 
 --
 exec >/var/tmp/1
 echo O=$(git describe master)
-O=v1.7.6-344-g22f4128
+O=v1.7.6.1-415-g284daf2
 git log --first-parent --oneline $O..master
 echo
 git shortlog --no-merges ^maint ^$O master
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 6b1b5af64e..887466d777 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 	 [--3way] [--interactive] [--committer-date-is-author-date]
 	 [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
 	 [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>]
-	 [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--scissors | --no-scissors]
+	 [--exclude=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet]
+	 [--scissors | --no-scissors]
 	 [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]
 'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort)
 
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ default.   You can use `--no-utf8` to override this.
 -C<n>::
 -p<n>::
 --directory=<dir>::
+--exclude=<path>::
 --reject::
 	These flags are passed to the 'git apply' (see linkgit:git-apply[1])
 	program that applies
diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
index 1320c873ad..ac7006e640 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
@@ -142,41 +142,41 @@ while archiving any tree in your `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)::
+`git archive --format=tar --prefix=junk/ HEAD | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)`::
 
 	Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the
 	latest commit on the current branch, and extract it in the
 	`/var/tmp/junk` directory.
 
-git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz::
+`git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
 
 	Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release.
 
-git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar.gz::
+`git archive --format=tar.gz --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
 
 	Same as above, but using the builtin tar.gz handling.
 
-git archive --prefix=git-1.4.0/ -o git-1.4.0.tar.gz v1.4.0::
+`git archive --prefix=git-1.4.0/ -o git-1.4.0.tar.gz v1.4.0`::
 
 	Same as above, but the format is inferred from the output file.
 
-git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz::
+`git archive --format=tar --prefix=git-1.4.0/ v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
 
 	Create a compressed tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a
 	global extended pax header.
 
-git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip::
+`git archive --format=zip --prefix=git-docs/ HEAD:Documentation/ > git-1.4.0-docs.zip`::
 
 	Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory
 	into 'git-1.4.0-docs.zip', with the prefix 'git-docs/'.
 
-git archive -o latest.zip HEAD::
+`git archive -o latest.zip HEAD`::
 
 	Create a Zip archive that contains the contents of the latest
 	commit on the current branch. Note that the output format is
 	inferred by the extension of the output file.
 
-git config tar.tar.xz.command "xz -c"::
+`git config tar.tar.xz.command "xz -c"`::
 
 	Configure a "tar.xz" format for making LZMA-compressed tarfiles.
 	You can use it specifying `--format=tar.xz`, or by creating an
diff --git a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt
index ab60a18470..e4f46bc18d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-bisect.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-bisect.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The command takes various subcommands, and different options depending
 on the subcommand:
 
  git bisect help
- git bisect start [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<paths>...]
+ git bisect start [--no-checkout] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<paths>...]
  git bisect bad [<rev>]
  git bisect good [<rev>...]
  git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...]
@@ -263,6 +263,19 @@ rewind the tree to the pristine state.  Finally the script should exit
 with the status of the real test to let the "git bisect run" command loop
 determine the eventual outcome of the bisect session.
 
+OPTIONS
+-------
+--no-checkout::
++
+Do not checkout the new working tree at each iteration of the bisection
+process. Instead just update a special reference named 'BISECT_HEAD' to make
+it point to the commit that should be tested.
++
+This option may be useful when the test you would perform in each step
+does not require a checked out tree.
++
+If the repository is bare, `--no-checkout` is assumed.
+
 EXAMPLES
 --------
 
@@ -343,6 +356,25 @@ $ git bisect run sh -c "make || exit 125; ~/check_test_case.sh"
 This shows that you can do without a run script if you write the test
 on a single line.
 
+* Locate a good region of the object graph in a damaged repository
++
+------------
+$ git bisect start HEAD <known-good-commit> [ <boundary-commit> ... ] --no-checkout
+$ git bisect run sh -c '
+	GOOD=$(git for-each-ref "--format=%(objectname)" refs/bisect/good-*) &&
+	git rev-list --objects BISECT_HEAD --not $GOOD >tmp.$$ &&
+	git pack-objects --stdout >/dev/null <tmp.$$
+	rc=$?
+	rm -f tmp.$$
+	test $rc = 0'
+
+------------
++
+In this case, when 'git bisect run' finishes, bisect/bad will refer to a commit that
+has at least one parent whose reachable graph is fully traversable in the sense
+required by 'git pack objects'.
+
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 link:git-bisect-lk2009.html[Fighting regressions with git bisect],
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index c50f189827..507b8d0ab2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -113,7 +113,8 @@ OPTIONS
 
 --abbrev=<length>::
 	Alter the sha1's minimum display length in the output listing.
-	The default value is 7.
+	The default value is 7 and can be overridden by the `core.abbrev`
+	config option.
 
 --no-abbrev::
 	Display the full sha1s in the output listing rather than abbreviating them.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
index 30eca6cee6..1f7312a189 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ git-check-attr - Display gitattributes information
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git check-attr' attr... [--] pathname...
-'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] attr... < <list-of-paths>
+'git check-attr' [-a | --all | attr...] [--] pathname...
+'git check-attr' --stdin [-z] [-a | --all | attr...] < <list-of-paths>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ For every pathname, this command will list if each attribute is 'unspecified',
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
+-a, --all::
+	List all attributes that are associated with the specified
+	paths.  If this option is used, then 'unspecified' attributes
+	will not be included in the output.
+
 --stdin::
 	Read file names from stdin instead of from the command-line.
 
@@ -28,8 +33,11 @@ OPTIONS
 
 \--::
 	Interpret all preceding arguments as attributes and all following
-	arguments as path names. If not supplied, only the first argument will
-	be treated as an attribute.
+	arguments as path names.
+
+If none of `--stdin`, `--all`, or `--` is used, the first argument
+will be treated as an attribute and the rest of the arguments as
+pathnames.
 
 OUTPUT
 ------
@@ -69,6 +77,13 @@ org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java
 org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set
 ---------------
 
+* Listing all attributes for a file:
+---------------
+$ git check-attr --all -- org/example/MyClass.java
+org/example/MyClass.java: diff: java
+org/example/MyClass.java: myAttr: set
+---------------
+
 * Listing an attribute for multiple files:
 ---------------
 $ git check-attr myAttr -- org/example/MyClass.java org/example/NoMyAttr.java
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
index 6c9c2cb383..7cfa3d92ac 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
@@ -112,31 +112,31 @@ effect to your index in a row.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git cherry-pick master::
+`git cherry-pick master`::
 
 	Apply the change introduced by the commit at the tip of the
 	master branch and create a new commit with this change.
 
-git cherry-pick ..master::
-git cherry-pick ^HEAD master::
+`git cherry-pick ..master`::
+`git cherry-pick ^HEAD master`::
 
 	Apply the changes introduced by all commits that are ancestors
 	of master but not of HEAD to produce new commits.
 
-git cherry-pick master{tilde}4 master{tilde}2::
+`git cherry-pick master{tilde}4 master{tilde}2`::
 
 	Apply the changes introduced by the fifth and third last
 	commits pointed to by master and create 2 new commits with
 	these changes.
 
-git cherry-pick -n master~1 next::
+`git cherry-pick -n master~1 next`::
 
 	Apply to the working tree and the index the changes introduced
 	by the second last commit pointed to by master and by the last
 	commit pointed to by next, but do not create any commit with
 	these changes.
 
-git cherry-pick --ff ..next::
+`git cherry-pick --ff ..next`::
 
 	If history is linear and HEAD is an ancestor of next, update
 	the working tree and advance the HEAD pointer to match next.
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ git cherry-pick --ff ..next::
 	are in next but not HEAD to the current branch, creating a new
 	commit for each new change.
 
-git rev-list --reverse master \-- README | git cherry-pick -n --stdin::
+`git rev-list --reverse master \-- README | git cherry-pick -n --stdin`::
 
 	Apply the changes introduced by all commits on the master
 	branch that touched README to the working tree and index,
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
index a29ac021d9..f37eada63a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ marks the same across runs.
 	allow that.  So fake a tagger to be able to fast-import the
 	output.
 
+--use-done-feature::
+	Start the stream with a 'feature done' stanza, and terminate
+	it with a 'done' command.
+
 --no-data::
 	Skip output of blob objects and instead refer to blobs via
 	their original SHA-1 hash.  This is useful when rewriting the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
index 95e480ef79..db0d75fdbc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ OPTIONS
 	when the `cat-blob` command is encountered in the stream.
 	The default behaviour is to write to `stdout`.
 
+--done::
+	Require a `done` command at the end of the stream.
+	This option might be useful for detecting errors that
+	cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to
+	write a stream.
+
 --export-pack-edges=<file>::
 	After creating a packfile, print a line of data to
 	<file> listing the filename of the packfile and the last
@@ -331,6 +337,11 @@ and control the current import process.  More detailed discussion
 	standard output.  This command is optional and is not needed
 	to perform an import.
 
+`done`::
+	Marks the end of the stream. This command is optional
+	unless the `done` feature was requested using the
+	`--done` command line option or `feature done` command.
+
 `cat-blob`::
 	Causes fast-import to print a blob in 'cat-file --batch'
 	format to the file descriptor set with `--cat-blob-fd` or
@@ -1001,10 +1012,14 @@ force::
 	(see OPTIONS, above).
 
 import-marks::
+import-marks-if-exists::
 	Like --import-marks except in two respects: first, only one
-	"feature import-marks" command is allowed per stream;
-	second, an --import-marks= command-line option overrides
-	any "feature import-marks" command in the stream.
+	"feature import-marks" or "feature import-marks-if-exists"
+	command is allowed per stream; second, an --import-marks=
+	or --import-marks-if-exists command-line option overrides
+	any of these "feature" commands in the stream; third,
+	"feature import-marks-if-exists" like a corresponding
+	command-line option silently skips a nonexistent file.
 
 cat-blob::
 ls::
@@ -1021,6 +1036,11 @@ notes::
 	Versions of fast-import not supporting notes will exit
 	with a message indicating so.
 
+done::
+	Error out if the stream ends without a 'done' command.
+	Without this feature, errors causing the frontend to end
+	abruptly at a convenient point in the stream can go
+	undetected.
 
 `option`
 ~~~~~~~~
@@ -1050,6 +1070,15 @@ not be passed as option:
 * cat-blob-fd
 * force
 
+`done`
+~~~~~~
+If the `done` feature is not in use, treated as if EOF was read.
+This can be used to tell fast-import to finish early.
+
+If the `--done` command line option or `feature done` command is
+in use, the `done` command is mandatory and marks the end of the
+stream.
+
 Crash Reports
 -------------
 If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a
diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
index 07b3c6a086..e44a4988b7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
@@ -155,15 +155,6 @@ OPTIONS
 	Show the filename above the matches in that file instead of
 	at the start of each shown line.
 
--[ABC] <context>::
-	Show `context` trailing (`A` -- after), or leading (`B`
-	-- before), or both (`C` -- context) lines, and place a
-	line containing `--` between contiguous groups of
-	matches.
-
--<num>::
-	A shortcut for specifying `-C<num>`.
-
 -p::
 --show-function::
 	Show the preceding line that contains the function name of
@@ -172,6 +163,29 @@ OPTIONS
 	patch hunk headers (see 'Defining a custom hunk-header' in
 	linkgit:gitattributes[5]).
 
+-<num>::
+-C <num>::
+--context <num>::
+	Show <num> leading and trailing lines, and place a line
+	containing `--` between contiguous groups of matches.
+
+-A <num>::
+--after-context <num>::
+	Show <num> trailing lines, and place a line containing
+	`--` between contiguous groups of matches.
+
+-B <num>::
+--before-context <num>::
+	Show <num> leading lines, and place a line containing
+	`--` between contiguous groups of matches.
+
+-W::
+--function-context::
+	Show the surrounding text from the previous line containing a
+	function name up to the one before the next function name,
+	effectively showing the whole function in which the match was
+	found.
+
 -f <file>::
 	Read patterns from <file>, one per line.
 
@@ -215,15 +229,15 @@ OPTIONS
 Examples
 --------
 
-git grep {apostrophe}time_t{apostrophe} \-- {apostrophe}*.[ch]{apostrophe}::
+`git grep {apostrophe}time_t{apostrophe} \-- {apostrophe}*.[ch]{apostrophe}`::
 	Looks for `time_t` in all tracked .c and .h files in the working
 	directory and its subdirectories.
 
-git grep -e {apostrophe}#define{apostrophe} --and \( -e MAX_PATH -e PATH_MAX \)::
+`git grep -e {apostrophe}#define{apostrophe} --and \( -e MAX_PATH -e PATH_MAX \)`::
 	Looks for a line that has `#define` and either `MAX_PATH` or
 	`PATH_MAX`.
 
-git grep --all-match -e NODE -e Unexpected::
+`git grep --all-match -e NODE -e Unexpected`::
 	Looks for a line that has `NODE` or `Unexpected` in
 	files that have lines that match both.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt
index 18f713b67a..0041994443 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ version::
 
 Examples
 --------
-git gui blame Makefile::
+`git gui blame Makefile`::
 
 	Show the contents of the file 'Makefile' in the current
 	working directory, and provide annotations for both the
@@ -59,41 +59,41 @@ git gui blame Makefile::
 	uncommitted changes (if any) are explicitly attributed to
 	'Not Yet Committed'.
 
-git gui blame v0.99.8 Makefile::
+`git gui blame v0.99.8 Makefile`::
 
 	Show the contents of 'Makefile' in revision 'v0.99.8'
 	and provide annotations for each line.  Unlike the above
 	example the file is read from the object database and not
 	the working directory.
 
-git gui blame --line=100 Makefile::
+`git gui blame --line=100 Makefile`::
 
 	Loads annotations as described above and automatically
 	scrolls the view to center on line '100'.
 
-git gui citool::
+`git gui citool`::
 
 	Make one commit and return to the shell when it is complete.
 	This command returns a non-zero exit code if the window was
 	closed in any way other than by making a commit.
 
-git gui citool --amend::
+`git gui citool --amend`::
 
 	Automatically enter the 'Amend Last Commit' mode of
 	the interface.
 
-git gui citool --nocommit::
+`git gui citool --nocommit`::
 
 	Behave as normal citool, but instead of making a commit
 	simply terminate with a zero exit code. It still checks
 	that the index does not contain any unmerged entries, so
 	you can use it as a GUI version of linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
 
-git citool::
+`git citool`::
 
 	Same as `git gui citool` (above).
 
-git gui browser maint::
+`git gui browser maint`::
 
 	Show a browser for the tree of the 'maint' branch.  Files
 	selected in the browser can be viewed with the internal
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
index 277d9e141b..f4e0741c11 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
@@ -119,6 +119,14 @@ ScriptAliasMatch \
 
 ScriptAlias /git/ /var/www/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
++
+To serve multiple repositories from different linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] in a
+single repository:
++
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/git/([^/]*)" GIT_NAMESPACE=$1
+ScriptAliasMatch ^/git/[^/]*(.*) /usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend/storage.git$1
+----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Accelerated static Apache 2.x::
 	Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static
diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt
index 59f8be0be3..6c934660d7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt
@@ -88,45 +88,45 @@ include::diff-generate-patch.txt[]
 
 Examples
 --------
-git log --no-merges::
+`git log --no-merges`::
 
 	Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
 
-git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi::
+`git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi`::
 
 	Show all commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed any file
 	in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
 
-git log --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk::
+`git log --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk`::
 
 	Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'.
 	The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named
 	'gitk'
 
-git log --name-status release..test::
+`git log --name-status release..test`::
 
 	Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
 	in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
 	each commit modifies.
 
-git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c::
+`git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c`::
 
 	Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including
 	those commits that occurred before the file was given its
 	present name.
 
-git log --branches --not --remotes=origin::
+`git log --branches --not --remotes=origin`::
 
 	Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in
 	any of remote-tracking branches for 'origin' (what you have that
 	origin doesn't).
 
-git log master --not --remotes=*/master::
+`git log master --not --remotes=*/master`::
 
 	Shows all commits that are in local master but not in any remote
 	repository master branches.
 
-git log -p -m --first-parent::
+`git log -p -m --first-parent`::
 
 	Shows the history including change diffs, but only from the
 	"main branch" perspective, skipping commits that come from merged
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
index 635c66956e..d7db2a3737 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ OPTIONS
 EXAMPLES
 --------
 
-git merge-file README.my README README.upstream::
+`git merge-file README.my README README.upstream`::
 
 	combines the changes of README.my and README.upstream since README,
 	tries to merge them and writes the result into README.my.
 
-git merge-file -L a -L b -L c tmp/a123 tmp/b234 tmp/c345::
+`git merge-file -L a -L b -L c tmp/a123 tmp/b234 tmp/c345`::
 
 	merges tmp/a123 and tmp/c345 with the base tmp/b234, but uses labels
 	`a` and `c` instead of `tmp/a123` and `tmp/c345`.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt
index 88acfcd4cc..49c6e9fa51 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt
@@ -327,12 +327,12 @@ a case where you do mean to lose history.
 Examples
 --------
 
-git push::
+`git push`::
 	Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the
 	current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is
 	configured for the current branch).
 
-git push origin::
+`git push origin`::
 	Without additional configuration, works like
 	`git push origin :`.
 +
@@ -344,45 +344,45 @@ use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`.  Any valid <refspec> (like
 the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for
 `git push origin`.
 
-git push origin :::
+`git push origin :`::
 	Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See
 	<refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a
 	description of "matching" branches.
 
-git push origin master::
+`git push origin master`::
 	Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository
 	(most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update
 	the same ref (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) in `origin` repository
 	with it.  If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be
 	created.
 
-git push origin HEAD::
+`git push origin HEAD`::
 	A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
 	remote.
 
-git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev::
+`git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`::
 	Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`)
 	to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably
 	`refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then
 	do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`.
 
-git push origin HEAD:master::
+`git push origin HEAD:master`::
 	Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the
 	`origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current
 	branch without thinking about its local name.
 
-git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental::
+`git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental`::
 	Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository
 	by copying the current `master` branch.  This form is only
 	needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when
 	the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise,
 	the ref name on its own will work.
 
-git push origin :experimental::
+`git push origin :experimental`::
 	Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository
 	(e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it.
 
-git push origin {plus}dev:master::
+`git push origin {plus}dev:master`::
 	Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch,
 	allowing non-fast-forward updates.  *This can leave unreferenced
 	commits dangling in the origin repository.*  Consider the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
index 459c08598f..a3a1d8eea3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-receive-pack - Receive what is pushed into the repository
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git-receive-pack' <directory>
+'git-receive-pack' [--quiet] <directory>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ are not fast-forwards.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
+--quiet::
+	Print only error messages.
+
 <directory>::
 	The repository to sync into.
 
@@ -150,7 +153,7 @@ if the repository is packed and is served via a dumb transport.
 
 SEE ALSO
 --------
-linkgit:git-send-pack[1]
+linkgit:git-send-pack[1], linkgit:gitnamespaces[7]
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
index 4aecd4d187..f095d57d09 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
@@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ GIT_TRANSLOOP_DEBUG::
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git fetch fd::17 master::
+`git fetch fd::17 master`::
 	Fetch master, using file descriptor #17 to communicate with
 	git-upload-pack.
 
-git fetch fd::17/foo master::
+`git fetch fd::17/foo master`::
 	Same as above.
 
-git push fd::7,8 master (as URL)::
+`git push fd::7,8 master (as URL)`::
 	Push master, using file descriptor #7 to read data from
 	git-receive-pack and file descriptor #8 to write data to
 	same service.
 
-git push fd::7,8/bar master::
+`git push fd::7,8/bar master`::
 	Same as above.
 
 Documentation
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt
index 930b4034ac..4f83dea5a3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txt
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ arguments. The first argument specifies a remote repository as in git;
 it is either the name of a configured remote or a URL. The second
 argument specifies a URL; it is usually of the form
 '<transport>://<address>', but any arbitrary string is possible.
+The 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set up for the remote helper
+and can be used to determine where to store additional data or from
+which directory to invoke auxiliary git commands.
 
 When git encounters a URL of the form '<transport>://<address>', where
 '<transport>' is a protocol that it cannot handle natively, it
diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
index 3d0a7d1dac..b311d59c7c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
@@ -93,12 +93,12 @@ effect to your index in a row.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git revert HEAD~3::
+`git revert HEAD~3`::
 
 	Revert the changes specified by the fourth last commit in HEAD
 	and create a new commit with the reverted changes.
 
-git revert -n master{tilde}5..master{tilde}2::
+`git revert -n master{tilde}5..master{tilde}2`::
 
 	Revert the changes done by commits from the fifth last commit
 	in master (included) to the third last commit in master
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
index da0215d20c..665ad4ddab 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ git diff --name-only --diff-filter=D -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git rm Documentation/\*.txt::
+`git rm Documentation/\*.txt`::
 	Removes all `*.txt` files from the index that are under the
 	`Documentation` directory and any of its subdirectories.
 +
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Note that the asterisk `*` is quoted from the shell in this
 example; this lets git, and not the shell, expand the pathnames
 of files and subdirectories under the `Documentation/` directory.
 
-git rm -f git-*.sh::
+`git rm -f git-*.sh`::
 	Because this example lets the shell expand the asterisk
 	(i.e. you are listing the files explicitly), it
 	does not remove `subdir/git-foo.sh`.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
index bd3eaa69bf..bed9e1f097 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-send-pack - Push objects over git protocol to another repository
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...]
+'git send-pack' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--thin] [<host>:]<directory> [<ref>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ OPTIONS
 	the remote repository can lose commits; use it with
 	care.
 
+--quiet::
+	Print only error messages.
+
 --verbose::
 	Run verbosely.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt
index 1f0e30b912..1e38819e67 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt
@@ -48,23 +48,23 @@ include::pretty-formats.txt[]
 EXAMPLES
 --------
 
-git show v1.0.0::
+`git show v1.0.0`::
 	Shows the tag `v1.0.0`, along with the object the tags
 	points at.
 
-git show v1.0.0^\{tree\}::
+`git show v1.0.0^\{tree\}`::
 	Shows the tree pointed to by the tag `v1.0.0`.
 
-git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^\{commit\}::
+`git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^\{commit\}`::
 	Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the
 	tag `v1.0.0`.
 
-git show next~10:Documentation/README::
+`git show next~10:Documentation/README`::
 	Shows the contents of the file `Documentation/README` as
 	they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
 	`next`.
 
-git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile::
+`git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile`::
 	Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head
 	of the branch `master`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 0ec85742dd..67cf5f0f8b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git submodule' [--quiet] init [--] [<path>...]
 'git submodule' [--quiet] update [--init] [-N|--no-fetch] [--rebase]
 	      [--reference <repository>] [--merge] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]
-'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [--summary-limit <n>] [commit] [--] [<path>...]
+'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>]
+	      [commit] [--] [<path>...]
 'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command>
 'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--] [<path>...]
 
@@ -108,8 +109,13 @@ status::
 	repository and `U` if the submodule has merge conflicts.
 	This command is the default command for 'git submodule'.
 +
-If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into nested
+If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into nested
 submodules, and show their status as well.
++
+If you are only interested in changes of the currently initialized
+submodules with respect to the commit recorded in the index or the HEAD,
+linkgit:git-status[1] and linkgit:git-diff[1] will provide that information
+too (and can also report changes to a submodule's work tree).
 
 init::
 	Initialize the submodules, i.e. register each submodule name
@@ -125,26 +131,29 @@ init::
 update::
 	Update the registered submodules, i.e. clone missing submodules and
 	checkout the commit specified in the index of the containing repository.
-	This will make the submodules HEAD be detached unless '--rebase' or
-	'--merge' is specified or the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to
+	This will make the submodules HEAD be detached unless `--rebase` or
+	`--merge` is specified or the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to
 	`rebase` or `merge`.
 +
 If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the
 setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the
-submodule with the --init option.
+submodule with the `--init` option.
 +
-If '--recursive' is specified, this command will recurse into the
+If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the
 registered submodules, and update any nested submodules within.
 
 summary::
 	Show commit summary between the given commit (defaults to HEAD) and
 	working tree/index. For a submodule in question, a series of commits
 	in the submodule between the given super project commit and the
-	index or working tree (switched by --cached) are shown. If the option
-	--files is given, show the series of commits in the submodule between
+	index or working tree (switched by `--cached`) are shown. If the option
+	`--files` is given, show the series of commits in the submodule between
 	the index of the super project and the working tree of the submodule
-	(this option doesn't allow to use the --cached option or to provide an
+	(this option doesn't allow to use the `--cached` option or to provide an
 	explicit commit).
++
+Using the `--submodule=log` option with linkgit:git-diff[1] will provide that
+information too.
 
 foreach::
 	Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule.
@@ -155,9 +164,9 @@ foreach::
 	superproject, $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject,
 	and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level of the superproject.
 	Any submodules defined in the superproject but not checked out are
-	ignored by this command. Unless given --quiet, foreach prints the name
+	ignored by this command. Unless given `--quiet`, foreach prints the name
 	of each submodule before evaluating the command.
-	If --recursive is given, submodules are traversed recursively (i.e.
+	If `--recursive` is given, submodules are traversed recursively (i.e.
 	the given shell command is evaluated in nested submodules as well).
 	A non-zero return from the command in any submodule causes
 	the processing to terminate. This can be overridden by adding '|| :'
@@ -237,13 +246,18 @@ OPTIONS
 	If the key `submodule.$name.update` is set to `rebase`, this option is
 	implicit.
 
+--init::
+	This option is only valid for the update command.
+	Initialize all submodules for which "git submodule init" has not been
+	called so far before updating.
+
 --reference <repository>::
 	This option is only valid for add and update commands.  These
 	commands sometimes need to clone a remote repository. In this case,
 	this option will be passed to the linkgit:git-clone[1] command.
 +
 *NOTE*: Do *not* use this option unless you have read the note
-for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s --reference and --shared options carefully.
+for linkgit:git-clone[1]'s `--reference` and `--shared` options carefully.
 
 --recursive::
 	This option is only valid for foreach, update and status commands.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt
index 95b135d8ad..346e7a2079 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tar-tree.txt
@@ -53,26 +53,26 @@ tar.umask::
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
-git tar-tree HEAD junk | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)::
+`git tar-tree HEAD junk | (cd /var/tmp/ && tar xf -)`::
 
 	Create a tar archive that contains the contents of the
 	latest commit on the current branch, and extracts it in
 	`/var/tmp/junk` directory.
 
-git tar-tree v1.4.0 git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz::
+`git tar-tree v1.4.0 git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
 
 	Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release.
 
-git tar-tree v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz::
+`git tar-tree v1.4.0{caret}\{tree\} git-1.4.0 | gzip >git-1.4.0.tar.gz`::
 
 	Create a tarball for v1.4.0 release, but without a
 	global extended pax header.
 
-git tar-tree --remote=example.com:git.git v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar::
+`git tar-tree --remote=example.com:git.git v1.4.0 >git-1.4.0.tar`::
 
 	Get a tarball v1.4.0 from example.com.
 
-git tar-tree HEAD:Documentation/ git-docs > git-1.4.0-docs.tar::
+`git tar-tree HEAD:Documentation/ git-docs > git-1.4.0-docs.tar`::
 
 	Put everything in the current head's Documentation/ directory
 	into 'git-1.4.0-docs.tar', with the prefix 'git-docs/'.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
index a58e90ca8d..71f16083d6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ OPTIONS
 <directory>::
 	The repository to sync from.
 
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:gitnamespaces[7]
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
index 99388bd374..76c7f7eec5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ include::pretty-formats.txt[]
 
 Examples
 --------
-git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi::
+`git whatchanged -p v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi`::
 
 	Show as patches the commits since version 'v2.6.12' that changed
 	any file in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
 
-git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk::
+`git whatchanged --since="2 weeks ago" \-- gitk`::
 
 	Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file 'gitk'.
 	The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the *branch* named
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index 0172cd7014..d08a8bb4f2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
-    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
-    [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
+    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
+    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
     [-c <name>=<value>]
     [--help] <command> [<args>]
 
@@ -44,9 +44,10 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
 branch of the `git.git` repository.
 Documentation for older releases are available here:
 
-* link:v1.7.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6]
+* link:v1.7.6.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.1]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1].
   link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
 
 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
@@ -330,6 +331,11 @@ help ...`.
 	variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 	more detailed discussion).
 
+--namespace=<path>::
+	Set the git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
+	details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
+	variable.
+
 --bare::
 	Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 	environment is not set, it is set to the current working
@@ -593,6 +599,10 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc.
 	This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
 	option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 
+'GIT_NAMESPACE'::
+	Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
+	The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
+
 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
 	This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
 	If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index 412c55b549..25e46aeb7a 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the
 `$(prefix)/etc/gitattributes` file.
 
 Sometimes you would need to override an setting of an attribute
-for a path to `unspecified` state.  This can be done by listing
+for a path to `Unspecified` state.  This can be done by listing
 the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point `!`.
 
 
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the
 (See linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 
-USING ATTRIBUTE MACROS
+USING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
 ----------------------
 
 You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs
@@ -879,24 +879,27 @@ produced for, any binary file you track.  You would need to specify e.g.
 ------------
 
 but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes.  Using
-attribute macros, you can specify groups of attributes set or unset at
-the same time.  The system knows a built-in attribute macro, `binary`:
+macro attributes, you can define an attribute that, when set, also
+sets or unsets a number of other attributes at the same time.  The
+system knows a built-in macro attribute, `binary`:
 
 ------------
 *.jpg binary
 ------------
 
-which is equivalent to the above.  Note that the attribute macros can only
-be "Set" (see the above example that sets "binary" macro as if it were an
-ordinary attribute --- setting it in turn unsets "text" and "diff").
+Setting the "binary" attribute also unsets the "text" and "diff"
+attributes as above.  Note that macro attributes can only be "Set",
+though setting one might have the effect of setting or unsetting other
+attributes or even returning other attributes to the "Unspecified"
+state.
 
 
-DEFINING ATTRIBUTE MACROS
+DEFINING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
 -------------------------
 
-Custom attribute macros can be defined only in the `.gitattributes` file
-at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory).  The built-in attribute
-macro "binary" is equivalent to:
+Custom macro attributes can be defined only in the `.gitattributes`
+file at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory).  The built-in
+macro attribute "binary" is equivalent to:
 
 ------------
 [attr]binary -diff -text
@@ -952,6 +955,9 @@ frotz	unspecified
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:git-check-attr[1].
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed8924e856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/gitnamespaces.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+gitnamespaces(7)
+================
+
+NAME
+----
+gitnamespaces - Git namespaces
+
+DESCRIPTION
+-----------
+
+Git supports dividing the refs of a single repository into multiple
+namespaces, each of which has its own branches, tags, and HEAD.  Git can
+expose each namespace as an independent repository to pull from and push
+to, while sharing the object store, and exposing all the refs to
+operations such as linkgit:git-gc[1].
+
+Storing multiple repositories as namespaces of a single repository
+avoids storing duplicate copies of the same objects, such as when
+storing multiple branches of the same source.  The alternates mechanism
+provides similar support for avoiding duplicates, but alternates do not
+prevent duplication between new objects added to the repositories
+without ongoing maintenance, while namespaces do.
+
+To specify a namespace, set the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment variable to
+the namespace.  For each ref namespace, git stores the corresponding
+refs in a directory under `refs/namespaces/`.  For example,
+`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo` will store refs under `refs/namespaces/foo/`.  You
+can also specify namespaces via the `--namespace` option to
+linkgit:git[1].
+
+Note that namespaces which include a `/` will expand to a hierarchy of
+namespaces; for example, `GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar` will store refs under
+`refs/namespaces/foo/refs/namespaces/bar/`.  This makes paths in
+`GIT_NAMESPACE` behave hierarchically, so that cloning with
+`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar` produces the same result as cloning with
+`GIT_NAMESPACE=foo` and cloning from that repo with `GIT_NAMESPACE=bar`.  It
+also avoids ambiguity with strange namespace paths such as `foo/refs/heads/`,
+which could otherwise generate directory/file conflicts within the `refs`
+directory.
+
+linkgit:git-upload-pack[1] and linkgit:git-receive-pack[1] rewrite the
+names of refs as specified by `GIT_NAMESPACE`.  git-upload-pack and
+git-receive-pack will ignore all references outside the specified
+namespace.
+
+The smart HTTP server, linkgit:git-http-backend[1], will pass
+GIT_NAMESPACE through to the backend programs; see
+linkgit:git-http-backend[1] for sample configuration to expose
+repository namespaces as repositories.
+
+For a simple local test, you can use linkgit:git-remote-ext[1]:
+
+----------
+git clone ext::'git --namespace=foo %s /tmp/prefixed.git'
+----------
+
+SECURITY
+--------
+
+Anyone with access to any namespace within a repository can potentially
+access objects from any other namespace stored in the same repository.
+You can't directly say "give me object ABCD" if you don't have a ref to
+it, but you can do some other sneaky things like:
+
+. Claiming to push ABCD, at which point the server will optimize out the
+  need for you to actually send it. Now you have a ref to ABCD and can
+  fetch it (claiming not to have it, of course).
+
+. Requesting other refs, claiming that you have ABCD, at which point the
+  server may generate deltas against ABCD.
+
+None of this causes a problem if you only host public repositories, or
+if everyone who may read one namespace may also read everything in every
+other namespace (for instance, if everyone in an organization has read
+permission to every repository).
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt
index 5cb2b0590a..b0cafe87be 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-builtin.txt
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ Additionally, if `foo` is a new command, there are 3 more things to do:
 
 . Add an entry for `git-foo` to `command-list.txt`.
 
+. Add an entry for `/git-foo` to `.gitignore`.
+
 
 How a built-in is called
 ------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
index 9d97eaa9de..ce363b6305 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-gitattributes.txt
@@ -11,27 +11,15 @@ Data Structure
 `struct git_attr`::
 
 	An attribute is an opaque object that is identified by its name.
-	Pass the name and its length to `git_attr()` function to obtain
-	the object of this type.  The internal representation of this
-	structure is of no interest to the calling programs.
+	Pass the name to `git_attr()` function to obtain the object of
+	this type.  The internal representation of this structure is
+	of no interest to the calling programs.  The name of the
+	attribute can be retrieved by calling `git_attr_name()`.
 
 `struct git_attr_check`::
 
 	This structure represents a set of attributes to check in a call
-	to `git_checkattr()` function, and receives the results.
-
-
-Calling Sequence
-----------------
-
-* Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` to define the list of
-  attributes you would want to check.  To populate this array, you would
-  need to define necessary attributes by calling `git_attr()` function.
-
-* Call git_checkattr() to check the attributes for the path.
-
-* Inspect `git_attr_check` structure to see how each of the attribute in
-  the array is defined for the path.
+	to `git_check_attr()` function, and receives the results.
 
 
 Attribute Values
@@ -57,6 +45,19 @@ If none of the above returns true, `.value` member points at a string
 value of the attribute for the path.
 
 
+Querying Specific Attributes
+----------------------------
+
+* Prepare an array of `struct git_attr_check` to define the list of
+  attributes you would want to check.  To populate this array, you would
+  need to define necessary attributes by calling `git_attr()` function.
+
+* Call `git_check_attr()` to check the attributes for the path.
+
+* Inspect `git_attr_check` structure to see how each of the attribute in
+  the array is defined for the path.
+
+
 Example
 -------
 
@@ -72,18 +73,18 @@ static void setup_check(void)
 {
 	if (check[0].attr)
 		return; /* already done */
-	check[0].attr = git_attr("crlf", 4);
-	check[1].attr = git_attr("ident", 5);
+	check[0].attr = git_attr("crlf");
+	check[1].attr = git_attr("ident");
 }
 ------------
 
-. Call `git_checkattr()` with the prepared array of `struct git_attr_check`:
+. Call `git_check_attr()` with the prepared array of `struct git_attr_check`:
 
 ------------
 	const char *path;
 
 	setup_check();
-	git_checkattr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check);
+	git_check_attr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check);
 ------------
 
 . Act on `.value` member of the result, left in `check[]`:
@@ -108,4 +109,20 @@ static void setup_check(void)
 	}
 ------------
 
-(JC)
+
+Querying All Attributes
+-----------------------
+
+To get the values of all attributes associated with a file:
+
+* Call `git_all_attrs()`, which returns an array of `git_attr_check`
+  structures.
+
+* Iterate over the `git_attr_check` array to examine the attribute
+  names and values.  The name of the attribute described by a
+  `git_attr_check` object can be retrieved via
+  `git_attr_name(check[i].attr)`.  (Please note that no items will be
+  returned for unset attributes, so `ATTR_UNSET()` will return false
+  for all returned `git_array_check` objects.)
+
+* Free the `git_array_check` array.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbbea95db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-ref-iteration.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+ref iteration API
+=================
+
+
+Iteration of refs is done by using an iterate function which will call a
+callback function for every ref. The callback function has this
+signature:
+
+	int handle_one_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1,
+			   int flags, void *cb_data);
+
+There are different kinds of iterate functions which all take a
+callback of this type. The callback is then called for each found ref
+until the callback returns nonzero. The returned value is then also
+returned by the iterate function.
+
+Iteration functions
+-------------------
+
+* `head_ref()` just iterates the head ref.
+
+* `for_each_ref()` iterates all refs.
+
+* `for_each_ref_in()` iterates all refs which have a defined prefix and
+  strips that prefix from the passed variable refname.
+
+* `for_each_tag_ref()`, `for_each_branch_ref()`, `for_each_remote_ref()`,
+  `for_each_replace_ref()` iterate refs from the respective area.
+
+* `for_each_glob_ref()` iterates all refs that match the specified glob
+  pattern.
+
+* `for_each_glob_ref_in()` the previous and `for_each_ref_in()` combined.
+
+* `head_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_ref_submodule()`,
+  `for_each_ref_in_submodule()`, `for_each_tag_ref_submodule()`,
+  `for_each_branch_ref_submodule()`, `for_each_remote_ref_submodule()`
+  do the same as the functions descibed above but for a specified
+  submodule.
+
+* `for_each_rawref()` can be used to learn about broken ref and symref.
+
+* `for_each_reflog()` iterates each reflog file.
+
+Submodules
+----------
+
+If you want to iterate the refs of a submodule you first need to add the
+submodules object database. You can do this by a code-snippet like
+this:
+
+	const char *path = "path/to/submodule"
+	if (!add_submodule_odb(path))
+		die("Error submodule '%s' not populated.", path);
+
+`add_submodule_odb()` will return an non-zero value on success. If you
+do not do this you will get an error for each ref that it does not point
+to a valid object.
+
+Note: As a side-effect of this you can not safely assume that all
+objects you lookup are available in superproject. All submodule objects
+will be available the same way as the superprojects objects.
+
+Example:
+--------
+
+----
+static int handle_remote_ref(const char *refname,
+		const unsigned char *sha1, int flags, void *cb_data)
+{
+	struct strbuf *output = cb_data;
+	strbuf_addf(output, "%s\n", refname);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+...
+
+	struct strbuf output = STRBUF_INIT;
+	for_each_remote_ref(handle_remote_ref, &output);
+	printf("%s", output.buf);
+----
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 8270abb5f9..fea63c14be 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v1.7.6.GIT
+DEF_VER=v1.7.7-rc0
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 4ed7996f7b..6bf7d6c30f 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ all::
 # Define LIBPCREDIR=/foo/bar if your libpcre header and library files are in
 # /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
 #
-# Define NO_CURL if you do not have libcurl installed.  git-http-pull and
+# Define NO_CURL if you do not have libcurl installed.  git-http-fetch and
 # git-http-push are not built, and you cannot use http:// and https://
-# transports.
+# transports (neither smart nor dumb).
 #
 # Define CURLDIR=/foo/bar if your curl header and library files are in
 # /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
 #
 # Define NO_EXPAT if you do not have expat installed.  git-http-push is
-# not built, and you cannot push using http:// and https:// transports.
+# not built, and you cannot push using http:// and https:// transports (dumb).
 #
 # Define EXPATDIR=/foo/bar if your expat header and library files are in
 # /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
@@ -115,6 +115,10 @@ all::
 #
 # Define NEEDS_SSL_WITH_CRYPTO if you need -lssl when using -lcrypto (Darwin).
 #
+# Define NEEDS_SSL_WITH_CURL if you need -lssl with -lcurl (Minix).
+#
+# Define NEEDS_IDN_WITH_CURL if you need -lidn when using -lcurl (Minix).
+#
 # Define NEEDS_LIBICONV if linking with libc is not enough (Darwin).
 #
 # Define NEEDS_SOCKET if linking with libc is not enough (SunOS,
@@ -298,6 +302,7 @@ bindir = $(prefix)/$(bindir_relative)
 mandir = share/man
 infodir = share/info
 gitexecdir = libexec/git-core
+mergetoolsdir = $(gitexecdir)/mergetools
 sharedir = $(prefix)/share
 gitwebdir = $(sharedir)/gitweb
 template_dir = share/git-core/templates
@@ -638,6 +643,7 @@ LIB_OBJS += pack-revindex.o
 LIB_OBJS += pack-write.o
 LIB_OBJS += pager.o
 LIB_OBJS += parse-options.o
+LIB_OBJS += parse-options-cb.o
 LIB_OBJS += patch-delta.o
 LIB_OBJS += patch-ids.o
 LIB_OBJS += path.o
@@ -1149,6 +1155,20 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),Interix)
 		NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD = YesPlease
 	endif
 endif
+ifeq ($(uname_S),Minix)
+	NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
+	NO_ST_BLOCKS_IN_STRUCT_STAT = YesPlease
+	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
+	NEEDS_LIBGEN =
+	NEEDS_CRYPTO_WITH_SSL = YesPlease
+	NEEDS_IDN_WITH_CURL = YesPlease
+	NEEDS_SSL_WITH_CURL = YesPlease
+	NEEDS_RESOLV =
+	NO_HSTRERROR = YesPlease
+	NO_MMAP = YesPlease
+	NO_CURL =
+	NO_EXPAT =
+endif
 ifneq (,$(findstring MINGW,$(uname_S)))
 	pathsep = ;
 	NO_PREAD = YesPlease
@@ -1293,6 +1313,16 @@ else
 	else
 		CURL_LIBCURL = -lcurl
 	endif
+	ifdef NEEDS_SSL_WITH_CURL
+		CURL_LIBCURL +=	-lssl
+		ifdef NEEDS_CRYPTO_WITH_SSL
+			CURL_LIBCURL += -lcrypto
+		endif
+	endif
+	ifdef NEEDS_IDN_WITH_CURL
+		CURL_LIBCURL += -lidn
+	endif
+
 	REMOTE_CURL_PRIMARY = git-remote-http$X
 	REMOTE_CURL_ALIASES = git-remote-https$X git-remote-ftp$X git-remote-ftps$X
 	REMOTE_CURL_NAMES = $(REMOTE_CURL_PRIMARY) $(REMOTE_CURL_ALIASES)
@@ -1329,7 +1359,7 @@ ifndef NO_OPENSSL
 		OPENSSL_LINK =
 	endif
 	ifdef NEEDS_CRYPTO_WITH_SSL
-		OPENSSL_LINK += -lcrypto
+		OPENSSL_LIBSSL += -lcrypto
 	endif
 else
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_OPENSSL
@@ -1848,7 +1878,7 @@ ifndef NO_CURL
 	GIT_OBJS += http.o http-walker.o remote-curl.o
 endif
 XDIFF_OBJS = xdiff/xdiffi.o xdiff/xprepare.o xdiff/xutils.o xdiff/xemit.o \
-	xdiff/xmerge.o xdiff/xpatience.o
+	xdiff/xmerge.o xdiff/xpatience.o xdiff/xhistogram.o
 VCSSVN_OBJS = vcs-svn/string_pool.o vcs-svn/line_buffer.o \
 	vcs-svn/repo_tree.o vcs-svn/fast_export.o vcs-svn/svndump.o
 VCSSVN_TEST_OBJS = test-obj-pool.o test-string-pool.o \
@@ -2176,7 +2206,7 @@ test-delta$X: diff-delta.o patch-delta.o
 
 test-line-buffer$X: vcs-svn/lib.a
 
-test-parse-options$X: parse-options.o
+test-parse-options$X: parse-options.o parse-options-cb.o
 
 test-string-pool$X: vcs-svn/lib.a
 
@@ -2229,6 +2259,13 @@ endif
 gitexec_instdir_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(gitexec_instdir))
 export gitexec_instdir
 
+ifneq ($(filter /%,$(firstword $(mergetoolsdir))),)
+mergetools_instdir = $(mergetoolsdir)
+else
+mergetools_instdir = $(prefix)/$(mergetoolsdir)
+endif
+mergetools_instdir_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(mergetools_instdir))
+
 install_bindir_programs := $(patsubst %,%$X,$(BINDIR_PROGRAMS_NEED_X)) $(BINDIR_PROGRAMS_NO_X)
 
 install: all
@@ -2238,6 +2275,9 @@ install: all
 	$(INSTALL) -m 644 $(SCRIPT_LIB) '$(DESTDIR_SQ)$(gitexec_instdir_SQ)'
 	$(INSTALL) $(install_bindir_programs) '$(DESTDIR_SQ)$(bindir_SQ)'
 	$(MAKE) -C templates DESTDIR='$(DESTDIR_SQ)' install
+	$(INSTALL) -d -m 755 '$(DESTDIR_SQ)$(mergetools_instdir_SQ)'
+	(cd mergetools && $(TAR) cf - .) | \
+	(cd '$(DESTDIR_SQ)$(mergetools_instdir_SQ)' && umask 022 && $(TAR) xof -)
 ifndef NO_PERL
 	$(MAKE) -C perl prefix='$(prefix_SQ)' DESTDIR='$(DESTDIR_SQ)' install
 	$(MAKE) -C gitweb install
diff --git a/abspath.c b/abspath.c
index 37287f86c1..f04ac18e33 100644
--- a/abspath.c
+++ b/abspath.c
@@ -139,3 +139,31 @@ const char *absolute_path(const char *path)
 	}
 	return buf;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Unlike prefix_path, this should be used if the named file does
+ * not have to interact with index entry; i.e. name of a random file
+ * on the filesystem.
+ */
+const char *prefix_filename(const char *pfx, int pfx_len, const char *arg)
+{
+	static char path[PATH_MAX];
+#ifndef WIN32
+	if (!pfx_len || is_absolute_path(arg))
+		return arg;
+	memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
+	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
+#else
+	char *p;
+	/* don't add prefix to absolute paths, but still replace '\' by '/' */
+	if (is_absolute_path(arg))
+		pfx_len = 0;
+	else if (pfx_len)
+		memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
+	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
+	for (p = path + pfx_len; *p; p++)
+		if (*p == '\\')
+			*p = '/';
+#endif
+	return path;
+}
diff --git a/archive.c b/archive.c
index 2a7a28e3ed..3fd7f475f1 100644
--- a/archive.c
+++ b/archive.c
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ static int write_archive_entry(const unsigned char *sha1, const char *base,
 	path_without_prefix = path.buf + args->baselen;
 
 	setup_archive_check(check);
-	if (!git_checkattr(path_without_prefix, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check)) {
+	if (!git_check_attr(path_without_prefix, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check)) {
 		if (ATTR_TRUE(check[0].value))
 			return 0;
 		convert = ATTR_TRUE(check[1].value);
diff --git a/attr.c b/attr.c
index f6b3f7e850..da29c8eb45 100644
--- a/attr.c
+++ b/attr.c
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ static int attr_nr;
 static struct git_attr_check *check_all_attr;
 static struct git_attr *(git_attr_hash[HASHSIZE]);
 
+char *git_attr_name(struct git_attr *attr)
+{
+	return attr->name;
+}
+
 static unsigned hash_name(const char *name, int namelen)
 {
 	unsigned val = 0, c;
@@ -50,12 +55,10 @@ static unsigned hash_name(const char *name, int namelen)
 static int invalid_attr_name(const char *name, int namelen)
 {
 	/*
-	 * Attribute name cannot begin with '-' and from
-	 * [-A-Za-z0-9_.].  We'd specifically exclude '=' for now,
-	 * as we might later want to allow non-binary value for
-	 * attributes, e.g. "*.svg	merge=special-merge-program-for-svg"
+	 * Attribute name cannot begin with '-' and must consist of
+	 * characters from [-A-Za-z0-9_.].
 	 */
-	if (*name == '-')
+	if (namelen <= 0 || *name == '-')
 		return -1;
 	while (namelen--) {
 		char ch = *name++;
@@ -532,11 +535,18 @@ static void bootstrap_attr_stack(void)
 	}
 }
 
-static void prepare_attr_stack(const char *path, int dirlen)
+static void prepare_attr_stack(const char *path)
 {
 	struct attr_stack *elem, *info;
-	int len;
+	int dirlen, len;
 	struct strbuf pathbuf;
+	const char *cp;
+
+	cp = strrchr(path, '/');
+	if (!cp)
+		dirlen = 0;
+	else
+		dirlen = cp - path;
 
 	strbuf_init(&pathbuf, dirlen+2+strlen(GITATTRIBUTES_FILE));
 
@@ -555,8 +565,7 @@ static void prepare_attr_stack(const char *path, int dirlen)
 	 * .gitattributes in deeper directories to shallower ones,
 	 * and finally use the built-in set as the default.
 	 */
-	if (!attr_stack)
-		bootstrap_attr_stack();
+	bootstrap_attr_stack();
 
 	/*
 	 * Pop the "info" one that is always at the top of the stack.
@@ -703,26 +712,30 @@ static int macroexpand_one(int attr_nr, int rem)
 	return rem;
 }
 
-int git_checkattr(const char *path, int num, struct git_attr_check *check)
+/*
+ * Collect all attributes for path into the array pointed to by
+ * check_all_attr.
+ */
+static void collect_all_attrs(const char *path)
 {
 	struct attr_stack *stk;
-	const char *cp;
-	int dirlen, pathlen, i, rem;
+	int i, pathlen, rem;
 
-	bootstrap_attr_stack();
+	prepare_attr_stack(path);
 	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++)
 		check_all_attr[i].value = ATTR__UNKNOWN;
 
 	pathlen = strlen(path);
-	cp = strrchr(path, '/');
-	if (!cp)
-		dirlen = 0;
-	else
-		dirlen = cp - path;
-	prepare_attr_stack(path, dirlen);
 	rem = attr_nr;
 	for (stk = attr_stack; 0 < rem && stk; stk = stk->prev)
 		rem = fill(path, pathlen, stk, rem);
+}
+
+int git_check_attr(const char *path, int num, struct git_attr_check *check)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	collect_all_attrs(path);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
 		const char *value = check_all_attr[check[i].attr->attr_nr].value;
@@ -734,6 +747,34 @@ int git_checkattr(const char *path, int num, struct git_attr_check *check)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+int git_all_attrs(const char *path, int *num, struct git_attr_check **check)
+{
+	int i, count, j;
+
+	collect_all_attrs(path);
+
+	/* Count the number of attributes that are set. */
+	count = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++) {
+		const char *value = check_all_attr[i].value;
+		if (value != ATTR__UNSET && value != ATTR__UNKNOWN)
+			++count;
+	}
+	*num = count;
+	*check = xmalloc(sizeof(**check) * count);
+	j = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < attr_nr; i++) {
+		const char *value = check_all_attr[i].value;
+		if (value != ATTR__UNSET && value != ATTR__UNKNOWN) {
+			(*check)[j].attr = check_all_attr[i].attr;
+			(*check)[j].value = value;
+			++j;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 void git_attr_set_direction(enum git_attr_direction new, struct index_state *istate)
 {
 	enum git_attr_direction old = direction;
diff --git a/attr.h b/attr.h
index 8b3f19be67..eb8ca0d7c0 100644
--- a/attr.h
+++ b/attr.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ extern const char git_attr__false[];
 #define ATTR_UNSET(v) ((v) == NULL)
 
 /*
- * Send one or more git_attr_check to git_checkattr(), and
+ * Send one or more git_attr_check to git_check_attr(), and
  * each 'value' member tells what its value is.
  * Unset one is returned as NULL.
  */
@@ -29,7 +29,23 @@ struct git_attr_check {
 	const char *value;
 };
 
-int git_checkattr(const char *path, int, struct git_attr_check *);
+/*
+ * Return the name of the attribute represented by the argument.  The
+ * return value is a pointer to a null-delimited string that is part
+ * of the internal data structure; it should not be modified or freed.
+ */
+char *git_attr_name(struct git_attr *);
+
+int git_check_attr(const char *path, int, struct git_attr_check *);
+
+/*
+ * Retrieve all attributes that apply to the specified path.  *num
+ * will be set the the number of attributes on the path; **check will
+ * be set to point at a newly-allocated array of git_attr_check
+ * objects describing the attributes and their values.  *check must be
+ * free()ed by the caller.
+ */
+int git_all_attrs(const char *path, int *num, struct git_attr_check **check);
 
 enum git_attr_direction {
 	GIT_ATTR_CHECKIN,
diff --git a/bisect.c b/bisect.c
index dd7e8ed69b..c7b7d7913d 100644
--- a/bisect.c
+++ b/bisect.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ struct argv_array {
 
 static const char *argv_checkout[] = {"checkout", "-q", NULL, "--", NULL};
 static const char *argv_show_branch[] = {"show-branch", NULL, NULL};
+static const char *argv_update_ref[] = {"update-ref", "--no-deref", "BISECT_HEAD", NULL, NULL};
 
 /* bits #0-15 in revision.h */
 
@@ -707,16 +708,23 @@ static void mark_expected_rev(char *bisect_rev_hex)
 		die("closing file %s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
 }
 
-static int bisect_checkout(char *bisect_rev_hex)
+static int bisect_checkout(char *bisect_rev_hex, int no_checkout)
 {
 	int res;
 
 	mark_expected_rev(bisect_rev_hex);
 
 	argv_checkout[2] = bisect_rev_hex;
-	res = run_command_v_opt(argv_checkout, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	if (res)
-		exit(res);
+	if (no_checkout) {
+		argv_update_ref[3] = bisect_rev_hex;
+		if (run_command_v_opt(argv_update_ref, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+			die("update-ref --no-deref HEAD failed on %s",
+			    bisect_rev_hex);
+	} else {
+		res = run_command_v_opt(argv_checkout, RUN_GIT_CMD);
+		if (res)
+			exit(res);
+	}
 
 	argv_show_branch[1] = bisect_rev_hex;
 	return run_command_v_opt(argv_show_branch, RUN_GIT_CMD);
@@ -788,7 +796,7 @@ static void handle_skipped_merge_base(const unsigned char *mb)
  * - If one is "skipped", we can't know but we should warn.
  * - If we don't know, we should check it out and ask the user to test.
  */
-static void check_merge_bases(void)
+static void check_merge_bases(int no_checkout)
 {
 	struct commit_list *result;
 	int rev_nr;
@@ -806,7 +814,7 @@ static void check_merge_bases(void)
 			handle_skipped_merge_base(mb);
 		} else {
 			printf("Bisecting: a merge base must be tested\n");
-			exit(bisect_checkout(sha1_to_hex(mb)));
+			exit(bisect_checkout(sha1_to_hex(mb), no_checkout));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -849,7 +857,7 @@ static int check_ancestors(const char *prefix)
  * If a merge base must be tested by the user, its source code will be
  * checked out to be tested by the user and we will exit.
  */
-static void check_good_are_ancestors_of_bad(const char *prefix)
+static void check_good_are_ancestors_of_bad(const char *prefix, int no_checkout)
 {
 	const char *filename = git_path("BISECT_ANCESTORS_OK");
 	struct stat st;
@@ -868,7 +876,7 @@ static void check_good_are_ancestors_of_bad(const char *prefix)
 
 	/* Check if all good revs are ancestor of the bad rev. */
 	if (check_ancestors(prefix))
-		check_merge_bases();
+		check_merge_bases(no_checkout);
 
 	/* Create file BISECT_ANCESTORS_OK. */
 	fd = open(filename, O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY, 0600);
@@ -908,8 +916,11 @@ static void show_diff_tree(const char *prefix, struct commit *commit)
  * We use the convention that exiting with an exit code 10 means that
  * the bisection process finished successfully.
  * In this case the calling shell script should exit 0.
+ *
+ * If no_checkout is non-zero, the bisection process does not
+ * checkout the trial commit but instead simply updates BISECT_HEAD.
  */
-int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix)
+int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix, int no_checkout)
 {
 	struct rev_info revs;
 	struct commit_list *tried;
@@ -920,7 +931,7 @@ int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix)
 	if (read_bisect_refs())
 		die("reading bisect refs failed");
 
-	check_good_are_ancestors_of_bad(prefix);
+	check_good_are_ancestors_of_bad(prefix, no_checkout);
 
 	bisect_rev_setup(&revs, prefix, "%s", "^%s", 1);
 	revs.limited = 1;
@@ -966,6 +977,6 @@ int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix)
 	       "(roughly %d step%s)\n", nr, (nr == 1 ? "" : "s"),
 	       steps, (steps == 1 ? "" : "s"));
 
-	return bisect_checkout(bisect_rev_hex);
+	return bisect_checkout(bisect_rev_hex, no_checkout);
 }
 
diff --git a/bisect.h b/bisect.h
index 0862ce56d7..22f2e4db2d 100644
--- a/bisect.h
+++ b/bisect.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ struct rev_list_info {
 	const char *header_prefix;
 };
 
-extern int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix);
+extern int bisect_next_all(const char *prefix, int no_checkout);
 
 extern int estimate_bisect_steps(int all);
 
diff --git a/branch.c b/branch.c
index c0c865a4b1..d62cc0132c 100644
--- a/branch.c
+++ b/branch.c
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ void create_branch(const char *head,
 			 start_name);
 
 	if (real_ref && track)
-		setup_tracking(name, real_ref, track);
+		setup_tracking(ref.buf+11, real_ref, track);
 
 	if (!dont_change_ref)
 		if (write_ref_sha1(lock, sha1, msg) < 0)
diff --git a/builtin/bisect--helper.c b/builtin/bisect--helper.c
index 5b226399e1..8d325a5179 100644
--- a/builtin/bisect--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/bisect--helper.c
@@ -4,16 +4,19 @@
 #include "bisect.h"
 
 static const char * const git_bisect_helper_usage[] = {
-	"git bisect--helper --next-all",
+	"git bisect--helper --next-all [--no-checkout]",
 	NULL
 };
 
 int cmd_bisect__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int next_all = 0;
+	int no_checkout = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "next-all", &next_all,
 			    "perform 'git bisect next'"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "no-checkout", &no_checkout,
+			    "update BISECT_HEAD instead of checking out the current commit"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -24,5 +27,5 @@ int cmd_bisect__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		usage_with_options(git_bisect_helper_usage, options);
 
 	/* next-all */
-	return bisect_next_all(prefix);
+	return bisect_next_all(prefix, no_checkout);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 3142daa57a..953bc1ca9b 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ static int opt_parse_merge_filter(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int
 int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int delete = 0, rename = 0, force_create = 0;
-	int verbose = 0, abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV, detached = 0;
+	int verbose = 0, abbrev = -1, detached = 0;
 	int reflog = 0;
 	enum branch_track track;
 	int kinds = REF_LOCAL_BRANCH;
@@ -696,6 +696,9 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (!!delete + !!rename + !!force_create > 1)
 		usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
 
+	if (abbrev == -1)
+		abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;
+
 	if (delete)
 		return delete_branches(argc, argv, delete > 1, kinds);
 	else if (argc == 0)
diff --git a/builtin/check-attr.c b/builtin/check-attr.c
index 3016d29caa..708988a0e1 100644
--- a/builtin/check-attr.c
+++ b/builtin/check-attr.c
@@ -4,28 +4,28 @@
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
+static int all_attrs;
 static int stdin_paths;
 static const char * const check_attr_usage[] = {
-"git check-attr attr... [--] pathname...",
-"git check-attr --stdin attr... < <list-of-paths>",
+"git check-attr [-a | --all | attr...] [--] pathname...",
+"git check-attr --stdin [-a | --all | attr...] < <list-of-paths>",
 NULL
 };
 
 static int null_term_line;
 
 static const struct option check_attr_options[] = {
+	OPT_BOOLEAN('a', "all", &all_attrs, "report all attributes set on file"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0 , "stdin", &stdin_paths, "read file names from stdin"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('z', NULL, &null_term_line,
 		"input paths are terminated by a null character"),
 	OPT_END()
 };
 
-static void check_attr(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
-	const char** name, const char *file)
+static void output_attr(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
+	const char *file)
 {
 	int j;
-	if (git_checkattr(file, cnt, check))
-		die("git_checkattr died");
 	for (j = 0; j < cnt; j++) {
 		const char *value = check[j].value;
 
@@ -37,12 +37,30 @@ static void check_attr(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
 			value = "unspecified";
 
 		quote_c_style(file, NULL, stdout, 0);
-		printf(": %s: %s\n", name[j], value);
+		printf(": %s: %s\n", git_attr_name(check[j].attr), value);
 	}
 }
 
-static void check_attr_stdin_paths(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
-	const char** name)
+static void check_attr(const char *prefix, int cnt,
+	struct git_attr_check *check, const char *file)
+{
+	char *full_path =
+		prefix_path(prefix, prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0, file);
+	if (check != NULL) {
+		if (git_check_attr(full_path, cnt, check))
+			die("git_check_attr died");
+		output_attr(cnt, check, file);
+	} else {
+		if (git_all_attrs(full_path, &cnt, &check))
+			die("git_all_attrs died");
+		output_attr(cnt, check, file);
+		free(check);
+	}
+	free(full_path);
+}
+
+static void check_attr_stdin_paths(const char *prefix, int cnt,
+	struct git_attr_check *check)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf, nbuf;
 	int line_termination = null_term_line ? 0 : '\n';
@@ -56,23 +74,26 @@ static void check_attr_stdin_paths(int cnt, struct git_attr_check *check,
 				die("line is badly quoted");
 			strbuf_swap(&buf, &nbuf);
 		}
-		check_attr(cnt, check, name, buf.buf);
+		check_attr(prefix, cnt, check, buf.buf);
 		maybe_flush_or_die(stdout, "attribute to stdout");
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	strbuf_release(&nbuf);
 }
 
+static NORETURN void error_with_usage(const char *msg)
+{
+	error("%s", msg);
+	usage_with_options(check_attr_usage, check_attr_options);
+}
+
 int cmd_check_attr(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct git_attr_check *check;
-	int cnt, i, doubledash;
-	const char *errstr = NULL;
+	int cnt, i, doubledash, filei;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, check_attr_options,
 			     check_attr_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
-	if (!argc)
-		usage_with_options(check_attr_usage, check_attr_options);
 
 	if (read_cache() < 0) {
 		die("invalid cache");
@@ -84,39 +105,63 @@ int cmd_check_attr(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			doubledash = i;
 	}
 
-	/* If there is no double dash, we handle only one attribute */
-	if (doubledash < 0) {
-		cnt = 1;
-		doubledash = 0;
-	} else
+	/* Process --all and/or attribute arguments: */
+	if (all_attrs) {
+		if (doubledash >= 1)
+			error_with_usage("Attributes and --all both specified");
+
+		cnt = 0;
+		filei = doubledash + 1;
+	} else if (doubledash == 0) {
+		error_with_usage("No attribute specified");
+	} else if (doubledash < 0) {
+		if (!argc)
+			error_with_usage("No attribute specified");
+
+		if (stdin_paths) {
+			/* Treat all arguments as attribute names. */
+			cnt = argc;
+			filei = argc;
+		} else {
+			/* Treat exactly one argument as an attribute name. */
+			cnt = 1;
+			filei = 1;
+		}
+	} else {
 		cnt = doubledash;
-	doubledash++;
-
-	if (cnt <= 0)
-		errstr = "No attribute specified";
-	else if (stdin_paths && doubledash < argc)
-		errstr = "Can't specify files with --stdin";
-	if (errstr) {
-		error("%s", errstr);
-		usage_with_options(check_attr_usage, check_attr_options);
+		filei = doubledash + 1;
 	}
 
-	check = xcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*check));
-	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-		const char *name;
-		struct git_attr *a;
-		name = argv[i];
-		a = git_attr(name);
-		if (!a)
-			return error("%s: not a valid attribute name", name);
-		check[i].attr = a;
+	/* Check file argument(s): */
+	if (stdin_paths) {
+		if (filei < argc)
+			error_with_usage("Can't specify files with --stdin");
+	} else {
+		if (filei >= argc)
+			error_with_usage("No file specified");
+	}
+
+	if (all_attrs) {
+		check = NULL;
+	} else {
+		check = xcalloc(cnt, sizeof(*check));
+		for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+			const char *name;
+			struct git_attr *a;
+			name = argv[i];
+			a = git_attr(name);
+			if (!a)
+				return error("%s: not a valid attribute name",
+					name);
+			check[i].attr = a;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (stdin_paths)
-		check_attr_stdin_paths(cnt, check, argv);
+		check_attr_stdin_paths(prefix, cnt, check);
 	else {
-		for (i = doubledash; i < argc; i++)
-			check_attr(cnt, check, argv, argv[i]);
+		for (i = filei; i < argc; i++)
+			check_attr(prefix, cnt, check, argv[i]);
 		maybe_flush_or_die(stdout, "attribute to stdout");
 	}
 	return 0;
diff --git a/builtin/checkout-index.c b/builtin/checkout-index.c
index f1fec24745..c16d82b7de 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout-index.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout-index.c
@@ -3,38 +3,6 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) 2005 Linus Torvalds
  *
- * Careful: order of argument flags does matter. For example,
- *
- *	git checkout-index -a -f file.c
- *
- * Will first check out all files listed in the cache (but not
- * overwrite any old ones), and then force-checkout "file.c" a
- * second time (ie that one _will_ overwrite any old contents
- * with the same filename).
- *
- * Also, just doing "git checkout-index" does nothing. You probably
- * meant "git checkout-index -a". And if you want to force it, you
- * want "git checkout-index -f -a".
- *
- * Intuitiveness is not the goal here. Repeatability is. The
- * reason for the "no arguments means no work" thing is that
- * from scripts you are supposed to be able to do things like
- *
- *	find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git checkout-index -f --
- *
- * or:
- *
- *	find . -name '*.h' -print0 | git checkout-index -f -z --stdin
- *
- * which will force all existing *.h files to be replaced with
- * their cached copies. If an empty command line implied "all",
- * then this would force-refresh everything in the cache, which
- * was not the point.
- *
- * Oh, and the "--" is just a good idea when you know the rest
- * will be filenames. Just so that you wouldn't have a filename
- * of "-a" causing problems (not possible in the above example,
- * but get used to it in scripting!).
  */
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index d647a31303..4eaedff0c4 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ static int checkout_merged(int pos, struct checkout *state)
 }
 
 static int checkout_paths(struct tree *source_tree, const char **pathspec,
-			  struct checkout_opts *opts)
+			  const char *prefix, struct checkout_opts *opts)
 {
 	int pos;
 	struct checkout state;
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ static int checkout_paths(struct tree *source_tree, const char **pathspec,
 		match_pathspec(pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), 0, ps_matched);
 	}
 
-	if (report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec, 0))
+	if (report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec, prefix))
 		return 1;
 
 	/* "checkout -m path" to recreate conflicted state */
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (1 < !!opts.writeout_stage + !!opts.force + !!opts.merge)
 			die(_("git checkout: --ours/--theirs, --force and --merge are incompatible when\nchecking out of the index."));
 
-		return checkout_paths(source_tree, pathspec, &opts);
+		return checkout_paths(source_tree, pathspec, prefix, &opts);
 	}
 
 	if (patch_mode)
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index a15784a7b8..7663bc22c9 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -345,8 +345,9 @@ static void remove_junk_on_signal(int signo)
 static struct ref *wanted_peer_refs(const struct ref *refs,
 		struct refspec *refspec)
 {
-	struct ref *local_refs = NULL;
-	struct ref **tail = &local_refs;
+	struct ref *head = copy_ref(find_ref_by_name(refs, "HEAD"));
+	struct ref *local_refs = head;
+	struct ref **tail = head ? &head->next : &local_refs;
 
 	get_fetch_map(refs, refspec, &tail, 0);
 	if (!option_mirror)
@@ -359,8 +360,11 @@ static void write_remote_refs(const struct ref *local_refs)
 {
 	const struct ref *r;
 
-	for (r = local_refs; r; r = r->next)
+	for (r = local_refs; r; r = r->next) {
+		if (!r->peer_ref)
+			continue;
 		add_extra_ref(r->peer_ref->name, r->old_sha1, 0);
+	}
 
 	pack_refs(PACK_REFS_ALL);
 	clear_extra_refs();
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index e1af9b19f0..05029d40d1 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ N_("The previous cherry-pick is now empty, possibly due to conflict resolution.\
 "\n"
 "Otherwise, please use 'git reset'\n");
 
-static unsigned char head_sha1[20];
-
 static const char *use_message_buffer;
 static const char commit_editmsg[] = "COMMIT_EDITMSG";
 static struct lock_file index_lock; /* real index */
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ static enum {
 static char *cleanup_arg;
 
 static enum commit_whence whence;
-static int use_editor = 1, initial_commit, include_status = 1;
+static int use_editor = 1, include_status = 1;
 static int show_ignored_in_status;
 static const char *only_include_assumed;
 static struct strbuf message;
@@ -256,8 +254,10 @@ static int list_paths(struct string_list *list, const char *with_tree,
 		;
 	m = xcalloc(1, i);
 
-	if (with_tree)
-		overlay_tree_on_cache(with_tree, prefix);
+	if (with_tree) {
+		const char *max_prefix = pathspec_prefix(prefix, pattern);
+		overlay_tree_on_cache(with_tree, max_prefix);
+	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static int list_paths(struct string_list *list, const char *with_tree,
 			item->util = item; /* better a valid pointer than a fake one */
 	}
 
-	return report_path_error(m, pattern, prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0);
+	return report_path_error(m, pattern, prefix);
 }
 
 static void add_remove_files(struct string_list *list)
@@ -294,13 +294,13 @@ static void add_remove_files(struct string_list *list)
 	}
 }
 
-static void create_base_index(void)
+static void create_base_index(const struct commit *current_head)
 {
 	struct tree *tree;
 	struct unpack_trees_options opts;
 	struct tree_desc t;
 
-	if (initial_commit) {
+	if (!current_head) {
 		discard_cache();
 		return;
 	}
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ static void create_base_index(void)
 	opts.dst_index = &the_index;
 
 	opts.fn = oneway_merge;
-	tree = parse_tree_indirect(head_sha1);
+	tree = parse_tree_indirect(current_head->object.sha1);
 	if (!tree)
 		die(_("failed to unpack HEAD tree object"));
 	parse_tree(tree);
@@ -332,7 +332,8 @@ static void refresh_cache_or_die(int refresh_flags)
 		die_resolve_conflict("commit");
 }
 
-static char *prepare_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix, int is_status)
+static char *prepare_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
+			   const struct commit *current_head, int is_status)
 {
 	int fd;
 	struct string_list partial;
@@ -448,7 +449,7 @@ static char *prepare_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix, int
 
 	memset(&partial, 0, sizeof(partial));
 	partial.strdup_strings = 1;
-	if (list_paths(&partial, initial_commit ? NULL : "HEAD", prefix, pathspec))
+	if (list_paths(&partial, !current_head ? NULL : "HEAD", prefix, pathspec))
 		exit(1);
 
 	discard_cache();
@@ -467,7 +468,7 @@ static char *prepare_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix, int
 						(uintmax_t) getpid()),
 				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
-	create_base_index();
+	create_base_index(current_head);
 	add_remove_files(&partial);
 	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
 
@@ -516,12 +517,9 @@ static int run_status(FILE *fp, const char *index_file, const char *prefix, int
 	return s->commitable;
 }
 
-static int is_a_merge(const unsigned char *sha1)
+static int is_a_merge(const struct commit *current_head)
 {
-	struct commit *commit = lookup_commit(sha1);
-	if (!commit || parse_commit(commit))
-		die(_("could not parse HEAD commit"));
-	return !!(commit->parents && commit->parents->next);
+	return !!(current_head->parents && current_head->parents->next);
 }
 
 static const char sign_off_header[] = "Signed-off-by: ";
@@ -625,6 +623,7 @@ static char *cut_ident_timestamp_part(char *string)
 }
 
 static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
+			     struct commit *current_head,
 			     struct wt_status *s,
 			     struct strbuf *author_ident)
 {
@@ -846,7 +845,7 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 	 * empty due to conflict resolution, which the user should okay.
 	 */
 	if (!commitable && whence != FROM_MERGE && !allow_empty &&
-	    !(amend && is_a_merge(head_sha1))) {
+	    !(amend && is_a_merge(current_head))) {
 		run_status(stdout, index_file, prefix, 0, s);
 		if (amend)
 			fputs(_(empty_amend_advice), stderr);
@@ -1004,6 +1003,7 @@ static const char *read_commit_message(const char *name)
 static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 				      const char * const usage[],
 				      const char *prefix,
+				      struct commit *current_head,
 				      struct wt_status *s)
 {
 	int f = 0;
@@ -1024,11 +1024,8 @@ static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 	if (!use_editor)
 		setenv("GIT_EDITOR", ":", 1);
 
-	if (get_sha1("HEAD", head_sha1))
-		initial_commit = 1;
-
 	/* Sanity check options */
-	if (amend && initial_commit)
+	if (amend && !current_head)
 		die(_("You have nothing to amend."));
 	if (amend && whence != FROM_COMMIT)
 		die(_("You are in the middle of a %s -- cannot amend."), whence_s());
@@ -1100,12 +1097,12 @@ static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 }
 
 static int dry_run_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
-			  struct wt_status *s)
+			  const struct commit *current_head, struct wt_status *s)
 {
 	int commitable;
 	const char *index_file;
 
-	index_file = prepare_index(argc, argv, prefix, 1);
+	index_file = prepare_index(argc, argv, prefix, current_head, 1);
 	commitable = run_status(stdout, index_file, prefix, 0, s);
 	rollback_index_files();
 
@@ -1258,7 +1255,8 @@ int cmd_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void print_summary(const char *prefix, const unsigned char *sha1)
+static void print_summary(const char *prefix, const unsigned char *sha1,
+			  int initial_commit)
 {
 	struct rev_info rev;
 	struct commit *commit;
@@ -1380,12 +1378,13 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct strbuf author_ident = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *index_file, *reflog_msg;
 	char *nl, *p;
-	unsigned char commit_sha1[20];
+	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	struct ref_lock *ref_lock;
 	struct commit_list *parents = NULL, **pptr = &parents;
 	struct stat statbuf;
 	int allow_fast_forward = 1;
 	struct wt_status s;
+	struct commit *current_head = NULL;
 
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage_with_options(builtin_commit_usage, builtin_commit_options);
@@ -1396,38 +1395,41 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	if (s.use_color == -1)
 		s.use_color = git_use_color_default;
+	if (get_sha1("HEAD", sha1))
+		current_head = NULL;
+	else {
+		current_head = lookup_commit(sha1);
+		if (!current_head || parse_commit(current_head))
+			die(_("could not parse HEAD commit"));
+	}
 	argc = parse_and_validate_options(argc, argv, builtin_commit_usage,
-					  prefix, &s);
+					  prefix, current_head, &s);
 	if (dry_run) {
 		if (diff_use_color_default == -1)
 			diff_use_color_default = git_use_color_default;
-		return dry_run_commit(argc, argv, prefix, &s);
+		return dry_run_commit(argc, argv, prefix, current_head, &s);
 	}
-	index_file = prepare_index(argc, argv, prefix, 0);
+	index_file = prepare_index(argc, argv, prefix, current_head, 0);
 
 	/* Set up everything for writing the commit object.  This includes
 	   running hooks, writing the trees, and interacting with the user.  */
-	if (!prepare_to_commit(index_file, prefix, &s, &author_ident)) {
+	if (!prepare_to_commit(index_file, prefix,
+			       current_head, &s, &author_ident)) {
 		rollback_index_files();
 		return 1;
 	}
 
 	/* Determine parents */
 	reflog_msg = getenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION");
-	if (initial_commit) {
+	if (!current_head) {
 		if (!reflog_msg)
 			reflog_msg = "commit (initial)";
 	} else if (amend) {
 		struct commit_list *c;
-		struct commit *commit;
 
 		if (!reflog_msg)
 			reflog_msg = "commit (amend)";
-		commit = lookup_commit(head_sha1);
-		if (!commit || parse_commit(commit))
-			die(_("could not parse HEAD commit"));
-
-		for (c = commit->parents; c; c = c->next)
+		for (c = current_head->parents; c; c = c->next)
 			pptr = &commit_list_insert(c->item, pptr)->next;
 	} else if (whence == FROM_MERGE) {
 		struct strbuf m = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1435,7 +1437,7 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 		if (!reflog_msg)
 			reflog_msg = "commit (merge)";
-		pptr = &commit_list_insert(lookup_commit(head_sha1), pptr)->next;
+		pptr = &commit_list_insert(current_head, pptr)->next;
 		fp = fopen(git_path("MERGE_HEAD"), "r");
 		if (fp == NULL)
 			die_errno(_("could not open '%s' for reading"),
@@ -1461,7 +1463,7 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			reflog_msg = (whence == FROM_CHERRY_PICK)
 					? "commit (cherry-pick)"
 					: "commit";
-		pptr = &commit_list_insert(lookup_commit(head_sha1), pptr)->next;
+		pptr = &commit_list_insert(current_head, pptr)->next;
 	}
 
 	/* Finally, get the commit message */
@@ -1487,7 +1489,7 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		exit(1);
 	}
 
-	if (commit_tree(sb.buf, active_cache_tree->sha1, parents, commit_sha1,
+	if (commit_tree(sb.buf, active_cache_tree->sha1, parents, sha1,
 			author_ident.buf)) {
 		rollback_index_files();
 		die(_("failed to write commit object"));
@@ -1495,7 +1497,9 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	strbuf_release(&author_ident);
 
 	ref_lock = lock_any_ref_for_update("HEAD",
-					   initial_commit ? NULL : head_sha1,
+					   !current_head
+					   ? NULL
+					   : current_head->object.sha1,
 					   0);
 
 	nl = strchr(sb.buf, '\n');
@@ -1510,7 +1514,7 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		rollback_index_files();
 		die(_("cannot lock HEAD ref"));
 	}
-	if (write_ref_sha1(ref_lock, commit_sha1, sb.buf) < 0) {
+	if (write_ref_sha1(ref_lock, sha1, sb.buf) < 0) {
 		rollback_index_files();
 		die(_("cannot update HEAD ref"));
 	}
@@ -1532,13 +1536,14 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		struct notes_rewrite_cfg *cfg;
 		cfg = init_copy_notes_for_rewrite("amend");
 		if (cfg) {
-			copy_note_for_rewrite(cfg, head_sha1, commit_sha1);
+			/* we are amending, so current_head is not NULL */
+			copy_note_for_rewrite(cfg, current_head->object.sha1, sha1);
 			finish_copy_notes_for_rewrite(cfg);
 		}
-		run_rewrite_hook(head_sha1, commit_sha1);
+		run_rewrite_hook(current_head->object.sha1, sha1);
 	}
 	if (!quiet)
-		print_summary(prefix, commit_sha1);
+		print_summary(prefix, sha1, !current_head);
 
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index 66fc291c8a..9f63067f50 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -462,8 +462,21 @@ int cmd_describe(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		die(_("No names found, cannot describe anything."));
 
 	if (argc == 0) {
-		if (dirty && !cmd_diff_index(ARRAY_SIZE(diff_index_args) - 1, diff_index_args, prefix))
-			dirty = NULL;
+		if (dirty) {
+			static struct lock_file index_lock;
+			int fd;
+
+			read_cache_preload(NULL);
+			refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED,
+				      NULL, NULL, NULL);
+			fd = hold_locked_index(&index_lock, 0);
+			if (0 <= fd)
+				update_index_if_able(&the_index, &index_lock);
+
+			if (!cmd_diff_index(ARRAY_SIZE(diff_index_args) - 1,
+					    diff_index_args, prefix))
+				dirty = NULL;
+		}
 		describe("HEAD", 1);
 	} else if (dirty) {
 		die(_("--dirty is incompatible with committishes"));
diff --git a/builtin/fast-export.c b/builtin/fast-export.c
index daf19451ba..9836e6b7ca 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-export.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-export.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
+#include "quote.h"
 
 static const char *fast_export_usage[] = {
 	"git fast-export [rev-list-opts]",
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ static int progress;
 static enum { ABORT, VERBATIM, WARN, STRIP } signed_tag_mode = ABORT;
 static enum { ERROR, DROP, REWRITE } tag_of_filtered_mode = ABORT;
 static int fake_missing_tagger;
+static int use_done_feature;
 static int no_data;
 static int full_tree;
 
@@ -178,6 +180,15 @@ static int depth_first(const void *a_, const void *b_)
 	return (a->status == 'R') - (b->status == 'R');
 }
 
+static void print_path(const char *path)
+{
+	int need_quote = quote_c_style(path, NULL, NULL, 0);
+	if (need_quote)
+		quote_c_style(path, NULL, stdout, 0);
+	else
+		printf("%s", path);
+}
+
 static void show_filemodify(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 			    struct diff_options *options, void *data)
 {
@@ -195,13 +206,18 @@ static void show_filemodify(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 
 		switch (q->queue[i]->status) {
 		case DIFF_STATUS_DELETED:
-			printf("D %s\n", spec->path);
+			printf("D ");
+			print_path(spec->path);
+			putchar('\n');
 			break;
 
 		case DIFF_STATUS_COPIED:
 		case DIFF_STATUS_RENAMED:
-			printf("%c \"%s\" \"%s\"\n", q->queue[i]->status,
-			       ospec->path, spec->path);
+			printf("%c ", q->queue[i]->status);
+			print_path(ospec->path);
+			putchar(' ');
+			print_path(spec->path);
+			putchar('\n');
 
 			if (!hashcmp(ospec->sha1, spec->sha1) &&
 			    ospec->mode == spec->mode)
@@ -216,13 +232,15 @@ static void show_filemodify(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 			 * output the SHA-1 verbatim.
 			 */
 			if (no_data || S_ISGITLINK(spec->mode))
-				printf("M %06o %s %s\n", spec->mode,
-				       sha1_to_hex(spec->sha1), spec->path);
+				printf("M %06o %s ", spec->mode,
+				       sha1_to_hex(spec->sha1));
 			else {
 				struct object *object = lookup_object(spec->sha1);
-				printf("M %06o :%d %s\n", spec->mode,
-				       get_object_mark(object), spec->path);
+				printf("M %06o :%d ", spec->mode,
+				       get_object_mark(object));
 			}
+			print_path(spec->path);
+			putchar('\n');
 			break;
 
 		default:
@@ -627,6 +645,8 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			     "Fake a tagger when tags lack one"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "full-tree", &full_tree,
 			     "Output full tree for each commit"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "use-done-feature", &use_done_feature,
+			     "Use the done feature to terminate the stream"),
 		{ OPTION_NEGBIT, 0, "data", &no_data, NULL,
 			"Skip output of blob data",
 			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NEGHELP, NULL, 1 },
@@ -648,6 +668,9 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (argc > 1)
 		usage_with_options (fast_export_usage, options);
 
+	if (use_done_feature)
+		printf("feature done\n");
+
 	if (import_filename)
 		import_marks(import_filename);
 
@@ -675,5 +698,8 @@ int cmd_fast_export(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (export_filename)
 		export_marks(export_filename);
 
+	if (use_done_feature)
+		printf("done\n");
+
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/fetch-pack.c b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
index 4367984102..3c871c2da8 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
@@ -395,6 +395,8 @@ static int find_common(int fd[2], unsigned char *result_sha1,
 				case ACK_continue: {
 					struct commit *commit =
 						lookup_commit(result_sha1);
+					if (!commit)
+						die("invalid commit %s", sha1_to_hex(result_sha1));
 					if (args.stateless_rpc
 					 && ack == ACK_common
 					 && !(commit->object.flags & COMMON)) {
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index cccf8da6d2..1851797540 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -827,17 +827,19 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "heading", &opt.heading,
 			"show filename only once above matches from same file"),
 		OPT_GROUP(""),
-		OPT_CALLBACK('C', NULL, &opt, "n",
+		OPT_CALLBACK('C', "context", &opt, "n",
 			"show <n> context lines before and after matches",
 			context_callback),
-		OPT_INTEGER('B', NULL, &opt.pre_context,
+		OPT_INTEGER('B', "before-context", &opt.pre_context,
 			"show <n> context lines before matches"),
-		OPT_INTEGER('A', NULL, &opt.post_context,
+		OPT_INTEGER('A', "after-context", &opt.post_context,
 			"show <n> context lines after matches"),
 		OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&opt, "shortcut for -C NUM",
 			context_callback),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('p', "show-function", &opt.funcname,
 			"show a line with the function name before matches"),
+		OPT_BOOLEAN('W', "function-context", &opt.funcbody,
+			"show the surrounding function"),
 		OPT_GROUP(""),
 		OPT_CALLBACK('f', NULL, &opt, "file",
 			"read patterns from file", file_callback),
@@ -980,7 +982,8 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		use_threads = 0;
 
 	if (use_threads) {
-		if (opt.pre_context || opt.post_context || opt.file_break)
+		if (opt.pre_context || opt.post_context || opt.file_break ||
+		    opt.funcbody)
 			skip_first_line = 1;
 		start_threads(&opt);
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index 15701233e2..e8a800d3ac 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -276,41 +276,6 @@ static void prune_cache(const char *prefix)
 	active_nr = last;
 }
 
-static const char *pathspec_prefix(const char *prefix)
-{
-	const char **p, *n, *prev;
-	unsigned long max;
-
-	if (!pathspec) {
-		max_prefix_len = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
-		return prefix;
-	}
-
-	prev = NULL;
-	max = PATH_MAX;
-	for (p = pathspec; (n = *p) != NULL; p++) {
-		int i, len = 0;
-		for (i = 0; i < max; i++) {
-			char c = n[i];
-			if (prev && prev[i] != c)
-				break;
-			if (!c || c == '*' || c == '?')
-				break;
-			if (c == '/')
-				len = i+1;
-		}
-		prev = n;
-		if (len < max) {
-			max = len;
-			if (!max)
-				break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	max_prefix_len = max;
-	return max ? xmemdupz(prev, max) : NULL;
-}
-
 static void strip_trailing_slash_from_submodules(void)
 {
 	const char **p;
@@ -388,11 +353,13 @@ void overlay_tree_on_cache(const char *tree_name, const char *prefix)
 	}
 }
 
-int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, int prefix_len)
+int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, const char *prefix)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Make sure all pathspec matched; otherwise it is an error.
 	 */
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *name;
 	int num, errors = 0;
 	for (num = 0; pathspec[num]; num++) {
 		int other, found_dup;
@@ -417,10 +384,12 @@ int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, int prefix_
 		if (found_dup)
 			continue;
 
+		name = quote_path_relative(pathspec[num], -1, &sb, prefix);
 		error("pathspec '%s' did not match any file(s) known to git.",
-		      pathspec[num] + prefix_len);
+		      name);
 		errors++;
 	}
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
 	return errors;
 }
 
@@ -576,7 +545,8 @@ int cmd_ls_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 		strip_trailing_slash_from_submodules();
 
 	/* Find common prefix for all pathspec's */
-	max_prefix = pathspec_prefix(prefix);
+	max_prefix = pathspec_prefix(prefix, pathspec);
+	max_prefix_len = max_prefix ? strlen(max_prefix) : 0;
 
 	/* Treat unmatching pathspec elements as errors */
 	if (pathspec && error_unmatch) {
@@ -611,7 +581,7 @@ int cmd_ls_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 
 	if (ps_matched) {
 		int bad;
-		bad = report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec, prefix_len);
+		bad = report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec, prefix);
 		if (bad)
 			fprintf(stderr, "Did you forget to 'git add'?\n");
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-tree.c b/builtin/ls-tree.c
index f08c5b0c94..6b666e1e87 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-tree.c
@@ -173,7 +173,5 @@ int cmd_ls_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	tree = parse_tree_indirect(sha1);
 	if (!tree)
 		die("not a tree object");
-	read_tree_recursive(tree, "", 0, 0, &pathspec, show_tree, NULL);
-
-	return 0;
+	return !!read_tree_recursive(tree, "", 0, 0, &pathspec, show_tree, NULL);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index 325891edb6..f32c5c6432 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ static int finish_automerge(struct commit_list *common,
 	strbuf_addch(&merge_msg, '\n');
 	run_prepare_commit_msg();
 	commit_tree(merge_msg.buf, result_tree, parents, result_commit, NULL);
-	strbuf_addf(&buf, "Merge made by %s.", wt_strategy);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "Merge made by the '%s' strategy.", wt_strategy);
 	finish(result_commit, buf.buf);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	drop_save();
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 84e6dafb12..a9c67c18ba 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ struct object_entry {
 				       * objects against.
 				       */
 	unsigned char no_try_delta;
+	unsigned char tagged; /* near the very tip of refs */
+	unsigned char filled; /* assigned write-order */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ static unsigned long window_memory_limit = 0;
  */
 static int *object_ix;
 static int object_ix_hashsz;
+static struct object_entry *locate_object_entry(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 /*
  * stats
@@ -200,6 +203,7 @@ static void copy_pack_data(struct sha1file *f,
 	}
 }
 
+/* Return 0 if we will bust the pack-size limit */
 static unsigned long write_object(struct sha1file *f,
 				  struct object_entry *entry,
 				  off_t write_offset)
@@ -434,6 +438,134 @@ static int write_one(struct sha1file *f,
 	return 1;
 }
 
+static int mark_tagged(const char *path, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag,
+		       void *cb_data)
+{
+	unsigned char peeled[20];
+	struct object_entry *entry = locate_object_entry(sha1);
+
+	if (entry)
+		entry->tagged = 1;
+	if (!peel_ref(path, peeled)) {
+		entry = locate_object_entry(peeled);
+		if (entry)
+			entry->tagged = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void add_to_write_order(struct object_entry **wo,
+			       int *endp,
+			       struct object_entry *e)
+{
+	if (e->filled)
+		return;
+	wo[(*endp)++] = e;
+	e->filled = 1;
+}
+
+static void add_descendants_to_write_order(struct object_entry **wo,
+					   int *endp,
+					   struct object_entry *e)
+{
+	struct object_entry *child;
+
+	for (child = e->delta_child; child; child = child->delta_sibling)
+		add_to_write_order(wo, endp, child);
+	for (child = e->delta_child; child; child = child->delta_sibling)
+		add_descendants_to_write_order(wo, endp, child);
+}
+
+static void add_family_to_write_order(struct object_entry **wo,
+				      int *endp,
+				      struct object_entry *e)
+{
+	struct object_entry *root;
+
+	for (root = e; root->delta; root = root->delta)
+		; /* nothing */
+	add_to_write_order(wo, endp, root);
+	add_descendants_to_write_order(wo, endp, root);
+}
+
+static struct object_entry **compute_write_order(void)
+{
+	int i, wo_end;
+
+	struct object_entry **wo = xmalloc(nr_objects * sizeof(*wo));
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+		objects[i].tagged = 0;
+		objects[i].filled = 0;
+		objects[i].delta_child = NULL;
+		objects[i].delta_sibling = NULL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Fully connect delta_child/delta_sibling network.
+	 * Make sure delta_sibling is sorted in the original
+	 * recency order.
+	 */
+	for (i = nr_objects - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
+		struct object_entry *e = &objects[i];
+		if (!e->delta)
+			continue;
+		/* Mark me as the first child */
+		e->delta_sibling = e->delta->delta_child;
+		e->delta->delta_child = e;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Mark objects that are at the tip of tags.
+	 */
+	for_each_tag_ref(mark_tagged, NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * Give the commits in the original recency order until
+	 * we see a tagged tip.
+	 */
+	for (i = wo_end = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+		if (objects[i].tagged)
+			break;
+		add_to_write_order(wo, &wo_end, &objects[i]);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Then fill all the tagged tips.
+	 */
+	for (; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+		if (objects[i].tagged)
+			add_to_write_order(wo, &wo_end, &objects[i]);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * And then all remaining commits and tags.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+		if (objects[i].type != OBJ_COMMIT &&
+		    objects[i].type != OBJ_TAG)
+			continue;
+		add_to_write_order(wo, &wo_end, &objects[i]);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * And then all the trees.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+		if (objects[i].type != OBJ_TREE)
+			continue;
+		add_to_write_order(wo, &wo_end, &objects[i]);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Finally all the rest in really tight order
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++)
+		add_family_to_write_order(wo, &wo_end, &objects[i]);
+
+	return wo;
+}
+
 static void write_pack_file(void)
 {
 	uint32_t i = 0, j;
@@ -442,10 +574,12 @@ static void write_pack_file(void)
 	struct pack_header hdr;
 	uint32_t nr_remaining = nr_result;
 	time_t last_mtime = 0;
+	struct object_entry **write_order;
 
 	if (progress > pack_to_stdout)
 		progress_state = start_progress("Writing objects", nr_result);
 	written_list = xmalloc(nr_objects * sizeof(*written_list));
+	write_order = compute_write_order();
 
 	do {
 		unsigned char sha1[20];
@@ -469,7 +603,8 @@ static void write_pack_file(void)
 		offset = sizeof(hdr);
 		nr_written = 0;
 		for (; i < nr_objects; i++) {
-			if (!write_one(f, objects + i, &offset))
+			struct object_entry *e = write_order[i];
+			if (!write_one(f, e, &offset))
 				break;
 			display_progress(progress_state, written);
 		}
@@ -546,6 +681,7 @@ static void write_pack_file(void)
 	} while (nr_remaining && i < nr_objects);
 
 	free(written_list);
+	free(write_order);
 	stop_progress(&progress_state);
 	if (written != nr_result)
 		die("wrote %"PRIu32" objects while expecting %"PRIu32,
@@ -634,7 +770,7 @@ static int no_try_delta(const char *path)
 	struct git_attr_check check[1];
 
 	setup_delta_attr_check(check);
-	if (git_checkattr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check))
+	if (git_check_attr(path, ARRAY_SIZE(check), check))
 		return 0;
 	if (ATTR_FALSE(check->value))
 		return 1;
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index e1a687ad07..60260d0aa9 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -120,9 +120,25 @@ static int show_ref(const char *path, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, void
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int show_ref_cb(const char *path, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, void *cb_data)
+{
+	path = strip_namespace(path);
+	/*
+	 * Advertise refs outside our current namespace as ".have"
+	 * refs, so that the client can use them to minimize data
+	 * transfer but will otherwise ignore them. This happens to
+	 * cover ".have" that are thrown in by add_one_alternate_ref()
+	 * to mark histories that are complete in our alternates as
+	 * well.
+	 */
+	if (!path)
+		path = ".have";
+	return show_ref(path, sha1, flag, cb_data);
+}
+
 static void write_head_info(void)
 {
-	for_each_ref(show_ref, NULL);
+	for_each_ref(show_ref_cb, NULL);
 	if (!sent_capabilities)
 		show_ref("capabilities^{}", null_sha1, 0, NULL);
 
@@ -333,6 +349,8 @@ static void refuse_unconfigured_deny_delete_current(void)
 static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
 {
 	const char *name = cmd->ref_name;
+	struct strbuf namespaced_name_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *namespaced_name;
 	unsigned char *old_sha1 = cmd->old_sha1;
 	unsigned char *new_sha1 = cmd->new_sha1;
 	struct ref_lock *lock;
@@ -343,7 +361,10 @@ static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
 		return "funny refname";
 	}
 
-	if (is_ref_checked_out(name)) {
+	strbuf_addf(&namespaced_name_buf, "%s%s", get_git_namespace(), name);
+	namespaced_name = strbuf_detach(&namespaced_name_buf, NULL);
+
+	if (is_ref_checked_out(namespaced_name)) {
 		switch (deny_current_branch) {
 		case DENY_IGNORE:
 			break;
@@ -371,7 +392,7 @@ static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
 			return "deletion prohibited";
 		}
 
-		if (!strcmp(name, head_name)) {
+		if (!strcmp(namespaced_name, head_name)) {
 			switch (deny_delete_current) {
 			case DENY_IGNORE:
 				break;
@@ -427,14 +448,14 @@ static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
 			rp_warning("Allowing deletion of corrupt ref.");
 			old_sha1 = NULL;
 		}
-		if (delete_ref(name, old_sha1, 0)) {
+		if (delete_ref(namespaced_name, old_sha1, 0)) {
 			rp_error("failed to delete %s", name);
 			return "failed to delete";
 		}
 		return NULL; /* good */
 	}
 	else {
-		lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(name, old_sha1, 0);
+		lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(namespaced_name, old_sha1, 0);
 		if (!lock) {
 			rp_error("failed to lock %s", name);
 			return "failed to lock";
@@ -491,17 +512,29 @@ static void run_update_post_hook(struct command *commands)
 
 static void check_aliased_update(struct command *cmd, struct string_list *list)
 {
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *dst_name;
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 	struct command *dst_cmd;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	char cmd_oldh[41], cmd_newh[41], dst_oldh[41], dst_newh[41];
 	int flag;
 
-	const char *dst_name = resolve_ref(cmd->ref_name, sha1, 0, &flag);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s%s", get_git_namespace(), cmd->ref_name);
+	dst_name = resolve_ref(buf.buf, sha1, 0, &flag);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
 
 	if (!(flag & REF_ISSYMREF))
 		return;
 
+	dst_name = strip_namespace(dst_name);
+	if (!dst_name) {
+		rp_error("refusing update to broken symref '%s'", cmd->ref_name);
+		cmd->skip_update = 1;
+		cmd->error_string = "broken symref";
+		return;
+	}
+
 	if ((item = string_list_lookup(list, dst_name)) == NULL)
 		return;
 
@@ -636,7 +669,7 @@ static const char *parse_pack_header(struct pack_header *hdr)
 
 static const char *pack_lockfile;
 
-static const char *unpack(void)
+static const char *unpack(int quiet)
 {
 	struct pack_header hdr;
 	const char *hdr_err;
@@ -651,8 +684,10 @@ static const char *unpack(void)
 
 	if (ntohl(hdr.hdr_entries) < unpack_limit) {
 		int code, i = 0;
-		const char *unpacker[4];
+		const char *unpacker[5];
 		unpacker[i++] = "unpack-objects";
+		if (quiet)
+			unpacker[i++] = "-q";
 		if (receive_fsck_objects)
 			unpacker[i++] = "--strict";
 		unpacker[i++] = hdr_arg;
@@ -753,6 +788,7 @@ static void add_alternate_refs(void)
 
 int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
+	int quiet = 0;
 	int advertise_refs = 0;
 	int stateless_rpc = 0;
 	int i;
@@ -766,6 +802,11 @@ int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		const char *arg = *argv++;
 
 		if (*arg == '-') {
+			if (!strcmp(arg, "--quiet")) {
+				quiet = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--advertise-refs")) {
 				advertise_refs = 1;
 				continue;
@@ -814,7 +855,7 @@ int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		const char *unpack_status = NULL;
 
 		if (!delete_only(commands))
-			unpack_status = unpack();
+			unpack_status = unpack(quiet);
 		execute_commands(commands, unpack_status);
 		if (pack_lockfile)
 			unlink_or_warn(pack_lockfile);
diff --git a/builtin/reflog.c b/builtin/reflog.c
index ebf610e64a..3a9c80f3db 100644
--- a/builtin/reflog.c
+++ b/builtin/reflog.c
@@ -777,6 +777,5 @@ int cmd_reflog(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "delete"))
 		return cmd_reflog_delete(argc - 1, argv + 1, prefix);
 
-	/* Not a recognized reflog command..*/
-	usage(reflog_usage);
+	return cmd_log_reflog(argc, argv, prefix);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/remote.c b/builtin/remote.c
index 05b1f5b76d..f2a9c26dc3 100644
--- a/builtin/remote.c
+++ b/builtin/remote.c
@@ -1103,7 +1103,7 @@ static int show(int argc, const char **argv)
 			url = states.remote->url;
 			url_nr = states.remote->url_nr;
 		}
-		for (i=0; i < url_nr; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < url_nr; i++)
 			printf("  Push  URL: %s\n", url[i]);
 		if (!i)
 			printf("  Push  URL: %s\n", "(no URL)");
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index 98bca044c1..811e8e252c 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -33,25 +33,6 @@ static const char *reset_type_names[] = {
 	N_("mixed"), N_("soft"), N_("hard"), N_("merge"), N_("keep"), NULL
 };
 
-static char *args_to_str(const char **argv)
-{
-	char *buf = NULL;
-	unsigned long len, space = 0, nr = 0;
-
-	for (; *argv; argv++) {
-		len = strlen(*argv);
-		ALLOC_GROW(buf, nr + 1 + len, space);
-		if (nr)
-			buf[nr++] = ' ';
-		memcpy(buf + nr, *argv, len);
-		nr += len;
-	}
-	ALLOC_GROW(buf, nr + 1, space);
-	buf[nr] = '\0';
-
-	return buf;
-}
-
 static inline int is_merge(void)
 {
 	return !access(git_path("MERGE_HEAD"), F_OK);
@@ -162,7 +143,7 @@ static void update_index_from_diff(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 
 	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++) {
 		struct diff_filespec *one = q->queue[i]->one;
-		if (one->mode) {
+		if (one->mode && !is_null_sha1(one->sha1)) {
 			struct cache_entry *ce;
 			ce = make_cache_entry(one->mode, one->sha1, one->path,
 				0, 0);
@@ -215,14 +196,18 @@ static int read_from_tree(const char *prefix, const char **argv,
 	return update_index_refresh(index_fd, lock, refresh_flags);
 }
 
-static void prepend_reflog_action(const char *action, char *buf, size_t size)
+static void set_reflog_message(struct strbuf *sb, const char *action,
+			       const char *rev)
 {
-	const char *sep = ": ";
 	const char *rla = getenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION");
-	if (!rla)
-		rla = sep = "";
-	if (snprintf(buf, size, "%s%s%s", rla, sep, action) >= size)
-		warning(_("Reflog action message too long: %.*s..."), 50, buf);
+
+	strbuf_reset(sb);
+	if (rla)
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s: %s", rla, action);
+	else if (rev)
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "reset: moving to %s", rev);
+	else
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "reset: %s", action);
 }
 
 static void die_if_unmerged_cache(int reset_type)
@@ -241,7 +226,7 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	unsigned char sha1[20], *orig = NULL, sha1_orig[20],
 				*old_orig = NULL, sha1_old_orig[20];
 	struct commit *commit;
-	char *reflog_action, msg[1024];
+	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const struct option options[] = {
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "be quiet, only report errors"),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "mixed", &reset_type,
@@ -261,8 +246,6 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, git_reset_usage,
 						PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
-	reflog_action = args_to_str(argv);
-	setenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION", reflog_action, 0);
 
 	/*
 	 * Possible arguments are:
@@ -357,13 +340,13 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		old_orig = sha1_old_orig;
 	if (!get_sha1("HEAD", sha1_orig)) {
 		orig = sha1_orig;
-		prepend_reflog_action("updating ORIG_HEAD", msg, sizeof(msg));
-		update_ref(msg, "ORIG_HEAD", orig, old_orig, 0, MSG_ON_ERR);
+		set_reflog_message(&msg, "updating ORIG_HEAD", NULL);
+		update_ref(msg.buf, "ORIG_HEAD", orig, old_orig, 0, MSG_ON_ERR);
 	}
 	else if (old_orig)
 		delete_ref("ORIG_HEAD", old_orig, 0);
-	prepend_reflog_action("updating HEAD", msg, sizeof(msg));
-	update_ref_status = update_ref(msg, "HEAD", sha1, orig, 0, MSG_ON_ERR);
+	set_reflog_message(&msg, "updating HEAD", rev);
+	update_ref_status = update_ref(msg.buf, "HEAD", sha1, orig, 0, MSG_ON_ERR);
 
 	switch (reset_type) {
 	case HARD:
@@ -380,7 +363,7 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	remove_branch_state();
 
-	free(reflog_action);
+	strbuf_release(&msg);
 
 	return update_ref_status;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/revert.c b/builtin/revert.c
index 1f27c63343..3117776c2c 100644
--- a/builtin/revert.c
+++ b/builtin/revert.c
@@ -258,12 +258,7 @@ static void write_message(struct strbuf *msgbuf, const char *filename)
 
 static struct tree *empty_tree(void)
 {
-	struct tree *tree = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct tree));
-
-	tree->object.parsed = 1;
-	tree->object.type = OBJ_TREE;
-	pretend_sha1_file(NULL, 0, OBJ_TREE, tree->object.sha1);
-	return tree;
+	return lookup_tree((const unsigned char *)EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);
 }
 
 static NORETURN void die_dirty_index(const char *me)
diff --git a/builtin/send-pack.c b/builtin/send-pack.c
index c1f6ddd927..40a1675997 100644
--- a/builtin/send-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/send-pack.c
@@ -439,6 +439,10 @@ int cmd_send_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				args.force_update = 1;
 				continue;
 			}
+			if (!strcmp(arg, "--quiet")) {
+				args.quiet = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--verbose")) {
 				args.verbose = 1;
 				continue;
@@ -488,8 +492,13 @@ int cmd_send_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		fd[0] = 0;
 		fd[1] = 1;
 	} else {
-		conn = git_connect(fd, dest, receivepack,
+		struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+		strbuf_addstr(&sb, receivepack);
+		if (args.quiet)
+			strbuf_addstr(&sb, " --quiet");
+		conn = git_connect(fd, dest, sb.buf,
 			args.verbose ? CONNECT_VERBOSE : 0);
+		strbuf_release(&sb);
 	}
 
 	memset(&extra_have, 0, sizeof(extra_have));
diff --git a/builtin/update-ref.c b/builtin/update-ref.c
index 76ba1d5881..835c62ab15 100644
--- a/builtin/update-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/update-ref.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ static const char * const git_update_ref_usage[] = {
 
 int cmd_update_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	const char *refname, *oldval, *msg=NULL;
+	const char *refname, *oldval, *msg = NULL;
 	unsigned char sha1[20], oldsha1[20];
 	int delete = 0, no_deref = 0, flags = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 9e12d55470..83b1ec1396 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -394,6 +394,7 @@ static inline enum object_type object_type(unsigned int mode)
 }
 
 #define GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_DIR"
+#define GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_NAMESPACE"
 #define GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_WORK_TREE"
 #define DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT ".git"
 #define DB_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY"
@@ -434,6 +435,8 @@ extern char *get_object_directory(void);
 extern char *get_index_file(void);
 extern char *get_graft_file(void);
 extern int set_git_dir(const char *path);
+extern const char *get_git_namespace(void);
+extern const char *strip_namespace(const char *namespaced_ref);
 extern const char *get_git_work_tree(void);
 extern const char *read_gitfile_gently(const char *path);
 extern void set_git_work_tree(const char *tree);
@@ -441,6 +444,7 @@ extern void set_git_work_tree(const char *tree);
 #define ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES"
 
 extern const char **get_pathspec(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec);
+extern const char *pathspec_prefix(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec);
 extern void setup_work_tree(void);
 extern const char *setup_git_directory_gently(int *);
 extern const char *setup_git_directory(void);
@@ -773,6 +777,9 @@ extern int parse_sha1_header(const char *hdr, unsigned long *sizep);
 /* global flag to enable extra checks when accessing packed objects */
 extern int do_check_packed_object_crc;
 
+/* for development: log offset of pack access */
+extern const char *log_pack_access;
+
 extern int check_sha1_signature(const unsigned char *sha1, void *buf, unsigned long size, const char *type);
 
 extern int move_temp_to_file(const char *tmpfile, const char *filename);
@@ -1188,7 +1195,7 @@ extern int ws_blank_line(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule);
 #define ws_tab_width(rule)     ((rule) & WS_TAB_WIDTH_MASK)
 
 /* ls-files */
-int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, int prefix_offset);
+int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, const char *prefix);
 void overlay_tree_on_cache(const char *tree_name, const char *prefix);
 
 char *alias_lookup(const char *alias);
diff --git a/combine-diff.c b/combine-diff.c
index be67cfcd45..178313bc23 100644
--- a/combine-diff.c
+++ b/combine-diff.c
@@ -768,7 +768,8 @@ static void show_combined_header(struct combine_diff_path *elem,
 }
 
 static void show_patch_diff(struct combine_diff_path *elem, int num_parent,
-			    int dense, struct rev_info *rev)
+			    int dense, int working_tree_file,
+			    struct rev_info *rev)
 {
 	struct diff_options *opt = &rev->diffopt;
 	unsigned long result_size, cnt, lno;
@@ -777,7 +778,6 @@ static void show_patch_diff(struct combine_diff_path *elem, int num_parent,
 	struct sline *sline; /* survived lines */
 	int mode_differs = 0;
 	int i, show_hunks;
-	int working_tree_file = is_null_sha1(elem->sha1);
 	mmfile_t result_file;
 	struct userdiff_driver *userdiff;
 	struct userdiff_driver *textconv = NULL;
@@ -1028,6 +1028,12 @@ static void show_raw_diff(struct combine_diff_path *p, int num_parent, struct re
 	write_name_quoted(p->path, stdout, line_termination);
 }
 
+/*
+ * The result (p->elem) is from the working tree and their
+ * parents are typically from multiple stages during a merge
+ * (i.e. diff-files) or the state in HEAD and in the index
+ * (i.e. diff-index).
+ */
 void show_combined_diff(struct combine_diff_path *p,
 		       int num_parent,
 		       int dense,
@@ -1041,7 +1047,73 @@ void show_combined_diff(struct combine_diff_path *p,
 				  DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_STATUS))
 		show_raw_diff(p, num_parent, rev);
 	else if (opt->output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH)
-		show_patch_diff(p, num_parent, dense, rev);
+		show_patch_diff(p, num_parent, dense, 1, rev);
+}
+
+static void free_combined_pair(struct diff_filepair *pair)
+{
+	free(pair->two);
+	free(pair);
+}
+
+/*
+ * A combine_diff_path expresses N parents on the LHS against 1 merge
+ * result. Synthesize a diff_filepair that has N entries on the "one"
+ * side and 1 entry on the "two" side.
+ *
+ * In the future, we might want to add more data to combine_diff_path
+ * so that we can fill fields we are ignoring (most notably, size) here,
+ * but currently nobody uses it, so this should suffice for now.
+ */
+static struct diff_filepair *combined_pair(struct combine_diff_path *p,
+					   int num_parent)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct diff_filepair *pair;
+	struct diff_filespec *pool;
+
+	pair = xmalloc(sizeof(*pair));
+	pool = xcalloc(num_parent + 1, sizeof(struct diff_filespec));
+	pair->one = pool + 1;
+	pair->two = pool;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_parent; i++) {
+		pair->one[i].path = p->path;
+		pair->one[i].mode = p->parent[i].mode;
+		hashcpy(pair->one[i].sha1, p->parent[i].sha1);
+		pair->one[i].sha1_valid = !is_null_sha1(p->parent[i].sha1);
+		pair->one[i].has_more_entries = 1;
+	}
+	pair->one[num_parent - 1].has_more_entries = 0;
+
+	pair->two->path = p->path;
+	pair->two->mode = p->mode;
+	hashcpy(pair->two->sha1, p->sha1);
+	pair->two->sha1_valid = !is_null_sha1(p->sha1);
+	return pair;
+}
+
+static void handle_combined_callback(struct diff_options *opt,
+				     struct combine_diff_path *paths,
+				     int num_parent,
+				     int num_paths)
+{
+	struct combine_diff_path *p;
+	struct diff_queue_struct q;
+	int i;
+
+	q.queue = xcalloc(num_paths, sizeof(struct diff_filepair *));
+	q.alloc = num_paths;
+	q.nr = num_paths;
+	for (i = 0, p = paths; p; p = p->next) {
+		if (!p->len)
+			continue;
+		q.queue[i++] = combined_pair(p, num_parent);
+	}
+	opt->format_callback(&q, opt, opt->format_callback_data);
+	for (i = 0; i < num_paths; i++)
+		free_combined_pair(q.queue[i]);
+	free(q.queue);
 }
 
 void diff_tree_combined(const unsigned char *sha1,
@@ -1103,13 +1175,16 @@ void diff_tree_combined(const unsigned char *sha1,
 		else if (opt->output_format &
 			 (DIFF_FORMAT_NUMSTAT|DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT))
 			needsep = 1;
+		else if (opt->output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_CALLBACK)
+			handle_combined_callback(opt, paths, num_parent, num_paths);
+
 		if (opt->output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH) {
 			if (needsep)
 				putchar(opt->line_termination);
 			for (p = paths; p; p = p->next) {
 				if (p->len)
 					show_patch_diff(p, num_parent, dense,
-							rev);
+							0, rev);
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index ac337c7d7d..913dbabd1c 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ void sort_in_topological_order(struct commit_list ** list, int lifo)
 
 		commit = work_item->item;
 		for (parents = commit->parents; parents ; parents = parents->next) {
-			struct commit *parent=parents->item;
+			struct commit *parent = parents->item;
 
 			if (!parent->indegree)
 				continue;
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index e42c59b190..4183f80262 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -576,6 +576,9 @@ static int git_default_core_config(const char *var, const char *value)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!strcmp(var, "core.logpackaccess"))
+		return git_config_string(&log_pack_access, var, value);
+
 	if (!strcmp(var, "core.autocrlf")) {
 		if (value && !strcasecmp(value, "input")) {
 			if (core_eol == EOL_CRLF)
diff --git a/connect.c b/connect.c
index 844107e295..ee1d4b4b46 100644
--- a/connect.c
+++ b/connect.c
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ static int git_tcp_connect_sock(char *host, int flags)
 	if (flags & CONNECT_VERBOSE)
 		fprintf(stderr, "done.\nConnecting to %s (port %s) ... ", host, port);
 
-	for (ai0 = ai; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
+	for (ai0 = ai; ai; ai = ai->ai_next, cnt++) {
 		sockfd = socket(ai->ai_family,
 				ai->ai_socktype, ai->ai_protocol);
 		if ((sockfd < 0) ||
@@ -254,7 +254,8 @@ static int git_tcp_connect_sock(char *host, int flags)
  */
 static int git_tcp_connect_sock(char *host, int flags)
 {
-	int sockfd = -1, saved_errno = 0;
+	struct strbuf error_message = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int sockfd = -1;
 	const char *port = STR(DEFAULT_GIT_PORT);
 	char *ep;
 	struct hostent *he;
@@ -284,25 +285,21 @@ static int git_tcp_connect_sock(char *host, int flags)
 		fprintf(stderr, "done.\nConnecting to %s (port %s) ... ", host, port);
 
 	for (cnt = 0, ap = he->h_addr_list; *ap; ap++, cnt++) {
-		sockfd = socket(he->h_addrtype, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-		if (sockfd < 0) {
-			saved_errno = errno;
-			continue;
-		}
-
 		memset(&sa, 0, sizeof sa);
 		sa.sin_family = he->h_addrtype;
 		sa.sin_port = htons(nport);
 		memcpy(&sa.sin_addr, *ap, he->h_length);
 
-		if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof sa) < 0) {
-			saved_errno = errno;
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s[%d: %s]: errno=%s\n",
+		sockfd = socket(he->h_addrtype, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+		if ((sockfd < 0) ||
+		    connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof sa) < 0) {
+			strbuf_addf(&error_message, "%s[%d: %s]: errno=%s\n",
 				host,
 				cnt,
 				inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&sa.sin_addr),
-				strerror(saved_errno));
-			close(sockfd);
+				strerror(errno));
+			if (0 <= sockfd)
+				close(sockfd);
 			sockfd = -1;
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -313,7 +310,7 @@ static int git_tcp_connect_sock(char *host, int flags)
 	}
 
 	if (sockfd < 0)
-		die("unable to connect a socket (%s)", strerror(saved_errno));
+		die("unable to connect to %s:\n%s", host, error_message.buf);
 
 	if (flags & CONNECT_VERBOSE)
 		fprintf(stderr, "done.\n");
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 5a8309076d..8648a36e7b 100755
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -1469,7 +1469,7 @@ _git_help ()
 	__gitcomp "$__git_all_commands $(__git_aliases)
 		attributes cli core-tutorial cvs-migration
 		diffcore gitk glossary hooks ignore modules
-		repository-layout tutorial tutorial-2
+		namespaces repository-layout tutorial tutorial-2
 		workflows
 		"
 }
@@ -2640,6 +2640,7 @@ _git ()
 			--exec-path
 			--html-path
 			--work-tree=
+			--namespace=
 			--help
 			"
 			;;
diff --git a/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email b/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
index 21989fc6ab..fa6d41a1ab 100755
--- a/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
+++ b/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@
 #   email body. If not specified, there is no limit.
 #   Lines beyond the limit are suppressed and counted, and a final
 #   line is added indicating the number of suppressed lines.
+# hooks.diffopts
+#   Alternate options for the git diff-tree invocation that shows changes.
+#   Default is "--stat --summary --find-copies-harder". Add -p to those
+#   options to include a unified diff of changes in addition to the usual
+#   summary output.
 #
 # Notes
 # -----
@@ -446,7 +451,7 @@ generate_update_branch_email()
 	# non-fast-forward updates.
 	echo ""
 	echo "Summary of changes:"
-	git diff-tree --stat --summary --find-copies-harder $oldrev..$newrev
+	git diff-tree $diffopts $oldrev..$newrev
 }
 
 #
@@ -723,6 +728,8 @@ envelopesender=$(git config hooks.envelopesender)
 emailprefix=$(git config hooks.emailprefix || echo '[SCM] ')
 custom_showrev=$(git config hooks.showrev)
 maxlines=$(git config hooks.emailmaxlines)
+diffopts=$(git config hooks.diffopts)
+: ${diffopts:="--stat --summary --find-copies-harder"}
 
 # --- Main loop
 # Allow dual mode: run from the command line just like the update hook, or
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 85939c29be..416bf83c75 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ static void convert_attrs(struct conv_attrs *ca, const char *path)
 		git_config(read_convert_config, NULL);
 	}
 
-	if (!git_checkattr(path, NUM_CONV_ATTRS, ccheck)) {
+	if (!git_check_attr(path, NUM_CONV_ATTRS, ccheck)) {
 		ca->crlf_action = git_path_check_crlf(path, ccheck + 4);
 		if (ca->crlf_action == CRLF_GUESS)
 			ca->crlf_action = git_path_check_crlf(path, ccheck + 0);
diff --git a/diff-lib.c b/diff-lib.c
index 2e09500c82..f8454dd291 100644
--- a/diff-lib.c
+++ b/diff-lib.c
@@ -379,7 +379,8 @@ static void do_oneway_diff(struct unpack_trees_options *o,
 	if (cached && idx && ce_stage(idx)) {
 		struct diff_filepair *pair;
 		pair = diff_unmerge(&revs->diffopt, idx->name);
-		fill_filespec(pair->one, idx->sha1, idx->ce_mode);
+		if (tree)
+			fill_filespec(pair->one, tree->sha1, tree->ce_mode);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -444,20 +445,19 @@ static int oneway_diff(struct cache_entry **src, struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int run_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs, int cached)
+static int diff_cache(struct rev_info *revs,
+		      const unsigned char *tree_sha1,
+		      const char *tree_name,
+		      int cached)
 {
-	struct object *ent;
 	struct tree *tree;
-	const char *tree_name;
-	struct unpack_trees_options opts;
 	struct tree_desc t;
+	struct unpack_trees_options opts;
 
-	ent = revs->pending.objects[0].item;
-	tree_name = revs->pending.objects[0].name;
-	tree = parse_tree_indirect(ent->sha1);
+	tree = parse_tree_indirect(tree_sha1);
 	if (!tree)
-		return error("bad tree object %s", tree_name);
-
+		return error("bad tree object %s",
+			     tree_name ? tree_name : sha1_to_hex(tree_sha1));
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.head_idx = 1;
 	opts.index_only = cached;
@@ -470,7 +470,15 @@ int run_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs, int cached)
 	opts.dst_index = NULL;
 
 	init_tree_desc(&t, tree->buffer, tree->size);
-	if (unpack_trees(1, &t, &opts))
+	return unpack_trees(1, &t, &opts);
+}
+
+int run_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs, int cached)
+{
+	struct object_array_entry *ent;
+
+	ent = revs->pending.objects;
+	if (diff_cache(revs, ent->item->sha1, ent->name, cached))
 		exit(128);
 
 	diff_set_mnemonic_prefix(&revs->diffopt, "c/", cached ? "i/" : "w/");
@@ -482,53 +490,13 @@ int run_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs, int cached)
 
 int do_diff_cache(const unsigned char *tree_sha1, struct diff_options *opt)
 {
-	struct tree *tree;
 	struct rev_info revs;
-	int i;
-	struct cache_entry **dst;
-	struct cache_entry *last = NULL;
-	struct unpack_trees_options opts;
-	struct tree_desc t;
-
-	/*
-	 * This is used by git-blame to run diff-cache internally;
-	 * it potentially needs to repeatedly run this, so we will
-	 * start by removing the higher order entries the last round
-	 * left behind.
-	 */
-	dst = active_cache;
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
-		if (ce_stage(ce)) {
-			if (last && !strcmp(ce->name, last->name))
-				continue;
-			cache_tree_invalidate_path(active_cache_tree,
-						   ce->name);
-			last = ce;
-			ce->ce_flags |= CE_REMOVE;
-		}
-		*dst++ = ce;
-	}
-	active_nr = dst - active_cache;
 
 	init_revisions(&revs, NULL);
 	init_pathspec(&revs.prune_data, opt->pathspec.raw);
-	tree = parse_tree_indirect(tree_sha1);
-	if (!tree)
-		die("bad tree object %s", sha1_to_hex(tree_sha1));
+	revs.diffopt = *opt;
 
-	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
-	opts.head_idx = 1;
-	opts.index_only = 1;
-	opts.diff_index_cached = !DIFF_OPT_TST(opt, FIND_COPIES_HARDER);
-	opts.merge = 1;
-	opts.fn = oneway_diff;
-	opts.unpack_data = &revs;
-	opts.src_index = &the_index;
-	opts.dst_index = &the_index;
-
-	init_tree_desc(&t, tree->buffer, tree->size);
-	if (unpack_trees(1, &t, &opts))
+	if (diff_cache(&revs, tree_sha1, NULL, 1))
 		exit(128);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 93ef9a265c..d3d8daec77 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -3393,6 +3393,8 @@ int diff_opt_parse(struct diff_options *options, const char **av, int ac)
 		DIFF_XDL_SET(options, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL);
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--patience"))
 		DIFF_XDL_SET(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--histogram"))
+		DIFF_XDL_SET(options, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
 
 	/* flags options */
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--binary")) {
diff --git a/diffcore.h b/diffcore.h
index b8f1fdecf4..8f32b824cd 100644
--- a/diffcore.h
+++ b/diffcore.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct diff_filespec {
 	unsigned dirty_submodule : 2;  /* For submodules: its work tree is dirty */
 #define DIRTY_SUBMODULE_UNTRACKED 1
 #define DIRTY_SUBMODULE_MODIFIED  2
-
+	unsigned has_more_entries : 1; /* only appear in combined diff */
 	struct userdiff_driver *driver;
 	/* data should be considered "binary"; -1 means "don't know yet" */
 	int is_binary;
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index 94d58fd244..03d29e8d48 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * are.
  */
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "refs.h"
 
 char git_default_email[MAX_GITNAME];
 char git_default_name[MAX_GITNAME];
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ size_t packed_git_window_size = DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE;
 size_t packed_git_limit = DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_LIMIT;
 size_t delta_base_cache_limit = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 unsigned long big_file_threshold = 512 * 1024 * 1024;
+const char *log_pack_access;
 const char *pager_program;
 int pager_use_color = 1;
 const char *editor_program;
@@ -65,6 +67,9 @@ int core_preload_index = 0;
 char *git_work_tree_cfg;
 static char *work_tree;
 
+static const char *namespace;
+static size_t namespace_len;
+
 static const char *git_dir;
 static char *git_object_dir, *git_index_file, *git_graft_file;
 
@@ -86,6 +91,27 @@ const char * const local_repo_env[LOCAL_REPO_ENV_SIZE + 1] = {
 	NULL
 };
 
+static char *expand_namespace(const char *raw_namespace)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf **components, **c;
+
+	if (!raw_namespace || !*raw_namespace)
+		return xstrdup("");
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, raw_namespace);
+	components = strbuf_split(&buf, '/');
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+	for (c = components; *c; c++)
+		if (strcmp((*c)->buf, "/") != 0)
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "refs/namespaces/%s", (*c)->buf);
+	strbuf_list_free(components);
+	if (check_ref_format(buf.buf) != CHECK_REF_FORMAT_OK)
+		die("bad git namespace path \"%s\"", raw_namespace);
+	strbuf_addch(&buf, '/');
+	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
+}
+
 static void setup_git_env(void)
 {
 	git_dir = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
@@ -111,6 +137,8 @@ static void setup_git_env(void)
 		git_graft_file = git_pathdup("info/grafts");
 	if (getenv(NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS_ENVIRONMENT))
 		read_replace_refs = 0;
+	namespace = expand_namespace(getenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT));
+	namespace_len = strlen(namespace);
 }
 
 int is_bare_repository(void)
@@ -131,6 +159,20 @@ const char *get_git_dir(void)
 	return git_dir;
 }
 
+const char *get_git_namespace(void)
+{
+	if (!namespace)
+		setup_git_env();
+	return namespace;
+}
+
+const char *strip_namespace(const char *namespaced_ref)
+{
+	if (prefixcmp(namespaced_ref, get_git_namespace()) != 0)
+		return NULL;
+	return namespaced_ref + namespace_len;
+}
+
 static int git_work_tree_initialized;
 
 /*
diff --git a/fast-import.c b/fast-import.c
index 9e8d1868aa..7cc22625e5 100644
--- a/fast-import.c
+++ b/fast-import.c
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ static unsigned int cmd_save = 100;
 static uintmax_t next_mark;
 static struct strbuf new_data = STRBUF_INIT;
 static int seen_data_command;
+static int require_explicit_termination;
 
 /* Signal handling */
 static volatile sig_atomic_t checkpoint_requested;
@@ -3140,6 +3141,8 @@ static int parse_one_feature(const char *feature, int from_stream)
 		relative_marks_paths = 1;
 	} else if (!strcmp(feature, "no-relative-marks")) {
 		relative_marks_paths = 0;
+	} else if (!strcmp(feature, "done")) {
+		require_explicit_termination = 1;
 	} else if (!strcmp(feature, "force")) {
 		force_update = 1;
 	} else if (!strcmp(feature, "notes") || !strcmp(feature, "ls")) {
@@ -3290,6 +3293,8 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 			parse_reset_branch();
 		else if (!strcmp("checkpoint", command_buf.buf))
 			parse_checkpoint();
+		else if (!strcmp("done", command_buf.buf))
+			break;
 		else if (!prefixcmp(command_buf.buf, "progress "))
 			parse_progress();
 		else if (!prefixcmp(command_buf.buf, "feature "))
@@ -3309,6 +3314,9 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 	if (!seen_data_command)
 		parse_argv();
 
+	if (require_explicit_termination && feof(stdin))
+		die("stream ends early");
+
 	end_packfile();
 
 	dump_branches();
diff --git a/generate-cmdlist.sh b/generate-cmdlist.sh
index 3ef4861d04..1093ef4ad6 100755
--- a/generate-cmdlist.sh
+++ b/generate-cmdlist.sh
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ do
      sed -n '
      /^NAME/,/git-'"$cmd"'/H
      ${
-            x
-            s/.*git-'"$cmd"' - \(.*\)/  {"'"$cmd"'", "\1"},/
+	    x
+	    s/.*git-'"$cmd"' - \(.*\)/  {"'"$cmd"'", "\1"},/
 	    p
      }' "Documentation/git-$cmd.txt"
 done
diff --git a/git-am.sh b/git-am.sh
index 463c741dfc..e78cb547b7 100755
--- a/git-am.sh
+++ b/git-am.sh
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ whitespace=     pass it through git-apply
 ignore-space-change pass it through git-apply
 ignore-whitespace pass it through git-apply
 directory=      pass it through git-apply
+exclude=        pass it through git-apply
 C=              pass it through git-apply
 p=              pass it through git-apply
 patch-format=   format the patch(es) are in
@@ -89,11 +90,8 @@ safe_to_abort () {
 	then
 		return 0
 	fi
-	(
-		gettext "You seem to have moved HEAD since the last 'am' failure.
-Not rewinding to ORIG_HEAD" &&
-		echo
-	) >&2
+		gettextln "You seem to have moved HEAD since the last 'am' failure.
+Not rewinding to ORIG_HEAD" >&2
 	return 1
 }
 
@@ -102,9 +100,9 @@ stop_here_user_resolve () {
 	    printf '%s\n' "$resolvemsg"
 	    stop_here $1
     fi
-    eval_gettext "When you have resolved this problem run \"\$cmdline --resolved\".
+    eval_gettextln "When you have resolved this problem run \"\$cmdline --resolved\".
 If you would prefer to skip this patch, instead run \"\$cmdline --skip\".
-To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."; echo
+To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."
 
     stop_here $1
 }
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ go_next () {
 
 cannot_fallback () {
 	echo "$1"
-	gettext "Cannot fall back to three-way merge."; echo
+	gettextln "Cannot fall back to three-way merge."
 	exit 1
 }
 
@@ -196,10 +194,15 @@ check_patch_format () {
 		return 0
 	fi
 
-	# otherwise, check the first few lines of the first patch to try
-	# to detect its format
+	# otherwise, check the first few non-blank lines of the first
+	# patch to try to detect its format
 	{
-		read l1
+		# Start from first line containing non-whitespace
+		l1=
+		while test -z "$l1"
+		do
+			read l1
+		done
 		read l2
 		read l3
 		case "$l1" in
@@ -366,7 +369,7 @@ do
 		;;
 	--resolvemsg)
 		shift; resolvemsg=$1 ;;
-	--whitespace|--directory)
+	--whitespace|--directory|--exclude)
 		git_apply_opt="$git_apply_opt $(sq "$1=$2")"; shift ;;
 	-C|-p)
 		git_apply_opt="$git_apply_opt $(sq "$1$2")"; shift ;;
@@ -511,6 +514,8 @@ else
 	fi
 fi
 
+git update-index -q --refresh
+
 case "$resolved" in
 '')
 	case "$HAS_HEAD" in
@@ -611,9 +616,9 @@ do
 			go_next && continue
 
 		test -s "$dotest/patch" || {
-			eval_gettext "Patch is empty.  Was it split wrong?
+			eval_gettextln "Patch is empty.  Was it split wrong?
 If you would prefer to skip this patch, instead run \"\$cmdline --skip\".
-To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."; echo
+To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."
 			stop_here $this
 		}
 		rm -f "$dotest/original-commit" "$dotest/author-script"
@@ -648,7 +653,7 @@ To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."; ec
 
 	if test -z "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL"
 	then
-		gettext "Patch does not have a valid e-mail address."; echo
+		gettextln "Patch does not have a valid e-mail address."
 		stop_here $this
 	fi
 
@@ -699,7 +704,7 @@ To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."; ec
 	    action=again
 	    while test "$action" = again
 	    do
-		gettext "Commit Body is:"; echo
+		gettextln "Commit Body is:"
 		echo "--------------------------"
 		cat "$dotest/final-commit"
 		echo "--------------------------"
@@ -763,16 +768,16 @@ To restore the original branch and stop patching run \"\$cmdline --abort\"."; ec
 		# working tree.
 		resolved=
 		git diff-index --quiet --cached HEAD -- && {
-			gettext "No changes - did you forget to use 'git add'?
+			gettextln "No changes - did you forget to use 'git add'?
 If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something else
-already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."; echo
+already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."
 			stop_here_user_resolve $this
 		}
 		unmerged=$(git ls-files -u)
 		if test -n "$unmerged"
 		then
-			gettext "You still have unmerged paths in your index
-did you forget to use 'git add'?"; echo
+			gettextln "You still have unmerged paths in your index
+did you forget to use 'git add'?"
 			stop_here_user_resolve $this
 		fi
 		apply_status=0
@@ -797,7 +802,7 @@ did you forget to use 'git add'?"; echo
 	fi
 	if test $apply_status != 0
 	then
-		eval_gettext 'Patch failed at $msgnum $FIRSTLINE'; echo
+		eval_gettextln 'Patch failed at $msgnum $FIRSTLINE'
 		stop_here_user_resolve $this
 	fi
 
diff --git a/git-bisect.sh b/git-bisect.sh
index b2186a8627..e0ca3fb853 100755
--- a/git-bisect.sh
+++ b/git-bisect.sh
@@ -2,38 +2,47 @@
 
 USAGE='[help|start|bad|good|skip|next|reset|visualize|replay|log|run]'
 LONG_USAGE='git bisect help
-        print this long help message.
-git bisect start [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<pathspec>...]
-        reset bisect state and start bisection.
+	print this long help message.
+git bisect start [--no-checkout] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] [<pathspec>...]
+	reset bisect state and start bisection.
 git bisect bad [<rev>]
-        mark <rev> a known-bad revision.
+	mark <rev> a known-bad revision.
 git bisect good [<rev>...]
-        mark <rev>... known-good revisions.
+	mark <rev>... known-good revisions.
 git bisect skip [(<rev>|<range>)...]
-        mark <rev>... untestable revisions.
+	mark <rev>... untestable revisions.
 git bisect next
-        find next bisection to test and check it out.
+	find next bisection to test and check it out.
 git bisect reset [<commit>]
-        finish bisection search and go back to commit.
+	finish bisection search and go back to commit.
 git bisect visualize
-        show bisect status in gitk.
+	show bisect status in gitk.
 git bisect replay <logfile>
-        replay bisection log.
+	replay bisection log.
 git bisect log
-        show bisect log.
+	show bisect log.
 git bisect run <cmd>...
-        use <cmd>... to automatically bisect.
+	use <cmd>... to automatically bisect.
 
 Please use "git help bisect" to get the full man page.'
 
 OPTIONS_SPEC=
 . git-sh-setup
 . git-sh-i18n
-require_work_tree
 
 _x40='[0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f]'
 _x40="$_x40$_x40$_x40$_x40$_x40$_x40$_x40$_x40"
 
+bisect_head()
+{
+	if test -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_HEAD"
+	then
+		echo BISECT_HEAD
+	else
+		echo HEAD
+	fi
+}
+
 bisect_autostart() {
 	test -s "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START" || {
 		(
@@ -45,7 +54,7 @@ bisect_autostart() {
 			# TRANSLATORS: Make sure to include [Y] and [n] in your
 			# translation. The program will only accept English input
 			# at this point.
-	    gettext "Do you want me to do it for you [Y/n]? " >&2
+			gettext "Do you want me to do it for you [Y/n]? " >&2
 			read yesno
 			case "$yesno" in
 			[Nn]*)
@@ -59,6 +68,50 @@ bisect_autostart() {
 }
 
 bisect_start() {
+	#
+	# Check for one bad and then some good revisions.
+	#
+	has_double_dash=0
+	for arg; do
+		case "$arg" in --) has_double_dash=1; break ;; esac
+	done
+	orig_args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@")
+	bad_seen=0
+	eval=''
+	if test "z$(git rev-parse --is-bare-repository)" != zfalse
+	then
+		mode=--no-checkout
+	else
+		mode=''
+	fi
+	while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+		arg="$1"
+		case "$arg" in
+		--)
+			shift
+			break
+		;;
+		--no-checkout)
+			mode=--no-checkout
+			shift ;;
+		--*)
+			die "$(eval_gettext "unrecognised option: '\$arg'")" ;;
+		*)
+			rev=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$arg^{commit}") || {
+				test $has_double_dash -eq 1 &&
+				die "$(eval_gettext "'\$arg' does not appear to be a valid revision")"
+				break
+			}
+			case $bad_seen in
+			0) state='bad' ; bad_seen=1 ;;
+			*) state='good' ;;
+			esac
+			eval="$eval bisect_write '$state' '$rev' 'nolog' &&"
+			shift
+			;;
+		esac
+	done
+
 	#
 	# Verify HEAD.
 	#
@@ -74,7 +127,10 @@ bisect_start() {
 	then
 		# Reset to the rev from where we started.
 		start_head=$(cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START")
-		git checkout "$start_head" -- || exit
+		if test "z$mode" != "z--no-checkout"
+		then
+			git checkout "$start_head" --
+		fi
 	else
 		# Get rev from where we start.
 		case "$head" in
@@ -97,39 +153,6 @@ bisect_start() {
 	#
 	bisect_clean_state || exit
 
-	#
-	# Check for one bad and then some good revisions.
-	#
-	has_double_dash=0
-	for arg; do
-	    case "$arg" in --) has_double_dash=1; break ;; esac
-	done
-	orig_args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@")
-	bad_seen=0
-	eval=''
-	while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
-	    arg="$1"
-	    case "$arg" in
-	    --)
-		shift
-		break
-		;;
-	    *)
-		rev=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$arg^{commit}") || {
-		    test $has_double_dash -eq 1 &&
-			die "$(eval_gettext "'\$arg' does not appear to be a valid revision")"
-		    break
-		}
-		case $bad_seen in
-		0) state='bad' ; bad_seen=1 ;;
-		*) state='good' ;;
-		esac
-		eval="$eval bisect_write '$state' '$rev' 'nolog'; "
-		shift
-		;;
-	    esac
-	done
-
 	#
 	# Change state.
 	# In case of mistaken revs or checkout error, or signals received,
@@ -143,9 +166,12 @@ bisect_start() {
 	#
 	# Write new start state.
 	#
-	echo "$start_head" >"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START" &&
+	echo "$start_head" >"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START" && {
+		test "z$mode" != "z--no-checkout" ||
+		git update-ref --no-deref BISECT_HEAD "$start_head"
+	} &&
 	git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@" >"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_NAMES" &&
-	eval "$eval" &&
+	eval "$eval true" &&
 	echo "git bisect start$orig_args" >>"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_LOG" || exit
 	#
 	# Check if we can proceed to the next bisect state.
@@ -176,7 +202,8 @@ is_expected_rev() {
 
 check_expected_revs() {
 	for _rev in "$@"; do
-		if ! is_expected_rev "$_rev"; then
+		if ! is_expected_rev "$_rev"
+		then
 			rm -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_ANCESTORS_OK"
 			rm -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_EXPECTED_REV"
 			return
@@ -185,18 +212,18 @@ check_expected_revs() {
 }
 
 bisect_skip() {
-        all=''
+	all=''
 	for arg in "$@"
 	do
-	    case "$arg" in
-            *..*)
-		revs=$(git rev-list "$arg") || die "$(eval_gettext "Bad rev input: \$arg")" ;;
-            *)
-                revs=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$arg") ;;
-	    esac
-            all="$all $revs"
-        done
-        eval bisect_state 'skip' $all
+		case "$arg" in
+		*..*)
+			revs=$(git rev-list "$arg") || die "$(eval_gettext "Bad rev input: \$arg")" ;;
+		*)
+			revs=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$arg") ;;
+		esac
+		all="$all $revs"
+	done
+	eval bisect_state 'skip' $all
 }
 
 bisect_state() {
@@ -206,8 +233,8 @@ bisect_state() {
 	0,*)
 		die "$(gettext "Please call 'bisect_state' with at least one argument.")" ;;
 	1,bad|1,good|1,skip)
-		rev=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) ||
-			die "$(gettext "Bad rev input: HEAD")"
+		rev=$(git rev-parse --verify $(bisect_head)) ||
+			die "$(gettext "Bad rev input: $(bisect_head)")"
 		bisect_write "$state" "$rev"
 		check_expected_revs "$rev" ;;
 	2,bad|*,good|*,skip)
@@ -291,10 +318,10 @@ bisect_next() {
 	bisect_next_check good
 
 	# Perform all bisection computation, display and checkout
-	git bisect--helper --next-all
+	git bisect--helper --next-all $(test -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_HEAD" && echo --no-checkout)
 	res=$?
 
-        # Check if we should exit because bisection is finished
+	# Check if we should exit because bisection is finished
 	test $res -eq 10 && exit 0
 
 	# Check for an error in the bisection process
@@ -309,7 +336,8 @@ bisect_visualize() {
 	if test $# = 0
 	then
 		if test -n "${DISPLAY+set}${SESSIONNAME+set}${MSYSTEM+set}${SECURITYSESSIONID+set}" &&
-		   type gitk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			type gitk >/dev/null 2>&1
+		then
 			set gitk
 		else
 			set git log
@@ -333,19 +361,20 @@ bisect_reset() {
 	case "$#" in
 	0) branch=$(cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START") ;;
 	1) git rev-parse --quiet --verify "$1^{commit}" > /dev/null || {
-	       invalid="$1"
-	       die "$(eval_gettext "'\$invalid' is not a valid commit")"
-	   }
-	   branch="$1" ;;
+			invalid="$1"
+			die "$(eval_gettext "'\$invalid' is not a valid commit")"
+		}
+		branch="$1" ;;
 	*)
-	    usage ;;
+		usage ;;
 	esac
-	if git checkout "$branch" -- ; then
-		bisect_clean_state
-	else
+
+	if ! test -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_HEAD" && ! git checkout "$branch" --
+	then
 		die "$(eval_gettext "Could not check out original HEAD '\$branch'.
 Try 'git bisect reset <commit>'.")"
 	fi
+	bisect_clean_state
 }
 
 bisect_clean_state() {
@@ -362,7 +391,8 @@ bisect_clean_state() {
 	rm -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" &&
 	# Cleanup head-name if it got left by an old version of git-bisect
 	rm -f "$GIT_DIR/head-name" &&
-
+	git update-ref -d --no-deref BISECT_HEAD &&
+	# clean up BISECT_START last
 	rm -f "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_START"
 }
 
@@ -374,7 +404,8 @@ bisect_replay () {
 	while read git bisect command rev
 	do
 		test "$git $bisect" = "git bisect" -o "$git" = "git-bisect" || continue
-		if test "$git" = "git-bisect"; then
+		if test "$git" = "git-bisect"
+		then
 			rev="$command"
 			command="$bisect"
 		fi
@@ -392,65 +423,71 @@ bisect_replay () {
 }
 
 bisect_run () {
-    bisect_next_check fail
-
-    while true
-    do
-      command="$@"
-      eval_gettext "running \$command"; echo
-      "$@"
-      res=$?
-
-      # Check for really bad run error.
-      if [ $res -lt 0 -o $res -ge 128 ]; then
-	  (
-	    eval_gettext "bisect run failed:
+	bisect_next_check fail
+
+	while true
+	do
+		command="$@"
+		eval_gettext "running \$command"; echo
+		"$@"
+		res=$?
+
+		# Check for really bad run error.
+		if [ $res -lt 0 -o $res -ge 128 ]
+		then
+			(
+				eval_gettext "bisect run failed:
 exit code \$res from '\$command' is < 0 or >= 128" &&
-	    echo
-	  ) >&2
-	  exit $res
-      fi
-
-      # Find current state depending on run success or failure.
-      # A special exit code of 125 means cannot test.
-      if [ $res -eq 125 ]; then
-	  state='skip'
-      elif [ $res -gt 0 ]; then
-	  state='bad'
-      else
-	  state='good'
-      fi
-
-      # We have to use a subshell because "bisect_state" can exit.
-      ( bisect_state $state > "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" )
-      res=$?
-
-      cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN"
-
-      if sane_grep "first bad commit could be any of" "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" \
-		> /dev/null; then
-	  (
-	      gettext "bisect run cannot continue any more" &&
-	      echo
-	  ) >&2
-	  exit $res
-      fi
-
-      if [ $res -ne 0 ]; then
-	  (
-	      eval_gettext "bisect run failed:
+				echo
+			) >&2
+			exit $res
+		fi
+
+		# Find current state depending on run success or failure.
+		# A special exit code of 125 means cannot test.
+		if [ $res -eq 125 ]
+		then
+			state='skip'
+		elif [ $res -gt 0 ]
+		then
+			state='bad'
+		else
+			state='good'
+		fi
+
+		# We have to use a subshell because "bisect_state" can exit.
+		( bisect_state $state > "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" )
+		res=$?
+
+		cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN"
+
+		if sane_grep "first bad commit could be any of" "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" \
+			> /dev/null
+		then
+			(
+				gettext "bisect run cannot continue any more" &&
+				echo
+			) >&2
+			exit $res
+		fi
+
+		if [ $res -ne 0 ]
+		then
+			(
+				eval_gettext "bisect run failed:
 'bisect_state \$state' exited with error code \$res" &&
-	      echo
-	  ) >&2
-	  exit $res
-      fi
+				echo
+			) >&2
+			exit $res
+		fi
 
-      if sane_grep "is the first bad commit" "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" > /dev/null; then
-	  gettext "bisect run success"; echo
-	  exit 0;
-      fi
+		if sane_grep "is the first bad commit" "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_RUN" > /dev/null
+		then
+			gettext "bisect run success"; echo
+			exit 0;
+		fi
 
-    done
+	done
 }
 
 bisect_log () {
@@ -460,33 +497,33 @@ bisect_log () {
 
 case "$#" in
 0)
-    usage ;;
+	usage ;;
 *)
-    cmd="$1"
-    shift
-    case "$cmd" in
-    help)
-        git bisect -h ;;
-    start)
-        bisect_start "$@" ;;
-    bad|good)
-        bisect_state "$cmd" "$@" ;;
-    skip)
-        bisect_skip "$@" ;;
-    next)
-        # Not sure we want "next" at the UI level anymore.
-        bisect_next "$@" ;;
-    visualize|view)
-	bisect_visualize "$@" ;;
-    reset)
-        bisect_reset "$@" ;;
-    replay)
-	bisect_replay "$@" ;;
-    log)
-	bisect_log ;;
-    run)
-        bisect_run "$@" ;;
-    *)
-        usage ;;
-    esac
+	cmd="$1"
+	shift
+	case "$cmd" in
+	help)
+		git bisect -h ;;
+	start)
+		bisect_start "$@" ;;
+	bad|good)
+		bisect_state "$cmd" "$@" ;;
+	skip)
+		bisect_skip "$@" ;;
+	next)
+		# Not sure we want "next" at the UI level anymore.
+		bisect_next "$@" ;;
+	visualize|view)
+		bisect_visualize "$@" ;;
+	reset)
+		bisect_reset "$@" ;;
+	replay)
+		bisect_replay "$@" ;;
+	log)
+		bisect_log ;;
+	run)
+		bisect_run "$@" ;;
+	*)
+		usage ;;
+	esac
 esac
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index ddfbf77149..5ef8ff76f6 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ extern char *gitbasename(char *);
 
 /* General helper functions */
 extern void vreportf(const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params);
+extern void vwritef(int fd, const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params);
 extern NORETURN void usage(const char *err);
 extern NORETURN void usagef(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 extern NORETURN void die(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
@@ -248,6 +249,7 @@ extern int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 extern void warning(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 
 extern void set_die_routine(NORETURN_PTR void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list params));
+extern void set_error_routine(void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list params));
 
 extern int prefixcmp(const char *str, const char *prefix);
 extern int suffixcmp(const char *str, const char *suffix);
diff --git a/git-difftool--helper.sh b/git-difftool--helper.sh
index 0594bf7ca5..8452890be9 100755
--- a/git-difftool--helper.sh
+++ b/git-difftool--helper.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ TOOL_MODE=diff
 should_prompt () {
 	prompt_merge=$(git config --bool mergetool.prompt || echo true)
 	prompt=$(git config --bool difftool.prompt || echo $prompt_merge)
-	if test "$prompt" = true; then
+	if test "$prompt" = true
+	then
 		test -z "$GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT"
 	else
 		test -n "$GIT_DIFFTOOL_PROMPT"
@@ -37,9 +38,11 @@ launch_merge_tool () {
 
 	# $LOCAL and $REMOTE are temporary files so prompt
 	# the user with the real $MERGED name before launching $merge_tool.
-	if should_prompt; then
+	if should_prompt
+	then
 		printf "\nViewing: '$MERGED'\n"
-		if use_ext_cmd; then
+		if use_ext_cmd
+		then
 			printf "Hit return to launch '%s': " \
 				"$GIT_DIFFTOOL_EXTCMD"
 		else
@@ -48,7 +51,8 @@ launch_merge_tool () {
 		read ans
 	fi
 
-	if use_ext_cmd; then
+	if use_ext_cmd
+	then
 		export BASE
 		eval $GIT_DIFFTOOL_EXTCMD '"$LOCAL"' '"$REMOTE"'
 	else
@@ -56,8 +60,10 @@ launch_merge_tool () {
 	fi
 }
 
-if ! use_ext_cmd; then
-	if test -n "$GIT_DIFF_TOOL"; then
+if ! use_ext_cmd
+then
+	if test -n "$GIT_DIFF_TOOL"
+	then
 		merge_tool="$GIT_DIFF_TOOL"
 	else
 		merge_tool="$(get_merge_tool)" || exit
diff --git a/git-filter-branch.sh b/git-filter-branch.sh
index 962a93b586..804a7f4bc9 100755
--- a/git-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/git-filter-branch.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 functions=$(cat << \EOF
 warn () {
-        echo "$*" >&2
+	echo "$*" >&2
 }
 
 map()
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ set_ident () {
 }
 
 USAGE="[--env-filter <command>] [--tree-filter <command>]
-            [--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>]
-            [--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>]
-            [--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>]
-            [--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force]
-            [<rev-list options>...]"
+	[--index-filter <command>] [--parent-filter <command>]
+	[--msg-filter <command>] [--commit-filter <command>]
+	[--tag-name-filter <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>]
+	[--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force]
+	[<rev-list options>...]"
 
 OPTIONS_SPEC=
 . git-sh-setup
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ while read commit parents; do
 	sed -e '1,/^$/d' <../commit | \
 		eval "$filter_msg" > ../message ||
 			die "msg filter failed: $filter_msg"
-	@SHELL_PATH@ -c "$filter_commit" "git commit-tree" \
+	workdir=$workdir @SHELL_PATH@ -c "$filter_commit" "git commit-tree" \
 		$(git write-tree) $parentstr < ../message > ../map/$commit ||
 			die "could not write rewritten commit"
 done <../revs
diff --git a/git-mergetool--lib.sh b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
index 91f90acfba..8fc65d0400 100644
--- a/git-mergetool--lib.sh
+++ b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
@@ -9,33 +9,16 @@ merge_mode() {
 }
 
 translate_merge_tool_path () {
-	case "$1" in
-	araxis)
-		echo compare
-		;;
-	bc3)
-		echo bcompare
-		;;
-	emerge)
-		echo emacs
-		;;
-	gvimdiff|gvimdiff2)
-		echo gvim
-		;;
-	vimdiff|vimdiff2)
-		echo vim
-		;;
-	*)
-		echo "$1"
-		;;
-	esac
+	echo "$1"
 }
 
 check_unchanged () {
-	if test "$MERGED" -nt "$BACKUP"; then
+	if test "$MERGED" -nt "$BACKUP"
+	then
 		status=0
 	else
-		while true; do
+		while true
+		do
 			echo "$MERGED seems unchanged."
 			printf "Was the merge successful? [y/n] "
 			read answer
@@ -47,44 +30,65 @@ check_unchanged () {
 	fi
 }
 
+valid_tool_config () {
+	if test -n "$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$1")"
+	then
+		return 0
+	else
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
 valid_tool () {
+	setup_tool "$1" || valid_tool_config "$1"
+}
+
+setup_tool () {
 	case "$1" in
-	araxis | bc3 | diffuse | ecmerge | emerge | gvimdiff | gvimdiff2 | \
-	kdiff3 | meld | opendiff | p4merge | tkdiff | vimdiff | vimdiff2 | xxdiff)
-		;; # happy
-	kompare)
-		if ! diff_mode; then
-			return 1
-		fi
-		;;
-	tortoisemerge)
-		if ! merge_mode; then
-			return 1
-		fi
+	vim*|gvim*)
+		tool=vim
 		;;
 	*)
-		if test -z "$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$1")"; then
-			return 1
-		fi
+		tool="$1"
 		;;
 	esac
+	mergetools="$(git --exec-path)/mergetools"
+
+	# Load the default definitions
+	. "$mergetools/defaults"
+	if ! test -f "$mergetools/$tool"
+	then
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Load the redefined functions
+	. "$mergetools/$tool"
+
+	if merge_mode && ! can_merge
+	then
+		echo "error: '$tool' can not be used to resolve merges" >&2
+		exit 1
+	elif diff_mode && ! can_diff
+	then
+		echo "error: '$tool' can only be used to resolve merges" >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+	return 0
 }
 
 get_merge_tool_cmd () {
 	# Prints the custom command for a merge tool
-	if test -n "$1"; then
-		merge_tool="$1"
-	else
-		merge_tool="$(get_merge_tool)"
-	fi
-	if diff_mode; then
+	merge_tool="$1"
+	if diff_mode
+	then
 		echo "$(git config difftool.$merge_tool.cmd ||
-		        git config mergetool.$merge_tool.cmd)"
+			git config mergetool.$merge_tool.cmd)"
 	else
 		echo "$(git config mergetool.$merge_tool.cmd)"
 	fi
 }
 
+# Entry point for running tools
 run_merge_tool () {
 	# If GIT_PREFIX is empty then we cannot use it in tools
 	# that expect to be able to chdir() to its value.
@@ -95,271 +99,29 @@ run_merge_tool () {
 	base_present="$2"
 	status=0
 
-	case "$1" in
-	araxis)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" -wait -merge -3 -a1 \
-					"$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED" \
-					>/dev/null 2>&1
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" -wait -2 \
-					"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED" \
-					>/dev/null 2>&1
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -wait -2 "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-				>/dev/null 2>&1
-		fi
-		;;
-	bc3)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$BASE" \
-					-mergeoutput="$MERGED"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					-mergeoutput="$MERGED"
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	diffuse)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE" \
-					"$BASE" | cat
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE" | cat
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" | cat
-		fi
-		;;
-	ecmerge)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					--default --mode=merge3 --to="$MERGED"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					--default --mode=merge2 --to="$MERGED"
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" --default --mode=diff2 \
-				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	emerge)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" \
-					-f emerge-files-with-ancestor-command \
-					"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$BASE" \
-					"$(basename "$MERGED")"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" \
-					-f emerge-files-command \
-					"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					"$(basename "$MERGED")"
-			fi
-			status=$?
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -f emerge-files-command \
-				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	gvimdiff|vimdiff)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd J" \
-					"$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -R -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
-				-c 'cd $GIT_PREFIX' \
-				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	gvimdiff2|vimdiff2)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
-				"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -R -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
-				-c 'cd $GIT_PREFIX' \
-				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	kdiff3)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			if $base_present; then
-				("$merge_tool_path" --auto \
-					--L1 "$MERGED (Base)" \
-					--L2 "$MERGED (Local)" \
-					--L3 "$MERGED (Remote)" \
-					-o "$MERGED" \
-					"$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-				> /dev/null 2>&1)
-			else
-				("$merge_tool_path" --auto \
-					--L1 "$MERGED (Local)" \
-					--L2 "$MERGED (Remote)" \
-					-o "$MERGED" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-				> /dev/null 2>&1)
-			fi
-			status=$?
-		else
-			("$merge_tool_path" --auto \
-				--L1 "$MERGED (A)" \
-				--L2 "$MERGED (B)" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-			> /dev/null 2>&1)
-		fi
-		;;
-	kompare)
-		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		;;
-	meld)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	opendiff)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					-ancestor "$BASE" \
-					-merge "$MERGED" | cat
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
-					-merge "$MERGED" | cat
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" | cat
-		fi
-		;;
-	p4merge)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			$base_present || >"$BASE"
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED"
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	tkdiff)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" -a "$BASE" \
-					-o "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" \
-					-o "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-			fi
-			status=$?
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	tortoisemerge)
-		if $base_present; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			"$merge_tool_path" \
-				-base:"$BASE" -mine:"$LOCAL" \
-				-theirs:"$REMOTE" -merged:"$MERGED"
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			echo "TortoiseMerge cannot be used without a base" 1>&2
-			status=1
-		fi
-		;;
-	xxdiff)
-		if merge_mode; then
-			touch "$BACKUP"
-			if $base_present; then
-				"$merge_tool_path" -X --show-merged-pane \
-					-R 'Accel.SaveAsMerged: "Ctrl-S"' \
-					-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
-					-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
-					--merged-file "$MERGED" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
-			else
-				"$merge_tool_path" -X $extra \
-					-R 'Accel.SaveAsMerged: "Ctrl-S"' \
-					-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
-					-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
-					--merged-file "$MERGED" \
-					"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-			fi
-			check_unchanged
-		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" \
-				-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
-				-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
-				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
-		fi
-		;;
-	*)
-		merge_tool_cmd="$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$1")"
-		if test -z "$merge_tool_cmd"; then
-			if merge_mode; then
-				status=1
-			fi
-			break
-		fi
-		if merge_mode; then
-			trust_exit_code="$(git config --bool \
-				mergetool."$1".trustExitCode || echo false)"
-			if test "$trust_exit_code" = "false"; then
-				touch "$BACKUP"
-				( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
-				check_unchanged
-			else
-				( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
-				status=$?
-			fi
-		else
-			( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
-		fi
-		;;
-	esac
+	# Bring tool-specific functions into scope
+	setup_tool "$1"
+
+	if merge_mode
+	then
+		merge_cmd "$1"
+	else
+		diff_cmd "$1"
+	fi
 	return $status
 }
 
 guess_merge_tool () {
-	if merge_mode; then
+	if merge_mode
+	then
 		tools="tortoisemerge"
 	else
 		tools="kompare"
 	fi
-	if test -n "$DISPLAY"; then
-		if test -n "$GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" ; then
+	if test -n "$DISPLAY"
+	then
+		if test -n "$GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID"
+		then
 			tools="meld opendiff kdiff3 tkdiff xxdiff $tools"
 		else
 			tools="opendiff kdiff3 tkdiff xxdiff meld $tools"
@@ -380,7 +142,8 @@ guess_merge_tool () {
 	for i in $tools
 	do
 		merge_tool_path="$(translate_merge_tool_path "$i")"
-		if type "$merge_tool_path" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+		if type "$merge_tool_path" >/dev/null 2>&1
+		then
 			echo "$i"
 			return 0
 		fi
@@ -393,12 +156,14 @@ guess_merge_tool () {
 get_configured_merge_tool () {
 	# Diff mode first tries diff.tool and falls back to merge.tool.
 	# Merge mode only checks merge.tool
-	if diff_mode; then
+	if diff_mode
+	then
 		merge_tool=$(git config diff.tool || git config merge.tool)
 	else
 		merge_tool=$(git config merge.tool)
 	fi
-	if test -n "$merge_tool" && ! valid_tool "$merge_tool"; then
+	if test -n "$merge_tool" && ! valid_tool "$merge_tool"
+	then
 		echo >&2 "git config option $TOOL_MODE.tool set to unknown tool: $merge_tool"
 		echo >&2 "Resetting to default..."
 		return 1
@@ -408,28 +173,28 @@ get_configured_merge_tool () {
 
 get_merge_tool_path () {
 	# A merge tool has been set, so verify that it's valid.
-	if test -n "$1"; then
-		merge_tool="$1"
-	else
-		merge_tool="$(get_merge_tool)"
-	fi
-	if ! valid_tool "$merge_tool"; then
+	merge_tool="$1"
+	if ! valid_tool "$merge_tool"
+	then
 		echo >&2 "Unknown merge tool $merge_tool"
 		exit 1
 	fi
-	if diff_mode; then
+	if diff_mode
+	then
 		merge_tool_path=$(git config difftool."$merge_tool".path ||
-		                  git config mergetool."$merge_tool".path)
+				  git config mergetool."$merge_tool".path)
 	else
 		merge_tool_path=$(git config mergetool."$merge_tool".path)
 	fi
-	if test -z "$merge_tool_path"; then
+	if test -z "$merge_tool_path"
+	then
 		merge_tool_path="$(translate_merge_tool_path "$merge_tool")"
 	fi
 	if test -z "$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$merge_tool")" &&
-	! type "$merge_tool_path" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+		! type "$merge_tool_path" >/dev/null 2>&1
+	then
 		echo >&2 "The $TOOL_MODE tool $merge_tool is not available as"\
-		         "'$merge_tool_path'"
+			 "'$merge_tool_path'"
 		exit 1
 	fi
 	echo "$merge_tool_path"
@@ -437,9 +202,10 @@ get_merge_tool_path () {
 
 get_merge_tool () {
 	# Check if a merge tool has been configured
-	merge_tool=$(get_configured_merge_tool)
+	merge_tool="$(get_configured_merge_tool)"
 	# Try to guess an appropriate merge tool if no tool has been set.
-	if test -z "$merge_tool"; then
+	if test -z "$merge_tool"
+	then
 		merge_tool="$(guess_merge_tool)" || exit
 	fi
 	echo "$merge_tool"
diff --git a/git-pull.sh b/git-pull.sh
index a10b1290bc..63da37bcc2 100755
--- a/git-pull.sh
+++ b/git-pull.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SUBDIRECTORY_OK=Yes
 OPTIONS_SPEC=
 . git-sh-setup
 . git-sh-i18n
-set_reflog_action "pull $*"
+set_reflog_action "pull${1+ $*}"
 require_work_tree
 cd_to_toplevel
 
@@ -217,12 +217,9 @@ then
 	# $orig_head commit, but we are merging into $curr_head.
 	# First update the working tree to match $curr_head.
 
-	(
-		eval_gettext "Warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
+	eval_gettextln "Warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
 Warning: fast-forwarding your working tree from
-Warning: commit \$orig_head." &&
-		echo
-	) >&2
+Warning: commit \$orig_head." >&2
 	git update-index -q --refresh
 	git read-tree -u -m "$orig_head" "$curr_head" ||
 		die "$(eval_gettext "Cannot fast-forward your working tree.
diff --git a/git-rebase.sh b/git-rebase.sh
index 266a4c13bb..6759702c57 100755
--- a/git-rebase.sh
+++ b/git-rebase.sh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ currently checked out branch is used.
 
 Example:       git-rebase master~1 topic
 
-        A---B---C topic                   A'\''--B'\''--C'\'' topic
+	A---B---C topic                   A'\''--B'\''--C'\'' topic
        /                   -->           /
   D---E---F---G master          D---E---F---G master
 '
diff --git a/git-remote-testgit.py b/git-remote-testgit.py
index df9d512f1a..e9c832bfd3 100644
--- a/git-remote-testgit.py
+++ b/git-remote-testgit.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def get_repo(alias, url):
     prefix = 'refs/testgit/%s/' % alias
     debug("prefix: '%s'", prefix)
 
-    repo.gitdir = ""
+    repo.gitdir = os.environ["GIT_DIR"]
     repo.alias = alias
     repo.prefix = prefix
 
@@ -70,9 +70,19 @@ def do_capabilities(repo, args):
 
     print "import"
     print "export"
-    print "gitdir"
     print "refspec refs/heads/*:%s*" % repo.prefix
 
+    dirname = repo.get_base_path(repo.gitdir)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+    path = os.path.join(dirname, 'testgit.marks')
+
+    print "*export-marks %s" % path
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        print "*import-marks %s" % path
+
     print # end capabilities
 
 
@@ -121,8 +131,24 @@ def do_import(repo, args):
     if not repo.gitdir:
         die("Need gitdir to import")
 
+    ref = args[0]
+    refs = [ref]
+
+    while True:
+        line = sys.stdin.readline()
+        if line == '\n':
+            break
+        if not line.startswith('import '):
+            die("Expected import line.")
+
+        # strip of leading 'import '
+        ref = line[7:].strip()
+        refs.append(ref)
+
     repo = update_local_repo(repo)
-    repo.exporter.export_repo(repo.gitdir)
+    repo.exporter.export_repo(repo.gitdir, refs)
+
+    print "done"
 
 
 def do_export(repo, args):
@@ -132,32 +158,15 @@ def do_export(repo, args):
     if not repo.gitdir:
         die("Need gitdir to export")
 
-    dirname = repo.get_base_path(repo.gitdir)
-
-    if not os.path.exists(dirname):
-        os.makedirs(dirname)
-
-    path = os.path.join(dirname, 'testgit.marks')
-    print path
-    if os.path.exists(path):
-        print path
-    else:
-        print ""
-    sys.stdout.flush()
-
     update_local_repo(repo)
-    repo.importer.do_import(repo.gitdir)
-    repo.non_local.push(repo.gitdir)
-
-
-def do_gitdir(repo, args):
-    """Stores the location of the gitdir.
-    """
+    changed = repo.importer.do_import(repo.gitdir)
 
-    if not args:
-        die("gitdir needs an argument")
+    if not repo.local:
+        repo.non_local.push(repo.gitdir)
 
-    repo.gitdir = ' '.join(args)
+    for ref in changed:
+        print "ok %s" % ref
+    print
 
 
 COMMANDS = {
@@ -165,7 +174,6 @@ def do_gitdir(repo, args):
     'list': do_list,
     'import': do_import,
     'export': do_export,
-    'gitdir': do_gitdir,
 }
 
 
diff --git a/git-sh-i18n.sh b/git-sh-i18n.sh
index 32ca59de82..e672366f0c 100644
--- a/git-sh-i18n.sh
+++ b/git-sh-i18n.sh
@@ -11,19 +11,38 @@ then
 		printf "%s" "$1"
 	}
 
+	gettextln() {
+		printf "%s\n" "$1"
+	}
+
 	eval_gettext () {
 		printf "%s" "$1" | (
 			export PATH $(git sh-i18n--envsubst --variables "$1");
 			git sh-i18n--envsubst "$1"
 		)
 	}
+
+	eval_gettextln () {
+		printf "%s\n" "$1" | (
+			export PATH $(git sh-i18n--envsubst --variables "$1");
+			git sh-i18n--envsubst "$1"
+		)
+	}
 else
 	gettext () {
 		printf "%s" "# GETTEXT POISON #"
 	}
 
+	gettextln () {
+		printf "%s\n" "# GETTEXT POISON #"
+	}
+
 	eval_gettext () {
 		printf "%s" "# GETTEXT POISON #"
 	}
+
+	eval_gettextln () {
+		printf "%s\n" "# GETTEXT POISON #"
+	}
 fi
 
diff --git a/git-stash.sh b/git-stash.sh
index f4e6f05ee2..31dec0abf1 100755
--- a/git-stash.sh
+++ b/git-stash.sh
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ save_stash () {
 			#    $ git stash save --blah-blah 2>&1 | head -n 2
 			#    error: unknown option for 'stash save': --blah-blah
 			#           To provide a message, use git stash save -- '--blah-blah'
-			eval_gettext "$("error: unknown option for 'stash save': \$option
-       To provide a message, use git stash save -- '\$option'")"; echo
+			eval_gettextln "$("error: unknown option for 'stash save': \$option
+       To provide a message, use git stash save -- '\$option'")"
 			usage
 			;;
 		*)
@@ -470,10 +470,7 @@ apply_stash () {
 		status=$?
 		if test -n "$INDEX_OPTION"
 		then
-			(
-				gettext "Index was not unstashed." &&
-				echo
-			) >&2
+			gettextln "Index was not unstashed." >&2
 		fi
 		exit $status
 	fi
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index bc1d3fa663..814d0d914e 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -122,12 +122,17 @@ module_clone()
 	path=$1
 	url=$2
 	reference="$3"
+	quiet=
+	if test -n "$GIT_QUIET"
+	then
+		quiet=-q
+	fi
 
 	if test -n "$reference"
 	then
-		git-clone "$reference" -n "$url" "$path"
+		git-clone $quiet "$reference" -n "$url" "$path"
 	else
-		git-clone -n "$url" "$path"
+		git-clone $quiet -n "$url" "$path"
 	fi ||
 	die "$(eval_gettext "Clone of '\$url' into submodule path '\$path' failed")"
 }
@@ -223,12 +228,9 @@ cmd_add()
 
 	if test -z "$force" && ! git add --dry-run --ignore-missing "$path" > /dev/null 2>&1
 	then
-		(
-			eval_gettext "The following path is ignored by one of your .gitignore files:
+		eval_gettextln "The following path is ignored by one of your .gitignore files:
 \$path
-Use -f if you really want to add it." &&
-			echo
-		) >&2
+Use -f if you really want to add it." >&2
 		exit 1
 	fi
 
@@ -237,7 +239,7 @@ Use -f if you really want to add it." &&
 	then
 		if test -d "$path"/.git -o -f "$path"/.git
 		then
-			eval_gettext "Adding existing repo at '\$path' to the index"; echo
+			eval_gettextln "Adding existing repo at '\$path' to the index"
 		else
 			die "$(eval_gettext "'\$path' already exists and is not a valid git repo")"
 		fi
@@ -696,10 +698,7 @@ cmd_summary() {
 				;; # removed
 			*)
 				# unexpected type
-				(
-					eval_gettext "unexpected mode \$mod_dst" &&
-					echo
-				) >&2
+				eval_gettextln "unexpected mode \$mod_dst" >&2
 				continue ;;
 			esac
 		fi
@@ -786,9 +785,9 @@ cmd_summary() {
 	done |
 	if test -n "$for_status"; then
 		if [ -n "$files" ]; then
-			gettext "# Submodules changed but not updated:"; echo
+			gettextln "# Submodules changed but not updated:"
 		else
-			gettext "# Submodule changes to be committed:"; echo
+			gettextln "# Submodule changes to be committed:"
 		fi
 		echo "#"
 		sed -e 's|^|# |' -e 's|^# $|#|'
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index 8828c18d6c..b660e36660 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 
 const char git_usage_string[] =
 	"git [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]\n"
-	"           [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]\n"
-	"           [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]\n"
+	"           [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]\n"
+	"           [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]\n"
 	"           [-c name=value] [--help]\n"
 	"           <command> [<args>]";
 
@@ -126,6 +126,20 @@ static int handle_options(const char ***argv, int *argc, int *envchanged)
 			setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, cmd + 10, 1);
 			if (envchanged)
 				*envchanged = 1;
+		} else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--namespace")) {
+			if (*argc < 2) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "No namespace given for --namespace.\n" );
+				usage(git_usage_string);
+			}
+			setenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
+			if (envchanged)
+				*envchanged = 1;
+			(*argv)++;
+			(*argc)--;
+		} else if (!prefixcmp(cmd, "--namespace=")) {
+			setenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT, cmd + 12, 1);
+			if (envchanged)
+				*envchanged = 1;
 		} else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--work-tree")) {
 			if (*argc < 2) {
 				fprintf(stderr, "No directory given for --work-tree.\n" );
@@ -320,7 +334,7 @@ static void handle_internal_command(int argc, const char **argv)
 		{ "annotate", cmd_annotate, RUN_SETUP },
 		{ "apply", cmd_apply, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
 		{ "archive", cmd_archive },
-		{ "bisect--helper", cmd_bisect__helper, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
+		{ "bisect--helper", cmd_bisect__helper, RUN_SETUP },
 		{ "blame", cmd_blame, RUN_SETUP },
 		{ "branch", cmd_branch, RUN_SETUP },
 		{ "bundle", cmd_bundle, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/git/exporter.py b/git_remote_helpers/git/exporter.py
index f40f9d6a29..9ee5f96d4c 100644
--- a/git_remote_helpers/git/exporter.py
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/git/exporter.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 import subprocess
 import sys
 
+from git_remote_helpers.util import check_call
+
 
 class GitExporter(object):
     """An exporter for testgit repositories.
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ def __init__(self, repo):
 
         self.repo = repo
 
-    def export_repo(self, base):
+    def export_repo(self, base, refs=None):
         """Exports a fast-export stream for the given directory.
 
         Simply delegates to git fast-epxort and pipes it through sed
@@ -23,8 +25,13 @@ def export_repo(self, base):
         default refs/heads. This is to demonstrate how the export
         data can be stored under it's own ref (using the refspec
         capability).
+
+        If None, refs defaults to ["HEAD"].
         """
 
+        if not refs:
+            refs = ["HEAD"]
+
         dirname = self.repo.get_base_path(base)
         path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dirname, 'testgit.marks'))
 
@@ -42,12 +49,10 @@ def export_repo(self, base):
         if os.path.exists(path):
             args.append("--import-marks=" + path)
 
-        args.append("HEAD")
+        args.extend(refs)
 
         p1 = subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
 
         args = ["sed", "s_refs/heads/_" + self.repo.prefix + "_g"]
 
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args, stdin=p1.stdout)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        check_call(args, stdin=p1.stdout)
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/git/importer.py b/git_remote_helpers/git/importer.py
index 70a712729b..5c6b595e16 100644
--- a/git_remote_helpers/git/importer.py
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/git/importer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 
+from git_remote_helpers.util import check_call, check_output
+
 
 class GitImporter(object):
     """An importer for testgit repositories.
@@ -14,6 +16,18 @@ def __init__(self, repo):
 
         self.repo = repo
 
+    def get_refs(self, gitdir):
+        """Returns a dictionary with refs.
+        """
+        args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + gitdir, "for-each-ref", "refs/heads"]
+        lines = check_output(args).strip().split('\n')
+        refs = {}
+        for line in lines:
+            value, name = line.split(' ')
+            name = name.strip('commit\t')
+            refs[name] = value
+        return refs
+
     def do_import(self, base):
         """Imports a fast-import stream to the given directory.
 
@@ -30,11 +44,23 @@ def do_import(self, base):
         if not os.path.exists(dirname):
             os.makedirs(dirname)
 
+        refs_before = self.get_refs(gitdir)
+
         args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + gitdir, "fast-import", "--quiet", "--export-marks=" + path]
 
         if os.path.exists(path):
             args.append("--import-marks=" + path)
 
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        check_call(args)
+
+        refs_after = self.get_refs(gitdir)
+
+        changed = {}
+
+        for name, value in refs_after.iteritems():
+            if refs_before.get(name) == value:
+                continue
+
+            changed[name] = value
+
+        return changed
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/git/non_local.py b/git_remote_helpers/git/non_local.py
index f27389bb94..e70025095d 100644
--- a/git_remote_helpers/git/non_local.py
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/git/non_local.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 
-from git_remote_helpers.util import die, warn
+from git_remote_helpers.util import check_call, die, warn
 
 
 class NonLocalGit(object):
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ def clone(self, base):
         os.makedirs(path)
         args = ["git", "clone", "--bare", "--quiet", self.repo.gitpath, path]
 
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        check_call(args)
 
         return path
 
@@ -45,14 +43,10 @@ def update(self, base):
             die("could not find repo at %s", path)
 
         args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + path, "fetch", "--quiet", self.repo.gitpath]
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        check_call(args)
 
         args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + path, "update-ref", "refs/heads/master", "FETCH_HEAD"]
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        child = check_call(args)
 
     def push(self, base):
         """Pushes from the non-local repo to base.
@@ -63,7 +57,5 @@ def push(self, base):
         if not os.path.exists(path):
             die("could not find repo at %s", path)
 
-        args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + path, "push", "--quiet", self.repo.gitpath]
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        args = ["git", "--git-dir=" + path, "push", "--quiet", self.repo.gitpath, "--all"]
+        child = check_call(args)
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/git/repo.py b/git_remote_helpers/git/repo.py
index 58e1cdb560..acbf8d7785 100644
--- a/git_remote_helpers/git/repo.py
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/git/repo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 
+from git_remote_helpers.util import check_call
+
+
 def sanitize(rev, sep='\t'):
     """Converts a for-each-ref line to a name/value pair.
     """
@@ -53,9 +56,7 @@ def get_revs(self):
         path = ".cached_revs"
         ofile = open(path, "w")
 
-        child = subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=ofile)
-        if child.wait() != 0:
-            raise CalledProcessError
+        check_call(args, stdout=ofile)
         output = open(path).readlines()
         self.revmap = dict(sanitize(i) for i in output)
         if "HEAD" in self.revmap:
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/util.py b/git_remote_helpers/util.py
index dce83e6066..fbbb01b146 100644
--- a/git_remote_helpers/util.py
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/util.py
@@ -11,6 +11,21 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 
+try:
+    from subprocess import CalledProcessError
+except ImportError:
+    # from python2.7:subprocess.py
+    # Exception classes used by this module.
+    class CalledProcessError(Exception):
+        """This exception is raised when a process run by check_call() returns
+        a non-zero exit status.  The exit status will be stored in the
+        returncode attribute."""
+        def __init__(self, returncode, cmd):
+            self.returncode = returncode
+            self.cmd = cmd
+        def __str__(self):
+            return "Command '%s' returned non-zero exit status %d" % (self.cmd, self.returncode)
+
 
 # Whether or not to show debug messages
 DEBUG = False
@@ -128,6 +143,72 @@ def run_command (args, cwd = None, shell = False, add_env = None,
     return (exit_code, output, errors)
 
 
+# from python2.7:subprocess.py
+def call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
+    """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete, then
+    return the returncode attribute.
+
+    The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:
+
+    retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
+    """
+    return subprocess.Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()
+
+
+# from python2.7:subprocess.py
+def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
+    """Run command with arguments.  Wait for command to complete.  If
+    the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise
+    CalledProcessError.  The CalledProcessError object will have the
+    return code in the returncode attribute.
+
+    The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:
+
+    check_call(["ls", "-l"])
+    """
+    retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
+    if retcode:
+        cmd = kwargs.get("args")
+        if cmd is None:
+            cmd = popenargs[0]
+        raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
+    return 0
+
+
+# from python2.7:subprocess.py
+def check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs):
+    r"""Run command with arguments and return its output as a byte string.
+
+    If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError.  The
+    CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode
+    attribute and output in the output attribute.
+
+    The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor.  Example:
+
+    >>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"])
+    'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18  2007 /dev/null\n'
+
+    The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally.
+    To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT.
+
+    >>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c",
+    ...               "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"],
+    ...              stderr=STDOUT)
+    'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n'
+    """
+    if 'stdout' in kwargs:
+        raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be overridden.')
+    process = subprocess.Popen(stdout=subprocess.PIPE, *popenargs, **kwargs)
+    output, unused_err = process.communicate()
+    retcode = process.poll()
+    if retcode:
+        cmd = kwargs.get("args")
+        if cmd is None:
+            cmd = popenargs[0]
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
+    return output
+
+
 def file_reader_method (missing_ok = False):
     """Decorator for simplifying reading of files.
 
diff --git a/gitweb/INSTALL b/gitweb/INSTALL
index c5236fee9d..f5efe7454c 100644
--- a/gitweb/INSTALL
+++ b/gitweb/INSTALL
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ Gitweb config file
 See also "Runtime gitweb configuration" section in README file
 for gitweb (in gitweb/README).
 
-- You can configure gitweb further using the gitweb configuration file;
+- You can configure gitweb further using the per-instance gitweb configuration file;
   by default this is a file named gitweb_config.perl in the same place as
   gitweb.cgi script. You can control the default place for the config file
   using the GITWEB_CONFIG build configuration variable, and you can set it
@@ -241,6 +241,17 @@ for gitweb (in gitweb/README).
   GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM build configuration variable, and override it
   through the GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM environment variable.
 
+  Note that if per-instance configuration file exists, then system-wide
+  configuration is _not used at all_.  This is quite untypical and suprising
+  behavior.  On the other hand changing current behavior would break backwards
+  compatibility and can lead to unexpected changes in gitweb behavior.
+  Therefore gitweb also looks for common system-wide configuration file,
+  normally /etc/gitweb-common.conf (set during build time using build time
+  configuration variable GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON, set it at runtime using
+  environment variable with the same name).  Settings from per-instance or
+  system-wide configuration file override those from common system-wide
+  configuration file.
+
 - The gitweb config file is a fragment of perl code. You can set variables
   using "our $variable = value"; text from "#" character until the end
   of a line is ignored. See perlsyn(1) for details.
diff --git a/gitweb/Makefile b/gitweb/Makefile
index 5d20515fba..1c85b5fda8 100644
--- a/gitweb/Makefile
+++ b/gitweb/Makefile
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ INSTALL ?= install
 # default configuration for gitweb
 GITWEB_CONFIG = gitweb_config.perl
 GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM = /etc/gitweb.conf
+GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON = /etc/gitweb-common.conf
 GITWEB_HOME_LINK_STR = projects
 GITWEB_SITENAME =
 GITWEB_PROJECTROOT = /pub/git
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ GITWEB_REPLACE = \
 	-e 's|++GIT_BINDIR++|$(bindir)|g' \
 	-e 's|++GITWEB_CONFIG++|$(GITWEB_CONFIG)|g' \
 	-e 's|++GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM++|$(GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM)|g' \
+	-e 's|++GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON++|$(GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON)|g' \
 	-e 's|++GITWEB_HOME_LINK_STR++|$(GITWEB_HOME_LINK_STR)|g' \
 	-e 's|++GITWEB_SITENAME++|$(GITWEB_SITENAME)|g' \
 	-e 's|++GITWEB_PROJECTROOT++|$(GITWEB_PROJECTROOT)|g' \
diff --git a/gitweb/README b/gitweb/README
index a4cfcb42cd..a9988200d6 100644
--- a/gitweb/README
+++ b/gitweb/README
@@ -10,9 +10,30 @@ From the git version 1.4.0 gitweb is bundled with git.
 Runtime gitweb configuration
 ----------------------------
 
-You can adjust gitweb behaviour using the file specified in `GITWEB_CONFIG`
-(defaults to 'gitweb_config.perl' in the same directory as the CGI), and
-as a fallback `GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM` (defaults to /etc/gitweb.conf).
+Gitweb obtains configuration data from the following sources in the
+following order:
+
+1. built-in values (some set during build stage),
+2. common system-wide configuration file (`GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON`,
+   defaults to '/etc/gitweb-common.conf'),
+3. either per-instance configuration file (`GITWEB_CONFIG`, defaults to
+   'gitweb_config.perl' in the same directory as the installed gitweb),
+   or if it does not exists then system-wide configuration file
+   (`GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM`, defaults to '/etc/gitweb.conf').
+
+Values obtained in later configuration files override values obtained earlier
+in above sequence.
+
+You can read defaults in system-wide GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM from GITWEB_CONFIG
+by adding
+
+  read_config_file($GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM);
+
+at very beginning of per-instance GITWEB_CONFIG file.  In this case
+settings in said per-instance file will override settings from
+system-wide configuration file.  Note that read_config_file checks
+itself that the $GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM file exists.
+
 The most notable thing that is not configurable at compile time are the
 optional features, stored in the '%features' variable.
 
diff --git a/gitweb/gitweb.perl b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
index dab89f2eb0..70a576a626 100755
--- a/gitweb/gitweb.perl
+++ b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
@@ -665,13 +665,25 @@ sub read_config_file {
 	return;
 }
 
-our ($GITWEB_CONFIG, $GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM);
+our ($GITWEB_CONFIG, $GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM, $GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON);
 sub evaluate_gitweb_config {
 	our $GITWEB_CONFIG = $ENV{'GITWEB_CONFIG'} || "++GITWEB_CONFIG++";
 	our $GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM = $ENV{'GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM'} || "++GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM++";
+	our $GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON = $ENV{'GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON'} || "++GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON++";
 
-	# use first config file that exists
-	read_config_file($GITWEB_CONFIG) or
+	# Protect agains duplications of file names, to not read config twice.
+	# Only one of $GITWEB_CONFIG and $GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM is used, so
+	# there possibility of duplication of filename there doesn't matter.
+	$GITWEB_CONFIG = ""        if ($GITWEB_CONFIG eq $GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON);
+	$GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM = "" if ($GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM eq $GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON);
+
+	# Common system-wide settings for convenience.
+	# Those settings can be ovverriden by GITWEB_CONFIG or GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM.
+	read_config_file($GITWEB_CONFIG_COMMON);
+
+	# Use first config file that exists.  This means use the per-instance
+	# GITWEB_CONFIG if exists, otherwise use GITWEB_SYSTEM_CONFIG.
+	read_config_file($GITWEB_CONFIG) and return;
 	read_config_file($GITWEB_CONFIG_SYSTEM);
 }
 
@@ -2514,6 +2526,13 @@ sub git_get_project_config {
 
 	# key sanity check
 	return unless ($key);
+	# only subsection, if exists, is case sensitive,
+	# and not lowercased by 'git config -z -l'
+	if (my ($hi, $mi, $lo) = ($key =~ /^([^.]*)\.(.*)\.([^.]*)$/)) {
+		$key = join(".", lc($hi), $mi, lc($lo));
+	} else {
+		$key = lc($key);
+	}
 	$key =~ s/^gitweb\.//;
 	return if ($key =~ m/\W/);
 
@@ -6465,7 +6484,7 @@ sub git_blob {
 			$nr++;
 			$line = untabify($line);
 			printf qq!<div class="pre"><a id="l%i" href="%s#l%i" class="linenr">%4i</a> %s</div>\n!,
-			       $nr, esc_attr(href(-replay => 1)), $nr, $nr, $syntax ? $line : esc_html($line, -nbsp=>1);
+			       $nr, esc_attr(href(-replay => 1)), $nr, $nr, $syntax ? to_utf8($line) : esc_html($line, -nbsp=>1);
 		}
 	}
 	close $fd
diff --git a/grep.c b/grep.c
index 04e9ba4ec4..26e8d8ec4c 100644
--- a/grep.c
+++ b/grep.c
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ static void show_line(struct grep_opt *opt, char *bol, char *eol,
 	if (opt->file_break && opt->last_shown == 0) {
 		if (opt->show_hunk_mark)
 			opt->output(opt, "\n", 1);
-	} else if (opt->pre_context || opt->post_context) {
+	} else if (opt->pre_context || opt->post_context || opt->funcbody) {
 		if (opt->last_shown == 0) {
 			if (opt->show_hunk_mark) {
 				output_color(opt, "--", 2, opt->color_sep);
@@ -819,10 +819,13 @@ static void show_funcname_line(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name,
 }
 
 static void show_pre_context(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name, char *buf,
-			     char *bol, unsigned lno)
+			     char *bol, char *end, unsigned lno)
 {
 	unsigned cur = lno, from = 1, funcname_lno = 0;
-	int funcname_needed = opt->funcname;
+	int funcname_needed = !!opt->funcname;
+
+	if (opt->funcbody && !match_funcname(opt, bol, end))
+		funcname_needed = 2;
 
 	if (opt->pre_context < lno)
 		from = lno - opt->pre_context;
@@ -830,7 +833,8 @@ static void show_pre_context(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name, char *buf,
 		from = opt->last_shown + 1;
 
 	/* Rewind. */
-	while (bol > buf && cur > from) {
+	while (bol > buf &&
+	       cur > (funcname_needed == 2 ? opt->last_shown + 1 : from)) {
 		char *eol = --bol;
 
 		while (bol > buf && bol[-1] != '\n')
@@ -942,13 +946,15 @@ static int grep_buffer_1(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name,
 	int binary_match_only = 0;
 	unsigned count = 0;
 	int try_lookahead = 0;
+	int show_function = 0;
 	enum grep_context ctx = GREP_CONTEXT_HEAD;
 	xdemitconf_t xecfg;
 
 	if (!opt->output)
 		opt->output = std_output;
 
-	if (opt->pre_context || opt->post_context || opt->file_break) {
+	if (opt->pre_context || opt->post_context || opt->file_break ||
+	    opt->funcbody) {
 		/* Show hunk marks, except for the first file. */
 		if (opt->last_shown)
 			opt->show_hunk_mark = 1;
@@ -1004,7 +1010,8 @@ static int grep_buffer_1(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name,
 		 */
 		if (try_lookahead
 		    && !(last_hit
-			 && lno <= last_hit + opt->post_context)
+			 && (show_function ||
+			     lno <= last_hit + opt->post_context))
 		    && look_ahead(opt, &left, &lno, &bol))
 			break;
 		eol = end_of_line(bol, &left);
@@ -1051,15 +1058,20 @@ static int grep_buffer_1(struct grep_opt *opt, const char *name,
 			/* Hit at this line.  If we haven't shown the
 			 * pre-context lines, we would need to show them.
 			 */
-			if (opt->pre_context)
-				show_pre_context(opt, name, buf, bol, lno);
+			if (opt->pre_context || opt->funcbody)
+				show_pre_context(opt, name, buf, bol, eol, lno);
 			else if (opt->funcname)
 				show_funcname_line(opt, name, buf, bol, lno);
 			show_line(opt, bol, eol, name, lno, ':');
 			last_hit = lno;
+			if (opt->funcbody)
+				show_function = 1;
+			goto next_line;
 		}
-		else if (last_hit &&
-			 lno <= last_hit + opt->post_context) {
+		if (show_function && match_funcname(opt, bol, eol))
+			show_function = 0;
+		if (show_function ||
+		    (last_hit && lno <= last_hit + opt->post_context)) {
 			/* If the last hit is within the post context,
 			 * we need to show this line.
 			 */
diff --git a/grep.h b/grep.h
index c5682973ea..ae50c45a4d 100644
--- a/grep.h
+++ b/grep.h
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ struct grep_opt {
 	int color;
 	int max_depth;
 	int funcname;
+	int funcbody;
 	char color_context[COLOR_MAXLEN];
 	char color_filename[COLOR_MAXLEN];
 	char color_function[COLOR_MAXLEN];
diff --git a/http-push.c b/http-push.c
index 6e8f6d09ab..376331a76f 100644
--- a/http-push.c
+++ b/http-push.c
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ static int delete_remote_branch(const char *pattern, int force)
 		return error("Remote HEAD is not a symref");
 
 	/* Remote branch must not be the remote HEAD */
-	for (i=0; symref && i<MAXDEPTH; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; symref && i < MAXDEPTH; i++) {
 		if (!strcmp(remote_ref->name, symref))
 			return error("Remote branch %s is the current HEAD",
 				     remote_ref->name);
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index a1ea3db499..a59cac45d7 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -1121,9 +1121,8 @@ struct http_pack_request *new_http_pack_request(
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct http_pack_request *preq;
 
-	preq = xmalloc(sizeof(*preq));
+	preq = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*preq));
 	preq->target = target;
-	preq->range_header = NULL;
 
 	end_url_with_slash(&buf, base_url);
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "objects/pack/pack-%s.pack",
@@ -1215,7 +1214,7 @@ struct http_object_request *new_http_object_request(const char *base_url,
 	struct curl_slist *range_header = NULL;
 	struct http_object_request *freq;
 
-	freq = xmalloc(sizeof(*freq));
+	freq = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*freq));
 	hashcpy(freq->sha1, sha1);
 	freq->localfile = -1;
 
@@ -1253,8 +1252,6 @@ struct http_object_request *new_http_object_request(const char *base_url,
 		goto abort;
 	}
 
-	memset(&freq->stream, 0, sizeof(freq->stream));
-
 	git_inflate_init(&freq->stream);
 
 	git_SHA1_Init(&freq->c);
@@ -1329,7 +1326,6 @@ struct http_object_request *new_http_object_request(const char *base_url,
 	return freq;
 
 abort:
-	free(filename);
 	free(freq->url);
 	free(freq);
 	return NULL;
diff --git a/ll-merge.c b/ll-merge.c
index 6ce512efc4..da59738c9b 100644
--- a/ll-merge.c
+++ b/ll-merge.c
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ static int git_path_check_merge(const char *path, struct git_attr_check check[2]
 		check[0].attr = git_attr("merge");
 		check[1].attr = git_attr("conflict-marker-size");
 	}
-	return git_checkattr(path, 2, check);
+	return git_check_attr(path, 2, check);
 }
 
 static void normalize_file(mmfile_t *mm, const char *path)
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ int ll_merge_marker_size(const char *path)
 
 	if (!check.attr)
 		check.attr = git_attr("conflict-marker-size");
-	if (!git_checkattr(path, 1, &check) && check.value) {
+	if (!git_check_attr(path, 1, &check) && check.value) {
 		marker_size = atoi(check.value);
 		if (marker_size <= 0)
 			marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index db9ba19ddf..0804eb44e7 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -1601,12 +1601,10 @@ int merge_recursive(struct merge_options *o,
 
 	merged_common_ancestors = pop_commit(&ca);
 	if (merged_common_ancestors == NULL) {
-		/* if there is no common ancestor, make an empty tree */
-		struct tree *tree = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct tree));
+		/* if there is no common ancestor, use an empty tree */
+		struct tree *tree;
 
-		tree->object.parsed = 1;
-		tree->object.type = OBJ_TREE;
-		pretend_sha1_file(NULL, 0, OBJ_TREE, tree->object.sha1);
+		tree = lookup_tree((const unsigned char *)EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_BIN);
 		merged_common_ancestors = make_virtual_commit(tree, "ancestor");
 	}
 
@@ -1759,6 +1757,8 @@ int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *o, const char *s)
 		o->subtree_shift = s + strlen("subtree=");
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "patience"))
 		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "histogram"))
+		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF;
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-change"))
 		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE;
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-all-space"))
diff --git a/mergetools/araxis b/mergetools/araxis
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64f97c5e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/araxis
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" -wait -2 "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" -wait -merge -3 -a1 \
+			"$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED" >/dev/null 2>&1
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" -wait -2 \
+			"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED" >/dev/null 2>&1
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
+
+translate_merge_tool_path() {
+	echo compare
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/bc3 b/mergetools/bc3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27b3dd48b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/bc3
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$BASE" \
+			-mergeoutput="$MERGED"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			-mergeoutput="$MERGED"
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
+
+translate_merge_tool_path() {
+	echo bcompare
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/defaults b/mergetools/defaults
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d8f2a3dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/defaults
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Redefined by builtin tools
+can_merge () {
+	return 0
+}
+
+can_diff () {
+	return 0
+}
+
+diff_cmd () {
+	merge_tool_cmd="$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$1")"
+	if test -z "$merge_tool_cmd"
+	then
+		status=1
+		break
+	fi
+	( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
+	status=$?
+	return $status
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	merge_tool_cmd="$(get_merge_tool_cmd "$1")"
+	if test -z "$merge_tool_cmd"
+	then
+		status=1
+		break
+	fi
+	trust_exit_code="$(git config --bool \
+		mergetool."$1".trustExitCode || echo false)"
+	if test "$trust_exit_code" = "false"
+	then
+		touch "$BACKUP"
+		( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
+		status=$?
+		check_unchanged
+	else
+		( eval $merge_tool_cmd )
+		status=$?
+	fi
+	return $status
+}
+
+translate_merge_tool_path () {
+	echo "$1"
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/diffuse b/mergetools/diffuse
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..02e0843f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/diffuse
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" | cat
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" \
+			"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE" \
+			"$BASE" | cat
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" \
+			"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE" | cat
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/ecmerge b/mergetools/ecmerge
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13c2e439de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/ecmerge
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" --default --mode=diff2 "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			--default --mode=merge3 --to="$MERGED"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			--default --mode=merge2 --to="$MERGED"
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/emerge b/mergetools/emerge
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f96d9e550a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/emerge
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" -f emerge-files-command "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" \
+			-f emerge-files-with-ancestor-command \
+			"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$BASE" \
+			"$(basename "$MERGED")"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" \
+			-f emerge-files-command \
+			"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			"$(basename "$MERGED")"
+	fi
+	status=$?
+}
+
+translate_merge_tool_path() {
+	echo emacs
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/kdiff3 b/mergetools/kdiff3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28fead428b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/kdiff3
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" --auto \
+		--L1 "$MERGED (A)" --L2 "$MERGED (B)" \
+		"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" --auto \
+			--L1 "$MERGED (Base)" \
+			--L2 "$MERGED (Local)" \
+			--L3 "$MERGED (Remote)" \
+			-o "$MERGED" "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+		>/dev/null 2>&1
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" --auto \
+			--L1 "$MERGED (Local)" \
+			--L2 "$MERGED (Remote)" \
+			-o "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+		>/dev/null 2>&1
+	fi
+	status=$?
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/kompare b/mergetools/kompare
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..433686c12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/kompare
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+can_merge () {
+	return 1
+}
+
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/meld b/mergetools/meld
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaa115ccb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/meld
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if test -z "${meld_has_output_option:+set}"
+	then
+		check_meld_for_output_version
+	fi
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if test "$meld_has_output_option" = true
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" --output "$MERGED" \
+			"$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
+
+# Check whether 'meld --output <file>' is supported
+check_meld_for_output_version () {
+	meld_path="$(git config mergetool.meld.path)"
+	meld_path="${meld_path:-meld}"
+
+	if "$meld_path" --output /dev/null --help >/dev/null 2>&1
+	then
+		meld_has_output_option=true
+	else
+		meld_has_output_option=false
+	fi
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/opendiff b/mergetools/opendiff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0942b2a733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/opendiff
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" | cat
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			-ancestor "$BASE" -merge "$MERGED" | cat
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" \
+			-merge "$MERGED" | cat
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/p4merge b/mergetools/p4merge
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a45c1b0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/p4merge
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	$base_present || >"$BASE"
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" "$MERGED"
+	check_unchanged
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/tkdiff b/mergetools/tkdiff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..618c438e87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/tkdiff
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" -a "$BASE" -o "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" -o "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+	fi
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/tortoisemerge b/mergetools/tortoisemerge
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed7db495ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/tortoisemerge
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+can_diff () {
+	return 1
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		touch "$BACKUP"
+		"$merge_tool_path" \
+			-base:"$BASE" -mine:"$LOCAL" \
+			-theirs:"$REMOTE" -merged:"$MERGED"
+		check_unchanged
+	else
+		echo "TortoiseMerge cannot be used without a base" 1>&2
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/vim b/mergetools/vim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..619594ae4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/vim
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	case "$1" in
+	gvimdiff|vimdiff)
+		"$merge_tool_path" -R -f -d \
+			-c 'wincmd l' -c 'cd $GIT_PREFIX' "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+		;;
+	gvimdiff2|vimdiff2)
+		"$merge_tool_path" -R -f -d \
+			-c 'wincmd l' -c 'cd $GIT_PREFIX' "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+		;;
+	esac
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	case "$1" in
+	gvimdiff|vimdiff)
+		if $base_present
+		then
+			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c 'wincmd J' \
+				"$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
+		else
+			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c 'wincmd l' \
+				"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
+		fi
+		;;
+	gvimdiff2|vimdiff2)
+		"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c 'wincmd l' \
+			"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
+		;;
+	esac
+	check_unchanged
+}
+
+translate_merge_tool_path() {
+	case "$1" in
+	gvimdiff|gvimdiff2)
+		echo gvim
+		;;
+	vimdiff|vimdiff2)
+		echo vim
+		;;
+	esac
+}
diff --git a/mergetools/xxdiff b/mergetools/xxdiff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05b443394b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/xxdiff
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" \
+		-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
+		-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
+		"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	touch "$BACKUP"
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" -X --show-merged-pane \
+			-R 'Accel.SaveAsMerged: "Ctrl-S"' \
+			-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
+			-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
+			--merged-file "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" -X $extra \
+			-R 'Accel.SaveAsMerged: "Ctrl-S"' \
+			-R 'Accel.Search: "Ctrl+F"' \
+			-R 'Accel.SearchForward: "Ctrl-G"' \
+			--merged-file "$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+	fi
+	check_unchanged
+}
diff --git a/notes.c b/notes.c
index f6ce8489d3..93e9868d5d 100644
--- a/notes.c
+++ b/notes.c
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ int remove_note(struct notes_tree *t, const unsigned char *object_sha1)
 	hashcpy(l.key_sha1, object_sha1);
 	hashclr(l.val_sha1);
 	note_tree_remove(t, t->root, 0, &l);
-	if (is_null_sha1(l.val_sha1)) // no note was removed
+	if (is_null_sha1(l.val_sha1)) /* no note was removed */
 		return 1;
 	t->dirty = 1;
 	return 0;
diff --git a/parse-options-cb.c b/parse-options-cb.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c248f667c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/parse-options-cb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "commit.h"
+#include "color.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
+
+/*----- some often used options -----*/
+
+int parse_opt_abbrev_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	int v;
+
+	if (!arg) {
+		v = unset ? 0 : DEFAULT_ABBREV;
+	} else {
+		v = strtol(arg, (char **)&arg, 10);
+		if (*arg)
+			return opterror(opt, "expects a numerical value", 0);
+		if (v && v < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
+			v = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
+		else if (v > 40)
+			v = 40;
+	}
+	*(int *)(opt->value) = v;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_approxidate_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
+			     int unset)
+{
+	*(unsigned long *)(opt->value) = approxidate(arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_color_flag_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
+			    int unset)
+{
+	int value;
+
+	if (!arg)
+		arg = unset ? "never" : (const char *)opt->defval;
+	value = git_config_colorbool(NULL, arg, -1);
+	if (value < 0)
+		return opterror(opt,
+			"expects \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"", 0);
+	*(int *)opt->value = value;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_verbosity_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
+			   int unset)
+{
+	int *target = opt->value;
+
+	if (unset)
+		/* --no-quiet, --no-verbose */
+		*target = 0;
+	else if (opt->short_name == 'v') {
+		if (*target >= 0)
+			(*target)++;
+		else
+			*target = 1;
+	} else {
+		if (*target <= 0)
+			(*target)--;
+		else
+			*target = -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_with_commit(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	unsigned char sha1[20];
+	struct commit *commit;
+
+	if (!arg)
+		return -1;
+	if (get_sha1(arg, sha1))
+		return error("malformed object name %s", arg);
+	commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+	if (!commit)
+		return error("no such commit %s", arg);
+	commit_list_insert(commit, opt->value);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_tertiary(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	int *target = opt->value;
+	*target = unset ? 2 : 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_options_concat(struct option *dst, size_t dst_size, struct option *src)
+{
+	int i, j;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < dst_size; i++)
+		if (dst[i].type == OPTION_END)
+			break;
+	for (j = 0; i < dst_size; i++, j++) {
+		dst[i] = src[j];
+		if (src[j].type == OPTION_END)
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int parse_opt_string_list(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct string_list *v = opt->value;
+
+	if (unset) {
+		string_list_clear(v, 0);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!arg)
+		return -1;
+
+	string_list_append(v, xstrdup(arg));
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index 879ea82a31..503ab5d500 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "color.h"
-#include "string-list.h"
 
 static int parse_options_usage(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 			       const char * const *usagestr,
@@ -12,14 +11,14 @@ static int parse_options_usage(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 #define OPT_SHORT 1
 #define OPT_UNSET 2
 
-static int optbug(const struct option *opt, const char *reason)
+int optbug(const struct option *opt, const char *reason)
 {
 	if (opt->long_name)
 		return error("BUG: option '%s' %s", opt->long_name, reason);
 	return error("BUG: switch '%c' %s", opt->short_name, reason);
 }
 
-static int opterror(const struct option *opt, const char *reason, int flags)
+int opterror(const struct option *opt, const char *reason, int flags)
 {
 	if (flags & OPT_SHORT)
 		return error("switch `%c' %s", opt->short_name, reason);
@@ -584,123 +583,3 @@ static int parse_options_usage(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 	return usage_with_options_internal(ctx, usagestr, opts, 0, err);
 }
 
-
-/*----- some often used options -----*/
-#include "cache.h"
-
-int parse_opt_abbrev_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
-{
-	int v;
-
-	if (!arg) {
-		v = unset ? 0 : DEFAULT_ABBREV;
-	} else {
-		v = strtol(arg, (char **)&arg, 10);
-		if (*arg)
-			return opterror(opt, "expects a numerical value", 0);
-		if (v && v < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
-			v = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
-		else if (v > 40)
-			v = 40;
-	}
-	*(int *)(opt->value) = v;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_approxidate_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
-			     int unset)
-{
-	*(unsigned long *)(opt->value) = approxidate(arg);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_color_flag_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
-			    int unset)
-{
-	int value;
-
-	if (!arg)
-		arg = unset ? "never" : (const char *)opt->defval;
-	value = git_config_colorbool(NULL, arg, -1);
-	if (value < 0)
-		return opterror(opt,
-			"expects \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"", 0);
-	*(int *)opt->value = value;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_verbosity_cb(const struct option *opt, const char *arg,
-			   int unset)
-{
-	int *target = opt->value;
-
-	if (unset)
-		/* --no-quiet, --no-verbose */
-		*target = 0;
-	else if (opt->short_name == 'v') {
-		if (*target >= 0)
-			(*target)++;
-		else
-			*target = 1;
-	} else {
-		if (*target <= 0)
-			(*target)--;
-		else
-			*target = -1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_with_commit(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
-{
-	unsigned char sha1[20];
-	struct commit *commit;
-
-	if (!arg)
-		return -1;
-	if (get_sha1(arg, sha1))
-		return error("malformed object name %s", arg);
-	commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
-	if (!commit)
-		return error("no such commit %s", arg);
-	commit_list_insert(commit, opt->value);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_tertiary(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
-{
-	int *target = opt->value;
-	*target = unset ? 2 : 1;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_options_concat(struct option *dst, size_t dst_size, struct option *src)
-{
-	int i, j;
-
-	for (i = 0; i < dst_size; i++)
-		if (dst[i].type == OPTION_END)
-			break;
-	for (j = 0; i < dst_size; i++, j++) {
-		dst[i] = src[j];
-		if (src[j].type == OPTION_END)
-			return 0;
-	}
-	return -1;
-}
-
-int parse_opt_string_list(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
-{
-	struct string_list *v = opt->value;
-
-	if (unset) {
-		string_list_clear(v, 0);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	if (!arg)
-		return -1;
-
-	string_list_append(v, xstrdup(arg));
-	return 0;
-}
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index 05eb09b878..59e0b524bd 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ extern NORETURN void usage_msg_opt(const char *msg,
 				   const char * const *usagestr,
 				   const struct option *options);
 
+extern int optbug(const struct option *opt, const char *reason);
+extern int opterror(const struct option *opt, const char *reason, int flags);
 /*----- incremental advanced APIs -----*/
 
 enum {
diff --git a/quote.c b/quote.c
index 63d3b01818..532fd3b7b7 100644
--- a/quote.c
+++ b/quote.c
@@ -325,8 +325,12 @@ static const char *path_relative(const char *in, int len,
 
 	if (len < 0)
 		len = strlen(in);
-	if (prefix && prefix_len < 0)
-		prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+	if (prefix_len < 0) {
+		if (prefix)
+			prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+		else
+			prefix_len = 0;
+	}
 
 	off = 0;
 	i = 0;
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 46a9e60708..01a0e25051 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ static void show_file(const char * fmt, const char * name, int in_porcelain,
 {
 	if (in_porcelain && *first && header_msg) {
 		printf("%s\n", header_msg);
-		*first=0;
+		*first = 0;
 	}
 	printf(fmt, name);
 }
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index 3a8789d385..6f313a9e0c 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ int read_ref(const char *ref, unsigned char *sha1)
 static int do_one_ref(const char *base, each_ref_fn fn, int trim,
 		      int flags, void *cb_data, struct ref_list *entry)
 {
-	if (strncmp(base, entry->name, trim))
+	if (prefixcmp(entry->name, base))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!(flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN)) {
@@ -728,12 +728,12 @@ int head_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 
 int for_each_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-	return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "refs/", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+	return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-	return do_for_each_ref(submodule, "refs/", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+	return do_for_each_ref(submodule, "", fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
 int for_each_ref_in(const char *prefix, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
@@ -782,6 +782,31 @@ int for_each_replace_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 	return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "refs/replace/", fn, 13, 0, cb_data);
 }
 
+int head_ref_namespaced(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int ret = 0;
+	unsigned char sha1[20];
+	int flag;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%sHEAD", get_git_namespace());
+	if (resolve_ref(buf.buf, sha1, 1, &flag))
+		ret = fn(buf.buf, sha1, flag, cb_data);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int for_each_namespaced_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int ret;
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%srefs/", get_git_namespace());
+	ret = do_for_each_ref(NULL, buf.buf, fn, 0, 0, cb_data);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 int for_each_glob_ref_in(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern,
 	const char *prefix, void *cb_data)
 {
@@ -819,7 +844,7 @@ int for_each_glob_ref(each_ref_fn fn, const char *pattern, void *cb_data)
 
 int for_each_rawref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data)
 {
-	return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "refs/", fn, 0,
+	return do_for_each_ref(NULL, "", fn, 0,
 			       DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN, cb_data);
 }
 
diff --git a/refs.h b/refs.h
index 5de06e57e7..dfb086e933 100644
--- a/refs.h
+++ b/refs.h
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ extern int for_each_tag_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, voi
 extern int for_each_branch_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data);
 extern int for_each_remote_ref_submodule(const char *submodule, each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data);
 
+extern int head_ref_namespaced(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data);
+extern int for_each_namespaced_ref(each_ref_fn fn, void *cb_data);
+
 static inline const char *has_glob_specials(const char *pattern)
 {
 	return strpbrk(pattern, "?*[");
diff --git a/remote-curl.c b/remote-curl.c
index 69831e931a..5798aa57b6 100644
--- a/remote-curl.c
+++ b/remote-curl.c
@@ -762,7 +762,9 @@ static int push_git(struct discovery *heads, int nr_spec, char **specs)
 		argv[argc++] = "--thin";
 	if (options.dry_run)
 		argv[argc++] = "--dry-run";
-	if (options.verbosity > 1)
+	if (options.verbosity < 0)
+		argv[argc++] = "--quiet";
+	else if (options.verbosity > 1)
 		argv[argc++] = "--verbose";
 	argv[argc++] = url;
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_spec; i++)
@@ -855,7 +857,14 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 	http_init(remote);
 
 	do {
-		if (strbuf_getline(&buf, stdin, '\n') == EOF)
+		if (strbuf_getline(&buf, stdin, '\n') == EOF) {
+			if (ferror(stdin))
+				fprintf(stderr, "Error reading command stream\n");
+			else
+				fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected end of command stream\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+		if (buf.len == 0)
 			break;
 		if (!prefixcmp(buf.buf, "fetch ")) {
 			if (nongit)
@@ -895,6 +904,7 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 			printf("\n");
 			fflush(stdout);
 		} else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Unknown command '%s'\n", buf.buf);
 			return 1;
 		}
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
diff --git a/remote.c b/remote.c
index ca42a126ad..b8ecfa5d95 100644
--- a/remote.c
+++ b/remote.c
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ struct ref *alloc_ref(const char *name)
 	return alloc_ref_with_prefix("", 0, name);
 }
 
-static struct ref *copy_ref(const struct ref *ref)
+struct ref *copy_ref(const struct ref *ref)
 {
 	struct ref *cpy;
 	size_t len;
@@ -1667,7 +1667,9 @@ struct ref *guess_remote_head(const struct ref *head,
 
 	/* Look for another ref that points there */
 	for (r = refs; r; r = r->next) {
-		if (r != head && !hashcmp(r->old_sha1, head->old_sha1)) {
+		if (r != head &&
+		    !prefixcmp(r->name, "refs/heads/") &&
+		    !hashcmp(r->old_sha1, head->old_sha1)) {
 			*tail = copy_ref(r);
 			tail = &((*tail)->next);
 			if (!all)
diff --git a/remote.h b/remote.h
index 888d7c15de..9a30a9dba6 100644
--- a/remote.h
+++ b/remote.h
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct refspec {
 extern const struct refspec *tag_refspec;
 
 struct ref *alloc_ref(const char *name);
-
+struct ref *copy_ref(const struct ref *ref);
 struct ref *copy_ref_list(const struct ref *ref);
 
 int check_ref_type(const struct ref *ref, int flags);
diff --git a/run-command.c b/run-command.c
index 70e8a249d0..a2796c4cae 100644
--- a/run-command.c
+++ b/run-command.c
@@ -77,16 +77,14 @@ static void notify_parent(void)
 
 static NORETURN void die_child(const char *err, va_list params)
 {
-	char msg[4096];
-	int len = vsnprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), err, params);
-	if (len > sizeof(msg))
-		len = sizeof(msg);
-
-	write_in_full(child_err, "fatal: ", 7);
-	write_in_full(child_err, msg, len);
-	write_in_full(child_err, "\n", 1);
+	vwritef(child_err, "fatal: ", err, params);
 	exit(128);
 }
+
+static void error_child(const char *err, va_list params)
+{
+	vwritef(child_err, "error: ", err, params);
+}
 #endif
 
 static inline void set_cloexec(int fd)
@@ -127,9 +125,6 @@ static int wait_or_whine(pid_t pid, const char *argv0, int silent_exec_failure)
 		if (code == 127) {
 			code = -1;
 			failed_errno = ENOENT;
-			if (!silent_exec_failure)
-				error("cannot run %s: %s", argv0,
-					strerror(ENOENT));
 		}
 	} else {
 		error("waitpid is confused (%s)", argv0);
@@ -217,6 +212,7 @@ int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 			set_cloexec(child_err);
 		}
 		set_die_routine(die_child);
+		set_error_routine(error_child);
 
 		close(notify_pipe[0]);
 		set_cloexec(notify_pipe[1]);
@@ -283,14 +279,14 @@ int start_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 		} else {
 			execvp(cmd->argv[0], (char *const*) cmd->argv);
 		}
-		/*
-		 * Do not check for cmd->silent_exec_failure; the parent
-		 * process will check it when it sees this exit code.
-		 */
-		if (errno == ENOENT)
+		if (errno == ENOENT) {
+			if (!cmd->silent_exec_failure)
+				error("cannot run %s: %s", cmd->argv[0],
+					strerror(ENOENT));
 			exit(127);
-		else
+		} else {
 			die_errno("cannot exec '%s'", cmd->argv[0]);
+		}
 	}
 	if (cmd->pid < 0)
 		error("cannot fork() for %s: %s", cmd->argv[0],
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 5ea5502e48..ca7ee496e5 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -40,34 +40,6 @@ char *prefix_path(const char *prefix, int len, const char *path)
 	return sanitized;
 }
 
-/*
- * Unlike prefix_path, this should be used if the named file does
- * not have to interact with index entry; i.e. name of a random file
- * on the filesystem.
- */
-const char *prefix_filename(const char *pfx, int pfx_len, const char *arg)
-{
-	static char path[PATH_MAX];
-#ifndef WIN32
-	if (!pfx_len || is_absolute_path(arg))
-		return arg;
-	memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
-	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
-#else
-	char *p;
-	/* don't add prefix to absolute paths, but still replace '\' by '/' */
-	if (is_absolute_path(arg))
-		pfx_len = 0;
-	else if (pfx_len)
-		memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
-	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
-	for (p = path + pfx_len; *p; p++)
-		if (*p == '\\')
-			*p = '/';
-#endif
-	return path;
-}
-
 int check_filename(const char *prefix, const char *arg)
 {
 	const char *name;
@@ -264,6 +236,38 @@ const char **get_pathspec(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec)
 	return pathspec;
 }
 
+const char *pathspec_prefix(const char *prefix, const char **pathspec)
+{
+	const char **p, *n, *prev;
+	unsigned long max;
+
+	if (!pathspec)
+		return prefix ? xmemdupz(prefix, strlen(prefix)) : NULL;
+
+	prev = NULL;
+	max = PATH_MAX;
+	for (p = pathspec; (n = *p) != NULL; p++) {
+		int i, len = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+			char c = n[i];
+			if (prev && prev[i] != c)
+				break;
+			if (!c || c == '*' || c == '?')
+				break;
+			if (c == '/')
+				len = i+1;
+		}
+		prev = n;
+		if (len < max) {
+			max = len;
+			if (!max)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return max ? xmemdupz(prev, max) : NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * Test if it looks like we're at a git directory.
  * We want to see:
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index 89d7e5eb57..44444ae8f4 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -1217,14 +1217,34 @@ static int experimental_loose_object(unsigned char *map)
 	unsigned int word;
 
 	/*
-	 * Is it a zlib-compressed buffer? If so, the first byte
-	 * must be 0x78 (15-bit window size, deflated), and the
-	 * first 16-bit word is evenly divisible by 31. If so,
-	 * we are looking at the official format, not the experimental
-	 * one.
+	 * We must determine if the buffer contains the standard
+	 * zlib-deflated stream or the experimental format based
+	 * on the in-pack object format. Compare the header byte
+	 * for each format:
+	 *
+	 * RFC1950 zlib w/ deflate : 0www1000 : 0 <= www <= 7
+	 * Experimental pack-based : Stttssss : ttt = 1,2,3,4
+	 *
+	 * If bit 7 is clear and bits 0-3 equal 8, the buffer MUST be
+	 * in standard loose-object format, UNLESS it is a Git-pack
+	 * format object *exactly* 8 bytes in size when inflated.
+	 *
+	 * However, RFC1950 also specifies that the 1st 16-bit word
+	 * must be divisible by 31 - this checksum tells us our buffer
+	 * is in the standard format, giving a false positive only if
+	 * the 1st word of the Git-pack format object happens to be
+	 * divisible by 31, ie:
+	 *      ((byte0 * 256) + byte1) % 31 = 0
+	 *   =>        0ttt10000www1000 % 31 = 0
+	 *
+	 * As it happens, this case can only arise for www=3 & ttt=1
+	 * - ie, a Commit object, which would have to be 8 bytes in
+	 * size. As no Commit can be that small, we find that the
+	 * combination of these two criteria (bitmask & checksum)
+	 * can always correctly determine the buffer format.
 	 */
 	word = (map[0] << 8) + map[1];
-	if (map[0] == 0x78 && !(word % 31))
+	if ((map[0] & 0x8F) == 0x08 && !(word % 31))
 		return 0;
 	else
 		return 1;
@@ -1797,6 +1817,24 @@ static void *unpack_delta_entry(struct packed_git *p,
 	return result;
 }
 
+static void write_pack_access_log(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset)
+{
+	static FILE *log_file;
+
+	if (!log_file) {
+		log_file = fopen(log_pack_access, "w");
+		if (!log_file) {
+			error("cannot open pack access log '%s' for writing: %s",
+			      log_pack_access, strerror(errno));
+			log_pack_access = NULL;
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	fprintf(log_file, "%s %"PRIuMAX"\n",
+		p->pack_name, (uintmax_t)obj_offset);
+	fflush(log_file);
+}
+
 int do_check_packed_object_crc;
 
 void *unpack_entry(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
@@ -1806,6 +1844,9 @@ void *unpack_entry(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
 	off_t curpos = obj_offset;
 	void *data;
 
+	if (log_pack_access)
+		write_pack_access_log(p, obj_offset);
+
 	if (do_check_packed_object_crc && p->index_version > 1) {
 		struct revindex_entry *revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, obj_offset);
 		unsigned long len = revidx[1].offset - obj_offset;
diff --git a/streaming.c b/streaming.c
index 25c9a209bb..71072e1b1d 100644
--- a/streaming.c
+++ b/streaming.c
@@ -94,7 +94,9 @@ struct git_istream {
 
 int close_istream(struct git_istream *st)
 {
-	return st->vtbl->close(st);
+	int r = st->vtbl->close(st);
+	free(st);
+	return r;
 }
 
 ssize_t read_istream(struct git_istream *st, char *buf, size_t sz)
diff --git a/t/lib-diff-alternative.sh b/t/lib-diff-alternative.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75ffd9174f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/lib-diff-alternative.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_diff_frobnitz() {
+	cat >file1 <<\EOF
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// Frobs foo heartily
+int frobnitz(int foo)
+{
+    int i;
+    for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+    {
+        printf("Your answer is: ");
+        printf("%d\n", foo);
+    }
+}
+
+int fact(int n)
+{
+    if(n > 1)
+    {
+        return fact(n-1) * n;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    frobnitz(fact(10));
+}
+EOF
+
+	cat >file2 <<\EOF
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int fib(int n)
+{
+    if(n > 2)
+    {
+        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// Frobs foo heartily
+int frobnitz(int foo)
+{
+    int i;
+    for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+    {
+        printf("%d\n", foo);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    frobnitz(fib(10));
+}
+EOF
+
+	cat >expect <<\EOF
+diff --git a/file1 b/file2
+index 6faa5a3..e3af329 100644
+--- a/file1
++++ b/file2
+@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ 
++int fib(int n)
++{
++    if(n > 2)
++    {
++        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
++    }
++    return 1;
++}
++
+ // Frobs foo heartily
+ int frobnitz(int foo)
+ {
+     int i;
+     for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+     {
+-        printf("Your answer is: ");
+         printf("%d\n", foo);
+     }
+ }
+ 
+-int fact(int n)
+-{
+-    if(n > 1)
+-    {
+-        return fact(n-1) * n;
+-    }
+-    return 1;
+-}
+-
+ int main(int argc, char **argv)
+ {
+-    frobnitz(fact(10));
++    frobnitz(fib(10));
+ }
+EOF
+
+	STRATEGY=$1
+
+	test_expect_success "$STRATEGY diff" '
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index "--$STRATEGY" file1 file2 > output &&
+		test_cmp expect output
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$STRATEGY diff output is valid" '
+		mv file2 expect &&
+		git apply < output &&
+		test_cmp expect file2
+	'
+}
+
+test_diff_unique() {
+	cat >uniq1 <<\EOF
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+EOF
+
+	cat >uniq2 <<\EOF
+a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+f
+EOF
+
+	cat >expect <<\EOF
+diff --git a/uniq1 b/uniq2
+index b414108..0fdf397 100644
+--- a/uniq1
++++ b/uniq2
+@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+-1
+-2
+-3
+-4
+-5
+-6
++a
++b
++c
++d
++e
++f
+EOF
+
+	STRATEGY=$1
+
+	test_expect_success 'completely different files' '
+		test_must_fail git diff --no-index "--$STRATEGY" uniq1 uniq2 > output &&
+		test_cmp expect output
+	'
+}
+
diff --git a/t/t0003-attributes.sh b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
index ebbc7554a7..ae2f1da28f 100755
--- a/t/t0003-attributes.sh
+++ b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
@@ -9,16 +9,17 @@ attr_check () {
 	path="$1"
 	expect="$2"
 
-	git check-attr test -- "$path" >actual &&
+	git check-attr test -- "$path" >actual 2>err &&
 	echo "$path: test: $2" >expect &&
-	test_cmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	test_line_count = 0 err
 
 }
 
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 
-	mkdir -p a/b/d a/c &&
+	mkdir -p a/b/d a/c b &&
 	(
 		echo "[attr]notest !test"
 		echo "f	test=f"
@@ -35,10 +36,42 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		echo "h test=a/b/h" &&
 		echo "d/* test=a/b/d/*"
 		echo "d/yes notest"
-	) >a/b/.gitattributes
+	) >a/b/.gitattributes &&
 	(
 		echo "global test=global"
-	) >"$HOME"/global-gitattributes
+	) >"$HOME"/global-gitattributes &&
+	cat <<EOF >expect-all
+f: test: f
+a/f: test: f
+a/c/f: test: f
+a/g: test: a/g
+a/b/g: test: a/b/g
+b/g: test: unspecified
+a/b/h: test: a/b/h
+a/b/d/g: test: a/b/d/*
+onoff: test: unset
+offon: test: set
+no: notest: set
+no: test: unspecified
+a/b/d/no: notest: set
+a/b/d/no: test: a/b/d/*
+a/b/d/yes: notest: set
+a/b/d/yes: test: unspecified
+EOF
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'command line checks' '
+
+	test_must_fail git check-attr &&
+	test_must_fail git check-attr -- &&
+	test_must_fail git check-attr test &&
+	test_must_fail git check-attr test -- &&
+	test_must_fail git check-attr -- f &&
+	echo "f" | test_must_fail git check-attr --stdin &&
+	echo "f" | test_must_fail git check-attr --stdin -- f &&
+	echo "f" | test_must_fail git check-attr --stdin test -- f &&
+	test_must_fail git check-attr "" -- f
 
 '
 
@@ -60,6 +93,28 @@ test_expect_success 'attribute test' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'unnormalized paths' '
+
+	attr_check ./f f &&
+	attr_check ./a/g a/g &&
+	attr_check a/./g a/g &&
+	attr_check a/c/../b/g a/b/g
+
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'relative paths' '
+
+	(cd a && attr_check ../f f) &&
+	(cd a && attr_check f f) &&
+	(cd a && attr_check i a/i) &&
+	(cd a && attr_check g a/g) &&
+	(cd a && attr_check b/g a/b/g) &&
+	(cd b && attr_check ../a/f f) &&
+	(cd b && attr_check ../a/g a/g) &&
+	(cd b && attr_check ../a/b/g a/b/g)
+
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'core.attributesfile' '
 	attr_check global unspecified &&
 	git config core.attributesfile "$HOME/global-gitattributes" &&
@@ -72,26 +127,19 @@ test_expect_success 'core.attributesfile' '
 
 test_expect_success 'attribute test: read paths from stdin' '
 
-	cat <<EOF > expect &&
-f: test: f
-a/f: test: f
-a/c/f: test: f
-a/g: test: a/g
-a/b/g: test: a/b/g
-b/g: test: unspecified
-a/b/h: test: a/b/h
-a/b/d/g: test: a/b/d/*
-onoff: test: unset
-offon: test: set
-no: test: unspecified
-a/b/d/no: test: a/b/d/*
-a/b/d/yes: test: unspecified
-EOF
-
+	grep -v notest < expect-all > expect &&
 	sed -e "s/:.*//" < expect | git check-attr --stdin test > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'attribute test: --all option' '
+
+	grep -v unspecified < expect-all | sort > expect &&
+	sed -e "s/:.*//" < expect-all | uniq |
+		git check-attr --stdin --all | sort > actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'root subdir attribute test' '
 
 	attr_check a/i a/i &&
diff --git a/t/t1013-loose-object-format.sh b/t/t1013-loose-object-format.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..0a9cedd374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t1013-loose-object-format.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2011 Roberto Tyley
+#
+
+test_description='Correctly identify and parse loose object headers
+
+There are two file formats for loose objects - the original standard
+format, and the experimental format introduced with Git v1.4.3, later
+deprecated with v1.5.3. Although Git no longer writes the
+experimental format, objects in both formats must be read, with the
+format for a given file being determined by the header.
+
+Detecting file format based on header is not entirely trivial, not
+least because the first byte of a zlib-deflated stream will vary
+depending on how much memory was allocated for the deflation window
+buffer when the object was written out (for example 4KB on Android,
+rather that 32KB on a normal PC).
+
+The loose objects used as test vectors have been generated with the
+following Git versions:
+
+standard format: Git v1.7.4.1
+experimental format: Git v1.4.3 (legacyheaders=false)
+standard format, deflated with 4KB window size: Agit/JGit on Android
+'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+assert_blob_equals() {
+	printf "%s" "$2" >expected &&
+	git cat-file -p "$1" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+}
+
+test_expect_success setup '
+	cp -R "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t1013/objects" .git/
+	git --version
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'read standard-format loose objects' '
+	git cat-file tag 8d4e360d6c70fbd72411991c02a09c442cf7a9fa &&
+	git cat-file commit 6baee0540ea990d9761a3eb9ab183003a71c3696 &&
+	git ls-tree 7a37b887a73791d12d26c0d3e39568a8fb0fa6e8 &&
+	assert_blob_equals "257cc5642cb1a054f08cc83f2d943e56fd3ebe99" "foo$LF"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'read experimental-format loose objects' '
+	git cat-file tag 76e7fa9941f4d5f97f64fea65a2cba436bc79cbb &&
+	git cat-file commit 7875c6237d3fcdd0ac2f0decc7d3fa6a50b66c09 &&
+	git ls-tree 95b1625de3ba8b2214d1e0d0591138aea733f64f &&
+	assert_blob_equals "2e65efe2a145dda7ee51d1741299f848e5bf752e" "a" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "9ae9e86b7bd6cb1472d9373702d8249973da0832" "ab" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "85df50785d62d3b05ab03d9cbf7e4a0b49449730" "abcd" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "1656f9233d999f61ef23ef390b9c71d75399f435" "abcdefgh" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "1e72a6b2c4a577ab0338860fa9fe87f761fc9bbd" "abcdefghi" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "70e6a83d8dcb26fc8bc0cf702e2ddeb6adca18fd" "abcdefghijklmnop" &&
+	assert_blob_equals "bd15045f6ce8ff75747562173640456a394412c8" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'read standard-format objects deflated with smaller window buffer' '
+	git cat-file tag f816d5255855ac160652ee5253b06cd8ee14165a &&
+	git cat-file tag 149cedb5c46929d18e0f118e9fa31927487af3b6
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/14/9cedb5c46929d18e0f118e9fa31927487af3b6 b/t/t1013/objects/14/9cedb5c46929d18e0f118e9fa31927487af3b6
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..472fd1458e
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/14/9cedb5c46929d18e0f118e9fa31927487af3b6 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/16/56f9233d999f61ef23ef390b9c71d75399f435 b/t/t1013/objects/16/56f9233d999f61ef23ef390b9c71d75399f435
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c379d74ae2
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/16/56f9233d999f61ef23ef390b9c71d75399f435 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/1e/72a6b2c4a577ab0338860fa9fe87f761fc9bbd b/t/t1013/objects/1e/72a6b2c4a577ab0338860fa9fe87f761fc9bbd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93706305bc
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/1e/72a6b2c4a577ab0338860fa9fe87f761fc9bbd differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/25/7cc5642cb1a054f08cc83f2d943e56fd3ebe99 b/t/t1013/objects/25/7cc5642cb1a054f08cc83f2d943e56fd3ebe99
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdcf704c9e
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/25/7cc5642cb1a054f08cc83f2d943e56fd3ebe99 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/2e/65efe2a145dda7ee51d1741299f848e5bf752e b/t/t1013/objects/2e/65efe2a145dda7ee51d1741299f848e5bf752e
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad62c43e41
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/2e/65efe2a145dda7ee51d1741299f848e5bf752e differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/6b/aee0540ea990d9761a3eb9ab183003a71c3696 b/t/t1013/objects/6b/aee0540ea990d9761a3eb9ab183003a71c3696
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d2f0337db
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/6b/aee0540ea990d9761a3eb9ab183003a71c3696 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/70/e6a83d8dcb26fc8bc0cf702e2ddeb6adca18fd b/t/t1013/objects/70/e6a83d8dcb26fc8bc0cf702e2ddeb6adca18fd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3f71a6ee5
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/70/e6a83d8dcb26fc8bc0cf702e2ddeb6adca18fd differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/76/e7fa9941f4d5f97f64fea65a2cba436bc79cbb b/t/t1013/objects/76/e7fa9941f4d5f97f64fea65a2cba436bc79cbb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af4e9a7b0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t1013/objects/76/e7fa9941f4d5f97f64fea65a2cba436bc79cbb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Âxœ%ÌA‚0@Ñ}O1{cSZ(˜ãνáÃthª”’ZŒÜÞ Ëÿ?
¦m×6dµiÉ9…¤Gå˜h´Ø¨ÁZR'Q¶…RŒ¡ˆ‚ø³p‘ç‚ÓqL9âÏ=g¸§sIÐoopÎÿ”eÏ«_1»€³¤$×ç*Si«ëNwpP•RBôûÅÁú
+³‡[(ð®d-øÁL9á
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/78/75c6237d3fcdd0ac2f0decc7d3fa6a50b66c09 b/t/t1013/objects/78/75c6237d3fcdd0ac2f0decc7d3fa6a50b66c09
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3dd28be5c6
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/78/75c6237d3fcdd0ac2f0decc7d3fa6a50b66c09 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/7a/37b887a73791d12d26c0d3e39568a8fb0fa6e8 b/t/t1013/objects/7a/37b887a73791d12d26c0d3e39568a8fb0fa6e8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b97b264c3
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/7a/37b887a73791d12d26c0d3e39568a8fb0fa6e8 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/85/df50785d62d3b05ab03d9cbf7e4a0b49449730 b/t/t1013/objects/85/df50785d62d3b05ab03d9cbf7e4a0b49449730
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6dff746876
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/85/df50785d62d3b05ab03d9cbf7e4a0b49449730 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/8d/4e360d6c70fbd72411991c02a09c442cf7a9fa b/t/t1013/objects/8d/4e360d6c70fbd72411991c02a09c442cf7a9fa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb41e92d07
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/8d/4e360d6c70fbd72411991c02a09c442cf7a9fa differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/95/b1625de3ba8b2214d1e0d0591138aea733f64f b/t/t1013/objects/95/b1625de3ba8b2214d1e0d0591138aea733f64f
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ac46b4f70
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/95/b1625de3ba8b2214d1e0d0591138aea733f64f differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/9a/e9e86b7bd6cb1472d9373702d8249973da0832 b/t/t1013/objects/9a/e9e86b7bd6cb1472d9373702d8249973da0832
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d8316d4e5
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/9a/e9e86b7bd6cb1472d9373702d8249973da0832 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/bd/15045f6ce8ff75747562173640456a394412c8 b/t/t1013/objects/bd/15045f6ce8ff75747562173640456a394412c8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eebf23956e
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/bd/15045f6ce8ff75747562173640456a394412c8 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 b/t/t1013/objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..134cf19379
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/t1013/objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 differ
diff --git a/t/t1013/objects/f8/16d5255855ac160652ee5253b06cd8ee14165a b/t/t1013/objects/f8/16d5255855ac160652ee5253b06cd8ee14165a
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26b75aec56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t1013/objects/f8/16d5255855ac160652ee5253b06cd8ee14165a
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+H‰ÌÁ‚0€aÏ{ŠÞ
I»e&Æø*¥ˆ
G°ß^¸ýù¿ËDå҆wU‡Ò—¬S±4ªŠÆ­ªž ,fÅ[ðßVAÛºÎüxÈÇö6[wtG§Lu¸?—¦²¼Ú×@‰"gì{†+by¾%M
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh b/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
index 865b8ed26d..3b1b985996 100755
--- a/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
+++ b/t/t1020-subdirectory.sh
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	cp one original.one &&
 	cp dir/two original.two
 '
-LF='
-'
 
 test_expect_success 'update-index and ls-files' '
 	git update-index --add one &&
diff --git a/t/t1412-reflog-loop.sh b/t/t1412-reflog-loop.sh
index 7f519e5ebe..647d888507 100755
--- a/t/t1412-reflog-loop.sh
+++ b/t/t1412-reflog-loop.sh
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ test_expect_success 'setup reflog with alternating commits' '
 
 test_expect_success 'reflog shows all entries' '
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF
-		topic@{0} two: updating HEAD
-		topic@{1} one: updating HEAD
-		topic@{2} two: updating HEAD
-		topic@{3} one: updating HEAD
+		topic@{0} reset: moving to two
+		topic@{1} reset: moving to one
+		topic@{2} reset: moving to two
+		topic@{3} reset: moving to one
 		topic@{4} branch: Created from HEAD
 	EOF
 	git log -g --format="%gd %gs" topic >actual &&
diff --git a/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..a2b63e2c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='ls-files tests with relative paths
+
+This test runs git ls-files with various relative path arguments.
+'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+new_line='
+'
+sq=\'
+
+test_expect_success 'prepare' '
+	: >never-mind-me &&
+	git add never-mind-me &&
+	mkdir top &&
+	(
+		cd top &&
+		mkdir sub &&
+		x="x xa xbc xdef xghij xklmno" &&
+		y=$(echo "$x" | tr x y) &&
+		touch $x &&
+		touch $y &&
+		cd sub &&
+		git add ../x*
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'ls-files with mixed levels' '
+	(
+		cd top/sub &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		../../never-mind-me
+		../x
+		EOF
+		git ls-files $(cat expect) >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'ls-files -c' '
+	(
+		cd top/sub &&
+		for f in ../y*
+		do
+			echo "error: pathspec $sq$f$sq did not match any file(s) known to git."
+		done >expect &&
+		echo "Did you forget to ${sq}git add${sq}?" >>expect &&
+		ls ../x* >>expect &&
+		test_must_fail git ls-files -c --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual 2>&1 &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'ls-files -o' '
+	(
+		cd top/sub &&
+		for f in ../x*
+		do
+			echo "error: pathspec $sq$f$sq did not match any file(s) known to git."
+		done >expect &&
+		echo "Did you forget to ${sq}git add${sq}?" >>expect &&
+		ls ../y* >>expect &&
+		test_must_fail git ls-files -o --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual 2>&1 &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3103-ls-tree-misc.sh b/t/t3103-ls-tree-misc.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..09dcf043fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3103-ls-tree-misc.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='
+Miscellaneous tests for git ls-tree.
+
+	      1. git ls-tree fails in presence of tree damage.
+
+'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	mkdir a &&
+	touch a/one &&
+	git add a/one &&
+	git commit -m test
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'ls-tree fails with non-zero exit code on broken tree' '
+	rm -f .git/objects/5f/cffbd6e4c5c5b8d81f5e9314b20e338e3ffff5 &&
+	test_must_fail git ls-tree -r HEAD
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3307-notes-man.sh b/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
index 2ea3be6546..1aa366a410 100755
--- a/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
+++ b/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ test_expect_success 'example 1: notes to add an Acked-by line' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'example 2: binary notes' '
-	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png . &&
+	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png . &&
 	git checkout B &&
-	blob=$(git hash-object -w test4012.png) &&
+	blob=$(git hash-object -w test-binary-1.png) &&
 	git notes --ref=logo add -C "$blob" &&
 	git notes --ref=logo copy B C &&
 	git notes --ref=logo show C >actual &&
-	test_cmp test4012.png actual
+	test_cmp test-binary-1.png actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3503-cherry-pick-root.sh b/t/t3503-cherry-pick-root.sh
index 9aefe3a1be..e27f39d1e5 100755
--- a/t/t3503-cherry-pick-root.sh
+++ b/t/t3503-cherry-pick-root.sh
@@ -16,12 +16,20 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	echo second > file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	test_tick &&
-	git commit -m "second"
+	git commit -m "second" &&
+
+	git symbolic-ref HEAD refs/heads/third &&
+	rm .git/index file2 &&
+	echo third > file3 &&
+	git add file3 &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "third"
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick a root commit' '
 
+	git checkout second^0 &&
 	git cherry-pick master &&
 	echo first >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect file1
@@ -50,4 +58,21 @@ test_expect_success 'revert a root commit with an external strategy' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'cherry-pick two root commits' '
+
+	echo first >expect.file1 &&
+	echo second >expect.file2 &&
+	echo third >expect.file3 &&
+
+	git checkout second^0 &&
+	git cherry-pick master third &&
+
+	test_cmp expect.file1 file1 &&
+	test_cmp expect.file2 file2 &&
+	test_cmp expect.file3 file3 &&
+	git rev-parse --verify HEAD^^ &&
+	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify HEAD^^^
+
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh b/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
index c06a5ee766..1f62c151b0 100755
--- a/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ test_commit_autosquash_flags () {
 		git commit -a -m "intermediate commit" &&
 		test_tick &&
 		echo $H $flag >>F &&
-		git commit -a --$flag HEAD~1 $3 &&
+		git commit -a --$flag HEAD~1 &&
 		E=$(git cat-file commit '$H-$flag' |
 			sed -ne "s/^encoding //p") &&
 		test "z$E" = "z$H" &&
@@ -160,6 +160,6 @@ test_commit_autosquash_flags () {
 
 test_commit_autosquash_flags eucJP fixup
 
-test_commit_autosquash_flags ISO-2022-JP squash '-m "squash message"'
+test_commit_autosquash_flags ISO-2022-JP squash
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3902-quoted.sh b/t/t3902-quoted.sh
index da82b655b3..534ee08a44 100755
--- a/t/t3902-quoted.sh
+++ b/t/t3902-quoted.sh
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ test_description='quoted output'
 FN='濱野'
 GN='純'
 HT='	'
-LF='
-'
 DQ='"'
 
 echo foo 2>/dev/null > "Name and an${HT}HT"
diff --git a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
index 05ec062832..2d9f9a0cf1 100755
--- a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ test_expect_success 'prepare repository' \
 	'echo AIT >a && echo BIT >b && echo CIT >c && echo DIT >d &&
 	 git update-index --add a b c d &&
 	 echo git >a &&
-	 cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png >b &&
+	 cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png >b &&
 	 echo git >c &&
 	 cat b b >d'
 
diff --git a/t/t4033-diff-patience.sh b/t/t4033-diff-patience.sh
index 1eb14989df..3c9932edf3 100755
--- a/t/t4033-diff-patience.sh
+++ b/t/t4033-diff-patience.sh
@@ -3,166 +3,10 @@
 test_description='patience diff algorithm'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-diff-alternative.sh
 
-cat >file1 <<\EOF
-#include <stdio.h>
+test_diff_frobnitz "patience"
 
-// Frobs foo heartily
-int frobnitz(int foo)
-{
-    int i;
-    for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-    {
-        printf("Your answer is: ");
-        printf("%d\n", foo);
-    }
-}
-
-int fact(int n)
-{
-    if(n > 1)
-    {
-        return fact(n-1) * n;
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    frobnitz(fact(10));
-}
-EOF
-
-cat >file2 <<\EOF
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-int fib(int n)
-{
-    if(n > 2)
-    {
-        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-// Frobs foo heartily
-int frobnitz(int foo)
-{
-    int i;
-    for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-    {
-        printf("%d\n", foo);
-    }
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    frobnitz(fib(10));
-}
-EOF
-
-cat >expect <<\EOF
-diff --git a/file1 b/file2
-index 6faa5a3..e3af329 100644
---- a/file1
-+++ b/file2
-@@ -1,26 +1,25 @@
- #include <stdio.h>
- 
-+int fib(int n)
-+{
-+    if(n > 2)
-+    {
-+        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
-+    }
-+    return 1;
-+}
-+
- // Frobs foo heartily
- int frobnitz(int foo)
- {
-     int i;
-     for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-     {
--        printf("Your answer is: ");
-         printf("%d\n", foo);
-     }
- }
- 
--int fact(int n)
--{
--    if(n > 1)
--    {
--        return fact(n-1) * n;
--    }
--    return 1;
--}
--
- int main(int argc, char **argv)
- {
--    frobnitz(fact(10));
-+    frobnitz(fib(10));
- }
-EOF
-
-test_expect_success 'patience diff' '
-
-	test_must_fail git diff --no-index --patience file1 file2 > output &&
-	test_cmp expect output
-
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'patience diff output is valid' '
-
-	mv file2 expect &&
-	git apply < output &&
-	test_cmp expect file2
-
-'
-
-cat >uniq1 <<\EOF
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-EOF
-
-cat >uniq2 <<\EOF
-a
-b
-c
-d
-e
-f
-EOF
-
-cat >expect <<\EOF
-diff --git a/uniq1 b/uniq2
-index b414108..0fdf397 100644
---- a/uniq1
-+++ b/uniq2
-@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
--1
--2
--3
--4
--5
--6
-+a
-+b
-+c
-+d
-+e
-+f
-EOF
-
-test_expect_success 'completely different files' '
-
-	test_must_fail git diff --no-index --patience uniq1 uniq2 > output &&
-	test_cmp expect output
-
-'
+test_diff_unique "patience"
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4050-diff-histogram.sh b/t/t4050-diff-histogram.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..fd3e86a74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4050-diff-histogram.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='histogram diff algorithm'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-diff-alternative.sh
+
+test_diff_frobnitz "histogram"
+
+test_diff_unique "histogram"
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 151404e090..d7d9ccc1c8 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -96,6 +96,13 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 		echo "X-Fake-Field: Line Three" &&
 		git format-patch --stdout first | sed -e "1d"
 	} | append_cr >patch1-crlf.eml &&
+	{
+		printf "%255s\\n" ""
+		echo "X-Fake-Field: Line One" &&
+		echo "X-Fake-Field: Line Two" &&
+		echo "X-Fake-Field: Line Three" &&
+		git format-patch --stdout first | sed -e "1d"
+	} > patch1-ws.eml &&
 
 	sed -n -e "3,\$p" msg >file &&
 	git add file &&
@@ -167,6 +174,17 @@ test_expect_success 'am applies patch e-mail not in a mbox with CRLF' '
 	test "$(git rev-parse second^)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD^)"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'am applies patch e-mail with preceding whitespace' '
+	rm -fr .git/rebase-apply &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout first &&
+	git am patch1-ws.eml &&
+	! test -d .git/rebase-apply &&
+	git diff --exit-code second &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse second)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
+	test "$(git rev-parse second^)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD^)"
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'setup: new author and committer' '
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="Another Thor" &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="a.thor@example.com" &&
diff --git a/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh b/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
index 9e3ba98fc8..d9068981f8 100755
--- a/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ test_expect_success 'archive --list mentions user filter' '
 	grep "^bar\$" output
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'archive --list shows only enabled remote filters' '
+test_expect_success NOT_MINGW 'archive --list shows only enabled remote filters' '
 	git archive --list --remote=. >output &&
 	! grep "^tar\.foo\$" output &&
 	grep "^bar\$" output
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ test_expect_success 'extension matching requires dot' '
 	test_cmp b.tar config-implicittar.foo
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'only enabled filters are available remotely' '
+test_expect_success NOT_MINGW 'only enabled filters are available remotely' '
 	test_must_fail git archive --remote=. --format=tar.foo HEAD \
 		>remote.tar.foo &&
 	git archive --remote=. --format=bar >remote.bar HEAD &&
@@ -341,12 +341,12 @@ test_expect_success GZIP,GUNZIP 'extract tgz file' '
 	test_cmp b.tar j.tar
 '
 
-test_expect_success GZIP 'remote tar.gz is allowed by default' '
+test_expect_success GZIP,NOT_MINGW 'remote tar.gz is allowed by default' '
 	git archive --remote=. --format=tar.gz HEAD >remote.tar.gz &&
 	test_cmp j.tgz remote.tar.gz
 '
 
-test_expect_success GZIP 'remote tar.gz can be disabled' '
+test_expect_success GZIP,NOT_MINGW 'remote tar.gz can be disabled' '
 	git config tar.tar.gz.remote false &&
 	test_must_fail git archive --remote=. --format=tar.gz HEAD \
 		>remote.tar.gz
diff --git a/t/t5509-fetch-push-namespaces.sh b/t/t5509-fetch-push-namespaces.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..cc0b31f6b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5509-fetch-push-namespaces.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='fetch/push involving ref namespaces'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success setup '
+	test_tick &&
+	git init original &&
+	(
+		cd original &&
+		echo 0 >count &&
+		git add count &&
+		test_commit 0 &&
+		echo 1 >count &&
+		git add count &&
+		test_commit 1 &&
+		git remote add pushee-namespaced "ext::git --namespace=namespace %s ../pushee" &&
+		git remote add pushee-unnamespaced ../pushee
+	) &&
+	commit0=$(cd original && git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
+	commit1=$(cd original && git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	git init pushee &&
+	git init puller
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pushing into a repository using a ref namespace' '
+	(
+		cd original &&
+		git push pushee-namespaced master &&
+		git ls-remote pushee-namespaced >actual &&
+		printf "$commit1\trefs/heads/master\n" >expected &&
+		test_cmp expected actual &&
+		git push pushee-namespaced --tags &&
+		git ls-remote pushee-namespaced >actual &&
+		printf "$commit0\trefs/tags/0\n" >>expected &&
+		printf "$commit1\trefs/tags/1\n" >>expected &&
+		test_cmp expected actual &&
+		# Verify that the GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable works as well
+		GIT_NAMESPACE=namespace git ls-remote "ext::git %s ../pushee" >actual &&
+		test_cmp expected actual &&
+		# Verify that --namespace overrides GIT_NAMESPACE
+		GIT_NAMESPACE=garbage git ls-remote pushee-namespaced >actual &&
+		test_cmp expected actual &&
+		# Try a namespace with no content
+		git ls-remote "ext::git --namespace=garbage %s ../pushee" >actual &&
+		test_cmp /dev/null actual &&
+		git ls-remote pushee-unnamespaced >actual &&
+		sed -e "s|refs/|refs/namespaces/namespace/refs/|" expected >expected.unnamespaced &&
+		test_cmp expected.unnamespaced actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pulling from a repository using a ref namespace' '
+	(
+		cd puller &&
+		git remote add -f pushee-namespaced "ext::git --namespace=namespace %s ../pushee" &&
+		git for-each-ref refs/ >actual &&
+		printf "$commit1 commit\trefs/remotes/pushee-namespaced/master\n" >expected &&
+		printf "$commit0 commit\trefs/tags/0\n" >>expected &&
+		printf "$commit1 commit\trefs/tags/1\n" >>expected &&
+		test_cmp expected actual
+	)
+'
+
+# This test with clone --mirror checks for possible regressions in clone
+# or the machinery underneath it. It ensures that no future change
+# causes clone to ignore refs in refs/namespaces/*. In particular, it
+# protects against a regression caused by any future change to the refs
+# machinery that might cause it to ignore refs outside of refs/heads/*
+# or refs/tags/*. More generally, this test also checks the high-level
+# functionality of using clone --mirror to back up a set of repos hosted
+# in the namespaces of a single repo.
+test_expect_success 'mirroring a repository using a ref namespace' '
+	git clone --mirror pushee mirror &&
+	(
+		cd mirror &&
+		git for-each-ref refs/ >actual &&
+		printf "$commit1 commit\trefs/namespaces/namespace/refs/heads/master\n" >expected &&
+		printf "$commit0 commit\trefs/namespaces/namespace/refs/tags/0\n" >>expected &&
+		printf "$commit1 commit\trefs/namespaces/namespace/refs/tags/1\n" >>expected &&
+		test_cmp expected actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t5707-clone-detached.sh b/t/t5707-clone-detached.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..8b0d607df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5707-clone-detached.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='test cloning a repository with detached HEAD'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+head_is_detached() {
+	git --git-dir=$1/.git rev-parse --verify HEAD &&
+	test_must_fail git --git-dir=$1/.git symbolic-ref HEAD
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	echo one >file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit -m one &&
+	echo two >file &&
+	git commit -a -m two &&
+	git tag two &&
+	echo three >file &&
+	git commit -a -m three
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone repo (detached HEAD points to branch)' '
+	git checkout master^0 &&
+	git clone "file://$PWD" detached-branch
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD matches' '
+	echo three >expect &&
+	git --git-dir=detached-branch/.git log -1 --format=%s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+test_expect_failure 'cloned HEAD is detached' '
+	head_is_detached detached-branch
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone repo (detached HEAD points to tag)' '
+	git checkout two^0 &&
+	git clone "file://$PWD" detached-tag
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD matches' '
+	echo two >expect &&
+	git --git-dir=detached-tag/.git log -1 --format=%s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD is detached' '
+	head_is_detached detached-tag
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone repo (detached HEAD points to history)' '
+	git checkout two^ &&
+	git clone "file://$PWD" detached-history
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD matches' '
+	echo one >expect &&
+	git --git-dir=detached-history/.git log -1 --format=%s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD is detached' '
+	head_is_detached detached-history
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone repo (orphan detached HEAD)' '
+	git checkout master^0 &&
+	echo four >file &&
+	git commit -a -m four &&
+	git clone "file://$PWD" detached-orphan
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD matches' '
+	echo four >expect &&
+	git --git-dir=detached-orphan/.git log -1 --format=%s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'cloned HEAD is detached' '
+	head_is_detached detached-orphan
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t5800-remote-helpers.sh b/t/t5800-remote-helpers.sh
index 1fb6380fce..1c62001fce 100755
--- a/t/t5800-remote-helpers.sh
+++ b/t/t5800-remote-helpers.sh
@@ -7,17 +7,27 @@ test_description='Test remote-helper import and export commands'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-if test_have_prereq PYTHON && "$PYTHON_PATH" -c '
+if ! test_have_prereq PYTHON ; then
+	skip_all='skipping git-remote-hg tests, python not available'
+	test_done
+fi
+
+"$PYTHON_PATH" -c '
 import sys
 if sys.hexversion < 0x02040000:
     sys.exit(1)
-'
-then
-    # Requires Python 2.4 or newer
-	test_set_prereq PYTHON_24
-fi
+' || {
+	skip_all='skipping git-remote-hg tests, python version < 2.4'
+	test_done
+}
+
+compare_refs() {
+	git --git-dir="$1/.git" rev-parse --verify $2 >expect &&
+	git --git-dir="$3/.git" rev-parse --verify $4 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+}
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'setup repository' '
+test_expect_success 'setup repository' '
 	git init --bare server/.git &&
 	git clone server public &&
 	(cd public &&
@@ -27,54 +37,99 @@ test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'setup repository' '
 	 git push origin master)
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'cloning from local repo' '
+test_expect_success 'cloning from local repo' '
 	git clone "testgit::${PWD}/server" localclone &&
 	test_cmp public/file localclone/file
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'cloning from remote repo' '
+test_expect_success 'cloning from remote repo' '
 	git clone "testgit::file://${PWD}/server" clone &&
 	test_cmp public/file clone/file
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'create new commit on remote' '
+test_expect_success 'create new commit on remote' '
 	(cd public &&
 	 echo content >>file &&
 	 git commit -a -m two &&
 	 git push)
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'pulling from local repo' '
+test_expect_success 'pulling from local repo' '
 	(cd localclone && git pull) &&
 	test_cmp public/file localclone/file
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'pulling from remote remote' '
+test_expect_success 'pulling from remote remote' '
 	(cd clone && git pull) &&
 	test_cmp public/file clone/file
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'pushing to local repo' '
+test_expect_success 'pushing to local repo' '
 	(cd localclone &&
 	echo content >>file &&
 	git commit -a -m three &&
 	git push) &&
-	HEAD=$(git --git-dir=localclone/.git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
-	test $HEAD = $(git --git-dir=server/.git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	compare_refs localclone HEAD server HEAD
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'synch with changes from localclone' '
+test_expect_success 'synch with changes from localclone' '
 	(cd clone &&
 	 git pull)
 '
 
-test_expect_success PYTHON_24 'pushing remote local repo' '
+test_expect_success 'pushing remote local repo' '
 	(cd clone &&
 	echo content >>file &&
 	git commit -a -m four &&
 	git push) &&
-	HEAD=$(git --git-dir=clone/.git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
-	test $HEAD = $(git --git-dir=server/.git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	compare_refs clone HEAD server HEAD
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch new branch' '
+	(cd public &&
+	 git checkout -b new &&
+	 echo content >>file &&
+	 git commit -a -m five &&
+	 git push origin new
+	) &&
+	(cd localclone &&
+	 git fetch origin new
+	) &&
+	compare_refs public HEAD localclone FETCH_HEAD
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch multiple branches' '
+	(cd localclone &&
+	 git fetch
+	) &&
+	compare_refs server master localclone refs/remotes/origin/master &&
+	compare_refs server new localclone refs/remotes/origin/new
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push when remote has extra refs' '
+	(cd clone &&
+	 echo content >>file &&
+	 git commit -a -m six &&
+	 git push
+	) &&
+	compare_refs clone master server master
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push new branch by name' '
+	(cd clone &&
+	 git checkout -b new-name  &&
+	 echo content >>file &&
+	 git commit -a -m seven &&
+	 git push origin new-name
+	) &&
+	compare_refs clone HEAD server refs/heads/new-name
+'
+
+test_expect_failure 'push new branch with old:new refspec' '
+	(cd clone &&
+	 git push origin new-name:new-refspec
+	) &&
+	compare_refs clone HEAD server refs/heads/new-refspec
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6023-merge-file.sh b/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
index d9f343942c..432f086c06 100755
--- a/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
+++ b/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ test_expect_success "expected conflict markers" "test_cmp expect out"
 
 test_expect_success 'binary files cannot be merged' '
 	test_must_fail git merge-file -p \
-		orig.txt "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png new1.txt 2> merge.err &&
+		orig.txt "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png new1.txt 2> merge.err &&
 	grep "Cannot merge binary files" merge.err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t6027-merge-binary.sh b/t/t6027-merge-binary.sh
index b519626ca0..07735410b9 100755
--- a/t/t6027-merge-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t6027-merge-binary.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ test_description='ask merge-recursive to merge binary files'
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 
-	cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png >m &&
+	cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png >m &&
 	git add m &&
 	git ls-files -s | sed -e "s/ 0	/ 1	/" >E1 &&
 	test_tick &&
diff --git a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
index b5063b6fe6..62125eca81 100755
--- a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
@@ -126,6 +126,18 @@ test_expect_success 'bisect reset removes packed refs' '
 	test -z "$(git for-each-ref "refs/heads/bisect")"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'bisect reset removes bisect state after --no-checkout' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start --no-checkout &&
+	git bisect good $HASH1 &&
+	git bisect bad $HASH3 &&
+	git bisect next &&
+	git bisect reset &&
+	test -z "$(git for-each-ref "refs/bisect/*")" &&
+	test -z "$(git for-each-ref "refs/heads/bisect")" &&
+	test -z "$(git for-each-ref "BISECT_HEAD")"
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'bisect start: back in good branch' '
 	git branch > branch.output &&
 	grep "* other" branch.output > /dev/null &&
@@ -138,15 +150,23 @@ test_expect_success 'bisect start: back in good branch' '
 	grep "* other" branch.output > /dev/null
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'bisect start: no ".git/BISECT_START" if junk rev' '
-	git bisect start $HASH4 $HASH1 -- &&
-	git bisect good &&
+test_expect_success 'bisect start: no ".git/BISECT_START" created if junk rev' '
+	git bisect reset &&
 	test_must_fail git bisect start $HASH4 foo -- &&
 	git branch > branch.output &&
 	grep "* other" branch.output > /dev/null &&
 	test_must_fail test -e .git/BISECT_START
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'bisect start: existing ".git/BISECT_START" not modified if junk rev' '
+	git bisect start $HASH4 $HASH1 -- &&
+	git bisect good &&
+	cp .git/BISECT_START saved &&
+	test_must_fail git bisect start $HASH4 foo -- &&
+	git branch > branch.output &&
+	grep "* (no branch)" branch.output > /dev/null &&
+	test_cmp saved .git/BISECT_START
+'
 test_expect_success 'bisect start: no ".git/BISECT_START" if mistaken rev' '
 	git bisect start $HASH4 $HASH1 -- &&
 	git bisect good &&
@@ -572,6 +592,155 @@ test_expect_success 'erroring out when using bad path parameters' '
 	grep "bad path parameters" error.txt
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'test bisection on bare repo - --no-checkout specified' '
+	git clone --bare . bare.nocheckout &&
+	(
+		cd bare.nocheckout &&
+		git bisect start --no-checkout &&
+		git bisect good $HASH1 &&
+		git bisect bad $HASH4 &&
+		git bisect run eval \
+			"test \$(git rev-list BISECT_HEAD ^$HASH2 --max-count=1 | wc -l) = 0" \
+			>../nocheckout.log &&
+		git bisect reset
+	) &&
+	grep "$HASH3 is the first bad commit" nocheckout.log
+'
+
+
+test_expect_success 'test bisection on bare repo - --no-checkout defaulted' '
+	git clone --bare . bare.defaulted &&
+	(
+		cd bare.defaulted &&
+		git bisect start &&
+		git bisect good $HASH1 &&
+		git bisect bad $HASH4 &&
+		git bisect run eval \
+			"test \$(git rev-list BISECT_HEAD ^$HASH2 --max-count=1 | wc -l) = 0" \
+			>../defaulted.log &&
+		git bisect reset
+	) &&
+	grep "$HASH3 is the first bad commit" defaulted.log
+'
+
 #
+# This creates a broken branch which cannot be checked out because
+# the tree created has been deleted.
 #
+# H1-H2-H3-H4-H5-H6-H7  <--other
+#            \
+#             S5-S6'-S7'-S8'-S9  <--broken
+#
+# Commits marked with ' have a missing tree.
+#
+test_expect_success 'broken branch creation' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git checkout -b broken $HASH4 &&
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH4 $HASH4 &&
+	add_line_into_file "5(broken): first line on a broken branch" hello2 &&
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH5 &&
+	mkdir missing &&
+	:> missing/MISSING &&
+	git add missing/MISSING &&
+	git commit -m "6(broken): Added file that will be deleted"
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH6 &&
+	add_line_into_file "7(broken): second line on a broken branch" hello2 &&
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH7 &&
+	add_line_into_file "8(broken): third line on a broken branch" hello2 &&
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH8 &&
+	git rm missing/MISSING &&
+	git commit -m "9(broken): Remove missing file"
+	git tag BROKEN_HASH9 &&
+	rm .git/objects/39/f7e61a724187ab767d2e08442d9b6b9dab587d
+'
+
+echo "" > expected.ok
+cat > expected.missing-tree.default <<EOF
+fatal: unable to read tree 39f7e61a724187ab767d2e08442d9b6b9dab587d
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect fails if tree is broken on start commit' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	test_must_fail git bisect start BROKEN_HASH7 BROKEN_HASH4 2>error.txt &&
+	test_cmp expected.missing-tree.default error.txt
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect fails if tree is broken on trial commit' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	test_must_fail git bisect start BROKEN_HASH9 BROKEN_HASH4 2>error.txt &&
+	git reset --hard broken &&
+	git checkout broken &&
+	test_cmp expected.missing-tree.default error.txt
+'
+
+check_same()
+{
+	echo "Checking $1 is the same as $2" &&
+	git rev-parse "$1" > expected.same &&
+	git rev-parse "$2" > expected.actual &&
+	test_cmp expected.same expected.actual
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: --no-checkout - start commit bad' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start BROKEN_HASH7 BROKEN_HASH4 --no-checkout &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: --no-checkout - trial commit bad' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start broken BROKEN_HASH4 --no-checkout &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: --no-checkout - target before breakage' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start broken BROKEN_HASH4 --no-checkout &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect bad BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH5 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect bad BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH5 bisect/bad &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: --no-checkout - target in breakage' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start broken BROKEN_HASH4 --no-checkout &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect bad BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH5 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 bisect/bad &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: --no-checkout - target after breakage' '
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git bisect start broken BROKEN_HASH4 --no-checkout &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH8 BISECT_HEAD &&
+	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH9 bisect/bad &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bisect: demonstrate identification of damage boundary' "
+	git bisect reset &&
+	git checkout broken &&
+	git bisect start broken master --no-checkout &&
+	git bisect run sh -c '
+		GOOD=\$(git for-each-ref \"--format=%(objectname)\" refs/bisect/good-*) &&
+		git rev-list --objects BISECT_HEAD --not \$GOOD >tmp.\$\$ &&
+		git pack-objects --stdout >/dev/null < tmp.\$\$
+		rc=\$?
+		rm -f tmp.\$\$
+		test \$rc = 0' &&
+	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 bisect/bad &&
+	git bisect reset
+"
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
index a9b0ac1efc..19de5b16eb 100755
--- a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
+++ b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
@@ -110,4 +110,18 @@ test_expect_success '--set-upstream does not change branch' '
 	grep -q "^refs/heads/master$" actual &&
 	cmp expect2 actual2
 '
+
+test_expect_success '--set-upstream @{-1}' '
+	git checkout from-master &&
+	git checkout from-master2 &&
+	git config branch.from-master2.merge > expect2 &&
+	git branch --set-upstream @{-1} follower &&
+	git config branch.from-master.merge > actual &&
+	git config branch.from-master2.merge > actual2 &&
+	git branch --set-upstream from-master follower &&
+	git config branch.from-master.merge > expect &&
+	test_cmp expect2 actual2 &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7102-reset.sh b/t/t7102-reset.sh
index f1cfc9ac95..b096dc88c2 100755
--- a/t/t7102-reset.sh
+++ b/t/t7102-reset.sh
@@ -429,6 +429,21 @@ test_expect_success '--mixed refreshes the index' '
 	test_i18ncmp expect output
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'resetting specific path that is unmerged' '
+	git rm --cached file2 &&
+	F1=$(git rev-parse HEAD:file1) &&
+	F2=$(git rev-parse HEAD:file2) &&
+	F3=$(git rev-parse HEAD:secondfile) &&
+	{
+		echo "100644 $F1 1	file2" &&
+		echo "100644 $F2 2	file2" &&
+		echo "100644 $F3 3	file2"
+	} | git update-index --index-info &&
+	git ls-files -u &&
+	test_must_fail git reset HEAD file2 &&
+	git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'disambiguation (1)' '
 
 	git reset --hard &&
diff --git a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
index 14dc92723c..69115269c2 100755
--- a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule add' '
 
 	(
 		cd addtest &&
-		git submodule add "$submodurl" submod &&
+		git submodule add -q "$submodurl" submod >actual &&
+		test ! -s actual &&
 		git submodule init
 	) &&
 
@@ -275,7 +276,8 @@ test_expect_success 'update should work when path is an empty dir' '
 	echo "$rev1" >expect &&
 
 	mkdir init &&
-	git submodule update &&
+	git submodule update -q >update.out &&
+	test ! -s update.out &&
 
 	inspect init &&
 	test_cmp expect head-sha1
diff --git a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
index 0a46795ae7..61f36baa1f 100755
--- a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
+++ b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ cat >expected <<\EOF
 Trying simple merge with c2
 Trying simple merge with c3
 Trying simple merge with c4
-Merge made by octopus.
+Merge made by the 'octopus' strategy.
  c2.c |    1 +
  c3.c |    1 +
  c4.c |    1 +
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ test_expect_success 'merge output uses pretty names' '
 cat >expected <<\EOF
 Already up-to-date with c4
 Trying simple merge with c5
-Merge made by octopus.
+Merge made by the 'octopus' strategy.
  c5.c |    1 +
  1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
  create mode 100644 c5.c
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ test_expect_success 'merge up-to-date output uses pretty names' '
 cat >expected <<\EOF
 Fast-forwarding to: c1
 Trying simple merge with c2
-Merge made by octopus.
+Merge made by the 'octopus' strategy.
  c1.c |    1 +
  c2.c |    1 +
  2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index 4048d106d4..395adfc8a9 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ Testing basic diff tool invocation
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-LF='
-'
-
 remove_config_vars()
 {
 	# Unset all config variables used by git-difftool
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index a29ae45b39..0d600163c8 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -509,6 +509,20 @@ test_expect_success 'grep -p -B5' '
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+cat >expected <<EOF
+hello.c=int main(int argc, const char **argv)
+hello.c-{
+hello.c-	printf("Hello world.\n");
+hello.c:	return 0;
+hello.c-	/* char ?? */
+hello.c-}
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'grep -W' '
+	git grep -W return >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'grep from a subdirectory to search wider area (1)' '
 	mkdir -p s &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh b/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
index e5da65b99f..41db05cb4a 100755
--- a/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
+++ b/t/t9200-git-cvsexportcommit.sh
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ test_expect_success \
     'mkdir A B C D E F &&
      echo hello1 >A/newfile1.txt &&
      echo hello2 >B/newfile2.txt &&
-     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png C/newfile3.png &&
-     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png D/newfile4.png &&
+     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png C/newfile3.png &&
+     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png D/newfile4.png &&
      git add A/newfile1.txt &&
      git add B/newfile2.txt &&
      git add C/newfile3.png &&
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      rm -f B/newfile2.txt &&
      rm -f C/newfile3.png &&
      echo Hello5  >E/newfile5.txt &&
-     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200b.png D/newfile4.png &&
-     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png F/newfile6.png &&
+     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-2.png D/newfile4.png &&
+     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png F/newfile6.png &&
      git add E/newfile5.txt &&
      git add F/newfile6.png &&
      git commit -a -m "Test: Remove, add and update" &&
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      'mkdir "G g" &&
       echo ok then >"G g/with spaces.txt" &&
       git add "G g/with spaces.txt" && \
-      cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png "G g/with spaces.png" && \
+      cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png "G g/with spaces.png" && \
       git add "G g/with spaces.png" &&
       git commit -a -m "With spaces" &&
       id=$(git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD) &&
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success \
      'Update file with spaces in file name' \
      'echo Ok then >>"G g/with spaces.txt" &&
-      cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png >>"G g/with spaces.png" && \
+      cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png >>"G g/with spaces.png" && \
       git add "G g/with spaces.png" &&
       git commit -a -m "Update with spaces" &&
       id=$(git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD) &&
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      'mkdir -p Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö &&
       echo Foo >Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö/gårdetsågårdet.txt &&
       git add Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö/gårdetsågårdet.txt &&
-      cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test9200a.png Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö/gårdetsågårdet.png &&
+      cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-binary-1.png Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö/gårdetsågårdet.png &&
       git add Å/goo/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/å/ä/ö/gårdetsågårdet.png &&
       git commit -a -m "Går det så går det" && \
       id=$(git rev-list --max-count=1 HEAD) &&
diff --git a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
index 2a53640c5b..2cb4494262 100755
--- a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
+++ b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
@@ -1882,6 +1882,53 @@ test_expect_success 'R: --import-marks-if-exists' '
 	test_cmp expect io.marks
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'R: feature import-marks-if-exists' '
+	rm -f io.marks &&
+	>expect &&
+
+	git fast-import --export-marks=io.marks <<-\EOF &&
+	feature import-marks-if-exists=not_io.marks
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect io.marks &&
+
+	blob=$(echo hi | git hash-object --stdin) &&
+
+	echo ":1 $blob" >io.marks &&
+	echo ":1 $blob" >expect &&
+	echo ":2 $blob" >>expect &&
+
+	git fast-import --export-marks=io.marks <<-\EOF &&
+	feature import-marks-if-exists=io.marks
+	blob
+	mark :2
+	data 3
+	hi
+
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect io.marks &&
+
+	echo ":3 $blob" >>expect &&
+
+	git fast-import --import-marks=io.marks \
+			--export-marks=io.marks <<-\EOF &&
+	feature import-marks-if-exists=not_io.marks
+	blob
+	mark :3
+	data 3
+	hi
+
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect io.marks &&
+
+	>expect &&
+
+	git fast-import --import-marks-if-exists=not_io.marks \
+			--export-marks=io.marks <<-\EOF
+	feature import-marks-if-exists=io.marks
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect io.marks
+'
+
 cat >input << EOF
 feature import-marks=marks.out
 feature export-marks=marks.new
@@ -2197,6 +2244,48 @@ test_expect_success 'R: quiet option results in no stats being output' '
     test_cmp empty output
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'R: feature done means terminating "done" is mandatory' '
+	echo feature done | test_must_fail git fast-import &&
+	test_must_fail git fast-import --done </dev/null
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'R: terminating "done" with trailing gibberish is ok' '
+	git fast-import <<-\EOF &&
+	feature done
+	done
+	trailing gibberish
+	EOF
+	git fast-import <<-\EOF
+	done
+	more trailing gibberish
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'R: terminating "done" within commit' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	OBJID
+	:000000 100644 OBJID OBJID A	hello.c
+	:000000 100644 OBJID OBJID A	hello2.c
+	EOF
+	git fast-import <<-EOF &&
+	commit refs/heads/done-ends
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<EOT
+	Commit terminated by "done" command
+	EOT
+	M 100644 inline hello.c
+	data <<EOT
+	Hello, world.
+	EOT
+	C hello.c hello2.c
+	done
+	EOF
+	git rev-list done-ends |
+	git diff-tree -r --stdin --root --always |
+	sed -e "s/$_x40/OBJID/g" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 cat >input <<EOF
 option git non-existing-option
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
index f823c05305..950d0ff498 100755
--- a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
+++ b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ test_expect_success 'fast-export -C -C | fast-import' '
 	mkdir new &&
 	git --git-dir=new/.git init &&
 	git fast-export -C -C --signed-tags=strip --all > output &&
-	grep "^C \"file6\" \"file7\"\$" output &&
+	grep "^C file6 file7\$" output &&
 	cat output |
 	(cd new &&
 	 git fast-import &&
@@ -414,4 +414,30 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'directory becomes symlink'        '
 	(cd result && git show master:foo)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fast-export quotes pathnames' '
+	git init crazy-paths &&
+	(cd crazy-paths &&
+	 blob=`echo foo | git hash-object -w --stdin` &&
+	 git update-index --add \
+		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "$(printf "path with\\nnewline")" \
+		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "path with \"quote\"" \
+		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "path with \\backslash" \
+		--cacheinfo 100644 $blob "path with space" &&
+	 git commit -m addition &&
+	 git ls-files -z -s | perl -0pe "s{\\t}{$&subdir/}" >index &&
+	 git read-tree --empty &&
+	 git update-index -z --index-info <index &&
+	 git commit -m rename &&
+	 git read-tree --empty &&
+	 git commit -m deletion &&
+	 git fast-export HEAD >export.out &&
+	 git rev-list HEAD >expect &&
+	 git init result &&
+	 cd result &&
+	 git fast-import <../export.out &&
+	 git rev-list HEAD >actual &&
+	 test_cmp ../expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/test-binary-1.png b/t/test-binary-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b181d15ce
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/test-binary-1.png differ
diff --git a/t/test-binary-2.png b/t/test-binary-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac22ccbd3e
Binary files /dev/null and b/t/test-binary-2.png differ
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index df25f17929..e27422217d 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ _x40="$_x05$_x05$_x05$_x05$_x05$_x05$_x05$_x05"
 # Zero SHA-1
 _z40=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 
+# Line feed
+LF='
+'
+
 # Each test should start with something like this, after copyright notices:
 #
 # test_description='Description of this test...
@@ -444,20 +448,26 @@ test_debug () {
 	test "$debug" = "" || eval "$1"
 }
 
+test_eval_ () {
+	# This is a separate function because some tests use
+	# "return" to end a test_expect_success block early.
+	eval >&3 2>&4 "$*"
+}
+
 test_run_ () {
 	test_cleanup=:
 	expecting_failure=$2
-	eval >&3 2>&4 "$1"
+	test_eval_ "$1"
 	eval_ret=$?
 
 	if test -z "$immediate" || test $eval_ret = 0 || test -n "$expecting_failure"
 	then
-		eval >&3 2>&4 "$test_cleanup"
+		test_eval_ "$test_cleanup"
 	fi
 	if test "$verbose" = "t" && test -n "$HARNESS_ACTIVE"; then
 		echo ""
 	fi
-	return 0
+	return "$eval_ret"
 }
 
 test_skip () {
@@ -502,8 +512,7 @@ test_expect_failure () {
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
 		say >&3 "checking known breakage: $2"
-		test_run_ "$2" expecting_failure
-		if [ "$?" = 0 -a "$eval_ret" = 0 ]
+		if test_run_ "$2" expecting_failure
 		then
 			test_known_broken_ok_ "$1"
 		else
@@ -521,8 +530,7 @@ test_expect_success () {
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
 		say >&3 "expecting success: $2"
-		test_run_ "$2"
-		if [ "$?" = 0 -a "$eval_ret" = 0 ]
+		if test_run_ "$2"
 		then
 			test_ok_ "$1"
 		else
diff --git a/t/test4012.png b/t/test4012.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b181d15ce..0000000000
Binary files a/t/test4012.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/t/test9200a.png b/t/test9200a.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b181d15ce..0000000000
Binary files a/t/test9200a.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/t/test9200b.png b/t/test9200b.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ac22ccbd3e..0000000000
Binary files a/t/test9200b.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/test-path-utils.c b/test-path-utils.c
index e7671593df..3bc20e91da 100644
--- a/test-path-utils.c
+++ b/test-path-utils.c
@@ -20,12 +20,34 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (argc >= 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "absolute_path")) {
+		while (argc > 2) {
+			puts(absolute_path(argv[2]));
+			argc--;
+			argv++;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (argc == 4 && !strcmp(argv[1], "longest_ancestor_length")) {
 		int len = longest_ancestor_length(argv[2], argv[3]);
 		printf("%d\n", len);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (argc >= 4 && !strcmp(argv[1], "prefix_path")) {
+		char *prefix = argv[2];
+		int prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+		int nongit_ok;
+		setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit_ok);
+		while (argc > 3) {
+			puts(prefix_path(prefix, prefix_len, argv[3]));
+			argc--;
+			argv++;
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (argc == 4 && !strcmp(argv[1], "strip_path_suffix")) {
 		char *prefix = strip_path_suffix(argv[2], argv[3]);
 		printf("%s\n", prefix ? prefix : "(null)");
diff --git a/transport-helper.c b/transport-helper.c
index 660147f9e9..4eab844d4a 100644
--- a/transport-helper.c
+++ b/transport-helper.c
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ struct helper_data {
 		push : 1,
 		connect : 1,
 		no_disconnect_req : 1;
+	char *export_marks;
+	char *import_marks;
 	/* These go from remote name (as in "list") to private name */
 	struct refspec *refspecs;
 	int refspec_nr;
@@ -105,6 +107,12 @@ static struct child_process *get_helper(struct transport *transport)
 	int refspec_alloc = 0;
 	int duped;
 	int code;
+	char git_dir_buf[sizeof(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT) + PATH_MAX + 1];
+	const char *helper_env[] = {
+		git_dir_buf,
+		NULL
+	};
+
 
 	if (data->helper)
 		return data->helper;
@@ -120,6 +128,10 @@ static struct child_process *get_helper(struct transport *transport)
 	helper->argv[2] = remove_ext_force(transport->url);
 	helper->git_cmd = 0;
 	helper->silent_exec_failure = 1;
+
+	snprintf(git_dir_buf, sizeof(git_dir_buf), "%s=%s", GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, get_git_dir());
+	helper->env = helper_env;
+
 	code = start_command(helper);
 	if (code < 0 && errno == ENOENT)
 		die("Unable to find remote helper for '%s'", data->name);
@@ -171,14 +183,19 @@ static struct child_process *get_helper(struct transport *transport)
 			ALLOC_GROW(refspecs,
 				   refspec_nr + 1,
 				   refspec_alloc);
-			refspecs[refspec_nr++] = strdup(buf.buf + strlen("refspec "));
+			refspecs[refspec_nr++] = strdup(capname + strlen("refspec "));
 		} else if (!strcmp(capname, "connect")) {
 			data->connect = 1;
-		} else if (!strcmp(buf.buf, "gitdir")) {
-			struct strbuf gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
-			strbuf_addf(&gitdir, "gitdir %s\n", get_git_dir());
-			sendline(data, &gitdir);
-			strbuf_release(&gitdir);
+		} else if (!prefixcmp(capname, "export-marks ")) {
+			struct strbuf arg = STRBUF_INIT;
+			strbuf_addstr(&arg, "--export-marks=");
+			strbuf_addstr(&arg, capname + strlen("export-marks "));
+			data->export_marks = strbuf_detach(&arg, NULL);
+		} else if (!prefixcmp(capname, "import-marks")) {
+			struct strbuf arg = STRBUF_INIT;
+			strbuf_addstr(&arg, "--import-marks=");
+			strbuf_addstr(&arg, capname + strlen("import-marks "));
+			data->import_marks = strbuf_detach(&arg, NULL);
 		} else if (mandatory) {
 			die("Unknown mandatory capability %s. This remote "
 			    "helper probably needs newer version of Git.\n",
@@ -204,6 +221,7 @@ static int disconnect_helper(struct transport *transport)
 {
 	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int res = 0;
 
 	if (data->helper) {
 		if (debug)
@@ -215,13 +233,13 @@ static int disconnect_helper(struct transport *transport)
 		close(data->helper->in);
 		close(data->helper->out);
 		fclose(data->out);
-		finish_command(data->helper);
+		res = finish_command(data->helper);
 		free((char *)data->helper->argv[0]);
 		free(data->helper->argv);
 		free(data->helper);
 		data->helper = NULL;
 	}
-	return 0;
+	return res;
 }
 
 static const char *unsupported_options[] = {
@@ -299,12 +317,13 @@ static void standard_options(struct transport *t)
 
 static int release_helper(struct transport *transport)
 {
+	int res = 0;
 	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
 	free_refspec(data->refspec_nr, data->refspecs);
 	data->refspecs = NULL;
-	disconnect_helper(transport);
+	res = disconnect_helper(transport);
 	free(transport->data);
-	return 0;
+	return res;
 }
 
 static int fetch_with_fetch(struct transport *transport,
@@ -362,10 +381,9 @@ static int get_importer(struct transport *transport, struct child_process *fasti
 
 static int get_exporter(struct transport *transport,
 			struct child_process *fastexport,
-			const char *export_marks,
-			const char *import_marks,
 			struct string_list *revlist_args)
 {
+	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct child_process *helper = get_helper(transport);
 	int argc = 0, i;
 	memset(fastexport, 0, sizeof(*fastexport));
@@ -373,12 +391,13 @@ static int get_exporter(struct transport *transport,
 	/* we need to duplicate helper->in because we want to use it after
 	 * fastexport is done with it. */
 	fastexport->out = dup(helper->in);
-	fastexport->argv = xcalloc(4 + revlist_args->nr, sizeof(*fastexport->argv));
+	fastexport->argv = xcalloc(5 + revlist_args->nr, sizeof(*fastexport->argv));
 	fastexport->argv[argc++] = "fast-export";
-	if (export_marks)
-		fastexport->argv[argc++] = export_marks;
-	if (import_marks)
-		fastexport->argv[argc++] = import_marks;
+	fastexport->argv[argc++] = "--use-done-feature";
+	if (data->export_marks)
+		fastexport->argv[argc++] = data->export_marks;
+	if (data->import_marks)
+		fastexport->argv[argc++] = data->import_marks;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < revlist_args->nr; i++)
 		fastexport->argv[argc++] = revlist_args->items[i].string;
@@ -410,8 +429,11 @@ static int fetch_with_import(struct transport *transport,
 		sendline(data, &buf);
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 	}
-	disconnect_helper(transport);
-	finish_command(&fastimport);
+
+	write_constant(data->helper->in, "\n");
+
+	if (finish_command(&fastimport))
+		die("Error while running fast-import");
 	free(fastimport.argv);
 	fastimport.argv = NULL;
 
@@ -554,6 +576,88 @@ static int fetch(struct transport *transport,
 	return -1;
 }
 
+static void push_update_ref_status(struct strbuf *buf,
+				   struct ref **ref,
+				   struct ref *remote_refs)
+{
+	char *refname, *msg;
+	int status;
+
+	if (!prefixcmp(buf->buf, "ok ")) {
+		status = REF_STATUS_OK;
+		refname = buf->buf + 3;
+	} else if (!prefixcmp(buf->buf, "error ")) {
+		status = REF_STATUS_REMOTE_REJECT;
+		refname = buf->buf + 6;
+	} else
+		die("expected ok/error, helper said '%s'\n", buf->buf);
+
+	msg = strchr(refname, ' ');
+	if (msg) {
+		struct strbuf msg_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		const char *end;
+
+		*msg++ = '\0';
+		if (!unquote_c_style(&msg_buf, msg, &end))
+			msg = strbuf_detach(&msg_buf, NULL);
+		else
+			msg = xstrdup(msg);
+		strbuf_release(&msg_buf);
+
+		if (!strcmp(msg, "no match")) {
+			status = REF_STATUS_NONE;
+			free(msg);
+			msg = NULL;
+		}
+		else if (!strcmp(msg, "up to date")) {
+			status = REF_STATUS_UPTODATE;
+			free(msg);
+			msg = NULL;
+		}
+		else if (!strcmp(msg, "non-fast forward")) {
+			status = REF_STATUS_REJECT_NONFASTFORWARD;
+			free(msg);
+			msg = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (*ref)
+		*ref = find_ref_by_name(*ref, refname);
+	if (!*ref)
+		*ref = find_ref_by_name(remote_refs, refname);
+	if (!*ref) {
+		warning("helper reported unexpected status of %s", refname);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ((*ref)->status != REF_STATUS_NONE) {
+		/*
+		 * Earlier, the ref was marked not to be pushed, so ignore the ref
+		 * status reported by the remote helper if the latter is 'no match'.
+		 */
+		if (status == REF_STATUS_NONE)
+			return;
+	}
+
+	(*ref)->status = status;
+	(*ref)->remote_status = msg;
+}
+
+static void push_update_refs_status(struct helper_data *data,
+				    struct ref *remote_refs)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct ref *ref = remote_refs;
+	for (;;) {
+		recvline(data, &buf);
+		if (!buf.len)
+			break;
+
+		push_update_ref_status(&buf, &ref, remote_refs);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
 static int push_refs_with_push(struct transport *transport,
 		struct ref *remote_refs, int flags)
 {
@@ -608,76 +712,9 @@ static int push_refs_with_push(struct transport *transport,
 
 	strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
 	sendline(data, &buf);
-
-	ref = remote_refs;
-	while (1) {
-		char *refname, *msg;
-		int status;
-
-		recvline(data, &buf);
-		if (!buf.len)
-			break;
-
-		if (!prefixcmp(buf.buf, "ok ")) {
-			status = REF_STATUS_OK;
-			refname = buf.buf + 3;
-		} else if (!prefixcmp(buf.buf, "error ")) {
-			status = REF_STATUS_REMOTE_REJECT;
-			refname = buf.buf + 6;
-		} else
-			die("expected ok/error, helper said '%s'\n", buf.buf);
-
-		msg = strchr(refname, ' ');
-		if (msg) {
-			struct strbuf msg_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-			const char *end;
-
-			*msg++ = '\0';
-			if (!unquote_c_style(&msg_buf, msg, &end))
-				msg = strbuf_detach(&msg_buf, NULL);
-			else
-				msg = xstrdup(msg);
-			strbuf_release(&msg_buf);
-
-			if (!strcmp(msg, "no match")) {
-				status = REF_STATUS_NONE;
-				free(msg);
-				msg = NULL;
-			}
-			else if (!strcmp(msg, "up to date")) {
-				status = REF_STATUS_UPTODATE;
-				free(msg);
-				msg = NULL;
-			}
-			else if (!strcmp(msg, "non-fast forward")) {
-				status = REF_STATUS_REJECT_NONFASTFORWARD;
-				free(msg);
-				msg = NULL;
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (ref)
-			ref = find_ref_by_name(ref, refname);
-		if (!ref)
-			ref = find_ref_by_name(remote_refs, refname);
-		if (!ref) {
-			warning("helper reported unexpected status of %s", refname);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (ref->status != REF_STATUS_NONE) {
-			/*
-			 * Earlier, the ref was marked not to be pushed, so ignore the ref
-			 * status reported by the remote helper if the latter is 'no match'.
-			 */
-			if (status == REF_STATUS_NONE)
-				continue;
-		}
-
-		ref->status = status;
-		ref->remote_status = msg;
-	}
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	push_update_refs_status(data, remote_refs);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -687,7 +724,6 @@ static int push_refs_with_export(struct transport *transport,
 	struct ref *ref;
 	struct child_process *helper, exporter;
 	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
-	char *export_marks = NULL, *import_marks = NULL;
 	struct string_list revlist_args = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
@@ -695,26 +731,6 @@ static int push_refs_with_export(struct transport *transport,
 
 	write_constant(helper->in, "export\n");
 
-	recvline(data, &buf);
-	if (debug)
-		fprintf(stderr, "Debug: Got export_marks '%s'\n", buf.buf);
-	if (buf.len) {
-		struct strbuf arg = STRBUF_INIT;
-		strbuf_addstr(&arg, "--export-marks=");
-		strbuf_addbuf(&arg, &buf);
-		export_marks = strbuf_detach(&arg, NULL);
-	}
-
-	recvline(data, &buf);
-	if (debug)
-		fprintf(stderr, "Debug: Got import_marks '%s'\n", buf.buf);
-	if (buf.len) {
-		struct strbuf arg = STRBUF_INIT;
-		strbuf_addstr(&arg, "--import-marks=");
-		strbuf_addbuf(&arg, &buf);
-		import_marks = strbuf_detach(&arg, NULL);
-	}
-
 	strbuf_reset(&buf);
 
 	for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next) {
@@ -728,18 +744,23 @@ static int push_refs_with_export(struct transport *transport,
 			strbuf_addf(&buf, "^%s", private);
 			string_list_append(&revlist_args, strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL));
 		}
+		free(private);
+
+		if (ref->deletion) {
+			die("remote-helpers do not support ref deletion");
+		}
 
-		string_list_append(&revlist_args, ref->name);
+		if (ref->peer_ref)
+			string_list_append(&revlist_args, ref->peer_ref->name);
 
 	}
 
-	if (get_exporter(transport, &exporter,
-			 export_marks, import_marks, &revlist_args))
+	if (get_exporter(transport, &exporter, &revlist_args))
 		die("Couldn't run fast-export");
 
-	data->no_disconnect_req = 1;
-	finish_command(&exporter);
-	disconnect_helper(transport);
+	if (finish_command(&exporter))
+		die("Error while running fast-export");
+	push_update_refs_status(data, remote_refs);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index c9c8056f9d..98c577804f 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -482,14 +482,18 @@ static int set_git_option(struct git_transport_options *opts,
 static int connect_setup(struct transport *transport, int for_push, int verbose)
 {
 	struct git_transport_data *data = transport->data;
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (data->conn)
 		return 0;
 
-	data->conn = git_connect(data->fd, transport->url,
-				 for_push ? data->options.receivepack :
-				 data->options.uploadpack,
+	strbuf_addstr(&sb, for_push ? data->options.receivepack :
+				 data->options.uploadpack);
+	if (for_push && transport->verbose < 0)
+		strbuf_addstr(&sb, " --quiet");
+	data->conn = git_connect(data->fd, transport->url, sb.buf,
 				 verbose ? CONNECT_VERBOSE : 0);
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
 
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index ce5cbbea6b..8739bfacdf 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "revision.h"
 #include "list-objects.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
+#include "sigchain.h"
 
 static const char upload_pack_usage[] = "git upload-pack [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <dir>";
 
@@ -498,11 +499,97 @@ static int get_common_commits(void)
 	}
 }
 
+static void check_non_tip(void)
+{
+	static const char *argv[] = {
+		"rev-list", "--stdin", NULL,
+	};
+	static struct child_process cmd;
+	struct object *o;
+	char namebuf[42]; /* ^ + SHA-1 + LF */
+	int i;
+
+	/* In the normal in-process case non-tip request can never happen */
+	if (!stateless_rpc)
+		goto error;
+
+	cmd.argv = argv;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	cmd.no_stderr = 1;
+	cmd.in = -1;
+	cmd.out = -1;
+
+	if (start_command(&cmd))
+		goto error;
+
+	/*
+	 * If rev-list --stdin encounters an unknown commit, it
+	 * terminates, which will cause SIGPIPE in the write loop
+	 * below.
+	 */
+	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
+
+	namebuf[0] = '^';
+	namebuf[41] = '\n';
+	for (i = get_max_object_index(); 0 < i; ) {
+		o = get_indexed_object(--i);
+		if (!o)
+			continue;
+		if (!(o->flags & OUR_REF))
+			continue;
+		memcpy(namebuf + 1, sha1_to_hex(o->sha1), 40);
+		if (write_in_full(cmd.in, namebuf, 42) < 0)
+			goto error;
+	}
+	namebuf[40] = '\n';
+	for (i = 0; i < want_obj.nr; i++) {
+		o = want_obj.objects[i].item;
+		if (o->flags & OUR_REF)
+			continue;
+		memcpy(namebuf, sha1_to_hex(o->sha1), 40);
+		if (write_in_full(cmd.in, namebuf, 41) < 0)
+			goto error;
+	}
+	close(cmd.in);
+
+	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
+
+	/*
+	 * The commits out of the rev-list are not ancestors of
+	 * our ref.
+	 */
+	i = read_in_full(cmd.out, namebuf, 1);
+	if (i)
+		goto error;
+	close(cmd.out);
+
+	/*
+	 * rev-list may have died by encountering a bad commit
+	 * in the history, in which case we do want to bail out
+	 * even when it showed no commit.
+	 */
+	if (finish_command(&cmd))
+		goto error;
+
+	/* All the non-tip ones are ancestors of what we advertised */
+	return;
+
+error:
+	/* Pick one of them (we know there at least is one) */
+	for (i = 0; i < want_obj.nr; i++) {
+		o = want_obj.objects[i].item;
+		if (!(o->flags & OUR_REF))
+			die("git upload-pack: not our ref %s",
+			    sha1_to_hex(o->sha1));
+	}
+}
+
 static void receive_needs(void)
 {
 	struct object_array shallows = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
 	static char line[1000];
 	int len, depth = 0;
+	int has_non_tip = 0;
 
 	shallow_nr = 0;
 	if (debug_fd)
@@ -559,26 +646,30 @@ static void receive_needs(void)
 		if (strstr(line+45, "include-tag"))
 			use_include_tag = 1;
 
-		/* We have sent all our refs already, and the other end
-		 * should have chosen out of them; otherwise they are
-		 * asking for nonsense.
-		 *
-		 * Hmph.  We may later want to allow "want" line that
-		 * asks for something like "master~10" (symbolic)...
-		 * would it make sense?  I don't know.
-		 */
 		o = lookup_object(sha1_buf);
-		if (!o || !(o->flags & OUR_REF))
+		if (!o)
 			die("git upload-pack: not our ref %s",
 			    sha1_to_hex(sha1_buf));
 		if (!(o->flags & WANTED)) {
 			o->flags |= WANTED;
+			if (!(o->flags & OUR_REF))
+				has_non_tip = 1;
 			add_object_array(o, NULL, &want_obj);
 		}
 	}
 	if (debug_fd)
 		write_str_in_full(debug_fd, "#E\n");
 
+	/*
+	 * We have sent all our refs already, and the other end
+	 * should have chosen out of them. When we are operating
+	 * in the stateless RPC mode, however, their choice may
+	 * have been based on the set of older refs advertised
+	 * by another process that handled the initial request.
+	 */
+	if (has_non_tip)
+		check_non_tip();
+
 	if (!use_sideband && daemon_mode)
 		no_progress = 1;
 
@@ -641,16 +732,17 @@ static int send_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, vo
 		" side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress"
 		" include-tag multi_ack_detailed";
 	struct object *o = parse_object(sha1);
+	const char *refname_nons = strip_namespace(refname);
 
 	if (!o)
 		die("git upload-pack: cannot find object %s:", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
 	if (capabilities)
-		packet_write(1, "%s %s%c%s%s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname,
+		packet_write(1, "%s %s%c%s%s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname_nons,
 			     0, capabilities,
 			     stateless_rpc ? " no-done" : "");
 	else
-		packet_write(1, "%s %s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname);
+		packet_write(1, "%s %s\n", sha1_to_hex(sha1), refname_nons);
 	capabilities = NULL;
 	if (!(o->flags & OUR_REF)) {
 		o->flags |= OUR_REF;
@@ -659,7 +751,7 @@ static int send_ref(const char *refname, const unsigned char *sha1, int flag, vo
 	if (o->type == OBJ_TAG) {
 		o = deref_tag(o, refname, 0);
 		if (o)
-			packet_write(1, "%s %s^{}\n", sha1_to_hex(o->sha1), refname);
+			packet_write(1, "%s %s^{}\n", sha1_to_hex(o->sha1), refname_nons);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -680,12 +772,12 @@ static void upload_pack(void)
 {
 	if (advertise_refs || !stateless_rpc) {
 		reset_timeout();
-		head_ref(send_ref, NULL);
-		for_each_ref(send_ref, NULL);
+		head_ref_namespaced(send_ref, NULL);
+		for_each_namespaced_ref(send_ref, NULL);
 		packet_flush(1);
 	} else {
-		head_ref(mark_our_ref, NULL);
-		for_each_ref(mark_our_ref, NULL);
+		head_ref_namespaced(mark_our_ref, NULL);
+		for_each_namespaced_ref(mark_our_ref, NULL);
 	}
 	if (advertise_refs)
 		return;
diff --git a/usage.c b/usage.c
index b5e67e3d0d..a2a6678004 100644
--- a/usage.c
+++ b/usage.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
+#include "cache.h"
 
 void vreportf(const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params)
 {
@@ -12,6 +13,18 @@ void vreportf(const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params)
 	fprintf(stderr, "%s%s\n", prefix, msg);
 }
 
+void vwritef(int fd, const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params)
+{
+	char msg[4096];
+	int len = vsnprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), err, params);
+	if (len > sizeof(msg))
+		len = sizeof(msg);
+
+	write_in_full(fd, prefix, strlen(prefix));
+	write_in_full(fd, msg, len);
+	write_in_full(fd, "\n", 1);
+}
+
 static NORETURN void usage_builtin(const char *err, va_list params)
 {
 	vreportf("usage: ", err, params);
@@ -46,6 +59,11 @@ void set_die_routine(NORETURN_PTR void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list param
 	die_routine = routine;
 }
 
+void set_error_routine(void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list params))
+{
+	error_routine = routine;
+}
+
 void NORETURN usagef(const char *err, ...)
 {
 	va_list params;
diff --git a/userdiff.c b/userdiff.c
index 01d3a8b81e..bf553ad91b 100644
--- a/userdiff.c
+++ b/userdiff.c
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ struct userdiff_driver *userdiff_find_by_path(const char *path)
 
 	if (!path)
 		return NULL;
-	if (git_checkattr(path, 1, &check))
+	if (git_check_attr(path, 1, &check))
 		return NULL;
 
 	if (ATTR_TRUE(check.value))
diff --git a/ws.c b/ws.c
index 9fb9b14760..b498d7599d 100644
--- a/ws.c
+++ b/ws.c
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ unsigned whitespace_rule(const char *pathname)
 	struct git_attr_check attr_whitespace_rule;
 
 	setup_whitespace_attr_check(&attr_whitespace_rule);
-	if (!git_checkattr(pathname, 1, &attr_whitespace_rule)) {
+	if (!git_check_attr(pathname, 1, &attr_whitespace_rule)) {
 		const char *value;
 
 		value = attr_whitespace_rule.value;
diff --git a/xdiff/xdiff.h b/xdiff/xdiff.h
index 711048ea36..4beb10c678 100644
--- a/xdiff/xdiff.h
+++ b/xdiff/xdiff.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #define XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE (1 << 3)
 #define XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL (1 << 4)
 #define XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF (1 << 5)
+#define XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF (1 << 6)
 #define XDF_WHITESPACE_FLAGS (XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE | XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE | XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL)
 
 #define XDL_PATCH_NORMAL '-'
@@ -105,7 +106,6 @@ typedef struct s_bdiffparam {
 #define xdl_realloc(ptr,x) realloc(ptr,x)
 
 void *xdl_mmfile_first(mmfile_t *mmf, long *size);
-void *xdl_mmfile_next(mmfile_t *mmf, long *size);
 long xdl_mmfile_size(mmfile_t *mmf);
 
 int xdl_diff(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
diff --git a/xdiff/xdiffi.c b/xdiff/xdiffi.c
index da67c04357..75a3922750 100644
--- a/xdiff/xdiffi.c
+++ b/xdiff/xdiffi.c
@@ -331,6 +331,9 @@ int xdl_do_diff(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 	if (xpp->flags & XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF)
 		return xdl_do_patience_diff(mf1, mf2, xpp, xe);
 
+	if (xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF)
+		return xdl_do_histogram_diff(mf1, mf2, xpp, xe);
+
 	if (xdl_prepare_env(mf1, mf2, xpp, xe) < 0) {
 
 		return -1;
diff --git a/xdiff/xdiffi.h b/xdiff/xdiffi.h
index ad033a8e6a..7a92ea9c4d 100644
--- a/xdiff/xdiffi.h
+++ b/xdiff/xdiffi.h
@@ -57,5 +57,7 @@ int xdl_emit_diff(xdfenv_t *xe, xdchange_t *xscr, xdemitcb_t *ecb,
 		  xdemitconf_t const *xecfg);
 int xdl_do_patience_diff(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 		xdfenv_t *env);
+int xdl_do_histogram_diff(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
+		xdfenv_t *env);
 
 #endif /* #if !defined(XDIFFI_H) */
diff --git a/xdiff/xhistogram.c b/xdiff/xhistogram.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18f6f997c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xdiff/xhistogram.c
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in JGit's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "xinclude.h"
+#include "xtypes.h"
+#include "xdiff.h"
+
+#define MAX_PTR	UINT_MAX
+#define MAX_CNT	UINT_MAX
+
+#define LINE_END(n) (line##n + count##n - 1)
+#define LINE_END_PTR(n) (*line##n + *count##n - 1)
+
+struct histindex {
+	struct record {
+		unsigned int ptr, cnt;
+		struct record *next;
+	} **records, /* an ocurrence */
+	  **line_map; /* map of line to record chain */
+	chastore_t rcha;
+	unsigned int *next_ptrs;
+	unsigned int table_bits,
+		     records_size,
+		     line_map_size;
+
+	unsigned int max_chain_length,
+		     key_shift,
+		     ptr_shift;
+
+	unsigned int cnt,
+		     has_common;
+
+	xdfenv_t *env;
+	xpparam_t const *xpp;
+};
+
+struct region {
+	unsigned int begin1, end1;
+	unsigned int begin2, end2;
+};
+
+#define LINE_MAP(i, a) (i->line_map[(a) - i->ptr_shift])
+
+#define NEXT_PTR(index, ptr) \
+	(index->next_ptrs[(ptr) - index->ptr_shift])
+
+#define CNT(index, ptr) \
+	((LINE_MAP(index, ptr))->cnt)
+
+#define REC(env, s, l) \
+	(env->xdf##s.recs[l - 1])
+
+static int cmp_recs(xpparam_t const *xpp,
+	xrecord_t *r1, xrecord_t *r2)
+{
+	return r1->ha == r2->ha &&
+		xdl_recmatch(r1->ptr, r1->size, r2->ptr, r2->size,
+			    xpp->flags);
+}
+
+#define CMP_ENV(xpp, env, s1, l1, s2, l2) \
+	(cmp_recs(xpp, REC(env, s1, l1), REC(env, s2, l2)))
+
+#define CMP(i, s1, l1, s2, l2) \
+	(cmp_recs(i->xpp, REC(i->env, s1, l1), REC(i->env, s2, l2)))
+
+#define TABLE_HASH(index, side, line) \
+	XDL_HASHLONG((REC(index->env, side, line))->ha, index->table_bits)
+
+static int scanA(struct histindex *index, int line1, int count1)
+{
+	unsigned int ptr, tbl_idx;
+	unsigned int chain_len;
+	struct record **rec_chain, *rec;
+
+	for (ptr = LINE_END(1); line1 <= ptr; ptr--) {
+		tbl_idx = TABLE_HASH(index, 1, ptr);
+		rec_chain = index->records + tbl_idx;
+		rec = *rec_chain;
+
+		chain_len = 0;
+		while (rec) {
+			if (CMP(index, 1, rec->ptr, 1, ptr)) {
+				/*
+				 * ptr is identical to another element. Insert
+				 * it onto the front of the existing element
+				 * chain.
+				 */
+				NEXT_PTR(index, ptr) = rec->ptr;
+				rec->ptr = ptr;
+				/* cap rec->cnt at MAX_CNT */
+				rec->cnt = XDL_MIN(MAX_CNT, rec->cnt + 1);
+				LINE_MAP(index, ptr) = rec;
+				goto continue_scan;
+			}
+
+			rec = rec->next;
+			chain_len++;
+		}
+
+		if (chain_len == index->max_chain_length)
+			return -1;
+
+		/*
+		 * This is the first time we have ever seen this particular
+		 * element in the sequence. Construct a new chain for it.
+		 */
+		if (!(rec = xdl_cha_alloc(&index->rcha)))
+			return -1;
+		rec->ptr = ptr;
+		rec->cnt = 1;
+		rec->next = *rec_chain;
+		*rec_chain = rec;
+		LINE_MAP(index, ptr) = rec;
+
+continue_scan:
+		; /* no op */
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int try_lcs(struct histindex *index, struct region *lcs, int b_ptr,
+	int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2)
+{
+	unsigned int b_next = b_ptr + 1;
+	struct record *rec = index->records[TABLE_HASH(index, 2, b_ptr)];
+	unsigned int as, ae, bs, be, np, rc;
+	int should_break;
+
+	for (; rec; rec = rec->next) {
+		if (rec->cnt > index->cnt) {
+			if (!index->has_common)
+				index->has_common = CMP(index, 1, rec->ptr, 2, b_ptr);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		as = rec->ptr;
+		if (!CMP(index, 1, as, 2, b_ptr))
+			continue;
+
+		index->has_common = 1;
+		for (;;) {
+			should_break = 0;
+			np = NEXT_PTR(index, as);
+			bs = b_ptr;
+			ae = as;
+			be = bs;
+			rc = rec->cnt;
+
+			while (line1 < as && line2 < bs
+				&& CMP(index, 1, as - 1, 2, bs - 1)) {
+				as--;
+				bs--;
+				if (1 < rc)
+					rc = XDL_MIN(rc, CNT(index, as));
+			}
+			while (ae < LINE_END(1) && be < LINE_END(2)
+				&& CMP(index, 1, ae + 1, 2, be + 1)) {
+				ae++;
+				be++;
+				if (1 < rc)
+					rc = XDL_MIN(rc, CNT(index, ae));
+			}
+
+			if (b_next <= be)
+				b_next = be + 1;
+			if (lcs->end1 - lcs->begin1 < ae - as || rc < index->cnt) {
+				lcs->begin1 = as;
+				lcs->begin2 = bs;
+				lcs->end1 = ae;
+				lcs->end2 = be;
+				index->cnt = rc;
+			}
+
+			if (np == 0)
+				break;
+
+			while (np <= ae) {
+				np = NEXT_PTR(index, np);
+				if (np == 0) {
+					should_break = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (should_break)
+				break;
+
+			as = np;
+		}
+	}
+	return b_next;
+}
+
+static int find_lcs(struct histindex *index, struct region *lcs,
+	int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2) {
+	int b_ptr;
+
+	if (scanA(index, line1, count1))
+		return -1;
+
+	index->cnt = index->max_chain_length + 1;
+
+	for (b_ptr = line2; b_ptr <= LINE_END(2); )
+		b_ptr = try_lcs(index, lcs, b_ptr, line1, count1, line2, count2);
+
+	return index->has_common && index->max_chain_length < index->cnt;
+}
+
+static int fall_back_to_classic_diff(struct histindex *index,
+		int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2)
+{
+	xpparam_t xpp;
+	xpp.flags = index->xpp->flags & ~XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF;
+
+	return xdl_fall_back_diff(index->env, &xpp,
+				  line1, count1, line2, count2);
+}
+
+static int histogram_diff(xpparam_t const *xpp, xdfenv_t *env,
+	int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2)
+{
+	struct histindex index;
+	struct region lcs;
+	int sz;
+	int result = -1;
+
+	if (count1 <= 0 && count2 <= 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (LINE_END(1) >= MAX_PTR)
+		return -1;
+
+	if (!count1) {
+		while(count2--)
+			env->xdf2.rchg[line2++ - 1] = 1;
+		return 0;
+	} else if (!count2) {
+		while(count1--)
+			env->xdf1.rchg[line1++ - 1] = 1;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	memset(&index, 0, sizeof(index));
+
+	index.env = env;
+	index.xpp = xpp;
+
+	index.records = NULL;
+	index.line_map = NULL;
+	/* in case of early xdl_cha_free() */
+	index.rcha.head = NULL;
+
+	index.table_bits = xdl_hashbits(count1);
+	sz = index.records_size = 1 << index.table_bits;
+	sz *= sizeof(struct record *);
+	if (!(index.records = (struct record **) xdl_malloc(sz)))
+		goto cleanup;
+	memset(index.records, 0, sz);
+
+	sz = index.line_map_size = count1;
+	sz *= sizeof(struct record *);
+	if (!(index.line_map = (struct record **) xdl_malloc(sz)))
+		goto cleanup;
+	memset(index.line_map, 0, sz);
+
+	sz = index.line_map_size;
+	sz *= sizeof(unsigned int);
+	if (!(index.next_ptrs = (unsigned int *) xdl_malloc(sz)))
+		goto cleanup;
+	memset(index.next_ptrs, 0, sz);
+
+	/* lines / 4 + 1 comes from xprepare.c:xdl_prepare_ctx() */
+	if (xdl_cha_init(&index.rcha, sizeof(struct record), count1 / 4 + 1) < 0)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	index.ptr_shift = line1;
+	index.max_chain_length = 64;
+
+	memset(&lcs, 0, sizeof(lcs));
+	if (find_lcs(&index, &lcs, line1, count1, line2, count2))
+		result = fall_back_to_classic_diff(&index, line1, count1, line2, count2);
+	else {
+		if (lcs.begin1 == 0 && lcs.begin2 == 0) {
+			while (count1--)
+				env->xdf1.rchg[line1++ - 1] = 1;
+			while (count2--)
+				env->xdf2.rchg[line2++ - 1] = 1;
+			result = 0;
+		} else {
+			result = histogram_diff(xpp, env,
+						line1, lcs.begin1 - line1,
+						line2, lcs.begin2 - line2);
+			if (result)
+				goto cleanup;
+			result = histogram_diff(xpp, env,
+						lcs.end1 + 1, LINE_END(1) - lcs.end1,
+						lcs.end2 + 1, LINE_END(2) - lcs.end2);
+			if (result)
+				goto cleanup;
+		}
+	}
+
+cleanup:
+	xdl_free(index.records);
+	xdl_free(index.line_map);
+	xdl_free(index.next_ptrs);
+	xdl_cha_free(&index.rcha);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+int xdl_do_histogram_diff(mmfile_t *file1, mmfile_t *file2,
+	xpparam_t const *xpp, xdfenv_t *env)
+{
+	if (xdl_prepare_env(file1, file2, xpp, env) < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	return histogram_diff(xpp, env,
+		env->xdf1.dstart + 1, env->xdf1.dend - env->xdf1.dstart + 1,
+		env->xdf2.dstart + 1, env->xdf2.dend - env->xdf2.dstart + 1);
+}
diff --git a/xdiff/xpatience.c b/xdiff/xpatience.c
index e42c16a807..fdd7d0263f 100644
--- a/xdiff/xpatience.c
+++ b/xdiff/xpatience.c
@@ -287,34 +287,11 @@ static int walk_common_sequence(struct hashmap *map, struct entry *first,
 static int fall_back_to_classic_diff(struct hashmap *map,
 		int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2)
 {
-	/*
-	 * This probably does not work outside Git, since
-	 * we have a very simple mmfile structure.
-	 *
-	 * Note: ideally, we would reuse the prepared environment, but
-	 * the libxdiff interface does not (yet) allow for diffing only
-	 * ranges of lines instead of the whole files.
-	 */
-	mmfile_t subfile1, subfile2;
 	xpparam_t xpp;
-	xdfenv_t env;
-
-	subfile1.ptr = (char *)map->env->xdf1.recs[line1 - 1]->ptr;
-	subfile1.size = map->env->xdf1.recs[line1 + count1 - 2]->ptr +
-		map->env->xdf1.recs[line1 + count1 - 2]->size - subfile1.ptr;
-	subfile2.ptr = (char *)map->env->xdf2.recs[line2 - 1]->ptr;
-	subfile2.size = map->env->xdf2.recs[line2 + count2 - 2]->ptr +
-		map->env->xdf2.recs[line2 + count2 - 2]->size - subfile2.ptr;
 	xpp.flags = map->xpp->flags & ~XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF;
-	if (xdl_do_diff(&subfile1, &subfile2, &xpp, &env) < 0)
-		return -1;
 
-	memcpy(map->env->xdf1.rchg + line1 - 1, env.xdf1.rchg, count1);
-	memcpy(map->env->xdf2.rchg + line2 - 1, env.xdf2.rchg, count2);
-
-	xdl_free_env(&env);
-
-	return 0;
+	return xdl_fall_back_diff(map->env, &xpp,
+				  line1, count1, line2, count2);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/xdiff/xprepare.c b/xdiff/xprepare.c
index 1689085235..620fc9a657 100644
--- a/xdiff/xprepare.c
+++ b/xdiff/xprepare.c
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #define XDL_KPDIS_RUN 4
 #define XDL_MAX_EQLIMIT 1024
 #define XDL_SIMSCAN_WINDOW 100
+#define XDL_GUESS_NLINES1 256
+#define XDL_GUESS_NLINES2 20
 
 
 typedef struct s_xdlclass {
@@ -64,8 +66,6 @@ static int xdl_optimize_ctxs(xdfile_t *xdf1, xdfile_t *xdf2);
 
 
 static int xdl_init_classifier(xdlclassifier_t *cf, long size, long flags) {
-	long i;
-
 	cf->flags = flags;
 
 	cf->hbits = xdl_hashbits((unsigned int) size);
@@ -80,8 +80,7 @@ static int xdl_init_classifier(xdlclassifier_t *cf, long size, long flags) {
 		xdl_cha_free(&cf->ncha);
 		return -1;
 	}
-	for (i = 0; i < cf->hsize; i++)
-		cf->rchash[i] = NULL;
+	memset(cf->rchash, 0, cf->hsize * sizeof(xdlclass_t *));
 
 	cf->count = 0;
 
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ static int xdl_classify_record(xdlclassifier_t *cf, xrecord_t **rhash, unsigned
 static int xdl_prepare_ctx(mmfile_t *mf, long narec, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 			   xdlclassifier_t *cf, xdfile_t *xdf) {
 	unsigned int hbits;
-	long i, nrec, hsize, bsize;
+	long nrec, hsize, bsize;
 	unsigned long hav;
 	char const *blk, *cur, *top, *prev;
 	xrecord_t *crec;
@@ -146,96 +145,59 @@ static int xdl_prepare_ctx(mmfile_t *mf, long narec, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 	char *rchg;
 	long *rindex;
 
-	if (xdl_cha_init(&xdf->rcha, sizeof(xrecord_t), narec / 4 + 1) < 0) {
-
-		return -1;
-	}
-	if (!(recs = (xrecord_t **) xdl_malloc(narec * sizeof(xrecord_t *)))) {
-
-		xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	hbits = xdl_hashbits((unsigned int) narec);
-	hsize = 1 << hbits;
-	if (!(rhash = (xrecord_t **) xdl_malloc(hsize * sizeof(xrecord_t *)))) {
-
-		xdl_free(recs);
-		xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-		return -1;
+	ha = NULL;
+	rindex = NULL;
+	rchg = NULL;
+	rhash = NULL;
+	recs = NULL;
+
+	if (xdl_cha_init(&xdf->rcha, sizeof(xrecord_t), narec / 4 + 1) < 0)
+		goto abort;
+	if (!(recs = (xrecord_t **) xdl_malloc(narec * sizeof(xrecord_t *))))
+		goto abort;
+
+	if (xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF)
+		hbits = hsize = 0;
+	else {
+		hbits = xdl_hashbits((unsigned int) narec);
+		hsize = 1 << hbits;
+		if (!(rhash = (xrecord_t **) xdl_malloc(hsize * sizeof(xrecord_t *))))
+			goto abort;
+		memset(rhash, 0, hsize * sizeof(xrecord_t *));
 	}
-	for (i = 0; i < hsize; i++)
-		rhash[i] = NULL;
 
 	nrec = 0;
 	if ((cur = blk = xdl_mmfile_first(mf, &bsize)) != NULL) {
-		for (top = blk + bsize;;) {
-			if (cur >= top) {
-				if (!(cur = blk = xdl_mmfile_next(mf, &bsize)))
-					break;
-				top = blk + bsize;
-			}
+		for (top = blk + bsize; cur < top; ) {
 			prev = cur;
 			hav = xdl_hash_record(&cur, top, xpp->flags);
 			if (nrec >= narec) {
 				narec *= 2;
-				if (!(rrecs = (xrecord_t **) xdl_realloc(recs, narec * sizeof(xrecord_t *)))) {
-
-					xdl_free(rhash);
-					xdl_free(recs);
-					xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-					return -1;
-				}
+				if (!(rrecs = (xrecord_t **) xdl_realloc(recs, narec * sizeof(xrecord_t *))))
+					goto abort;
 				recs = rrecs;
 			}
-			if (!(crec = xdl_cha_alloc(&xdf->rcha))) {
-
-				xdl_free(rhash);
-				xdl_free(recs);
-				xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-				return -1;
-			}
+			if (!(crec = xdl_cha_alloc(&xdf->rcha)))
+				goto abort;
 			crec->ptr = prev;
 			crec->size = (long) (cur - prev);
 			crec->ha = hav;
 			recs[nrec++] = crec;
 
-			if (xdl_classify_record(cf, rhash, hbits, crec) < 0) {
-
-				xdl_free(rhash);
-				xdl_free(recs);
-				xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-				return -1;
-			}
+			if (!(xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF) &&
+				xdl_classify_record(cf, rhash, hbits, crec) < 0)
+				goto abort;
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!(rchg = (char *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 2) * sizeof(char)))) {
-
-		xdl_free(rhash);
-		xdl_free(recs);
-		xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	if (!(rchg = (char *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 2) * sizeof(char))))
+		goto abort;
 	memset(rchg, 0, (nrec + 2) * sizeof(char));
 
-	if (!(rindex = (long *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 1) * sizeof(long)))) {
-
-		xdl_free(rchg);
-		xdl_free(rhash);
-		xdl_free(recs);
-		xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-		return -1;
-	}
-	if (!(ha = (unsigned long *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 1) * sizeof(unsigned long)))) {
-
-		xdl_free(rindex);
-		xdl_free(rchg);
-		xdl_free(rhash);
-		xdl_free(recs);
-		xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	if (!(rindex = (long *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 1) * sizeof(long))))
+		goto abort;
+	if (!(ha = (unsigned long *) xdl_malloc((nrec + 1) * sizeof(unsigned long))))
+		goto abort;
 
 	xdf->nrec = nrec;
 	xdf->recs = recs;
@@ -249,6 +211,15 @@ static int xdl_prepare_ctx(mmfile_t *mf, long narec, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 	xdf->dend = nrec - 1;
 
 	return 0;
+
+abort:
+	xdl_free(ha);
+	xdl_free(rindex);
+	xdl_free(rchg);
+	xdl_free(rhash);
+	xdl_free(recs);
+	xdl_cha_free(&xdf->rcha);
+	return -1;
 }
 
 
@@ -265,13 +236,23 @@ static void xdl_free_ctx(xdfile_t *xdf) {
 
 int xdl_prepare_env(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 		    xdfenv_t *xe) {
-	long enl1, enl2;
+	long enl1, enl2, sample;
 	xdlclassifier_t cf;
 
-	enl1 = xdl_guess_lines(mf1) + 1;
-	enl2 = xdl_guess_lines(mf2) + 1;
+	/*
+	 * For histogram diff, we can afford a smaller sample size and
+	 * thus a poorer estimate of the number of lines, as the hash
+	 * table (rhash) won't be filled up/grown. The number of lines
+	 * (nrecs) will be updated correctly anyway by
+	 * xdl_prepare_ctx().
+	 */
+	sample = xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF ? XDL_GUESS_NLINES2 : XDL_GUESS_NLINES1;
+
+	enl1 = xdl_guess_lines(mf1, sample) + 1;
+	enl2 = xdl_guess_lines(mf2, sample) + 1;
 
-	if (xdl_init_classifier(&cf, enl1 + enl2 + 1, xpp->flags) < 0) {
+	if (!(xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF) &&
+		xdl_init_classifier(&cf, enl1 + enl2 + 1, xpp->flags) < 0) {
 
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -288,9 +269,11 @@ int xdl_prepare_env(mmfile_t *mf1, mmfile_t *mf2, xpparam_t const *xpp,
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	xdl_free_classifier(&cf);
+	if (!(xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF))
+		xdl_free_classifier(&cf);
 
 	if (!(xpp->flags & XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF) &&
+			!(xpp->flags & XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF) &&
 			xdl_optimize_ctxs(&xe->xdf1, &xe->xdf2) < 0) {
 
 		xdl_free_ctx(&xe->xdf2);
diff --git a/xdiff/xutils.c b/xdiff/xutils.c
index ab6503460f..0de084e53f 100644
--- a/xdiff/xutils.c
+++ b/xdiff/xutils.c
@@ -24,10 +24,6 @@
 
 
 
-#define XDL_GUESS_NLINES 256
-
-
-
 
 long xdl_bogosqrt(long n) {
 	long i;
@@ -71,12 +67,6 @@ void *xdl_mmfile_first(mmfile_t *mmf, long *size)
 }
 
 
-void *xdl_mmfile_next(mmfile_t *mmf, long *size)
-{
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-
 long xdl_mmfile_size(mmfile_t *mmf)
 {
 	return mmf->size;
@@ -159,18 +149,12 @@ void *xdl_cha_next(chastore_t *cha) {
 }
 
 
-long xdl_guess_lines(mmfile_t *mf) {
+long xdl_guess_lines(mmfile_t *mf, long sample) {
 	long nl = 0, size, tsize = 0;
 	char const *data, *cur, *top;
 
 	if ((cur = data = xdl_mmfile_first(mf, &size)) != NULL) {
-		for (top = data + size; nl < XDL_GUESS_NLINES;) {
-			if (cur >= top) {
-				tsize += (long) (cur - data);
-				if (!(cur = data = xdl_mmfile_next(mf, &size)))
-					break;
-				top = data + size;
-			}
+		for (top = data + size; nl < sample && cur < top; ) {
 			nl++;
 			if (!(cur = memchr(cur, '\n', top - cur)))
 				cur = top;
@@ -402,3 +386,34 @@ int xdl_emit_hunk_hdr(long s1, long c1, long s2, long c2,
 
 	return 0;
 }
+
+int xdl_fall_back_diff(xdfenv_t *diff_env, xpparam_t const *xpp,
+		int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2)
+{
+	/*
+	 * This probably does not work outside Git, since
+	 * we have a very simple mmfile structure.
+	 *
+	 * Note: ideally, we would reuse the prepared environment, but
+	 * the libxdiff interface does not (yet) allow for diffing only
+	 * ranges of lines instead of the whole files.
+	 */
+	mmfile_t subfile1, subfile2;
+	xdfenv_t env;
+
+	subfile1.ptr = (char *)diff_env->xdf1.recs[line1 - 1]->ptr;
+	subfile1.size = diff_env->xdf1.recs[line1 + count1 - 2]->ptr +
+		diff_env->xdf1.recs[line1 + count1 - 2]->size - subfile1.ptr;
+	subfile2.ptr = (char *)diff_env->xdf2.recs[line2 - 1]->ptr;
+	subfile2.size = diff_env->xdf2.recs[line2 + count2 - 2]->ptr +
+		diff_env->xdf2.recs[line2 + count2 - 2]->size - subfile2.ptr;
+	if (xdl_do_diff(&subfile1, &subfile2, xpp, &env) < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	memcpy(diff_env->xdf1.rchg + line1 - 1, env.xdf1.rchg, count1);
+	memcpy(diff_env->xdf2.rchg + line2 - 1, env.xdf2.rchg, count2);
+
+	xdl_free_env(&env);
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/xdiff/xutils.h b/xdiff/xutils.h
index d5de8292e0..714719a89c 100644
--- a/xdiff/xutils.h
+++ b/xdiff/xutils.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ void xdl_cha_free(chastore_t *cha);
 void *xdl_cha_alloc(chastore_t *cha);
 void *xdl_cha_first(chastore_t *cha);
 void *xdl_cha_next(chastore_t *cha);
-long xdl_guess_lines(mmfile_t *mf);
+long xdl_guess_lines(mmfile_t *mf, long sample);
 int xdl_recmatch(const char *l1, long s1, const char *l2, long s2, long flags);
 unsigned long xdl_hash_record(char const **data, char const *top, long flags);
 unsigned int xdl_hashbits(unsigned int size);
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ int xdl_num_out(char *out, long val);
 long xdl_atol(char const *str, char const **next);
 int xdl_emit_hunk_hdr(long s1, long c1, long s2, long c2,
 		      const char *func, long funclen, xdemitcb_t *ecb);
+int xdl_fall_back_diff(xdfenv_t *diff_env, xpparam_t const *xpp,
+		       int line1, int count1, int line2, int count2);