From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Dec 2010 19:24:11 +0000 (-0800)
Subject: Merge branch 'jk/diff-CBM'
X-Git-Tag: v1.7.4-rc0~83
X-Git-Url: https://git.lorimer.id.au/gitweb.git/diff_plain/f04aa35eb6117d99f5abf9630961b2c2651d3ed1?hp=07cd7265274ba6aed2589e6b22eae7d413640037

Merge branch 'jk/diff-CBM'

* jk/diff-CBM:
diff: report bogus input to -C/-M/-B
---

diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 09ffc46563..1b1c45df5c 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ But if you must have a list of rules, here they are.
 
 For shell scripts specifically (not exhaustive):
 
+ - We use tabs for indentation.
+
+ - Case arms are indented at the same depth as case and esac lines.
+
  - We prefer $( ... ) for command substitution; unlike ``, it
    properly nests.  It should have been the way Bourne spelled
    it from day one, but unfortunately isn't.
@@ -139,3 +143,55 @@ For C programs:
 
  - When we pass <string, length> pair to functions, we should try to
    pass them in that order.
+
+Writing Documentation:
+
+ Every user-visible change should be reflected in the documentation.
+ The same general rule as for code applies -- imitate the existing
+ conventions.  A few commented examples follow to provide reference
+ when writing or modifying command usage strings and synopsis sections
+ in the manual pages:
+
+ Placeholders are enclosed in angle brackets:
+   <file>
+   --sort=<key>
+   --abbrev[=<n>]
+
+ Possibility of multiple occurences is indicated by three dots:
+   <file>...
+   (One or more of <file>.)
+
+ Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets:
+   [<extra>]
+   (Zero or one <extra>.)
+
+   --exec-path[=<path>]
+   (Option with an optional argument.  Note that the "=" is inside the
+   brackets.)
+
+   [<patch>...]
+   (Zero or more of <patch>.  Note that the dots are inside, not
+   outside the brackets.)
+
+ Multiple alternatives are indicated with vertical bar:
+   [-q | --quiet]
+   [--utf8 | --no-utf8]
+
+ Parentheses are used for grouping:
+   [(<rev>|<range>)...]
+   (Any number of either <rev> or <range>.  Parens are needed to make
+   it clear that "..." pertains to both <rev> and <range>.)
+
+   [(-p <parent>)...]
+   (Any number of option -p, each with one <parent> argument.)
+
+   git remote set-head <name> (-a | -d | <branch>)
+   (One and only one of "-a", "-d" or "<branch>" _must_ (no square
+   brackets) be provided.)
+
+ And a somewhat more contrived example:
+   --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
+   Here "=" is outside the brackets, because "--diff-filter=" is a
+   valid usage.  "*" has its own pair of brackets, because it can
+   (optionally) be specified only when one or more of the letters is
+   also provided.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f05b48e17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Git v1.7.0.8 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors"
+name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable.
+
+The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both
+old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this
+backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in
+their repositories cannot use older versions of Git.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b18518449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Git v1.7.1.3 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors"
+name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable.
+
+The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both
+old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this
+backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in
+their repositories cannot use older versions of Git.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7950a4c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Git v1.7.2.4 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+This is primarily to backport support for the new "add.ignoreErrors"
+name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors" configuration variable.
+
+The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both
+old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this
+backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in
+their repositories cannot use older versions of Git.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c93b85af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Git v1.7.3.2 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+This is primarily to push out many documentation fixes accumulated since
+the 1.7.3.1 release.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b2b2448df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Git v1.7.3.3 Release Notes
+==========================
+
+In addition to the usual fixes, this release also includes support for
+the new "add.ignoreErrors" name given to the existing "add.ignore-errors"
+configuration variable.
+
+The next version, Git 1.7.4, and future versions, will support both
+old and incorrect name and the new corrected name, but without this
+backport, users who want to use the new name "add.ignoreErrors" in
+their repositories cannot use older versions of Git.
+
+Fixes since v1.7.3.2
+--------------------
+
+ * "git apply" segfaulted when a bogus input is fed to it.
+
+ * Running "git cherry-pick --ff" on a root commit segfaulted.
+
+ * "diff", "blame" and friends incorrectly applied textconv filters to
+   symlinks.
+
+ * Highlighting of whitespace breakage in "diff" output was showing
+   incorrect amount of whitespaces when blank-at-eol is set and the line
+   consisted only of whitespaces and a TAB.
+
+ * "diff" was overly inefficient when trying to find the line to use for
+   the function header (i.e. equivalent to --show-c-function of GNU diff).
+
+ * "git imap-send" depends on libcrypto but our build rule relied on the
+   linker to implicitly link it via libssl, which was wrong.
+
+ * "git merge-file" can be called from within a subdirectory now.
+
+ * "git repack -f" expanded and recompressed non-delta objects in the
+   existing pack, which was wasteful.  Use new "-F" option if you really
+   want to (e.g. when changing the pack.compression level).
+
+ * "git rev-list --format="...%x00..." incorrectly chopped its output
+   at NUL.
+
+ * "git send-email" did not correctly remove duplicate mail addresses from
+   the Cc: header that appear on the To: header.
+
+ * The completion script (in contrib/completion) ignored lightweight tags
+   in __git_ps1().
+
+ * "git-blame" mode (in contrib/emacs) didn't say (require 'format-spec)
+   even though it depends on it; it didn't work with Emacs 22 or older
+   unless Gnus is used.
+
+ * "git-p4" (in contrib/) did not correctly handle deleted files.
+
+Other minor fixes and documentation updates are also included.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt
index 05e8a43a3b..0a73e6dc0f 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.4.txt
@@ -15,9 +15,30 @@ Updates since v1.7.3
    /etc/gitattributes; core.attributesfile configuration variable can
    be used to customize the path to this file.
 
+ * The thread structure generated by "git send-email" has changed
+   slightly.  Setting the cover letter of the latest series as a reply
+   to the cover letter of the previous series with --in-reply-to used
+   to make the new cover letter and all the patches replies to the
+   cover letter of the previous series; this has been changed to make
+   the patches in the new series replies to the new cover letter.
+
+ * Bash completion script in contrib/ has been adjusted to be also
+   usable by zsh.
+
+ * "git blame" learned --show-email option to display the e-mail
+   addresses instead of the names of authors.
+
+ * "git daemon" can be built in MinGW environment.
+
+ * "git daemon" can take more than one --listen option to listen to
+   multiple addresses.
+
  * "git diff" and "git grep" learned how functions and subroutines
    in Fortran look like.
 
+ * "git mergetool" tells vim/gvim to show three-way diff by default
+   (use vimdiff2/gvimdiff2 as the tool name for old behaviour).
+
  * "git log -G<pattern>" limits the output to commits whose change has
    added or deleted lines that match the given pattern.
 
@@ -25,13 +46,43 @@ Updates since v1.7.3
    deprecated; we might want to remove it in the future.  Users can
    use the new --empty option to be more explicit instead.
 
+ * "git repack -f" does not spend cycles to recompress objects in the
+   non-delta representation anymore (use -F if you really mean it when
+   e.g. you changed the compression level).
+
  * "git merge --log" used to limit the resulting merge log to 20
    entries; this is now customizable by giving e.g. "--log=47".
 
+ * "git merge" may work better when all files were moved out of a
+   directory in one branch while a new file is created in place of that
+   directory in the other branch.
+
+ * "git rebase --autosquash" can use SHA-1 object names to name which
+   commit to fix up (e.g. "fixup! e83c5163").
+
+ * The default "recursive" merge strategy learned --rename-threshold
+   option to influence the rename detection, similar to the -M option
+   of "git diff".  E.g. "git merge -Xrename-threshold=50% ..." to use
+   this.
+
+ * The "recursive" strategy also learned to ignore various whitespace
+   changes; the most notable is -Xignore-space-at-eol.
+
+ * "git send-email" learned "--to-cmd", similar to "--cc-cmd", to read
+   recipient list from a command output.
+
+ * "git send-email" learned to read and use "To:" from its input files.
+
  * you can extend "git shell", which is often used on boxes that allow
    git-only login over ssh as login shell, with custom set of
    commands.
 
+ * "git submodule sync" updates metainformation for all submodules,
+   not just the ones that have been checked out.
+
+ * gitweb can use custom 'highlight' command with its configuration file.
+
+
 Also contains various documentation updates.
 
 
@@ -41,14 +92,41 @@ Fixes since v1.7.3
 All of the fixes in v1.7.3.X maintenance series are included in this
 release, unless otherwise noted.
 
+ * Smart HTTP transport used to incorrectly retry redirected POST
+   request with GET request (311e2ea006).
+
+ * "git apply" did not correctly handle patches that only change modes
+   if told to apply while stripping leading paths with -p option (aae1f6ac).
+
+ * "git apply" can deal with patches with timezone formatted with a
+   colon between the hours and minutes part (e.g. "-08:00" instead of
+   "-0800").
+
+ * "git checkout" removed an untracked file "foo" from the working
+    tree when switching to a branch that contains a tracked path
+    "foo/bar".  Prevent this, just like the case where the conflicting
+    path were "foo" (c752e7f..7980872d).
+
+ * "git diff --check" reported an incorrect line number for added
+   blank lines at the end of file (8837d335).
+
  * "git log --author=me --author=her" did not find commits written by
    me or by her; instead it looked for commits written by me and by
    her, which is impossible.
 
+ * "git merge" into an unborn branch removed an untracked file "foo"
+   from the working tree when merged branch had "foo" (2caf20c..172b642).
+
+ * "git push --progress" shows progress indicators now.
+
+ * "git repack" places its temporary packs under $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/pack
+   instead of $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/ to avoid cross directory renames.
+
+ * "git submodule update --recursive --other-flags" passes flags down
+   to its subinvocations.
 
 ---
 exec >/var/tmp/1
-O=v1.7.3
-O=v1.7.3.1-42-g34289ec
+O=v1.7.3.2-450-g5b9c331
 echo O=$(git describe master)
 git shortlog --no-merges ^maint ^$O master
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index ba9639c7bd..ad5eb5f21d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -374,6 +374,15 @@ core.warnAmbiguousRefs::
 	If true, git will warn you if the ref name you passed it is ambiguous
 	and might match multiple refs in the .git/refs/ tree. True by default.
 
+core.abbrevguard::
+	Even though git makes sure that it uses enough hexdigits to show
+	an abbreviated object name unambiguously, as more objects are
+	added to the repository over time, a short name that used to be
+	unique will stop being unique.  Git uses this many extra hexdigits
+	that are more than necessary to make the object name currently
+	unique, in the hope that its output will stay unique a bit longer.
+	Defaults to 0.
+
 core.compression::
 	An integer -1..9, indicating a default compression level.
 	-1 is the zlib default. 0 means no compression,
@@ -554,9 +563,13 @@ core.sparseCheckout::
 	linkgit:git-read-tree[1] for more information.
 
 add.ignore-errors::
+add.ignoreErrors::
 	Tells 'git add' to continue adding files when some files cannot be
 	added due to indexing errors. Equivalent to the '--ignore-errors'
-	option of linkgit:git-add[1].
+	option of linkgit:git-add[1].  Older versions of git accept only
+	`add.ignore-errors`, which does not follow the usual naming
+	convention for configuration variables.  Newer versions of git
+	honor `add.ignoreErrors` as well.
 
 alias.*::
 	Command aliases for the linkgit:git[1] command wrapper - e.g.
@@ -601,8 +614,9 @@ branch.autosetupmerge::
 	this behavior can be chosen per-branch using the `--track`
 	and `--no-track` options. The valid settings are: `false` -- no
 	automatic setup is done; `true` -- automatic setup is done when the
-	starting point is a remote branch; `always` -- automatic setup is
-	done when the starting point is either a local branch or remote
+	starting point is a remote-tracking branch; `always` --
+	automatic setup is done when the starting point is either a
+	local branch or remote-tracking
 	branch. This option defaults to true.
 
 branch.autosetuprebase::
@@ -613,7 +627,7 @@ branch.autosetuprebase::
 	When `local`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of
 	other local branches.
 	When `remote`, rebase is set to true for tracked branches of
-	remote branches.
+	remote-tracking branches.
 	When `always`, rebase will be set to true for all tracking
 	branches.
 	See "branch.autosetupmerge" for details on how to set up a
@@ -680,7 +694,7 @@ color.branch::
 color.branch.<slot>::
 	Use customized color for branch coloration. `<slot>` is one of
 	`current` (the current branch), `local` (a local branch),
-	`remote` (a tracking branch in refs/remotes/), `plain` (other
+	`remote` (a remote-tracking branch in refs/remotes/), `plain` (other
 	refs).
 +
 The value for these configuration variables is a list of colors (at most
@@ -708,7 +722,7 @@ color.diff.<slot>::
 color.decorate.<slot>::
 	Use customized color for 'git log --decorate' output.  `<slot>` is one
 	of `branch`, `remoteBranch`, `tag`, `stash` or `HEAD` for local
-	branches, remote tracking branches, tags, stash and HEAD, respectively.
+	branches, remote-tracking branches, tags, stash and HEAD, respectively.
 
 color.grep::
 	When set to `always`, always highlight matches.  When `false` (or
@@ -1102,7 +1116,7 @@ gui.newbranchtemplate::
 	linkgit:git-gui[1].
 
 gui.pruneduringfetch::
-	"true" if linkgit:git-gui[1] should prune tracking branches when
+	"true" if linkgit:git-gui[1] should prune remote-tracking branches when
 	performing a fetch. The default value is "false".
 
 gui.trustmtime::
@@ -1737,6 +1751,7 @@ sendemail.to::
 sendemail.smtpdomain::
 sendemail.smtpserver::
 sendemail.smtpserverport::
+sendemail.smtpserveroption::
 sendemail.smtpuser::
 sendemail.thread::
 sendemail.validate::
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index f77a0f8749..f3e95389aa 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ endif::git-format-patch[]
 --patience::
 	Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
 
---stat[=width[,name-width]]::
+--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>]]::
 	Generate a diffstat.  You can override the default
-	output width for 80-column terminal by `--stat=width`.
+	output width for 80-column terminal by `--stat=<width>`.
 	The width of the filename part can be controlled by
 	giving another width to it separated by a comma.
 
@@ -66,14 +66,14 @@ endif::git-format-patch[]
 	number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
 	lines.
 
---dirstat[=limit]::
+--dirstat[=<limit>]::
 	Output the distribution of relative amount of changes (number of lines added or
 	removed) for each sub-directory. Directories with changes below
 	a cut-off percent (3% by default) are not shown. The cut-off percent
-	can be set with `--dirstat=limit`. Changes in a child directory is not
+	can be set with `--dirstat=<limit>`. Changes in a child directory are not
 	counted for the parent directory, unless `--cumulative` is used.
 
---dirstat-by-file[=limit]::
+--dirstat-by-file[=<limit>]::
 	Same as `--dirstat`, but counts changed files instead of lines.
 
 --summary::
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ endif::git-format-patch[]
 	digits can be specified with `--abbrev=<n>`.
 
 -B[<n>][/<m>]::
+--break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]::
 	Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and
 	create. This serves two purposes:
 +
@@ -229,6 +230,7 @@ eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
 another file.
 
 -M[<n>]::
+--detect-renames[=<n>]::
 ifndef::git-log[]
 	Detect renames.
 endif::git-log[]
@@ -244,23 +246,10 @@ endif::git-log[]
 	hasn't changed.
 
 -C[<n>]::
+--detect-copies[=<n>]::
 	Detect copies as well as renames.  See also `--find-copies-harder`.
 	If `n` is specified, it has the same meaning as for `-M<n>`.
 
-ifndef::git-format-patch[]
---diff-filter=[ACDMRTUXB*]::
-	Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`),
-	Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their
-	type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`),
-	are Unmerged (`U`), are
-	Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`).
-	Any combination of the filter characters may be used.
-	When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
-	paths are selected if there is any file that matches
-	other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
-	that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
-endif::git-format-patch[]
-
 --find-copies-harder::
 	For performance reasons, by default, `-C` option finds copies only
 	if the original file of the copy was modified in the same
@@ -278,6 +267,18 @@ endif::git-format-patch[]
 	number.
 
 ifndef::git-format-patch[]
+--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]::
+	Select only files that are Added (`A`), Copied (`C`),
+	Deleted (`D`), Modified (`M`), Renamed (`R`), have their
+	type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (`T`),
+	are Unmerged (`U`), are
+	Unknown (`X`), or have had their pairing Broken (`B`).
+	Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used.
+	When `*` (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
+	paths are selected if there is any file that matches
+	other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
+	that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
+
 -S<string>::
 	Look for differences that introduce or remove an instance of
 	<string>. Note that this is different than the string simply
diff --git a/Documentation/everyday.txt b/Documentation/everyday.txt
index e0ba8cc075..ae413e52a5 100644
--- a/Documentation/everyday.txt
+++ b/Documentation/everyday.txt
@@ -180,12 +180,12 @@ directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite
 machine.
 <2> clone sets these configuration variables by default.
 It arranges `git pull` to fetch and store the branches of mothership
-machine to local `remotes/origin/*` tracking branches.
+machine to local `remotes/origin/*` remote-tracking branches.
 <3> arrange `git push` to push local `master` branch to
 `remotes/satellite/master` branch of the mothership machine.
 <4> push will stash our work away on `remotes/satellite/master`
-tracking branch on the mothership machine.  You could use this as
-a back-up method.
+remote-tracking branch on the mothership machine.  You could use this
+as a back-up method.
 <5> on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite
 machine into the master branch.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
index 470ac31396..678675ccdf 100644
--- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ ifndef::git-pull[]
 
 -p::
 --prune::
-	After fetching, remove any remote tracking branches which
+	After fetching, remove any remote-tracking branches which
 	no longer exist	on the remote.
 endif::git-pull[]
 
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ endif::git-pull[]
 	behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.<name>.tagopt
 	setting. See linkgit:git-config[1].
 
+ifndef::git-pull[]
 -t::
 --tags::
 	Most of the tags are fetched automatically as branch
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ endif::git-pull[]
 	downloaded. The default behavior for a remote may be
 	specified with the remote.<name>.tagopt setting. See
 	linkgit:git-config[1].
+endif::git-pull[]
 
 -u::
 --update-head-ok::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt
index 73378b2bef..54aaaeb41b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-add.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt
@@ -92,9 +92,11 @@ See ``Interactive mode'' for details.
 	edit it.  After the editor was closed, adjust the hunk headers
 	and apply the patch to the index.
 +
-*NOTE*: Obviously, if you change anything else than the first character
-on lines beginning with a space or a minus, the patch will no longer
-apply.
+The intent of this option is to pick and choose lines of the patch to
+apply, or even to modify the contents of lines to be staged. This can be
+quicker and more flexible than using the interactive hunk selector.
+However, it is easy to confuse oneself and create a patch that does not
+apply to the index. See EDITING PATCHES below.
 
 -u::
 --update::
@@ -295,6 +297,78 @@ diff::
   This lets you review what will be committed (i.e. between
   HEAD and index).
 
+
+EDITING PATCHES
+---------------
+
+Invoking `git add -e` or selecting `e` from the interactive hunk
+selector will open a patch in your editor; after the editor exits, the
+result is applied to the index. You are free to make arbitrary changes
+to the patch, but note that some changes may have confusing results, or
+even result in a patch that cannot be applied.  If you want to abort the
+operation entirely (i.e., stage nothing new in the index), simply delete
+all lines of the patch. The list below describes some common things you
+may see in a patch, and which editing operations make sense on them.
+
+--
+added content::
+
+Added content is represented by lines beginning with "{plus}". You can
+prevent staging any addition lines by deleting them.
+
+removed content::
+
+Removed content is represented by lines beginning with "-". You can
+prevent staging their removal by converting the "-" to a " " (space).
+
+modified content::
+
+Modified content is represented by "-" lines (removing the old content)
+followed by "{plus}" lines (adding the replacement content). You can
+prevent staging the modification by converting "-" lines to " ", and
+removing "{plus}" lines. Beware that modifying only half of the pair is
+likely to introduce confusing changes to the index.
+--
+
+There are also more complex operations that can be performed. But beware
+that because the patch is applied only to the index and not the working
+tree, the working tree will appear to "undo" the change in the index.
+For example, introducing a a new line into the index that is in neither
+the HEAD nor the working tree will stage the new line for commit, but
+the line will appear to be reverted in the working tree.
+
+Avoid using these constructs, or do so with extreme caution.
+
+--
+removing untouched content::
+
+Content which does not differ between the index and working tree may be
+shown on context lines, beginning with a " " (space).  You can stage
+context lines for removal by converting the space to a "-". The
+resulting working tree file will appear to re-add the content.
+
+modifying existing content::
+
+One can also modify context lines by staging them for removal (by
+converting " " to "-") and adding a "{plus}" line with the new content.
+Similarly, one can modify "{plus}" lines for existing additions or
+modifications. In all cases, the new modification will appear reverted
+in the working tree.
+
+new content::
+
+You may also add new content that does not exist in the patch; simply
+add new lines, each starting with "{plus}". The addition will appear
+reverted in the working tree.
+--
+
+There are also several operations which should be avoided entirely, as
+they will make the patch impossible to apply:
+
+* adding context (" ") or removal ("-") lines
+* deleting context or removal lines
+* modifying the contents of context or removal lines
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-status[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 9e62f8778f..51297d09ec 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 	 [--ignore-date] [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
 	 [--whitespace=<option>] [-C<n>] [-p<n>] [--directory=<dir>]
 	 [--reject] [-q | --quiet] [--scissors | --no-scissors]
-	 [<mbox> | <Maildir>...]
+	 [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]
 'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort)
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ current branch.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
-<mbox>|<Maildir>...::
+(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...::
 	The list of mailbox files to read patches from. If you do not
 	supply this argument, the command reads from the standard input.
 	If you supply directories, they will be treated as Maildirs.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
index 4a74b23d40..881652f490 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git apply' [--stat] [--numstat] [--summary] [--check] [--index]
 	  [--apply] [--no-add] [--build-fake-ancestor=<file>] [-R | --reverse]
 	  [--allow-binary-replacement | --binary] [--reject] [-z]
-	  [-pNUM] [-CNUM] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached]
+	  [-p<n>] [-C<n>] [--inaccurate-eof] [--recount] [--cached]
 	  [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace ]
-	  [--whitespace=<nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all>]
-	  [--exclude=PATH] [--include=PATH] [--directory=<root>]
+	  [--whitespace=(nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all)]
+	  [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--directory=<root>]
 	  [--verbose] [<patch>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
index 8d3e66626f..4163a1bcb1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git archive' [--format=<fmt>] [--list] [--prefix=<prefix>/] [<extra>]
 	      [-o | --output=<file>] [--worktree-attributes]
 	      [--remote=<repo> [--exec=<git-upload-archive>]] <tree-ish>
-	      [path...]
+	      [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ OPTIONS
 <tree-ish>::
 	The tree or commit to produce an archive for.
 
-path::
+<path>::
 	Without an optional path parameter, all files and subdirectories
 	of the current working directory are included in the archive.
 	If one or more paths are specified, only these are included.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt
index a27f43950f..c71671b4f9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
+'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
 	    [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
 	    [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file>
 
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ include::blame-options.txt[]
 -s::
 	Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.
 
+-e::
+--show-email::
+	Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
+
 -w::
 	Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and
 	the child's to find where the lines came from.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index 1940256930..9106d38e40 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -37,11 +37,12 @@ Note that this will create the new branch, but it will not switch the
 working tree to it; use "git checkout <newbranch>" to switch to the
 new branch.
 
-When a local branch is started off a remote branch, git sets up the
+When a local branch is started off a remote-tracking branch, git sets up the
 branch so that 'git pull' will appropriately merge from
-the remote branch. This behavior may be changed via the global
+the remote-tracking branch. This behavior may be changed via the global
 `branch.autosetupmerge` configuration flag. That setting can be
-overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options.
+overridden by using the `--track` and `--no-track` options, and
+changed later using `git branch --set-upstream`.
 
 With a '-m' or '-M' option, <oldbranch> will be renamed to <newbranch>.
 If <oldbranch> had a corresponding reflog, it is renamed to match
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@ OPTIONS
 	Move/rename a branch even if the new branch name already exists.
 
 --color[=<when>]::
-	Color branches to highlight current, local, and remote branches.
+	Color branches to highlight current, local, and
+	remote-tracking branches.
 	The value must be always (the default), never, or auto.
 
 --no-color::
@@ -125,11 +127,11 @@ OPTIONS
 	it directs `git pull` without arguments to pull from the
 	upstream when the new branch is checked out.
 +
-This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote branch.
+This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch.
 Set the branch.autosetupmerge configuration variable to `false` if you
 want `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if '--no-track'
 were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the
-start-point is either a local or remote branch.
+start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch.
 
 --no-track::
 	Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
index 38e59afb34..6266a3a602 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-bundle.txt
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 [verse]
 'git bundle' create <file> <git-rev-list-args>
 'git bundle' verify <file>
-'git bundle' list-heads <file> [refname...]
-'git bundle' unbundle <file> [refname...]
+'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...]
+'git bundle' unbundle <file> [<refname>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ unbundle <file>::
 	packaged.
 
 
-[refname...]::
+[<refname>...]::
 	A list of references used to limit the references reported as
 	available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which
 	expects to receive only those references asked for and not
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
index 62f9ab24c9..0c0a9c14bc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 		   [--stage=<number>|all]
 		   [--temp]
 		   [-z] [--stdin]
-		   [--] [<file>]*
+		   [--] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index 22d36114df..880763d391 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.
 	"--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
 +
 If no '-b' option is given, the name of the new branch will be
-derived from the remote branch.  If "remotes/" or "refs/remotes/"
+derived from the remote-tracking branch.  If "remotes/" or "refs/remotes/"
 is prefixed it is stripped away, and then the part up to the
 next slash (which would be the nickname of the remote) is removed.
 This would tell us to use "hack" as the local branch when branching
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
index 3c96fa8c86..73008705eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ git cherry-pick ^HEAD master::
 	Apply the changes introduced by all commits that are ancestors
 	of master but not of HEAD to produce new commits.
 
-git cherry-pick master\~4 master~2::
+git cherry-pick master{tilde}4 master{tilde}2::
 
 	Apply the changes introduced by the fifth and third last
 	commits pointed to by master and create 2 new commits with
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt
index ab7293351d..42e7021215 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git clone' [--template=<template_directory>]
 	  [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror]
 	  [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>]
-	  [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--] <repository> [<directory>]
+	  [--depth <depth>] [--recursive|--recurse-submodules] [--] <repository>
+	  [<directory>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository.
 	Set up a mirror of the source repository.  This implies `--bare`.
 	Compared to `--bare`, `--mirror` not only maps local branches of the
 	source to local branches of the target, it maps all refs (including
-	remote branches, notes etc.) and sets up a refspec configuration such
+	remote-tracking branches, notes etc.) and sets up a refspec configuration such
 	that all these refs are overwritten by a `git remote update` in the
 	target repository.
 
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ objects from the source repository into a pack in the cloned repository.
 	as patches.
 
 --recursive::
+--recurse-submodules::
 	After the clone is created, initialize all submodules within,
 	using their default settings. This is equivalent to running
 	`git submodule update --init --recursive` immediately after
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
index 349366ee1e..5dcf4278fc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git commit-tree' <tree> [-p <parent commit>]* < changelog
+'git commit-tree' <tree> [(-p <parent commit>)...] < changelog
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
index 42fb1f57b2..b586c0f442 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit.txt
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git commit' [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] [--dry-run]
-	   [(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author]
-	   [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
-	   [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--status | --no-status] [--]
-	   [[-i | -o ]<file>...]
+	   [(-c | -C | --fixup | --squash) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>]
+	   [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify]
+	   [-e] [--author=<author>] [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>]
+	   [--status | --no-status] [-i | -o] [--] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -70,6 +70,19 @@ OPTIONS
 	Like '-C', but with '-c' the editor is invoked, so that
 	the user can further edit the commit message.
 
+--fixup=<commit>::
+	Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`.
+	The commit message will be the subject line from the specified
+	commit with a prefix of "fixup! ".  See linkgit:git-rebase[1]
+	for details.
+
+--squash=<commit>::
+	Construct a commit message for use with `rebase --autosquash`.
+	The commit message subject line is taken from the specified
+	commit with a prefix of "squash! ".  Can be used with additional
+	commit message options (`-m`/`-c`/`-C`/`-F`). See
+	linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details.
+
 --reset-author::
 	When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the
 	authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
index 01c9f8eb9e..d15cb6a845 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git daemon' [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all]
-	     [--timeout=n] [--init-timeout=n] [--max-connections=n]
-	     [--strict-paths] [--base-path=path] [--base-path-relaxed]
-	     [--user-path | --user-path=path]
-	     [--interpolated-path=pathtemplate]
-	     [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=file]
-	     [--enable=service] [--disable=service]
-	     [--allow-override=service] [--forbid-override=service]
-	     [--inetd | [--listen=host_or_ipaddr] [--port=n] [--user=user [--group=group]]
-	     [directory...]
+	     [--timeout=<n>] [--init-timeout=<n>] [--max-connections=<n>]
+	     [--strict-paths] [--base-path=<path>] [--base-path-relaxed]
+	     [--user-path | --user-path=<path>]
+	     [--interpolated-path=<pathtemplate>]
+	     [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=<file>]
+	     [--enable=<service>] [--disable=<service>]
+	     [--allow-override=<service>] [--forbid-override=<service>]
+	     [--inetd | [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>] [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]]
+	     [<directory>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	'git daemon' will refuse to start when this option is enabled and no
 	whitelist is specified.
 
---base-path=path::
+--base-path=<path>::
 	Remap all the path requests as relative to the given path.
 	This is sort of "GIT root" - if you run 'git daemon' with
 	'--base-path=/srv/git' on example.com, then if you later try to pull
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	This is useful for switching to --base-path usage, while still
 	allowing the old paths.
 
---interpolated-path=pathtemplate::
+--interpolated-path=<pathtemplate>::
 	To support virtual hosting, an interpolated path template can be
 	used to dynamically construct alternate paths.  The template
 	supports %H for the target hostname as supplied by the client but
@@ -78,29 +78,31 @@ OPTIONS
 
 --inetd::
 	Have the server run as an inetd service. Implies --syslog.
-	Incompatible with --port, --listen, --user and --group options.
+	Incompatible with --detach, --port, --listen, --user and --group
+	options.
 
---listen=host_or_ipaddr::
+--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>::
 	Listen on a specific IP address or hostname.  IP addresses can
 	be either an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address if supported.  If IPv6
 	is not supported, then --listen=hostname is also not supported and
 	--listen must be given an IPv4 address.
+	Can be given more than once.
 	Incompatible with '--inetd' option.
 
---port=n::
+--port=<n>::
 	Listen on an alternative port.  Incompatible with '--inetd' option.
 
---init-timeout=n::
+--init-timeout=<n>::
 	Timeout between the moment the connection is established and the
 	client request is received (typically a rather low value, since
 	that should be basically immediate).
 
---timeout=n::
+--timeout=<n>::
 	Timeout for specific client sub-requests. This includes the time
 	it takes for the server to process the sub-request and the time spent
 	waiting for the next client's request.
 
---max-connections=n::
+--max-connections=<n>::
 	Maximum number of concurrent clients, defaults to 32.  Set it to
 	zero for no limit.
 
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	--verbose, thus by default only error conditions will be logged.
 
 --user-path::
---user-path=path::
+--user-path=<path>::
 	Allow {tilde}user notation to be used in requests.  When
 	specified with no parameter, requests to
 	git://host/{tilde}alice/foo is taken as a request to access
@@ -129,12 +131,12 @@ OPTIONS
 --detach::
 	Detach from the shell. Implies --syslog.
 
---pid-file=file::
+--pid-file=<file>::
 	Save the process id in 'file'.  Ignored when the daemon
 	is run under `--inetd`.
 
---user=user::
---group=group::
+--user=<user>::
+--group=<group>::
 	Change daemon's uid and gid before entering the service loop.
 	When only `--user` is given without `--group`, the
 	primary group ID for the user is used.  The values of
@@ -145,16 +147,16 @@ Giving these options is an error when used with `--inetd`; use
 the facility of inet daemon to achieve the same before spawning
 'git daemon' if needed.
 
---enable=service::
---disable=service::
+--enable=<service>::
+--disable=<service>::
 	Enable/disable the service site-wide per default.  Note
 	that a service disabled site-wide can still be enabled
 	per repository if it is marked overridable and the
 	repository enables the service with a configuration
 	item.
 
---allow-override=service::
---forbid-override=service::
+--allow-override=<service>::
+--forbid-override=<service>::
 	Allow/forbid overriding the site-wide default with per
 	repository configuration.  By default, all the services
 	are overridable.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-describe.txt b/Documentation/git-describe.txt
index 7ef9d51577..02e015ad9c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-describe.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-describe.txt
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ OPTIONS
 --all::
 	Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any ref
 	found in `.git/refs/`.  This option enables matching
-	any known branch, remote branch, or lightweight tag.
+	any known branch, remote-tracking branch, or lightweight tag.
 
 --tags::
 	Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any tag
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
index dd1fb32786..f6ac847507 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git diff' [<common diff options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...]
+[verse]
+'git diff' [options] [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]
+'git diff' [options] --cached [<commit>] [--] [<path>...]
+'git diff' [options] <commit> <commit> [--] [<path>...]
+'git diff' [options] [--no-index] [--] <path> <path>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Show changes between two trees, a tree and the working tree, a
-tree and the index file, or the index file and the working tree.
+Show changes between the working tree and the index or a tree, changes
+between the index and a tree, changes between two trees, or changes
+between two files on disk.
 
 'git diff' [--options] [--] [<path>...]::
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
index 8250bad2ce..6fffbc7bf8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git difftool' [<options>] <commit>{0,2} [--] [<path>...]
+'git difftool' [<options>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 'git difftool' is a git command that allows you to compare and edit files
 between revisions using common diff tools.  'git difftool' is a frontend
-to 'git diff' and accepts the same options and arguments.
+to 'git diff' and accepts the same options and arguments. See
+linkgit:git-diff[1].
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
index fcad113276..e05b686b1e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ marks the same across runs.
 	in the commit (as opposed to just listing the files which are
 	different from the commit's first parent).
 
-[git-rev-list-args...]::
+[<git-rev-list-args>...]::
        A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and
        'git rev-list', that specifies the specific objects and references
        to export.  For example, `master{tilde}10..master` causes the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt
index 400fe7f956..c76e313923 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fetch.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 
 'git fetch' [<options>] <group>
 
-'git fetch' --multiple [<options>] [<repository> | <group>]...
+'git fetch' --multiple [<options>] [(<repository> | <group>)...]
 
 'git fetch' --all [<options>]
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored
 in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`.  This information is left for a later merge
 operation done by 'git merge'.
 
-When <refspec> stores the fetched result in tracking branches,
+When <refspec> stores the fetched result in remote-tracking branches,
 the tags that point at these branches are automatically
 followed.  This is done by first fetching from the remote using
 the given <refspec>s, and if the repository has objects that are
diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
index f51860de26..796e7489ff 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	This is the filter for performing the commit.
 	If this filter is specified, it will be called instead of the
 	'git commit-tree' command, with arguments of the form
-	"<TREE_ID> [-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>]..." and the log message on
+	"<TREE_ID> [(-p <PARENT_COMMIT_ID>)...]" and the log message on
 	stdin.  The commit id is expected on stdout.
 +
 As a special extension, the commit filter may emit multiple
diff --git a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
index d66fd9d231..fac1cf55e5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git for-each-ref' [--count=<count>] [--shell|--perl|--python|--tcl]
-		   [--sort=<key>]* [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...]
+		   [(--sort=<key>)...] [--format=<format>] [<pattern>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
index 315f07ef1c..801aede609 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ are not part of the current project most users will want to expire
 them sooner.  This option defaults to '30 days'.
 
 The above two configuration variables can be given to a pattern.  For
-example, this sets non-default expiry values only to remote tracking
+example, this sets non-default expiry values only to remote-tracking
 branches:
 
 ------------
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ Notes
 
 'git gc' tries very hard to be safe about the garbage it collects. In
 particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set
-of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index, remote
-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in
+of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index,
+remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in
 refs/original/, or reflogs (which may reference commits in branches
 that were later amended or rewound).
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
index f3ccc72f0d..c2bb81042c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ OPTIONS
 	the newly constructed pack and index before refs can be
 	updated to use objects contained in the pack.
 
---keep='why'::
+--keep=<msg>::
 	Like --keep create a .keep file before moving the index into
 	its final destination, but rather than creating an empty file
-	place 'why' followed by an LF into the .keep file.  The 'why'
+	place '<msg>' followed by an LF into the .keep file.  The '<msg>'
 	message can later be searched for within all .keep files to
 	locate any which have outlived their usefulness.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt
index 246b07ebf9..00d4a124c9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-init.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ current working directory.
 Specify the directory from which templates will be used.  (See the "TEMPLATE
 DIRECTORY" section below.)
 
---shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx}]::
+--shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx)]::
 
 Specify that the git repository is to be shared amongst several users.  This
 allows users belonging to the same group to push into that
diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt
index 6d40f0011b..ff41784c60 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c::
 git log --branches --not --remotes=origin::
 
 	Shows all commits that are in any of local branches but not in
-	any of remote tracking branches for 'origin' (what you have that
+	any of remote-tracking branches for 'origin' (what you have that
 	origin doesn't).
 
 git log master --not --remotes=*/master::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
index 347f447986..86abd13451 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 		[--exclude-per-directory=<file>]
 		[--exclude-standard]
 		[--error-unmatch] [--with-tree=<tree-ish>]
-		[--full-name] [--abbrev] [--] [<file>]*
+		[--full-name] [--abbrev] [--] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
index 1f89d36800..76ed625e7b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-t] [-l] [-z]
-	    [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev=[<n>]]
-	    <tree-ish> [paths...]
+	    [--name-only] [--name-status] [--full-name] [--full-tree] [--abbrev[=<n>]]
+	    <tree-ish> [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does
 in the current working directory.  Note that:
 
  - the behaviour is slightly different from that of "/bin/ls" in that the
-   'paths' denote just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying
+   '<path>' denotes just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying
    directory name (without '-r') will behave differently, and order of the
    arguments does not matter.
 
- - the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the 'paths' is
+ - the behaviour is similar to that of "/bin/ls" in that the '<path>' is
    taken as relative to the current working directory.  E.g. when you are
    in a directory 'sub' that has a directory 'dir', you can run 'git
    ls-tree -r HEAD dir' to list the contents of the tree (that is
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	Do not limit the listing to the current working directory.
 	Implies --full-name.
 
-paths::
+[<path>...]::
 	When paths are given, show them (note that this isn't really raw
 	pathnames, but rather a list of patterns to match).  Otherwise
 	implicitly uses the root level of the tree as the sole path argument.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
index a634485281..71912a19a4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-mailsplit - Simple UNIX mbox splitter program
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] [--keep-cr] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...]
+'git mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] [--keep-cr] -o<directory> [--] [(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 84043cc5b2..d43416d299 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ include::merge-options.txt[]
 -m <msg>::
 	Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
 	case one is created).
-
-	If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
-	will be appended to the specified message.
-
-	The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
-	used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
-	invocations.
++
+If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
+will be appended to the specified message.
++
+The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
+used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
+invocations.
 
 --rerere-autoupdate::
 --no-rerere-autoupdate::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
index e4ed016146..1f75a848ba 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-mergetool - Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<file>]...
+'git mergetool' [--tool=<tool>] [-y|--no-prompt|--prompt] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index 8ed09c0b3c..65eff66afe 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ SYNOPSIS
 [verse]
 'git pack-objects' [-q | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied]
 	[--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty]
-	[--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N]
-	[--revs [--unpacked | --all]*] [--stdout | base-name]
+	[--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>]
+	[--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--stdout | base-name]
 	[--keep-true-parents] < object-list
 
 
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ base-name::
 	reference was included in the resulting packfile.  This
 	can be useful to send new tags to native git clients.
 
---window=[N]::
---depth=[N]::
+--window=<n>::
+--depth=<n>::
 	These two options affect how the objects contained in
 	the pack are stored using delta compression.  The
 	objects are first internally sorted by type, size and
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ base-name::
 	times to get to the necessary object.
 	The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50.
 
---window-memory=[N]::
+--window-memory=<n>::
 	This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`;
 	the window size will dynamically scale down so as to not take
-	up more than N bytes in memory.  This is useful in
+	up more than '<n>' bytes in memory.  This is useful in
 	repositories with a mix of large and small objects to not run
 	out of memory with a large window, but still be able to take
 	advantage of the large window for the smaller objects.  The
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ base-name::
 	`--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the
 	default.
 
---max-pack-size=[N]::
+--max-pack-size=<n>::
 	Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with
 	"k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB.
 	If specified,  multiple packfiles may be created.
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ base-name::
 	wholesale enforcement of a different compression level on the
 	packed data is desired.
 
---compression=[N]::
+--compression=<n>::
 	Specifies compression level for newly-compressed data in the
 	generated pack.  If not specified,  pack compression level is
 	determined first by pack.compression,  then by core.compression,
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-pull.txt
index c50f7dcb89..4db73737b0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pull.txt
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ With `--rebase`, it runs 'git rebase' instead of 'git merge'.
 <repository> should be the name of a remote repository as
 passed to linkgit:git-fetch[1].  <refspec> can name an
 arbitrary remote ref (for example, the name of a tag) or even
-a collection of refs with corresponding remote tracking branches
-(e.g., refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*), but usually it is
-the name of a branch in the remote repository.
+a collection of refs with corresponding remote-tracking branches
+(e.g., refs/heads/{asterisk}:refs/remotes/origin/{asterisk}),
+but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository.
 
 Default values for <repository> and <branch> are read from the
 "remote" and "merge" configuration for the current branch
@@ -92,12 +92,14 @@ include::merge-options.txt[]
 :git-pull: 1
 
 --rebase::
-	Instead of a merge, perform a rebase after fetching.  If
-	there is a remote ref for the upstream branch, and this branch
-	was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information
-	to avoid rebasing non-local changes. To make this the default
-	for branch `<name>`, set configuration `branch.<name>.rebase`
-	to `true`.
+	Rebase the current branch on top of the upstream branch after
+	fetching.  If there is a remote-tracking branch corresponding to
+	the upstream branch and the upstream branch was rebased since last
+	fetched, the rebase uses that information to avoid rebasing
+	non-local changes.
++
+See `branch.<name>.rebase` in linkgit:git-config[1] if you want to make
+`git pull` always use `{litdd}rebase` instead of merging.
 +
 [NOTE]
 This is a potentially _dangerous_ mode of operation.
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ and if there is not any such variable, the value on `URL: ` line
 in `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>` file is used.
 
 In order to determine what remote branches to fetch (and
-optionally store in the tracking branches) when the command is
+optionally store in the remote-tracking branches) when the command is
 run without any refspec parameters on the command line, values
 of the configuration variable `remote.<origin>.fetch` are
 consulted, and if there aren't any, `$GIT_DIR/remotes/<origin>`
@@ -147,9 +149,9 @@ refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
 ------------
 
 A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS (i.e. must store
-what were fetched in tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS
+what were fetched in remote-tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS
 must end with `/*`.  The above specifies that all remote
-branches are tracked using tracking branches in
+branches are tracked using remote-tracking branches in
 `refs/remotes/origin/` hierarchy under the same name.
 
 The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after
diff --git a/Documentation/git-relink.txt b/Documentation/git-relink.txt
index 8a5842bb93..8fc809f82b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-relink.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-relink.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-relink - Hardlink common objects in local repositories
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git relink' [--safe] <dir> [<dir>]* <master_dir>
+'git relink' [--safe] <dir>... <master_dir>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
index aa021b0cb8..c258ea48db 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git remote set-url --delete' [--push] <name> <url>
 'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'show' [-n] <name>
 'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name>
-'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [group | remote]...
+'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [(<group> | <remote>)...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ was passed.
 
 'rename'::
 
-Rename the remote named <old> to <new>. All remote tracking branches and
+Rename the remote named <old> to <new>. All remote-tracking branches and
 configuration settings for the remote are updated.
 +
 In case <old> and <new> are the same, and <old> is a file under
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ the configuration file format.
 
 'rm'::
 
-Remove the remote named <name>. All remote tracking branches and
+Remove the remote named <name>. All remote-tracking branches and
 configuration settings for the remote are removed.
 
 'set-head'::
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ With `-n` option, the remote heads are not queried first with
 
 'prune'::
 
-Deletes all stale tracking branches under <name>.
+Deletes all stale remote-tracking branches under <name>.
 These stale branches have already been removed from the remote repository
 referenced by <name>, but are still locally available in
 "remotes/<name>".
diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
index 9566727f7a..27f7865b06 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-repack - Pack unpacked objects in a repository
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=N] [--depth=N]
+'git repack' [-a] [-A] [-d] [-f] [-F] [-l] [-n] [-q] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally.
 	this repository (or a direct copy of it)
 	over HTTP or FTP.  See linkgit:git-update-server-info[1].
 
---window=[N]::
---depth=[N]::
+--window=<n>::
+--depth=<n>::
 	These two options affect how the objects contained in the pack are
 	stored using delta compression. The objects are first internally
 	sorted by type, size and optionally names and compared against the
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally.
 	to be applied that many times to get to the necessary object.
 	The default value for --window is 10 and --depth is 50.
 
---window-memory=[N]::
+--window-memory=<n>::
 	This option provides an additional limit on top of `--window`;
 	the window size will dynamically scale down so as to not take
-	up more than N bytes in memory.  This is useful in
+	up more than '<n>' bytes in memory.  This is useful in
 	repositories with a mix of large and small objects to not run
 	out of memory with a large window, but still be able to take
 	advantage of the large window for the smaller objects.  The
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ other objects in that pack they already have locally.
 	`--window-memory=0` makes memory usage unlimited, which is the
 	default.
 
---max-pack-size=[N]::
+--max-pack-size=<n>::
 	Maximum size of each output pack file. The size can be suffixed with
 	"k", "m", or "g". The minimum size allowed is limited to 1 MiB.
 	If specified,  multiple packfiles may be created.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
index 173f3fc785..8e1e32908c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git rev-list' [ \--max-count=number ]
-	     [ \--skip=number ]
-	     [ \--max-age=timestamp ]
-	     [ \--min-age=timestamp ]
+'git rev-list' [ \--max-count=<number> ]
+	     [ \--skip=<number> ]
+	     [ \--max-age=<timestamp> ]
+	     [ \--min-age=<timestamp> ]
 	     [ \--sparse ]
 	     [ \--merges ]
 	     [ \--no-merges ]
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ SYNOPSIS
 	     [ \--full-history ]
 	     [ \--not ]
 	     [ \--all ]
-	     [ \--branches[=pattern] ]
-	     [ \--tags[=pattern] ]
-	     [ \--remotes[=pattern] ]
-	     [ \--glob=glob-pattern ]
+	     [ \--branches[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ \--tags[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ \--remotes[=<pattern>] ]
+	     [ \--glob=<glob-pattern> ]
 	     [ \--stdin ]
 	     [ \--quiet ]
 	     [ \--topo-order ]
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 	     [ \--regexp-ignore-case | -i ]
 	     [ \--extended-regexp | -E ]
 	     [ \--fixed-strings | -F ]
-	     [ \--date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ]
+	     [ \--date=(local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short) ]
 	     [ [\--objects | \--objects-edge] [ \--unpacked ] ]
 	     [ \--pretty | \--header ]
 	     [ \--bisect ]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
index 341ca90c6e..4a27643c1e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full
 	refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master").
 
---abbrev-ref[={strict|loose}]::
+--abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]::
 	A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name.
 	The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict
 	abbreviation mode.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
index f40984d144..752fc88e76 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ git revert HEAD~3::
 	Revert the changes specified by the fourth last commit in HEAD
 	and create a new commit with the reverted changes.
 
-git revert -n master\~5..master~2::
+git revert -n master{tilde}5..master{tilde}2::
 
 	Revert the changes done by commits from the fifth last commit
 	in master (included) to the third last commit in master
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
index 71e3d9fc23..0adbe8b1f8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ the paths that have disappeared from the filesystem. However,
 depending on the use case, there are several ways that can be
 done.
 
-Using "git commit -a"
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Using ``git commit -a''
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 If you intend that your next commit should record all modifications
 of tracked files in the working tree and record all removals of
 files that have been removed from the working tree with `rm`
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ files that have been removed from the working tree with `rm`
 automatically notice and record all removals.  You can also have a
 similar effect without committing by using `git add -u`.
 
-Using "git add -A"
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Using ``git add -A''
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 When accepting a new code drop for a vendor branch, you probably
 want to record both the removal of paths and additions of new paths
 as well as modifications of existing paths.
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ tree using this command:
 git ls-files -z | xargs -0 rm -f
 ----------------
 
-and then "untar" the new code in the working tree. Alternately
-you could "rsync" the changes into the working tree.
+and then untar the new code in the working tree. Alternately
+you could 'rsync' the changes into the working tree.
 
 After that, the easiest way to record all removals, additions, and
 modifications in the working tree is:
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index c283084272..ebc024ae3d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -82,11 +82,26 @@ See the CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'.
 	set, as returned by "git var -l".
 
 --in-reply-to=<identifier>::
-	Specify the contents of the first In-Reply-To header.
-	Subsequent emails will refer to the previous email
-	instead of this if --chain-reply-to is set.
-	Only necessary if --compose is also set.  If --compose
-	is not set, this will be prompted for.
+	Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
+	reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
+	provide a new patch series.
+	The second and subsequent emails will be sent as replies according to
+	the `--[no]-chain-reply-to` setting.
++
+So for example when `--thread` and `--no-chain-reply-to` are specified, the
+second and subsequent patches will be replies to the first one like in the
+illustration below where `[PATCH v2 0/3]` is in reply to `[PATCH 0/2]`:
++
+  [PATCH 0/2] Here is what I did...
+    [PATCH 1/2] Clean up and tests
+    [PATCH 2/2] Implementation
+    [PATCH v2 0/3] Here is a reroll
+      [PATCH v2 1/3] Clean up
+      [PATCH v2 2/3] New tests
+      [PATCH v2 3/3] Implementation
++
+Only necessary if --compose is also set.  If --compose
+is not set, this will be prompted for.
 
 --subject=<string>::
 	Specify the initial subject of the email thread.
@@ -97,7 +112,7 @@ See the CONFIGURATION section for 'sendemail.multiedit'.
 	Specify the primary recipient of the emails generated. Generally, this
 	will be the upstream maintainer of the project involved. Default is the
 	value of the 'sendemail.to' configuration value; if that is unspecified,
-	this will be prompted for.
+	and --to-cmd is not specified, this will be prompted for.
 +
 The --to option must be repeated for each user you want on the to list.
 
@@ -165,6 +180,15 @@ user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy.
 	are also accepted. The port can also be set with the
 	'sendemail.smtpserverport' configuration variable.
 
+--smtp-server-option=<option>::
+	If set, specifies the outgoing SMTP server option to use.
+	Default value can be specified by the 'sendemail.smtpserveroption'
+	configuration option.
++
+The --smtp-server-option option must be repeated for each option you want
+to pass to the server. Likewise, different lines in the configuration files
+must be used for each option.
+
 --smtp-ssl::
 	Legacy alias for '--smtp-encryption ssl'.
 
@@ -177,6 +201,12 @@ user is prompted for a password while the input is masked for privacy.
 Automating
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
+--to-cmd=<command>::
+	Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
+	should generate patch file specific "To:" entries.
+	Output of this command must be single email address per line.
+	Default is the value of 'sendemail.tocmd' configuration value.
+
 --cc-cmd=<command>::
 	Specify a command to execute once per patch file which
 	should generate patch file specific "Cc:" entries.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
index bc1ac77495..5cc3baf48d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ OPTIONS
 --email::
 	Show the email address of each author.
 
---format[='<format>']::
+--format[=<format>]::
 	Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to
 	describe each commit.  '<format>' can be any string accepted
 	by the `--format` option of 'git log', such as '{asterisk} [%h] %s'.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
index 8dbcf1acd4..3b0c88271a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 		[--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]
 		[--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]
 		[--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]
-		[<rev> | <glob>]...
+		[(<rev> | <glob>)...]
 
 'git show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt
index 2049c60f75..f0a8a1aff3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ git show v1.0.0::
 git show v1.0.0^\{tree\}::
 	Shows the tree pointed to by the tag `v1.0.0`.
 
+git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^\{commit\}::
+	Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the
+	tag `v1.0.0`.
+
 git show next~10:Documentation/README::
 	Shows the contents of the file `Documentation/README` as
 	they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index be8a51fd06..139d314ba5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ git rebase --onto remotes/git-svn A^ master
 OPTIONS
 -------
 
---shared[={false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody}]::
+--shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody)]::
 --template=<template_directory>::
 	Only used with the 'init' command.
 	These are passed directly to 'git init'.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index 31c78a81e0..8b169e364a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ On Automatic following
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 If you are following somebody else's tree, you are most likely
-using tracking branches (`refs/heads/origin` in traditional
+using remote-tracking branches (`refs/heads/origin` in traditional
 layout, or `refs/remotes/origin/master` in the separate-remote
 layout).  You usually want the tags from the other end.
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ this case.
 It may well be that among networking people, they may want to
 exchange the tags internal to their group, but in that workflow
 they are most likely tracking with each other's progress by
-having tracking branches.  Again, the heuristic to automatically
+having remote-tracking branches.  Again, the heuristic to automatically
 follow such tags is a good thing.
 
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
index 26fd8d0df8..1ca56c85aa 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git update-index'
 	     [--add] [--remove | --force-remove] [--replace]
 	     [--refresh] [-q] [--unmerged] [--ignore-missing]
-	     [--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>]*
+	     [(--cacheinfo <mode> <object> <file>)...]
 	     [--chmod=(+|-)x]
 	     [--assume-unchanged | --no-assume-unchanged]
 	     [--skip-worktree | --no-skip-worktree]
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 	     [--info-only] [--index-info]
 	     [-z] [--stdin]
 	     [--verbose]
-	     [--] [<file>]*
+	     [--] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
index dada21242c..711219749c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ Validates the gpg signature created by 'git tag'.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
+-v::
+--verbose::
+	Print the contents of the tag object before validating it.
+
 <tag>...::
 	SHA1 identifiers of git tag objects.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
index e1586c78c3..51e8e0af1e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
@@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ Custom commands may also be specified.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
--b BROWSER::
---browser=BROWSER::
-	Use the specified BROWSER. It must be in the list of supported
+-b <browser>::
+--browser=<browser>::
+	Use the specified browser. It must be in the list of supported
 	browsers.
 
--t BROWSER::
---tool=BROWSER::
+-t <browser>::
+--tool=<browser>::
 	Same as above.
 
--c CONF.VAR::
---config=CONF.VAR::
+-c <conf.var>::
+--config=<conf.var>::
 	CONF.VAR is looked up in the git config files. If it's set,
-	then its value specify the browser that should be used.
+	then its value specifies the browser that should be used.
 
 CONFIGURATION VARIABLES
 -----------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index b46c6f6d77..0c897df6a7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ git - the stupid content tracker
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
+'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]
     [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
-    [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
-    [-c name=value]
-    [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
+    [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
+    [-c <name>=<value>]
+    [--help] <command> [<args>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].  See
 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
 introduction.
 
-The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
+The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
 
 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
@@ -44,9 +44,10 @@ unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
 branch of the `git.git` repository.
 Documentation for older releases are available here:
 
-* link:v1.7.3.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.1]
+* link:v1.7.3.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.2]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
   link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
   link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
 
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ help ...`.
 	The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 	'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 
---exec-path::
+--exec-path[=<path>]::
 	Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
 	This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 	environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
index 7dc2e8b0bc..8416f3445a 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
@@ -14,11 +14,8 @@ DESCRIPTION
 
 A `gitignore` file specifies intentionally untracked files that
 git should ignore.
-Note that all the `gitignore` files really concern only files
-that are not already tracked by git;
-in order to ignore uncommitted changes in already tracked files,
-please refer to the 'git update-index --assume-unchanged'
-documentation.
+Files already tracked by git are not affected; see the NOTES
+below for details.
 
 Each line in a `gitignore` file specifies a pattern.
 When deciding whether to ignore a path, git normally checks
@@ -62,7 +59,8 @@ files specified by command-line options.  Higher-level git
 tools, such as 'git status' and 'git add',
 use patterns from the sources specified above.
 
-Patterns have the following format:
+PATTERN FORMAT
+--------------
 
  - A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator
    for readability.
@@ -98,7 +96,20 @@ Patterns have the following format:
    For example, "/{asterisk}.c" matches "cat-file.c" but not
    "mozilla-sha1/sha1.c".
 
-An example:
+NOTES
+-----
+
+The purpose of gitignore files is to ensure that certain files
+not tracked by git remain untracked.
+
+To ignore uncommitted changes in a file that is already tracked,
+use 'git update-index {litdd}assume-unchanged'.
+
+To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use
+'git rm --cached'.
+
+EXAMPLES
+--------
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------
     $ git status
@@ -140,6 +151,11 @@ Another example:
 The second .gitignore prevents git from ignoring
 `arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S`.
 
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:git-rm[1], linkgit:git-update-index[1],
+linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5]
+
 Documentation
 -------------
 Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Josh Triplett,
diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt
index ecab0c09d0..7fe5848d1f 100644
--- a/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ $ git status
 #
 #       new file: closing.txt
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #
 #       modified: file.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
index 1c1606696e..0982f74ef6 100644
--- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ alice$ git fetch bob
 
 Unlike the longhand form, when Alice fetches from Bob using a
 remote repository shorthand set up with 'git remote', what was
-fetched is stored in a remote tracking branch, in this case
+fetched is stored in a remote-tracking branch, in this case
 `bob/master`.  So after this:
 
 -------------------------------------
@@ -402,8 +402,8 @@ could merge the changes into her master branch:
 alice$ git merge bob/master
 -------------------------------------
 
-This `merge` can also be done by 'pulling from her own remote
-tracking branch', like this:
+This `merge` can also be done by 'pulling from her own remote-tracking
+branch', like this:
 
 -------------------------------------
 alice$ git pull . remotes/bob/master
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index 1f029f8aa0..f04b48ef0d 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ to point at the new commit.
 	you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>>
 	<<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his
 	revision. This will happen frequently on a
-	<<def_tracking_branch,tracking branch>> of a remote
+	<<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branch>> of a remote
 	<<def_repository,repository>>.
 
 [[def_fetch]]fetch::
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 	The default upstream <<def_repository,repository>>. Most projects have
 	at least one upstream project which they track. By default
 	'origin' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
-	will be fetched into remote <<def_tracking_branch,tracking branches>> named
+	will be fetched into remote <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branches>> named
 	origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
 	`git branch -r`.
 
@@ -349,6 +349,14 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 	master branch head as to-upstream branch at $URL". See also
 	linkgit:git-push[1].
 
+[[def_remote_tracking_branch]]remote-tracking branch::
+	A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used to follow changes from
+	another <<def_repository,repository>>. A remote-tracking
+	branch should not contain direct modifications or have local commits
+	made to it. A remote-tracking branch can usually be
+	identified as the right-hand-side <<def_ref,ref>> in a Pull:
+	<<def_refspec,refspec>>.
+
 [[def_repository]]repository::
 	A collection of <<def_ref,refs>> together with an
 	<<def_object_database,object database>> containing all objects
@@ -418,14 +426,6 @@ This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
 	that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
 	related changes.
 
-[[def_tracking_branch]]tracking branch::
-	A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used to follow changes from
-	another <<def_repository,repository>>. A tracking
-	branch should not contain direct modifications or have local commits
-	made to it. A tracking branch can usually be
-	identified as the right-hand-side <<def_ref,ref>> in a Pull:
-	<<def_refspec,refspec>>.
-
 [[def_tree]]tree::
 	Either a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, or a <<def_tree_object,tree
 	object>> together with the dependent <<def_blob_object,blob>> and tree objects
diff --git a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt
index 049313d601..595a3cf1a7 100644
--- a/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt
+++ b/Documentation/merge-strategies.txt
@@ -40,6 +40,28 @@ the other tree did, declaring 'our' history contains all that happened in it.
 theirs;;
 	This is opposite of 'ours'.
 
+patience;;
+	With this option, 'merge-recursive' spends a little extra time
+	to avoid mismerges that sometimes occur due to unimportant
+	matching lines (e.g., braces from distinct functions).  Use
+	this when the branches to be merged have diverged wildly.
+	See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `--patience`.
+
+ignore-space-change;;
+ignore-all-space;;
+ignore-space-at-eol;;
+	Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as
+	unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge.  Whitespace
+	changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored.
+	See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `-b`, `-w`, and
+	`--ignore-space-at-eol`.
++
+* If 'their' version only introduces whitespace changes to a line,
+  'our' version is used;
+* If 'our' version introduces whitespace changes but 'their'
+  version includes a substantial change, 'their' version is used;
+* Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way.
+
 renormalize;;
 	This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages
 	of a file when resolving a three-way merge.  This option is
@@ -52,7 +74,11 @@ no-renormalize;;
 	Disables the `renormalize` option.  This overrides the
 	`merge.renormalize` configuration variable.
 
-subtree[=path];;
+rename-threshold=<n>;;
+	Controls the similarity threshold used for rename detection.
+	See also linkgit:git-diff[1] `-M`.
+
+subtree[=<path>];;
 	This option is a more advanced form of 'subtree' strategy, where
 	the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to
 	match with each other when merging.  Instead, the specified path
diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
index 9b6f3899ec..50923e2ce9 100644
--- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---pretty[='<format>']::
---format='<format>'::
+--pretty[=<format>]::
+--format=<format>::
 
 	Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
 	where '<format>' can be one of 'oneline', 'short', 'medium',
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index ebc0108731..44a2ef1de1 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ include::pretty-options.txt[]
 
 	Synonym for `--date=relative`.
 
---date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short,raw}::
+--date=(relative|local|default|iso|rfc|short|raw)::
 
 	Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
 	as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default
@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ you would get an output like this:
 	to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
 	to be drawn properly.
 +
+This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
++
 This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the
 '--date-order' option may also be specified.
 
@@ -146,6 +148,9 @@ options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options.
 -t::
 
 	Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'.
+
+-s::
+	Suppress diff output.
 endif::git-rev-list[]
 
 Commit Limiting
@@ -246,29 +251,29 @@ endif::git-rev-list[]
 	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/` are listed on the
 	command line as '<commit>'.
 
---branches[=pattern]::
+--branches[=<pattern>]::
 
 	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed
-	on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern` is given, limit
+	on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
 	branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?',
 	'*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
 
---tags[=pattern]::
+--tags[=<pattern>]::
 
 	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed
-	on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern` is given, limit
+	on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
 	tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '*',
 	or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
 
---remotes[=pattern]::
+--remotes[=<pattern>]::
 
 	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed
-	on the command line as '<commit>'. If `pattern`is given, limit
-	remote tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
+	on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
+	remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
 	If pattern lacks '?', '*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
 
---glob=glob-pattern::
-	Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob `glob-pattern`
+--glob=<glob-pattern>::
+	Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob '<glob-pattern>'
 	are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. Leading 'refs/',
 	is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '*',
 	or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt
index a7e050bb7a..9dc1bed768 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-merge.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,40 @@ responsible for a few things.
    path-specific merge drivers (specified in `.gitattributes`)
    into account.
 
+Data structures
+---------------
+
+* `mmbuffer_t`, `mmfile_t`
+
+These store data usable for use by the xdiff backend, for writing and
+for reading, respectively.  See `xdiff/xdiff.h` for the definitions
+and `diff.c` for examples.
+
+* `struct ll_merge_options`
+
+This describes the set of options the calling program wants to affect
+the operation of a low-level (single file) merge.  Some options:
+
+`virtual_ancestor`::
+	Behave as though this were part of a merge between common
+	ancestors in a recursive merge.
+	If a helper program is specified by the
+	`[merge "<driver>"] recursive` configuration, it will
+	be used (see linkgit:gitattributes[5]).
+
+`variant`::
+	Resolve local conflicts automatically in favor
+	of one side or the other (as in 'git merge-file'
+	`--ours`/`--theirs`/`--union`).  Can be `0`,
+	`XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS`, `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS`, or
+	`XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION`.
+
+`renormalize`::
+	Resmudge and clean the "base", "theirs" and "ours" files
+	before merging.  Use this when the merge is likely to have
+	overlapped with a change in smudge/clean or end-of-line
+	normalization rules.
+
 Low-level (single file) merge
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -28,15 +62,24 @@ Low-level (single file) merge
 	`.git/info/attributes` into account.  Returns 0 for a
 	clean merge.
 
-The caller:
+Calling sequence:
 
-1. allocates an mmbuffer_t variable for the result;
-2. allocates and fills variables with the file's original content
-   and two modified versions (using `read_mmfile`, for example);
-3. calls ll_merge();
-4. reads the output from result_buf.ptr and result_buf.size;
-5. releases buffers when finished (free(ancestor.ptr); free(ours.ptr);
-   free(theirs.ptr); free(result_buf.ptr);).
+* Prepare a `struct ll_merge_options` to record options.
+  If you have no special requests, skip this and pass `NULL`
+  as the `opts` parameter to use the default options.
+
+* Allocate an mmbuffer_t variable for the result.
+
+* Allocate and fill variables with the file's original content
+  and two modified versions (using `read_mmfile`, for example).
+
+* Call `ll_merge()`.
+
+* Read the merged content from `result_buf.ptr` and `result_buf.size`.
+
+* Release buffers when finished.  A simple
+  `free(ancestor.ptr); free(ours.ptr); free(theirs.ptr);
+  free(result_buf.ptr);` will do.
 
 If the modifications do not merge cleanly, `ll_merge` will return a
 nonzero value and `result_buf` will generally include a description of
@@ -47,18 +90,6 @@ The `ancestor_label`, `our_label`, and `their_label` parameters are
 used to label the different sides of a conflict if the merge driver
 supports this.
 
-The `flag` parameter is a bitfield:
-
- - The `LL_OPT_VIRTUAL_ANCESTOR` bit indicates whether this is an
-   internal merge to consolidate ancestors for a recursive merge.
-
- - The `LL_OPT_FAVOR_MASK` bits allow local conflicts to be automatically
-   resolved in favor of one side or the other (as in 'git merge-file'
-   `--ours`/`--theirs`/`--union`).
-   They can be populated by `create_ll_flag`, whose argument can be
-   `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS`, `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS`, or
-   `XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION`.
-
 Everything else
 ---------------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
index c5d141cd63..f6a4a361bd 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
@@ -118,13 +118,16 @@ There are some macros to easily define options:
 `OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`::
 	Add `\--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`.
 
-`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var)`::
+`OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var, description)`::
 	Add `-n, \--dry-run`.
 
-`OPT__QUIET(&int_var)`::
+`OPT__FORCE(&int_var, description)`::
+	Add `-f, \--force`.
+
+`OPT__QUIET(&int_var, description)`::
 	Add `-q, \--quiet`.
 
-`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var)`::
+`OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var, description)`::
 	Add `-v, \--verbose`.
 
 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..535cdff164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-sigchain.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+sigchain API
+============
+
+Code often wants to set a signal handler to clean up temporary files or
+other work-in-progress when we die unexpectedly. For multiple pieces of
+code to do this without conflicting, each piece of code must remember
+the old value of the handler and restore it either when:
+
+  1. The work-in-progress is finished, and the handler is no longer
+     necessary. The handler should revert to the original behavior
+     (either another handler, SIG_DFL, or SIG_IGN).
+
+  2. The signal is received. We should then do our cleanup, then chain
+     to the next handler (or die if it is SIG_DFL).
+
+Sigchain is a tiny library for keeping a stack of handlers. Your handler
+and installation code should look something like:
+
+------------------------------------------
+  void clean_foo_on_signal(int sig)
+  {
+	  clean_foo();
+	  sigchain_pop(sig);
+	  raise(sig);
+  }
+
+  void other_func()
+  {
+	  sigchain_push_common(clean_foo_on_signal);
+	  mess_up_foo();
+	  clean_foo();
+  }
+------------------------------------------
+
+Handlers are given the typdef of sigchain_fun. This is the same type
+that is given to signal() or sigaction(). It is perfectly reasonable to
+push SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN onto the stack.
+
+You can sigchain_push and sigchain_pop individual signals. For
+convenience, sigchain_push_common will push the handler onto the stack
+for many common signals.
diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
index 77eb483b07..f13a846131 100644
--- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt
+++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
@@ -344,7 +344,8 @@ Examining branches from a remote repository
 The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy
 of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from.  That repository
 may also have had other branches, though, and your local repository
-keeps branches which track each of those remote branches, which you
+keeps branches which track each of those remote branches, called
+remote-tracking branches, which you
 can view using the "-r" option to linkgit:git-branch[1]:
 
 ------------------------------------------------
@@ -359,13 +360,23 @@ $ git branch -r
   origin/todo
 ------------------------------------------------
 
-You cannot check out these remote-tracking branches, but you can
-examine them on a branch of your own, just as you would a tag:
+In this example, "origin" is called a remote repository, or "remote"
+for short. The branches of this repository are called "remote
+branches" from our point of view. The remote-tracking branches listed
+above were created based on the remote branches at clone time and will
+be updated by "git fetch" (hence "git pull") and "git push". See
+<<Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch>> for details.
+
+You might want to build on one of these remote-tracking branches
+on a branch of your own, just as you would for a tag:
 
 ------------------------------------------------
 $ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo
 ------------------------------------------------
 
+You can also check out "origin/todo" directly to examine it or
+write a one-off patch.  See <<detached-head,detached head>>.
+
 Note that the name "origin" is just the name that git uses by default
 to refer to the repository that you cloned from.
 
@@ -435,7 +446,7 @@ linux-nfs/master
 origin/master
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-If you run "git fetch <remote>" later, the tracking branches for the
+If you run "git fetch <remote>" later, the remote-tracking branches for the
 named <remote> will be updated.
 
 If you examine the file .git/config, you will see that git has added
@@ -1700,7 +1711,7 @@ may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them
 into your own work.
 
 We have already seen <<Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch,how to
-keep remote tracking branches up to date>> with linkgit:git-fetch[1],
+keep remote-tracking branches up to date>> with linkgit:git-fetch[1],
 and how to merge two branches.  So you can merge in changes from the
 original repository's master branch with:
 
@@ -1716,15 +1727,21 @@ one step:
 $ git pull origin master
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-In fact, if you have "master" checked out, then by default "git pull"
-merges from the HEAD branch of the origin repository.  So often you can
+In fact, if you have "master" checked out, then this branch has been
+configured by "git clone" to get changes from the HEAD branch of the
+origin repository.  So often you can
 accomplish the above with just a simple
 
 -------------------------------------------------
 $ git pull
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-More generally, a branch that is created from a remote branch will pull
+This command will fetch changes from the remote branches to your
+remote-tracking branches `origin/*`, and merge the default branch into
+the current branch.
+
+More generally, a branch that is created from a remote-tracking branch
+will pull
 by default from that branch.  See the descriptions of the
 branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge options in
 linkgit:git-config[1], and the discussion of the `--track` option in
@@ -2106,7 +2123,7 @@ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
 $ cd work
 -------------------------------------------------
 
-Linus's tree will be stored in the remote branch named origin/master,
+Linus's tree will be stored in the remote-tracking branch named origin/master,
 and can be updated using linkgit:git-fetch[1]; you can track other
 public trees using linkgit:git-remote[1] to set up a "remote" and
 linkgit:git-fetch[1] to keep them up-to-date; see
@@ -2800,8 +2817,8 @@ Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at
 may be lost, as we saw in the previous section.
 
 [[remote-branch-configuration]]
-Configuring remote branches
----------------------------
+Configuring remote-tracking branches
+------------------------------------
 
 We saw above that "origin" is just a shortcut to refer to the
 repository that you originally cloned from.  This information is
@@ -3853,7 +3870,7 @@ You create a commit object by giving it the tree that describes the
 state at the time of the commit, and a list of parents:
 
 -------------------------------------------------
-$ git commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [-p <parent2> ..]
+$ git commit-tree <tree> -p <parent> [(-p <parent2>)...]
 -------------------------------------------------
 
 and then giving the reason for the commit on stdin (either through
diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL
index 59200b730e..10a1cba643 100644
--- a/INSTALL
+++ b/INSTALL
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ Issues of note:
 	- A POSIX-compliant shell is required to run many scripts needed
 	  for everyday use (e.g. "bisect", "pull").
 
-	- "Perl" is needed to use some of the features (e.g. preparing a
-	  partial commit using "git add -i/-p", interacting with svn
-	  repositories with "git svn").  If you can live without these, use
-	  NO_PERL.
+	- "Perl" version 5.8 or later is needed to use some of the
+	  features (e.g. preparing a partial commit using "git add -i/-p",
+	  interacting with svn repositories with "git svn").  If you can
+	  live without these, use NO_PERL.
 
 	- "openssl" library is used by git-imap-send to use IMAP over SSL.
 	  If you don't need it, use NO_OPENSSL.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1f1ce04edf..7eb948d7c8 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -70,6 +70,11 @@ all::
 #
 # Define NO_STRTOK_R if you don't have strtok_r in the C library.
 #
+# Define NO_FNMATCH if you don't have fnmatch in the C library.
+#
+# Define NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD if your fnmatch function doesn't have the
+# FNM_CASEFOLD GNU extension.
+#
 # Define NO_LIBGEN_H if you don't have libgen.h.
 #
 # Define NEEDS_LIBGEN if your libgen needs -lgen when linking
@@ -401,6 +406,7 @@ EXTRA_PROGRAMS =
 # ... and all the rest that could be moved out of bindir to gitexecdir
 PROGRAMS += $(EXTRA_PROGRAMS)
 
+PROGRAM_OBJS += daemon.o
 PROGRAM_OBJS += fast-import.o
 PROGRAM_OBJS += imap-send.o
 PROGRAM_OBJS += shell.o
@@ -496,6 +502,8 @@ LIB_H += compat/bswap.h
 LIB_H += compat/cygwin.h
 LIB_H += compat/mingw.h
 LIB_H += compat/win32/pthread.h
+LIB_H += compat/win32/syslog.h
+LIB_H += compat/win32/sys/poll.h
 LIB_H += csum-file.h
 LIB_H += decorate.h
 LIB_H += delta.h
@@ -662,6 +670,7 @@ LIB_OBJS += write_or_die.o
 LIB_OBJS += ws.o
 LIB_OBJS += wt-status.o
 LIB_OBJS += xdiff-interface.o
+LIB_OBJS += zlib.o
 
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/add.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/annotate.o
@@ -846,6 +855,7 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),SunOS)
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
 	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
 	NO_REGEX = YesPlease
+	NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD = YesPlease
 	ifeq ($(uname_R),5.6)
 		SOCKLEN_T = int
 		NO_HSTRERROR = YesPlease
@@ -1052,6 +1062,7 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),Windows)
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
 	NO_STRTOK_R = YesPlease
+	NO_FNMATCH = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	# NEEDS_LIBICONV = YesPlease
 	NO_ICONV = YesPlease
@@ -1064,7 +1075,6 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),Windows)
 	NO_SVN_TESTS = YesPlease
 	NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER = YesPlease
 	RUNTIME_PREFIX = YesPlease
-	NO_POSIX_ONLY_PROGRAMS = YesPlease
 	NO_ST_BLOCKS_IN_STRUCT_STAT = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
 	USE_WIN32_MMAP = YesPlease
@@ -1075,14 +1085,15 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),Windows)
 	NO_CURL = YesPlease
 	NO_PYTHON = YesPlease
 	BLK_SHA1 = YesPlease
+	NO_POSIX_GOODIES = UnfortunatelyYes
 	NATIVE_CRLF = YesPlease
 
 	CC = compat/vcbuild/scripts/clink.pl
 	AR = compat/vcbuild/scripts/lib.pl
 	CFLAGS =
 	BASIC_CFLAGS = -nologo -I. -I../zlib -Icompat/vcbuild -Icompat/vcbuild/include -DWIN32 -D_CONSOLE -DHAVE_STRING_H -D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS -D_CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE
-	COMPAT_OBJS = compat/msvc.o compat/fnmatch/fnmatch.o compat/winansi.o compat/win32/pthread.o
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS = -D__USE_MINGW_ACCESS -DNOGDI -DHAVE_STRING_H -DHAVE_ALLOCA_H -Icompat -Icompat/fnmatch -Icompat/regex -Icompat/fnmatch -Icompat/win32 -DSTRIP_EXTENSION=\".exe\"
+	COMPAT_OBJS = compat/msvc.o compat/winansi.o compat/win32/pthread.o compat/win32/syslog.o compat/win32/sys/poll.o
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS = -D__USE_MINGW_ACCESS -DNOGDI -DHAVE_STRING_H -DHAVE_ALLOCA_H -Icompat -Icompat/regex -Icompat/win32 -DSTRIP_EXTENSION=\".exe\"
 	BASIC_LDFLAGS = -IGNORE:4217 -IGNORE:4049 -NOLOGO -SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE -NODEFAULTLIB:MSVCRT.lib
 	EXTLIBS = advapi32.lib shell32.lib wininet.lib ws2_32.lib
 	PTHREAD_LIBS =
@@ -1096,6 +1107,25 @@ else
 endif
 	X = .exe
 endif
+ifeq ($(uname_S),Interix)
+	NO_SYS_POLL_H = YesPlease
+	NO_INTTYPES_H = YesPlease
+	NO_INITGROUPS = YesPlease
+	NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
+	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
+	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
+	NO_STRTOUMAX = YesPlease
+	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
+	NO_MKSTEMPS = YesPlease
+	ifeq ($(uname_R),3.5)
+		NO_INET_NTOP = YesPlease
+		NO_INET_PTON = YesPlease
+	endif
+	ifeq ($(uname_R),5.2)
+		NO_INET_NTOP = YesPlease
+		NO_INET_PTON = YesPlease
+	endif
+endif
 ifneq (,$(findstring MINGW,$(uname_S)))
 	pathsep = ;
 	NO_PREAD = YesPlease
@@ -1107,6 +1137,7 @@ ifneq (,$(findstring MINGW,$(uname_S)))
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_STRLCPY = YesPlease
 	NO_STRTOK_R = YesPlease
+	NO_FNMATCH = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	NEEDS_LIBICONV = YesPlease
 	OLD_ICONV = YesPlease
@@ -1117,7 +1148,6 @@ ifneq (,$(findstring MINGW,$(uname_S)))
 	NO_SVN_TESTS = YesPlease
 	NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER = YesPlease
 	RUNTIME_PREFIX = YesPlease
-	NO_POSIX_ONLY_PROGRAMS = YesPlease
 	NO_ST_BLOCKS_IN_STRUCT_STAT = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
 	USE_WIN32_MMAP = YesPlease
@@ -1128,10 +1158,14 @@ ifneq (,$(findstring MINGW,$(uname_S)))
 	NO_PYTHON = YesPlease
 	BLK_SHA1 = YesPlease
 	ETAGS_TARGET = ETAGS
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -D__USE_MINGW_ACCESS -DNOGDI -Icompat -Icompat/fnmatch -Icompat/win32
+	NO_INET_PTON = YesPlease
+	NO_INET_NTOP = YesPlease
+	NO_POSIX_GOODIES = UnfortunatelyYes
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -D__USE_MINGW_ACCESS -DNOGDI -Icompat -Icompat/win32
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DSTRIP_EXTENSION=\".exe\"
-	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/mingw.o compat/fnmatch/fnmatch.o compat/winansi.o \
-		compat/win32/pthread.o
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/mingw.o compat/winansi.o \
+		compat/win32/pthread.o compat/win32/syslog.o \
+		compat/win32/sys/poll.o
 	EXTLIBS += -lws2_32
 	PTHREAD_LIBS =
 	X = .exe
@@ -1246,9 +1280,6 @@ ifdef ZLIB_PATH
 endif
 EXTLIBS += -lz
 
-ifndef NO_POSIX_ONLY_PROGRAMS
-	PROGRAM_OBJS += daemon.o
-endif
 ifndef NO_OPENSSL
 	OPENSSL_LIBSSL = -lssl
 	ifdef OPENSSLDIR
@@ -1342,6 +1373,17 @@ ifdef NO_STRTOK_R
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_STRTOK_R
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/strtok_r.o
 endif
+ifdef NO_FNMATCH
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -Icompat/fnmatch
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_FNMATCH
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fnmatch/fnmatch.o
+else
+ifdef NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -Icompat/fnmatch
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fnmatch/fnmatch.o
+endif
+endif
 ifdef NO_SETENV
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_SETENV
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/setenv.o
@@ -1360,6 +1402,15 @@ endif
 ifdef NO_SYS_SELECT_H
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_SYS_SELECT_H
 endif
+ifdef NO_SYS_POLL_H
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_SYS_POLL_H
+endif
+ifdef NO_INTTYPES_H
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_INTTYPES_H
+endif
+ifdef NO_INITGROUPS
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_INITGROUPS
+endif
 ifdef NO_MMAP
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_MMAP
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/mmap.o
@@ -1397,9 +1448,11 @@ endif
 endif
 ifdef NO_INET_NTOP
 	LIB_OBJS += compat/inet_ntop.o
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_INET_NTOP
 endif
 ifdef NO_INET_PTON
 	LIB_OBJS += compat/inet_pton.o
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_INET_PTON
 endif
 
 ifdef NO_ICONV
@@ -1414,6 +1467,10 @@ ifdef NO_DEFLATE_BOUND
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_DEFLATE_BOUND
 endif
 
+ifdef NO_POSIX_GOODIES
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_POSIX_GOODIES
+endif
+
 ifdef BLK_SHA1
 	SHA1_HEADER = "block-sha1/sha1.h"
 	LIB_OBJS += block-sha1/sha1.o
@@ -1766,6 +1823,8 @@ XDIFF_OBJS = xdiff/xdiffi.o xdiff/xprepare.o xdiff/xutils.o xdiff/xemit.o \
 	xdiff/xmerge.o xdiff/xpatience.o
 VCSSVN_OBJS = vcs-svn/string_pool.o vcs-svn/line_buffer.o \
 	vcs-svn/repo_tree.o vcs-svn/fast_export.o vcs-svn/svndump.o
+VCSSVN_TEST_OBJS = test-obj-pool.o test-string-pool.o \
+	test-line-buffer.o test-treap.o
 OBJECTS := $(GIT_OBJS) $(XDIFF_OBJS) $(VCSSVN_OBJS)
 
 dep_files := $(foreach f,$(OBJECTS),$(dir $f).depend/$(notdir $f).d)
@@ -1889,10 +1948,12 @@ xdiff-interface.o $(XDIFF_OBJS): \
 	xdiff/xinclude.h xdiff/xmacros.h xdiff/xdiff.h xdiff/xtypes.h \
 	xdiff/xutils.h xdiff/xprepare.h xdiff/xdiffi.h xdiff/xemit.h
 
-$(VCSSVN_OBJS): \
+$(VCSSVN_OBJS) $(VCSSVN_TEST_OBJS): $(LIB_H) \
 	vcs-svn/obj_pool.h vcs-svn/trp.h vcs-svn/string_pool.h \
 	vcs-svn/line_buffer.h vcs-svn/repo_tree.h vcs-svn/fast_export.h \
 	vcs-svn/svndump.h
+
+test-svn-fe.o: vcs-svn/svndump.h
 endif
 
 exec_cmd.s exec_cmd.o: EXTRA_CPPFLAGS = \
@@ -1927,7 +1988,7 @@ git-%$X: %.o $(GITLIBS)
 
 git-imap-send$X: imap-send.o $(GITLIBS)
 	$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) $(filter %.o,$^) \
-		$(LIBS) $(OPENSSL_LINK) $(OPENSSL_LIBSSL)
+		$(LIBS) $(OPENSSL_LINK) $(OPENSSL_LIBSSL) $(LIB_4_CRYPTO)
 
 git-http-fetch$X: revision.o http.o http-walker.o http-fetch.o $(GITLIBS)
 	$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) $(filter %.o,$^) \
diff --git a/archive.c b/archive.c
index edd68534fa..1944ed4e4d 100644
--- a/archive.c
+++ b/archive.c
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 #include "unpack-trees.h"
 
 static char const * const archive_usage[] = {
-	"git archive [options] <tree-ish> [path...]",
+	"git archive [options] <tree-ish> [<path>...]",
 	"git archive --list",
-	"git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] [options] <tree-ish> [path...]",
+	"git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] [options] <tree-ish> [<path>...]",
 	"git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] --list",
 	NULL
 };
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ static int parse_archive_args(int argc, const char **argv,
 			"write the archive to this file"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "worktree-attributes", &worktree_attributes,
 			"read .gitattributes in working directory"),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "report archived files on stderr"),
 		OPT__COMPR('0', &compression_level, "store only", 0),
 		OPT__COMPR('1', &compression_level, "compress faster", 1),
 		OPT__COMPR_HIDDEN('2', &compression_level, 2),
diff --git a/branch.h b/branch.h
index eed817a64c..4026e3832b 100644
--- a/branch.h
+++ b/branch.h
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ void create_branch(const char *head, const char *name, const char *start_name,
 void remove_branch_state(void);
 
 /*
- * Configure local branch "local" to merge remote branch "remote"
- * taken from origin "origin".
+ * Configure local branch "local" as downstream to branch "remote"
+ * from remote "origin".  Used by git branch --set-upstream.
  */
 #define BRANCH_CONFIG_VERBOSE 01
 extern void install_branch_config(int flag, const char *local, const char *origin, const char *remote);
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index f2a25a0847..8dd4569b3c 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void finish_copy_notes_for_rewrite(struct notes_rewrite_cfg *c);
 
 extern int check_pager_config(const char *cmd);
 
-extern int textconv_object(const char *path, const unsigned char *sha1, char **buf, unsigned long *buf_size);
+extern int textconv_object(const char *path, unsigned mode, const unsigned char *sha1, char **buf, unsigned long *buf_size);
 
 extern int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_annotate(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
diff --git a/builtin/add.c b/builtin/add.c
index 56a4e0af6b..21dc1f7339 100644
--- a/builtin/add.c
+++ b/builtin/add.c
@@ -313,13 +313,13 @@ static int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, ignored_too = 0, refresh_only = 0;
 static int ignore_add_errors, addremove, intent_to_add, ignore_missing = 0;
 
 static struct option builtin_add_options[] = {
-	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
-	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "dry run"),
+	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
 	OPT_GROUP(""),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('i', "interactive", &add_interactive, "interactive picking"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('p', "patch", &patch_interactive, "interactive patching"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('e', "edit", &edit_interactive, "edit current diff and apply"),
-	OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &ignored_too, "allow adding otherwise ignored files"),
+	OPT__FORCE(&ignored_too, "allow adding otherwise ignored files"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('u', "update", &take_worktree_changes, "update tracked files"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('N', "intent-to-add", &intent_to_add, "record only the fact that the path will be added later"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('A', "all", &addremove, "add all, noticing removal of tracked files"),
@@ -331,7 +331,8 @@ static struct option builtin_add_options[] = {
 
 static int add_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
-	if (!strcasecmp(var, "add.ignore-errors")) {
+	if (!strcasecmp(var, "add.ignoreerrors") ||
+	    !strcasecmp(var, "add.ignore-errors")) {
 		ignore_add_errors = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/apply.c b/builtin/apply.c
index 23c18c573b..14951daedf 100644
--- a/builtin/apply.c
+++ b/builtin/apply.c
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, char *def, int p_value)
 	return squash_slash(strbuf_detach(&name, NULL));
 }
 
-static size_t tz_len(const char *line, size_t len)
+static size_t sane_tz_len(const char *line, size_t len)
 {
 	const char *tz, *p;
 
@@ -467,6 +467,24 @@ static size_t tz_len(const char *line, size_t len)
 	return line + len - tz;
 }
 
+static size_t tz_with_colon_len(const char *line, size_t len)
+{
+	const char *tz, *p;
+
+	if (len < strlen(" +08:00") || line[len - strlen(":00")] != ':')
+		return 0;
+	tz = line + len - strlen(" +08:00");
+
+	if (tz[0] != ' ' || (tz[1] != '+' && tz[1] != '-'))
+		return 0;
+	p = tz + 2;
+	if (!isdigit(*p++) || !isdigit(*p++) || *p++ != ':' ||
+	    !isdigit(*p++) || !isdigit(*p++))
+		return 0;
+
+	return line + len - tz;
+}
+
 static size_t date_len(const char *line, size_t len)
 {
 	const char *date, *p;
@@ -561,7 +579,9 @@ static size_t diff_timestamp_len(const char *line, size_t len)
 	if (!isdigit(end[-1]))
 		return 0;
 
-	n = tz_len(line, end - line);
+	n = sane_tz_len(line, end - line);
+	if (!n)
+		n = tz_with_colon_len(line, end - line);
 	end -= n;
 
 	n = short_time_len(line, end - line);
@@ -733,8 +753,8 @@ static int has_epoch_timestamp(const char *nameline)
 		" "
 		"[0-2][0-9]:[0-5][0-9]:00(\\.0+)?"
 		" "
-		"([-+][0-2][0-9][0-5][0-9])\n";
-	const char *timestamp = NULL, *cp;
+		"([-+][0-2][0-9]:?[0-5][0-9])\n";
+	const char *timestamp = NULL, *cp, *colon;
 	static regex_t *stamp;
 	regmatch_t m[10];
 	int zoneoffset;
@@ -764,8 +784,11 @@ static int has_epoch_timestamp(const char *nameline)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	zoneoffset = strtol(timestamp + m[3].rm_so + 1, NULL, 10);
-	zoneoffset = (zoneoffset / 100) * 60 + (zoneoffset % 100);
+	zoneoffset = strtol(timestamp + m[3].rm_so + 1, (char **) &colon, 10);
+	if (*colon == ':')
+		zoneoffset = zoneoffset * 60 + strtol(colon + 1, NULL, 10);
+	else
+		zoneoffset = (zoneoffset / 100) * 60 + (zoneoffset % 100);
 	if (timestamp[m[3].rm_so] == '-')
 		zoneoffset = -zoneoffset;
 
@@ -919,28 +942,28 @@ static int gitdiff_newfile(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 static int gitdiff_copysrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_copy = 1;
-	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, 0, 0);
+	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_copydst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_copy = 1;
-	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, 0, 0);
+	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_renamesrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_rename = 1;
-	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, 0, 0);
+	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_renamedst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_rename = 1;
-	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, 0, 0);
+	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1025,7 +1048,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
 {
 	const char *name;
 	const char *second = NULL;
-	size_t len;
+	size_t len, line_len;
 
 	line += strlen("diff --git ");
 	llen -= strlen("diff --git ");
@@ -1125,6 +1148,10 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
 	 * Accept a name only if it shows up twice, exactly the same
 	 * form.
 	 */
+	second = strchr(name, '\n');
+	if (!second)
+		return NULL;
+	line_len = second - name;
 	for (len = 0 ; ; len++) {
 		switch (name[len]) {
 		default:
@@ -1132,15 +1159,11 @@ static char *git_header_name(char *line, int llen)
 		case '\n':
 			return NULL;
 		case '\t': case ' ':
-			second = name+len;
-			for (;;) {
-				char c = *second++;
-				if (c == '\n')
-					return NULL;
-				if (c == '/')
-					break;
-			}
-			if (second[len] == '\n' && !memcmp(name, second, len)) {
+			second = stop_at_slash(name + len, line_len - len);
+			if (!second)
+				return NULL;
+			second++;
+			if (second[len] == '\n' && !strncmp(name, second, len)) {
 				return xmemdupz(name, len);
 			}
 		}
@@ -2645,6 +2668,12 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 	unsigned long len;
 	void *dst;
 
+	if (!fragment)
+		return error("missing binary patch data for '%s'",
+			     patch->new_name ?
+			     patch->new_name :
+			     patch->old_name);
+
 	/* Binary patch is irreversible without the optional second hunk */
 	if (apply_in_reverse) {
 		if (!fragment->next)
@@ -3843,7 +3872,7 @@ int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
 			"don't expect at least one line of context"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "reject", &apply_with_reject,
 			"leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files"),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&apply_verbosely),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&apply_verbosely, "be verbose"),
 		OPT_BIT(0, "inaccurate-eof", &options,
 			"tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file",
 			INACCURATE_EOF),
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index 101535448f..cb25ec9ce8 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ struct origin {
 	struct commit *commit;
 	mmfile_t file;
 	unsigned char blob_sha1[20];
+	unsigned mode;
 	char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
 };
 
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ struct origin {
  * Return 1 if the conversion succeeds, 0 otherwise.
  */
 int textconv_object(const char *path,
+		    unsigned mode,
 		    const unsigned char *sha1,
 		    char **buf,
 		    unsigned long *buf_size)
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ int textconv_object(const char *path,
 	struct userdiff_driver *textconv;
 
 	df = alloc_filespec(path);
-	fill_filespec(df, sha1, S_IFREG | 0664);
+	fill_filespec(df, sha1, mode);
 	textconv = get_textconv(df);
 	if (!textconv) {
 		free_filespec(df);
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ static void fill_origin_blob(struct diff_options *opt,
 
 		num_read_blob++;
 		if (DIFF_OPT_TST(opt, ALLOW_TEXTCONV) &&
-		    textconv_object(o->path, o->blob_sha1, &file->ptr, &file_size))
+		    textconv_object(o->path, o->mode, o->blob_sha1, &file->ptr, &file_size))
 			;
 		else
 			file->ptr = read_sha1_file(o->blob_sha1, &type, &file_size);
@@ -313,21 +315,23 @@ static struct origin *get_origin(struct scoreboard *sb,
  * for an origin is also used to pass the blame for the entire file to
  * the parent to detect the case where a child's blob is identical to
  * that of its parent's.
+ *
+ * This also fills origin->mode for corresponding tree path.
  */
-static int fill_blob_sha1(struct origin *origin)
+static int fill_blob_sha1_and_mode(struct origin *origin)
 {
-	unsigned mode;
 	if (!is_null_sha1(origin->blob_sha1))
 		return 0;
 	if (get_tree_entry(origin->commit->object.sha1,
 			   origin->path,
-			   origin->blob_sha1, &mode))
+			   origin->blob_sha1, &origin->mode))
 		goto error_out;
 	if (sha1_object_info(origin->blob_sha1, NULL) != OBJ_BLOB)
 		goto error_out;
 	return 0;
  error_out:
 	hashclr(origin->blob_sha1);
+	origin->mode = S_IFINVALID;
 	return -1;
 }
 
@@ -360,12 +364,14 @@ static struct origin *find_origin(struct scoreboard *sb,
 			/*
 			 * If the origin was newly created (i.e. get_origin
 			 * would call make_origin if none is found in the
-			 * scoreboard), it does not know the blob_sha1,
+			 * scoreboard), it does not know the blob_sha1/mode,
 			 * so copy it.  Otherwise porigin was in the
-			 * scoreboard and already knows blob_sha1.
+			 * scoreboard and already knows blob_sha1/mode.
 			 */
-			if (porigin->refcnt == 1)
+			if (porigin->refcnt == 1) {
 				hashcpy(porigin->blob_sha1, cached->blob_sha1);
+				porigin->mode = cached->mode;
+			}
 			return porigin;
 		}
 		/* otherwise it was not very useful; free it */
@@ -400,6 +406,7 @@ static struct origin *find_origin(struct scoreboard *sb,
 		/* The path is the same as parent */
 		porigin = get_origin(sb, parent, origin->path);
 		hashcpy(porigin->blob_sha1, origin->blob_sha1);
+		porigin->mode = origin->mode;
 	} else {
 		/*
 		 * Since origin->path is a pathspec, if the parent
@@ -425,6 +432,7 @@ static struct origin *find_origin(struct scoreboard *sb,
 		case 'M':
 			porigin = get_origin(sb, parent, origin->path);
 			hashcpy(porigin->blob_sha1, p->one->sha1);
+			porigin->mode = p->one->mode;
 			break;
 		case 'A':
 		case 'T':
@@ -444,6 +452,7 @@ static struct origin *find_origin(struct scoreboard *sb,
 
 		cached = make_origin(porigin->commit, porigin->path);
 		hashcpy(cached->blob_sha1, porigin->blob_sha1);
+		cached->mode = porigin->mode;
 		parent->util = cached;
 	}
 	return porigin;
@@ -486,6 +495,7 @@ static struct origin *find_rename(struct scoreboard *sb,
 		    !strcmp(p->two->path, origin->path)) {
 			porigin = get_origin(sb, parent, p->one->path);
 			hashcpy(porigin->blob_sha1, p->one->sha1);
+			porigin->mode = p->one->mode;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1099,6 +1109,7 @@ static int find_copy_in_parent(struct scoreboard *sb,
 
 			norigin = get_origin(sb, parent, p->one->path);
 			hashcpy(norigin->blob_sha1, p->one->sha1);
+			norigin->mode = p->one->mode;
 			fill_origin_blob(&sb->revs->diffopt, norigin, &file_p);
 			if (!file_p.ptr)
 				continue;
@@ -1606,6 +1617,7 @@ static const char *format_time(unsigned long time, const char *tz_str,
 #define OUTPUT_SHOW_NUMBER	040
 #define OUTPUT_SHOW_SCORE      0100
 #define OUTPUT_NO_AUTHOR       0200
+#define OUTPUT_SHOW_EMAIL	0400
 
 static void emit_porcelain(struct scoreboard *sb, struct blame_entry *ent)
 {
@@ -1671,12 +1683,17 @@ static void emit_other(struct scoreboard *sb, struct blame_entry *ent, int opt)
 		}
 
 		printf("%.*s", length, hex);
-		if (opt & OUTPUT_ANNOTATE_COMPAT)
-			printf("\t(%10s\t%10s\t%d)", ci.author,
+		if (opt & OUTPUT_ANNOTATE_COMPAT) {
+			const char *name;
+			if (opt & OUTPUT_SHOW_EMAIL)
+				name = ci.author_mail;
+			else
+				name = ci.author;
+			printf("\t(%10s\t%10s\t%d)", name,
 			       format_time(ci.author_time, ci.author_tz,
 					   show_raw_time),
 			       ent->lno + 1 + cnt);
-		else {
+		} else {
 			if (opt & OUTPUT_SHOW_SCORE)
 				printf(" %*d %02d",
 				       max_score_digits, ent->score,
@@ -1689,9 +1706,15 @@ static void emit_other(struct scoreboard *sb, struct blame_entry *ent, int opt)
 				       ent->s_lno + 1 + cnt);
 
 			if (!(opt & OUTPUT_NO_AUTHOR)) {
-				int pad = longest_author - utf8_strwidth(ci.author);
+				const char *name;
+				int pad;
+				if (opt & OUTPUT_SHOW_EMAIL)
+					name = ci.author_mail;
+				else
+					name = ci.author;
+				pad = longest_author - utf8_strwidth(name);
 				printf(" (%s%*s %10s",
-				       ci.author, pad, "",
+				       name, pad, "",
 				       format_time(ci.author_time,
 						   ci.author_tz,
 						   show_raw_time));
@@ -1829,7 +1852,10 @@ static void find_alignment(struct scoreboard *sb, int *option)
 		if (!(suspect->commit->object.flags & METAINFO_SHOWN)) {
 			suspect->commit->object.flags |= METAINFO_SHOWN;
 			get_commit_info(suspect->commit, &ci, 1);
-			num = utf8_strwidth(ci.author);
+			if (*option & OUTPUT_SHOW_EMAIL)
+				num = utf8_strwidth(ci.author_mail);
+			else
+				num = utf8_strwidth(ci.author);
 			if (longest_author < num)
 				longest_author = num;
 		}
@@ -2075,7 +2101,7 @@ static struct commit *fake_working_tree_commit(struct diff_options *opt,
 		switch (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) {
 		case S_IFREG:
 			if (DIFF_OPT_TST(opt, ALLOW_TEXTCONV) &&
-			    textconv_object(read_from, null_sha1, &buf.buf, &buf_len))
+			    textconv_object(read_from, mode, null_sha1, &buf.buf, &buf_len))
 				buf.len = buf_len;
 			else if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, read_from, st.st_size) != st.st_size)
 				die_errno("cannot open or read '%s'", read_from);
@@ -2278,6 +2304,7 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BIT('t', NULL, &output_option, "Show raw timestamp (Default: off)", OUTPUT_RAW_TIMESTAMP),
 		OPT_BIT('l', NULL, &output_option, "Show long commit SHA1 (Default: off)", OUTPUT_LONG_OBJECT_NAME),
 		OPT_BIT('s', NULL, &output_option, "Suppress author name and timestamp (Default: off)", OUTPUT_NO_AUTHOR),
+		OPT_BIT('e', "show-email", &output_option, "Show author email instead of name (Default: off)", OUTPUT_SHOW_EMAIL),
 		OPT_BIT('w', NULL, &xdl_opts, "Ignore whitespace differences", XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE),
 		OPT_STRING('S', NULL, &revs_file, "file", "Use revisions from <file> instead of calling git-rev-list"),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "contents", &contents_from, "file", "Use <file>'s contents as the final image"),
@@ -2455,11 +2482,11 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 	else {
 		o = get_origin(&sb, sb.final, path);
-		if (fill_blob_sha1(o))
+		if (fill_blob_sha1_and_mode(o))
 			die("no such path %s in %s", path, final_commit_name);
 
 		if (DIFF_OPT_TST(&sb.revs->diffopt, ALLOW_TEXTCONV) &&
-		    textconv_object(path, o->blob_sha1, (char **) &sb.final_buf,
+		    textconv_object(path, o->mode, o->blob_sha1, (char **) &sb.final_buf,
 				    &sb.final_buf_size))
 			;
 		else
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 87976f0921..807355a198 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -621,7 +621,8 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_GROUP("Generic options"),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose,
+			"show hash and subject, give twice for upstream branch"),
 		OPT_SET_INT('t', "track",  &track, "set up tracking mode (see git-pull(1))",
 			BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT),
 		OPT_SET_INT( 0, "set-upstream",  &track, "change upstream info",
@@ -651,7 +652,7 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BIT('m', NULL, &rename, "move/rename a branch and its reflog", 1),
 		OPT_BIT('M', NULL, &rename, "move/rename a branch, even if target exists", 2),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('l', NULL, &reflog, "create the branch's reflog"),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force_create, "force creation (when already exists)"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force_create, "force creation (when already exists)"),
 		{
 			OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "no-merged", &merge_filter_ref,
 			"commit", "print only not merged branches",
diff --git a/builtin/bundle.c b/builtin/bundle.c
index 80649ba0b2..9b87fb9ac2 100644
--- a/builtin/bundle.c
+++ b/builtin/bundle.c
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 static const char builtin_bundle_usage[] =
   "git bundle create <file> <git-rev-list args>\n"
   "   or: git bundle verify <file>\n"
-  "   or: git bundle list-heads <file> [refname...]\n"
-  "   or: git bundle unbundle <file> [refname...]";
+  "   or: git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]\n"
+  "   or: git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]";
 
 int cmd_bundle(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 76ec3fec92..94632dbdb4 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ static int cat_one_file(int opt, const char *exp_type, const char *obj_name)
 			die("git cat-file --textconv %s: <object> must be <sha1:path>",
 			    obj_name);
 
-		if (!textconv_object(obj_context.path, sha1, &buf, &size))
+		if (!textconv_object(obj_context.path, obj_context.mode, sha1, &buf, &size))
 			die("git cat-file --textconv: unable to run textconv on %s",
 			    obj_name);
 		break;
diff --git a/builtin/checkout-index.c b/builtin/checkout-index.c
index a7a5ee10f3..1ee3044307 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout-index.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout-index.c
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ static void checkout_all(const char *prefix, int prefix_length)
 }
 
 static const char * const builtin_checkout_index_usage[] = {
-	"git checkout-index [options] [--] <file>...",
+	"git checkout-index [options] [--] [<file>...]",
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -217,9 +217,9 @@ int cmd_checkout_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct option builtin_checkout_index_options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('a', "all", &all,
 			"checks out all files in the index"),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force,
-			"forces overwrite of existing files"),
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "forces overwrite of existing files"),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet,
+			"no warning for existing files and files not in index"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "no-create", &not_new,
 			"don't checkout new files"),
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'u', "index", &newfd, NULL,
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index a54583b3a4..757f9a08dd 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static int checkout_merged(int pos, struct checkout *state)
 	 * merge.renormalize set, too
 	 */
 	status = ll_merge(&result_buf, path, &ancestor, "base",
-			  &ours, "ours", &theirs, "theirs", 0);
+			  &ours, "ours", &theirs, "theirs", NULL);
 	free(ancestor.ptr);
 	free(ours.ptr);
 	free(theirs.ptr);
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int patch_mode = 0;
 	int dwim_new_local_branch = 1;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT__QUIET(&opts.quiet),
+		OPT__QUIET(&opts.quiet, "suppress progress reporting"),
 		OPT_STRING('b', NULL, &opts.new_branch, "branch",
 			   "create and checkout a new branch"),
 		OPT_STRING('B', NULL, &opts.new_branch_force, "branch",
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			    2),
 		OPT_SET_INT('3', "theirs", &opts.writeout_stage, "checkout their version for unmerged files",
 			    3),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &opts.force, "force checkout (throw away local modifications)"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&opts.force, "force checkout (throw away local modifications)"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('m', "merge", &opts.merge, "perform a 3-way merge with the new branch"),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "conflict", &conflict_style, "style",
 			   "conflict style (merge or diff3)"),
@@ -784,9 +784,9 @@ int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 *   between A and B, A...B names that merge base.
 	 *
 	 *   With no paths, if <something> is _not_ a commit, no -t nor -b
-	 *   was given, and there is a tracking branch whose name is
+	 *   was given, and there is a remote-tracking branch whose name is
 	 *   <something> in one and only one remote, then this is a short-hand
-	 *   to fork local <something> from that remote tracking branch.
+	 *   to fork local <something> from that remote-tracking branch.
 	 *
 	 *   Otherwise <something> shall not be ambiguous.
 	 *   - If it's *only* a reference, treat it like case (1).
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index c8798f549e..4a312abc6b 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i;
 	int show_only = 0, remove_directories = 0, quiet = 0, ignored = 0;
-	int ignored_only = 0, baselen = 0, config_set = 0, errors = 0;
+	int ignored_only = 0, config_set = 0, errors = 0;
 	int rm_flags = REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_NESTED_GIT;
 	struct strbuf directory = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct dir_struct dir;
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	const char *qname;
 	char *seen = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
-		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force, "force"),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "do not print names of files removed"),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "dry run"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "force"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('d', NULL, &remove_directories,
 				"remove whole directories"),
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'e', "exclude", &exclude_list, "pattern",
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (pathspec) {
 			memset(seen, 0, argc > 0 ? argc : 1);
 			matches = match_pathspec(pathspec, ent->name, len,
-						 baselen, seen);
+						 0, seen);
 		}
 
 		if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 					printf("Removing %s\n", qname);
 				if (remove_dir_recursively(&directory,
 							   rm_flags) != 0) {
-					warning("failed to remove '%s'", qname);
+					warning("failed to remove %s", qname);
 					errors++;
 				}
 			} else if (show_only) {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				printf("Removing %s\n", qname);
 			}
 			if (unlink(ent->name) != 0) {
-				warning("failed to remove '%s'", qname);
+				warning("failed to remove %s", qname);
 				errors++;
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index 19ed64041d..61e0989b5a 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ static struct option builtin_clone_options[] = {
 		    "setup as shared repository"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "recursive", &option_recursive,
 		    "initialize submodules in the clone"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "recurse_submodules", &option_recursive,
+		    "initialize submodules in the clone"),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "template", &option_template, "path",
 		   "path the template repository"),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "reference", &option_reference, "repo",
diff --git a/builtin/commit-tree.c b/builtin/commit-tree.c
index 732f8952bb..d083795e26 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-tree.c
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 
-static const char commit_tree_usage[] = "git commit-tree <sha1> [-p <sha1>]* < changelog";
+static const char commit_tree_usage[] = "git commit-tree <sha1> [(-p <sha1>)...] < changelog";
 
 static void new_parent(struct commit *parent, struct commit_list **parents_p)
 {
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index 66fdd22024..6d867d4018 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ static enum {
 static const char *logfile, *force_author;
 static const char *template_file;
 static char *edit_message, *use_message;
+static char *fixup_message, *squash_message;
 static char *author_name, *author_email, *author_date;
 static int all, edit_flag, also, interactive, only, amend, signoff;
 static int quiet, verbose, no_verify, allow_empty, dry_run, renew_authorship;
@@ -114,8 +115,8 @@ static int opt_parse_m(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 }
 
 static struct option builtin_commit_options[] = {
-	OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
-	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+	OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "suppress summary after successful commit"),
+	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "show diff in commit message template"),
 
 	OPT_GROUP("Commit message options"),
 	OPT_FILENAME('F', "file", &logfile, "read log from file"),
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ static struct option builtin_commit_options[] = {
 	OPT_CALLBACK('m', "message", &message, "MESSAGE", "specify commit message", opt_parse_m),
 	OPT_STRING('c', "reedit-message", &edit_message, "COMMIT", "reuse and edit message from specified commit"),
 	OPT_STRING('C', "reuse-message", &use_message, "COMMIT", "reuse message from specified commit"),
+	OPT_STRING(0, "fixup", &fixup_message, "COMMIT", "use autosquash formatted message to fixup specified commit"),
+	OPT_STRING(0, "squash", &squash_message, "COMMIT", "use autosquash formatted message to squash specified commit"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "reset-author", &renew_authorship, "the commit is authored by me now (used with -C-c/--amend)"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('s', "signoff", &signoff, "add Signed-off-by:"),
 	OPT_FILENAME('t', "template", &template_file, "use specified template file"),
@@ -565,6 +568,25 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 	if (!no_verify && run_hook(index_file, "pre-commit", NULL))
 		return 0;
 
+	if (squash_message) {
+		/*
+		 * Insert the proper subject line before other commit
+		 * message options add their content.
+		 */
+		if (use_message && !strcmp(use_message, squash_message))
+			strbuf_addstr(&sb, "squash! ");
+		else {
+			struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
+			struct commit *c;
+			c = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(squash_message);
+			if (!c)
+				die("could not lookup commit %s", squash_message);
+			ctx.output_encoding = get_commit_output_encoding();
+			format_commit_message(c, "squash! %s\n\n", &sb,
+					      &ctx);
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (message.len) {
 		strbuf_addbuf(&sb, &message);
 		hook_arg1 = "message";
@@ -586,6 +608,16 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 		strbuf_add(&sb, buffer + 2, strlen(buffer + 2));
 		hook_arg1 = "commit";
 		hook_arg2 = use_message;
+	} else if (fixup_message) {
+		struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
+		struct commit *commit;
+		commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(fixup_message);
+		if (!commit)
+			die("could not lookup commit %s", fixup_message);
+		ctx.output_encoding = get_commit_output_encoding();
+		format_commit_message(commit, "fixup! %s\n\n",
+				      &sb, &ctx);
+		hook_arg1 = "message";
 	} else if (!stat(git_path("MERGE_MSG"), &statbuf)) {
 		if (strbuf_read_file(&sb, git_path("MERGE_MSG"), 0) < 0)
 			die_errno("could not read MERGE_MSG");
@@ -607,6 +639,16 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 	else if (in_merge)
 		hook_arg1 = "merge";
 
+	if (squash_message) {
+		/*
+		 * If squash_commit was used for the commit subject,
+		 * then we're possibly hijacking other commit log options.
+		 * Reset the hook args to tell the real story.
+		 */
+		hook_arg1 = "message";
+		hook_arg2 = "";
+	}
+
 	fp = fopen(git_path(commit_editmsg), "w");
 	if (fp == NULL)
 		die_errno("could not open '%s'", git_path(commit_editmsg));
@@ -863,7 +905,7 @@ static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 	if (force_author && renew_authorship)
 		die("Using both --reset-author and --author does not make sense");
 
-	if (logfile || message.len || use_message)
+	if (logfile || message.len || use_message || fixup_message)
 		use_editor = 0;
 	if (edit_flag)
 		use_editor = 1;
@@ -878,48 +920,35 @@ static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 		die("You have nothing to amend.");
 	if (amend && in_merge)
 		die("You are in the middle of a merge -- cannot amend.");
-
+	if (fixup_message && squash_message)
+		die("Options --squash and --fixup cannot be used together");
 	if (use_message)
 		f++;
 	if (edit_message)
 		f++;
+	if (fixup_message)
+		f++;
 	if (logfile)
 		f++;
 	if (f > 1)
-		die("Only one of -c/-C/-F can be used.");
+		die("Only one of -c/-C/-F/--fixup can be used.");
 	if (message.len && f > 0)
-		die("Option -m cannot be combined with -c/-C/-F.");
+		die("Option -m cannot be combined with -c/-C/-F/--fixup.");
 	if (edit_message)
 		use_message = edit_message;
-	if (amend && !use_message)
+	if (amend && !use_message && !fixup_message)
 		use_message = "HEAD";
 	if (!use_message && renew_authorship)
 		die("--reset-author can be used only with -C, -c or --amend.");
 	if (use_message) {
-		unsigned char sha1[20];
-		static char utf8[] = "UTF-8";
 		const char *out_enc;
-		char *enc, *end;
 		struct commit *commit;
 
-		if (get_sha1(use_message, sha1))
+		commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(use_message);
+		if (!commit)
 			die("could not lookup commit %s", use_message);
-		commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
-		if (!commit || parse_commit(commit))
-			die("could not parse commit %s", use_message);
-
-		enc = strstr(commit->buffer, "\nencoding");
-		if (enc) {
-			end = strchr(enc + 10, '\n');
-			enc = xstrndup(enc + 10, end - (enc + 10));
-		} else {
-			enc = utf8;
-		}
-		out_enc = git_commit_encoding ? git_commit_encoding : utf8;
-
-		if (strcmp(out_enc, enc))
-			use_message_buffer =
-				reencode_string(commit->buffer, out_enc, enc);
+		out_enc = get_commit_output_encoding();
+		use_message_buffer = logmsg_reencode(commit, out_enc);
 
 		/*
 		 * If we failed to reencode the buffer, just copy it
@@ -929,8 +958,6 @@ static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
 		 */
 		if (use_message_buffer == NULL)
 			use_message_buffer = xstrdup(commit->buffer);
-		if (enc != utf8)
-			free(enc);
 	}
 
 	if (!!also + !!only + !!all + !!interactive > 1)
@@ -1048,7 +1075,7 @@ int cmd_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int fd;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	static struct option builtin_status_options[] = {
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
 		OPT_SET_INT('s', "short", &status_format,
 			    "show status concisely", STATUS_FORMAT_SHORT),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('b', "branch", &status_show_branch,
diff --git a/builtin/count-objects.c b/builtin/count-objects.c
index 2bdd8ebde1..c37cb98c31 100644
--- a/builtin/count-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/count-objects.c
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ int cmd_count_objects(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	unsigned long loose = 0, packed = 0, packed_loose = 0, garbage = 0;
 	off_t loose_size = 0;
 	struct option opts[] = {
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index a43d326363..945e7583a8 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct blobinfo {
 };
 
 static const char builtin_diff_usage[] =
-"git diff <options> <rev>{0,2} -- <path>*";
+"git diff [<options>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<path>...]";
 
 static void stuff_change(struct diff_options *opt,
 			 unsigned old_mode, unsigned new_mode,
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index 6fc5047703..6bcce55c0c 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 static const char * const builtin_fetch_usage[] = {
 	"git fetch [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]",
 	"git fetch [<options>] <group>",
-	"git fetch --multiple [<options>] [<repository> | <group>]...",
+	"git fetch --multiple [<options>] [(<repository> | <group>)...]",
 	"git fetch --all [<options>]",
 	NULL
 };
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ static struct option builtin_fetch_options[] = {
 		    "append to .git/FETCH_HEAD instead of overwriting"),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "upload-pack", &upload_pack, "PATH",
 		   "path to upload pack on remote end"),
-	OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force,
-		    "force overwrite of local branch"),
+	OPT__FORCE(&force, "force overwrite of local branch"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('m', "multiple", &multiple,
 		    "fetch from multiple remotes"),
 	OPT_SET_INT('t', "tags", &tags,
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ static struct option builtin_fetch_options[] = {
 	OPT_SET_INT('n', NULL, &tags,
 		    "do not fetch all tags (--no-tags)", TAGS_UNSET),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('p', "prune", &prune,
-		    "prune tracking branches no longer on remote"),
+		    "prune remote-tracking branches no longer on remote"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "dry-run", &dry_run,
 		    "dry run"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('k', "keep", &keep, "keep downloaded pack"),
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ static void add_merge_config(struct ref **head,
 			continue;
 
 		/*
-		 * Not fetched to a tracking branch?  We need to fetch
+		 * Not fetched to a remote-tracking branch?  We need to fetch
 		 * it anyway to allow this branch's "branch.$name.merge"
 		 * to be honored by 'git pull', but we do not have to
 		 * fail if branch.$name.merge is misconfigured to point
@@ -359,7 +358,7 @@ static int store_updated_refs(const char *raw_url, const char *remote_name,
 			what = rm->name + 10;
 		}
 		else if (!prefixcmp(rm->name, "refs/remotes/")) {
-			kind = "remote branch";
+			kind = "remote-tracking branch";
 			what = rm->name + 13;
 		}
 		else {
diff --git a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
index 78c77742b6..5189b16c9e 100644
--- a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
+++ b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ static int handle_line(char *line)
 		origin = line;
 		string_list_append(&src_data->tag, origin + 4);
 		src_data->head_status |= 2;
-	} else if (!prefixcmp(line, "remote branch ")) {
-		origin = line + 14;
+	} else if (!prefixcmp(line, "remote-tracking branch ")) {
+		origin = line + strlen("remote-tracking branch ");
 		string_list_append(&src_data->r_branch, origin);
 		src_data->head_status |= 2;
 	} else {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ static void do_fmt_merge_msg_title(struct strbuf *out,
 		if (src_data->r_branch.nr) {
 			strbuf_addstr(out, subsep);
 			subsep = ", ";
-			print_joined("remote branch ", "remote branches ",
+			print_joined("remote-tracking branch ", "remote-tracking branches ",
 					&src_data->r_branch, out);
 		}
 		if (src_data->tag.nr) {
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index 0929c7f245..6d5ebca7a9 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ static char const * const fsck_usage[] = {
 };
 
 static struct option fsck_opts[] = {
-	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+	OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "unreachable", &show_unreachable, "show unreachable objects"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "tags", &show_tags, "report tags"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "root", &show_root, "report root nodes"),
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index c304638b78..397a1e6eb3 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	char buf[80];
 
 	struct option builtin_gc_options[] = {
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "suppress progress reporting"),
 		{ OPTION_STRING, 0, "prune", &prune_expire, "date",
 			"prune unreferenced objects",
 			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t)prune_expire },
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index da32f3df34..adb542494d 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #endif
 
 static char const * const grep_usage[] = {
-	"git grep [options] [-e] <pattern> [<rev>...] [[--] path...]",
+	"git grep [options] [-e] <pattern> [<rev>...] [[--] <path>...]",
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -915,8 +915,8 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, ')', NULL, &opt, NULL, "",
 		  PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NODASH,
 		  close_callback },
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('q', "quiet", &opt.status_only,
-			    "indicate hit with exit status without output"),
+		OPT__QUIET(&opt.status_only,
+			   "indicate hit with exit status without output"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "all-match", &opt.all_match,
 			"show only matches from files that match all patterns"),
 		OPT_GROUP(""),
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index e243d9d22e..8dc5c0b541 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
 
 static const char index_pack_usage[] =
-"git index-pack [-v] [-o <index-file>] [{ --keep | --keep=<msg> }] [--strict] { <pack-file> | --stdin [--fix-thin] [<pack-file>] }";
+"git index-pack [-v] [-o <index-file>] [ --keep | --keep=<msg> ] [--strict] (<pack-file> | --stdin [--fix-thin] [<pack-file>])";
 
 struct object_entry
 {
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index 22d12903ac..4191d9c4e5 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -329,8 +329,7 @@ static void show_tagger(char *buf, int len, struct rev_info *rev)
 	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	pp_user_info("Tagger", rev->commit_format, &out, buf, rev->date_mode,
-		git_log_output_encoding ?
-		git_log_output_encoding: git_commit_encoding);
+		get_log_output_encoding());
 	printf("%s", out.buf);
 	strbuf_release(&out);
 }
@@ -1365,7 +1364,7 @@ int cmd_cherry(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index bb4f612b3d..6a307ab784 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const char **pathspec, int prefix_
 }
 
 static const char * const ls_files_usage[] = {
-	"git ls-files [options] [<file>]*",
+	"git ls-files [options] [<file>...]",
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-tree.c b/builtin/ls-tree.c
index a8187568bf..f73e6bd962 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-tree.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ static int chomp_prefix;
 static const char *ls_tree_prefix;
 
 static const  char * const ls_tree_usage[] = {
-	"git ls-tree [<options>] <tree-ish> [path...]",
+	"git ls-tree [<options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]",
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/mailinfo.c b/builtin/mailinfo.c
index 2320d981ce..71e6262a87 100644
--- a/builtin/mailinfo.c
+++ b/builtin/mailinfo.c
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ int cmd_mailinfo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 */
 	git_config(git_mailinfo_config, NULL);
 
-	def_charset = (git_commit_encoding ? git_commit_encoding : "UTF-8");
+	def_charset = get_commit_output_encoding();
 	metainfo_charset = def_charset;
 
 	while (1 < argc && argv[1][0] == '-') {
diff --git a/builtin/mailsplit.c b/builtin/mailsplit.c
index 99654d0222..2d4327801e 100644
--- a/builtin/mailsplit.c
+++ b/builtin/mailsplit.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include "strbuf.h"
 
 static const char git_mailsplit_usage[] =
-"git mailsplit [-d<prec>] [-f<n>] [-b] [--keep-cr] -o<directory> [<mbox>|<Maildir>...]";
+"git mailsplit [-d<prec>] [-f<n>] [-b] [--keep-cr] -o<directory> [(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...]";
 
 static int is_from_line(const char *line, int len)
 {
diff --git a/builtin/merge-file.c b/builtin/merge-file.c
index b6664d49be..237abd3c0b 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-file.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-file.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ int cmd_merge_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	xmparam_t xmp = {{0}};
 	int ret = 0, i = 0, to_stdout = 0;
 	int quiet = 0;
+	int prefixlen = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('p', "stdout", &to_stdout, "send results to standard output"),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "diff3", &xmp.style, "use a diff3 based merge", XDL_MERGE_DIFF3),
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ int cmd_merge_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			    XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION),
 		OPT_INTEGER(0, "marker-size", &xmp.marker_size,
 			    "for conflicts, use this marker size"),
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "do not warn about conflicts"),
 		OPT_CALLBACK('L', NULL, names, "name",
 			     "set labels for file1/orig_file/file2", &label_cb),
 		OPT_END(),
@@ -65,10 +66,14 @@ int cmd_merge_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				     "%s\n", strerror(errno));
 	}
 
+	if (prefix)
+		prefixlen = strlen(prefix);
+
 	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+		const char *fname = prefix_filename(prefix, prefixlen, argv[i]);
 		if (!names[i])
 			names[i] = argv[i];
-		if (read_mmfile(mmfs + i, argv[i]))
+		if (read_mmfile(mmfs + i, fname))
 			return -1;
 		if (buffer_is_binary(mmfs[i].ptr, mmfs[i].size))
 			return error("Cannot merge binary files: %s\n",
diff --git a/builtin/merge-recursive.c b/builtin/merge-recursive.c
index 78b9db76a0..c33091b3ed 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-recursive.c
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "tag.h"
 #include "merge-recursive.h"
+#include "xdiff-interface.h"
 
 static const char builtin_merge_recursive_usage[] =
 	"git %s <base>... -- <head> <remote> ...";
@@ -40,19 +41,7 @@ int cmd_merge_recursive(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--")) {
 			if (!arg[2])
 				break;
-			if (!strcmp(arg+2, "ours"))
-				o.recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS;
-			else if (!strcmp(arg+2, "theirs"))
-				o.recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS;
-			else if (!strcmp(arg+2, "subtree"))
-				o.subtree_shift = "";
-			else if (!prefixcmp(arg+2, "subtree="))
-				o.subtree_shift = arg + 10;
-			else if (!strcmp(arg+2, "renormalize"))
-				o.renormalize = 1;
-			else if (!strcmp(arg+2, "no-renormalize"))
-				o.renormalize = 0;
-			else
+			if (parse_merge_opt(&o, arg + 2))
 				die("Unknown option %s", arg);
 			continue;
 		}
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index 2dba3b9901..c24a7be020 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -234,6 +234,24 @@ static void save_state(void)
 		die("not a valid object: %s", buffer.buf);
 }
 
+static void read_empty(unsigned const char *sha1, int verbose)
+{
+	int i = 0;
+	const char *args[7];
+
+	args[i++] = "read-tree";
+	if (verbose)
+		args[i++] = "-v";
+	args[i++] = "-m";
+	args[i++] = "-u";
+	args[i++] = EMPTY_TREE_SHA1_HEX;
+	args[i++] = sha1_to_hex(sha1);
+	args[i] = NULL;
+
+	if (run_command_v_opt(args, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+		die("read-tree failed");
+}
+
 static void reset_hard(unsigned const char *sha1, int verbose)
 {
 	int i = 0;
@@ -403,7 +421,7 @@ static void merge_name(const char *remote, struct strbuf *msg)
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
 		if (!prefixcmp(found_ref, "refs/remotes/")) {
-			strbuf_addf(msg, "%s\t\tremote branch '%s' of .\n",
+			strbuf_addf(msg, "%s\t\tremote-tracking branch '%s' of .\n",
 				    sha1_to_hex(branch_head), remote);
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
@@ -639,25 +657,9 @@ static int try_merge_strategy(const char *strategy, struct commit_list *common,
 
 		o.renormalize = option_renormalize;
 
-		/*
-		 * NEEDSWORK: merge with table in builtin/merge-recursive
-		 */
-		for (x = 0; x < xopts_nr; x++) {
-			if (!strcmp(xopts[x], "ours"))
-				o.recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS;
-			else if (!strcmp(xopts[x], "theirs"))
-				o.recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS;
-			else if (!strcmp(xopts[x], "subtree"))
-				o.subtree_shift = "";
-			else if (!prefixcmp(xopts[x], "subtree="))
-				o.subtree_shift = xopts[x]+8;
-			else if (!strcmp(xopts[x], "renormalize"))
-				o.renormalize = 1;
-			else if (!strcmp(xopts[x], "no-renormalize"))
-				o.renormalize = 0;
-			else
+		for (x = 0; x < xopts_nr; x++)
+			if (parse_merge_opt(&o, xopts[x]))
 				die("Unknown option for merge-recursive: -X%s", xopts[x]);
-		}
 
 		o.branch1 = head_arg;
 		o.branch2 = remoteheads->item->util;
@@ -1001,7 +1003,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			die("%s - not something we can merge", argv[0]);
 		update_ref("initial pull", "HEAD", remote_head->sha1, NULL, 0,
 				DIE_ON_ERR);
-		reset_hard(remote_head->sha1, 0);
+		read_empty(remote_head->sha1, 0);
 		return 0;
 	} else {
 		struct strbuf merge_names = STRBUF_INIT;
diff --git a/builtin/mv.c b/builtin/mv.c
index cdbb09473c..93e8995d9e 100644
--- a/builtin/mv.c
+++ b/builtin/mv.c
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int i, newfd;
 	int verbose = 0, show_only = 0, force = 0, ignore_errors = 0;
 	struct option builtin_mv_options[] = {
-		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force, "force move/rename even if target exists"),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "dry run"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "force move/rename even if target exists"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('k', NULL, &ignore_errors, "skip move/rename errors"),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
diff --git a/builtin/notes.c b/builtin/notes.c
index 6d07aac80c..c85cbf5a47 100644
--- a/builtin/notes.c
+++ b/builtin/notes.c
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ static int add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'C', "reuse-message", &msg, "OBJECT",
 			"reuse specified note object", PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
 			parse_reuse_arg},
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force, "replace existing notes"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "replace existing notes"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ static int copy(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct notes_tree *t;
 	const char *rewrite_cmd = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force, "replace existing notes"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "replace existing notes"),
 		OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "stdin", &from_stdin, "read objects from stdin"),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "for-rewrite", &rewrite_cmd, "command",
 			   "load rewriting config for <command> (implies "
@@ -804,9 +804,8 @@ static int prune(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct notes_tree *t;
 	int show_only = 0, verbose = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "dry-run", &show_only,
-			    "do not remove, show only"),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", &verbose, "report pruned notes"),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "do not remove, show only"),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "report pruned notes"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index d5a8db1bb6..f027b3abb4 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
 #endif
 
 static const char pack_usage[] =
-  "git pack-objects [{ -q | --progress | --all-progress }]\n"
+  "git pack-objects [ -q | --progress | --all-progress ]\n"
   "        [--all-progress-implied]\n"
-  "        [--max-pack-size=N] [--local] [--incremental]\n"
-  "        [--window=N] [--window-memory=N] [--depth=N]\n"
+  "        [--max-pack-size=<n>] [--local] [--incremental]\n"
+  "        [--window=<n>] [--window-memory=<n>] [--depth=<n>]\n"
   "        [--no-reuse-delta] [--no-reuse-object] [--delta-base-offset]\n"
-  "        [--threads=N] [--non-empty] [--revs [--unpacked | --all]*]\n"
+  "        [--threads=<n>] [--non-empty] [--revs [--unpacked | --all]]\n"
   "        [--reflog] [--stdout | base-name] [--include-tag]\n"
   "        [--keep-unreachable | --unpack-unreachable]\n"
-  "        [<ref-list | <object-list]";
+  "        [< ref-list | < object-list]";
 
 struct object_entry {
 	struct pack_idx_entry idx;
@@ -1298,9 +1298,23 @@ static int try_delta(struct unpacked *trg, struct unpacked *src,
 		read_lock();
 		src->data = read_sha1_file(src_entry->idx.sha1, &type, &sz);
 		read_unlock();
-		if (!src->data)
+		if (!src->data) {
+			if (src_entry->preferred_base) {
+				static int warned = 0;
+				if (!warned++)
+					warning("object %s cannot be read",
+						sha1_to_hex(src_entry->idx.sha1));
+				/*
+				 * Those objects are not included in the
+				 * resulting pack.  Be resilient and ignore
+				 * them if they can't be read, in case the
+				 * pack could be created nevertheless.
+				 */
+				return 0;
+			}
 			die("object %s cannot be read",
 			    sha1_to_hex(src_entry->idx.sha1));
+		}
 		if (sz != src_size)
 			die("object %s inconsistent object length (%lu vs %lu)",
 			    sha1_to_hex(src_entry->idx.sha1), sz, src_size);
@@ -1529,7 +1543,7 @@ static void try_to_free_from_threads(size_t size)
 	read_unlock();
 }
 
-try_to_free_t old_try_to_free_routine;
+static try_to_free_t old_try_to_free_routine;
 
 /*
  * The main thread waits on the condition that (at least) one of the workers
diff --git a/builtin/prune.c b/builtin/prune.c
index 99218ba49e..e65690ba37 100644
--- a/builtin/prune.c
+++ b/builtin/prune.c
@@ -125,9 +125,8 @@ int cmd_prune(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct rev_info revs;
 	const struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "dry-run", &show_only,
-			    "do not remove, show only"),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", &verbose, "report pruned objects"),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "do not remove, show only"),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "report pruned objects"),
 		OPT_DATE(0, "expire", &expire,
 			 "expire objects older than <time>"),
 		OPT_END()
diff --git a/builtin/read-tree.c b/builtin/read-tree.c
index eb1e3e7467..73c89ed15b 100644
--- a/builtin/read-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/read-tree.c
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *unused_prefix)
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, index_output_cb },
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "empty", &read_empty,
 			    "only empty the index", 1),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&opts.verbose_update),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&opts.verbose_update, "be verbose"),
 		OPT_GROUP("Merging"),
 		OPT_SET_INT('m', NULL, &opts.merge,
 			    "perform a merge in addition to a read", 1),
diff --git a/builtin/remote.c b/builtin/remote.c
index 48e0a6bf26..cb26080956 100644
--- a/builtin/remote.c
+++ b/builtin/remote.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ static const char * const builtin_remote_usage[] = {
 	"git remote set-head <name> (-a | -d | <branch>)",
 	"git remote [-v | --verbose] show [-n] <name>",
 	"git remote prune [-n | --dry-run] <name>",
-	"git remote [-v | --verbose] update [-p | --prune] [group | remote]",
+	"git remote [-v | --verbose] update [-p | --prune] [(<group> | <remote>)...]",
 	"git remote set-branches <name> [--add] <branch>...",
 	"git remote set-url <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>]",
 	"git remote set-url --add <name> <newurl>",
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ static int add_branch_for_removal(const char *refname,
 			return 0;
 	}
 
-	/* don't delete non-remote refs */
+	/* don't delete non-remote-tracking refs */
 	if (prefixcmp(refname, "refs/remotes")) {
 		/* advise user how to delete local branches */
 		if (!prefixcmp(refname, "refs/heads/"))
@@ -791,9 +791,9 @@ static int rm(int argc, const char **argv)
 
 	if (skipped.nr) {
 		fprintf(stderr, skipped.nr == 1 ?
-			"Note: A non-remote branch was not removed; "
+			"Note: A branch outside the refs/remotes/ hierarchy was not removed;\n"
 			"to delete it, use:\n" :
-			"Note: Non-remote branches were not removed; "
+			"Note: Some branches outside the refs/remotes/ hierarchy were not removed;\n"
 			"to delete them, use:\n");
 		for (i = 0; i < skipped.nr; i++)
 			fprintf(stderr, "  git branch -d %s\n",
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@ static int prune(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	int dry_run = 0, result = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run, "dry run"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ static int show_all(void)
 int cmd_remote(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", &verbose, "be verbose; must be placed before a subcommand"),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose; must be placed before a subcommand"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int result;
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index 0037be4693..5de2bceeec 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct commit *commit;
 	char *reflog_action, msg[1024];
 	const struct option options[] = {
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "be quiet, only report errors"),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "mixed", &reset_type,
 						"reset HEAD and index", MIXED),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "soft", &reset_type, "reset only HEAD", SOFT),
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index efe9360e2f..ba27d39f97 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 static const char rev_list_usage[] =
 "git rev-list [OPTION] <commit-id>... [ -- paths... ]\n"
 "  limiting output:\n"
-"    --max-count=nr\n"
-"    --max-age=epoch\n"
-"    --min-age=epoch\n"
+"    --max-count=<n>\n"
+"    --max-age=<epoch>\n"
+"    --min-age=<epoch>\n"
 "    --sparse\n"
 "    --no-merges\n"
 "    --remove-empty\n"
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static const char rev_list_usage[] =
 "    --objects | --objects-edge\n"
 "    --unpacked\n"
 "    --header | --pretty\n"
-"    --abbrev=nr | --no-abbrev\n"
+"    --abbrev=<n> | --no-abbrev\n"
 "    --abbrev-commit\n"
 "    --left-right\n"
 "  special purpose:\n"
@@ -147,8 +147,10 @@ static void show_commit(struct commit *commit, void *data)
 			}
 		} else {
 			if (revs->commit_format != CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT ||
-			    buf.len)
-				printf("%s%c", buf.buf, info->hdr_termination);
+			    buf.len) {
+				fwrite(buf.buf, 1, buf.len, stdout);
+				putchar(info->hdr_termination);
+			}
 		}
 		strbuf_release(&buf);
 	} else {
diff --git a/builtin/revert.c b/builtin/revert.c
index 57b51e4a0e..bb6e9e83b7 100644
--- a/builtin/revert.c
+++ b/builtin/revert.c
@@ -547,6 +547,21 @@ static void prepare_revs(struct rev_info *revs)
 		die("empty commit set passed");
 }
 
+static void read_and_refresh_cache(const char *me)
+{
+	static struct lock_file index_lock;
+	int index_fd = hold_locked_index(&index_lock, 0);
+	if (read_index_preload(&the_index, NULL) < 0)
+		die("git %s: failed to read the index", me);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+	if (the_index.cache_changed) {
+		if (write_index(&the_index, index_fd) ||
+		    commit_locked_index(&index_lock))
+			die("git %s: failed to refresh the index", me);
+	}
+	rollback_lock_file(&index_lock);
+}
+
 static int revert_or_cherry_pick(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	struct rev_info revs;
@@ -567,8 +582,7 @@ static int revert_or_cherry_pick(int argc, const char **argv)
 			die("cherry-pick --ff cannot be used with --edit");
 	}
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
-		die("git %s: failed to read the index", me);
+	read_and_refresh_cache(me);
 
 	prepare_revs(&revs);
 
diff --git a/builtin/rm.c b/builtin/rm.c
index f3772c84de..c7b7bb37a2 100644
--- a/builtin/rm.c
+++ b/builtin/rm.c
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ static int show_only = 0, force = 0, index_only = 0, recursive = 0, quiet = 0;
 static int ignore_unmatch = 0;
 
 static struct option builtin_rm_options[] = {
-	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only),
-	OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+	OPT__DRY_RUN(&show_only, "dry run"),
+	OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "do not list removed files"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "cached",         &index_only, "only remove from the index"),
-	OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force",          &force,      "override the up-to-date check"),
+	OPT__FORCE(&force, "override the up-to-date check"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN('r', NULL,             &recursive,  "allow recursive removal"),
 	OPT_BOOLEAN( 0 , "ignore-unmatch", &ignore_unmatch,
 				"exit with a zero status even if nothing matched"),
diff --git a/builtin/send-pack.c b/builtin/send-pack.c
index 481602d8ae..2cd1c40b70 100644
--- a/builtin/send-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/send-pack.c
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ static int pack_objects(int fd, struct ref *refs, struct extra_have_objects *ext
 		NULL,
 		NULL,
 		NULL,
+		NULL,
 	};
 	struct child_process po;
 	int i;
@@ -59,6 +60,8 @@ static int pack_objects(int fd, struct ref *refs, struct extra_have_objects *ext
 		argv[i++] = "--delta-base-offset";
 	if (args->quiet)
 		argv[i++] = "-q";
+	if (args->progress)
+		argv[i++] = "--progress";
 	memset(&po, 0, sizeof(po));
 	po.argv = argv;
 	po.in = -1;
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ static int pack_objects(int fd, struct ref *refs, struct extra_have_objects *ext
 	}
 
 	if (finish_command(&po))
-		return error("pack-objects died with strange error");
+		return -1;
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/show-branch.c b/builtin/show-branch.c
index e8719aa9e9..8663ccaa99 100644
--- a/builtin/show-branch.c
+++ b/builtin/show-branch.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static const char* show_branch_usage[] = {
-    "git show-branch [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order] [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [<rev> | <glob>]...",
+    "git show-branch [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order] [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]",
     "git show-branch (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]",
     NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/show-ref.c b/builtin/show-ref.c
index be9b512eeb..45f0340c3e 100644
--- a/builtin/show-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/show-ref.c
@@ -193,7 +193,8 @@ static const struct option show_ref_options[] = {
 	  "only show SHA1 hash using <n> digits",
 	  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, &hash_callback },
 	OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
-	OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+	OPT__QUIET(&quiet,
+		   "do not print results to stdout (useful with --verify)"),
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude-existing", &exclude_existing_arg,
 	  "pattern", "show refs from stdin that aren't in local repository",
 	  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, exclude_existing_callback },
diff --git a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
index ca855a5eb2..dea849c3c5 100644
--- a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int quiet = 0;
 	const char *msg = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet,
+			"suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"),
 		OPT_STRING('m', NULL, &msg, "reason", "reason of the update"),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index d311491e49..d1d7d8701d 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ int cmd_tag(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BOOLEAN('s', NULL, &sign, "annotated and GPG-signed tag"),
 		OPT_STRING('u', NULL, &keyid, "key-id",
 					"use another key to sign the tag"),
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force, "replace the tag if exists"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "replace the tag if exists"),
 
 		OPT_GROUP("Tag listing options"),
 		{
diff --git a/builtin/update-index.c b/builtin/update-index.c
index 3ab214d24e..62d9f3f0fa 100644
--- a/builtin/update-index.c
+++ b/builtin/update-index.c
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ static void read_index_info(int line_termination)
 }
 
 static const char update_index_usage[] =
-"git update-index [-q] [--add] [--replace] [--remove] [--unmerged] [--refresh] [--really-refresh] [--cacheinfo] [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--assume-unchanged] [--skip-worktree|--no-skip-worktree] [--info-only] [--force-remove] [--stdin] [--index-info] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--ignore-missing] [-z] [--verbose] [--] <file>...";
+"git update-index [-q] [--add] [--replace] [--remove] [--unmerged] [--refresh] [--really-refresh] [--cacheinfo] [--chmod=(+|-)x] [--assume-unchanged] [--skip-worktree|--no-skip-worktree] [--info-only] [--force-remove] [--stdin] [--index-info] [--unresolve] [--again | -g] [--ignore-missing] [-z] [--verbose] [--] [<file>...]";
 
 static unsigned char head_sha1[20];
 static unsigned char merge_head_sha1[20];
diff --git a/builtin/update-server-info.c b/builtin/update-server-info.c
index 2b3fddcc69..b90dce6358 100644
--- a/builtin/update-server-info.c
+++ b/builtin/update-server-info.c
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ int cmd_update_server_info(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int force = 0;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force", &force,
-			"update the info files from scratch"),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force, "update the info files from scratch"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/verify-tag.c b/builtin/verify-tag.c
index 9f482c29f5..8136dba7a1 100644
--- a/builtin/verify-tag.c
+++ b/builtin/verify-tag.c
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ int cmd_verify_tag(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i = 1, verbose = 0, had_error = 0;
 	const struct option verify_tag_options[] = {
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "print tag contents"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 33decd942d..e83bc2d3bb 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -545,6 +545,7 @@ extern int assume_unchanged;
 extern int prefer_symlink_refs;
 extern int log_all_ref_updates;
 extern int warn_ambiguous_refs;
+extern int unique_abbrev_extra_length;
 extern int shared_repository;
 extern const char *apply_default_whitespace;
 extern const char *apply_default_ignorewhitespace;
@@ -859,7 +860,7 @@ struct cache_def {
 
 extern int has_symlink_leading_path(const char *name, int len);
 extern int threaded_has_symlink_leading_path(struct cache_def *, const char *, int);
-extern int has_symlink_or_noent_leading_path(const char *name, int len);
+extern int check_leading_path(const char *name, int len);
 extern int has_dirs_only_path(const char *name, int len, int prefix_len);
 extern void schedule_dir_for_removal(const char *name, int len);
 extern void remove_scheduled_dirs(void);
@@ -1003,6 +1004,9 @@ extern int git_env_bool(const char *, int);
 extern int git_config_system(void);
 extern int git_config_global(void);
 extern int config_error_nonbool(const char *);
+extern const char *get_log_output_encoding(void);
+extern const char *get_commit_output_encoding(void);
+
 extern const char *config_exclusive_filename;
 
 #define MAX_GITNAME (1000)
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index 0094ec1c92..b21335ee4c 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -49,6 +49,19 @@ struct commit *lookup_commit(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	return check_commit(obj, sha1, 0);
 }
 
+struct commit *lookup_commit_reference_by_name(const char *name)
+{
+	unsigned char sha1[20];
+	struct commit *commit;
+
+	if (get_sha1(name, sha1))
+		return NULL;
+	commit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+	if (!commit || parse_commit(commit))
+		return NULL;
+	return commit;
+}
+
 static unsigned long parse_commit_date(const char *buf, const char *tail)
 {
 	const char *dateptr;
@@ -137,12 +150,8 @@ struct commit_graft *read_graft_line(char *buf, int len)
 		buf[--len] = '\0';
 	if (buf[0] == '#' || buf[0] == '\0')
 		return NULL;
-	if ((len + 1) % 41) {
-	bad_graft_data:
-		error("bad graft data: %s", buf);
-		free(graft);
-		return NULL;
-	}
+	if ((len + 1) % 41)
+		goto bad_graft_data;
 	i = (len + 1) / 41 - 1;
 	graft = xmalloc(sizeof(*graft) + 20 * i);
 	graft->nr_parent = i;
@@ -155,6 +164,11 @@ struct commit_graft *read_graft_line(char *buf, int len)
 			goto bad_graft_data;
 	}
 	return graft;
+
+bad_graft_data:
+	error("bad graft data: %s", buf);
+	free(graft);
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 static int read_graft_file(const char *graft_file)
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 9113bbe488..3bfb31b5e0 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ struct commit *lookup_commit(const unsigned char *sha1);
 struct commit *lookup_commit_reference(const unsigned char *sha1);
 struct commit *lookup_commit_reference_gently(const unsigned char *sha1,
 					      int quiet);
+struct commit *lookup_commit_reference_by_name(const char *name);
 
 int parse_commit_buffer(struct commit *item, void *buffer, unsigned long size);
 
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ struct pretty_print_context
 	int need_8bit_cte;
 	int show_notes;
 	struct reflog_walk_info *reflog_info;
+	const char *output_encoding;
 };
 
 struct userformat_want {
@@ -84,6 +86,8 @@ struct userformat_want {
 
 extern int has_non_ascii(const char *text);
 struct rev_info; /* in revision.h, it circularly uses enum cmit_fmt */
+extern char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
+			     const char *output_encoding);
 extern char *reencode_commit_message(const struct commit *commit,
 				     const char **encoding_p);
 extern void get_commit_format(const char *arg, struct rev_info *);
diff --git a/compat/inet_ntop.c b/compat/inet_ntop.c
index f44498258d..ea249c6ac6 100644
--- a/compat/inet_ntop.c
+++ b/compat/inet_ntop.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
+
+#include "../git-compat-util.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
@@ -50,10 +50,7 @@
  *	Paul Vixie, 1996.
  */
 static const char *
-inet_ntop4(src, dst, size)
-	const u_char *src;
-	char *dst;
-	size_t size;
+inet_ntop4(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size)
 {
 	static const char fmt[] = "%u.%u.%u.%u";
 	char tmp[sizeof "255.255.255.255"];
@@ -78,10 +75,7 @@ inet_ntop4(src, dst, size)
  *	Paul Vixie, 1996.
  */
 static const char *
-inet_ntop6(src, dst, size)
-	const u_char *src;
-	char *dst;
-	size_t size;
+inet_ntop6(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Note that int32_t and int16_t need only be "at least" large enough
@@ -178,11 +172,7 @@ inet_ntop6(src, dst, size)
  *	Paul Vixie, 1996.
  */
 const char *
-inet_ntop(af, src, dst, size)
-	int af;
-	const void *src;
-	char *dst;
-	size_t size;
+inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size)
 {
 	switch (af) {
 	case AF_INET:
diff --git a/compat/inet_pton.c b/compat/inet_pton.c
index 4078fc0877..2ec995e63d 100644
--- a/compat/inet_pton.c
+++ b/compat/inet_pton.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
+
+#include "../git-compat-util.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
@@ -41,7 +41,9 @@
  */
 
 static int inet_pton4(const char *src, unsigned char *dst);
+#ifndef NO_IPV6
 static int inet_pton6(const char *src, unsigned char *dst);
+#endif
 
 /* int
  * inet_pton4(src, dst)
diff --git a/compat/mingw.c b/compat/mingw.c
index 6590f33cc8..fdbf093f6e 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.c
+++ b/compat/mingw.c
@@ -198,9 +198,10 @@ static inline time_t filetime_to_time_t(const FILETIME *ft)
  */
 static int do_lstat(int follow, const char *file_name, struct stat *buf)
 {
+	int err;
 	WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA fdata;
 
-	if (!(errno = get_file_attr(file_name, &fdata))) {
+	if (!(err = get_file_attr(file_name, &fdata))) {
 		buf->st_ino = 0;
 		buf->st_gid = 0;
 		buf->st_uid = 0;
@@ -233,6 +234,7 @@ static int do_lstat(int follow, const char *file_name, struct stat *buf)
 		}
 		return 0;
 	}
+	errno = err;
 	return -1;
 }
 
@@ -408,71 +410,6 @@ int pipe(int filedes[2])
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int poll(struct pollfd *ufds, unsigned int nfds, int timeout)
-{
-	int i, pending;
-
-	if (timeout >= 0) {
-		if (nfds == 0) {
-			Sleep(timeout);
-			return 0;
-		}
-		return errno = EINVAL, error("poll timeout not supported");
-	}
-
-	/* When there is only one fd to wait for, then we pretend that
-	 * input is available and let the actual wait happen when the
-	 * caller invokes read().
-	 */
-	if (nfds == 1) {
-		if (!(ufds[0].events & POLLIN))
-			return errno = EINVAL, error("POLLIN not set");
-		ufds[0].revents = POLLIN;
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-repeat:
-	pending = 0;
-	for (i = 0; i < nfds; i++) {
-		DWORD avail = 0;
-		HANDLE h = (HANDLE) _get_osfhandle(ufds[i].fd);
-		if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-			return -1;	/* errno was set */
-
-		if (!(ufds[i].events & POLLIN))
-			return errno = EINVAL, error("POLLIN not set");
-
-		/* this emulation works only for pipes */
-		if (!PeekNamedPipe(h, NULL, 0, NULL, &avail, NULL)) {
-			int err = GetLastError();
-			if (err == ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE) {
-				ufds[i].revents = POLLHUP;
-				pending++;
-			} else {
-				errno = EINVAL;
-				return error("PeekNamedPipe failed,"
-					" GetLastError: %u", err);
-			}
-		} else if (avail) {
-			ufds[i].revents = POLLIN;
-			pending++;
-		} else
-			ufds[i].revents = 0;
-	}
-	if (!pending) {
-		/* The only times that we spin here is when the process
-		 * that is connected through the pipes is waiting for
-		 * its own input data to become available. But since
-		 * the process (pack-objects) is itself CPU intensive,
-		 * it will happily pick up the time slice that we are
-		 * relinquishing here.
-		 */
-		Sleep(0);
-		goto repeat;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
 struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result)
 {
 	/* gmtime() in MSVCRT.DLL is thread-safe, but not reentrant */
@@ -702,6 +639,14 @@ static int env_compare(const void *a, const void *b)
 	return strcasecmp(*ea, *eb);
 }
 
+struct pinfo_t {
+	struct pinfo_t *next;
+	pid_t pid;
+	HANDLE proc;
+} pinfo_t;
+struct pinfo_t *pinfo = NULL;
+CRITICAL_SECTION pinfo_cs;
+
 static pid_t mingw_spawnve_fd(const char *cmd, const char **argv, char **env,
 			      const char *dir,
 			      int prepend_cmd, int fhin, int fhout, int fherr)
@@ -794,7 +739,26 @@ static pid_t mingw_spawnve_fd(const char *cmd, const char **argv, char **env,
 		return -1;
 	}
 	CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
-	return (pid_t)pi.hProcess;
+
+	/*
+	 * The process ID is the human-readable identifier of the process
+	 * that we want to present in log and error messages. The handle
+	 * is not useful for this purpose. But we cannot close it, either,
+	 * because it is not possible to turn a process ID into a process
+	 * handle after the process terminated.
+	 * Keep the handle in a list for waitpid.
+	 */
+	EnterCriticalSection(&pinfo_cs);
+	{
+		struct pinfo_t *info = xmalloc(sizeof(struct pinfo_t));
+		info->pid = pi.dwProcessId;
+		info->proc = pi.hProcess;
+		info->next = pinfo;
+		pinfo = info;
+	}
+	LeaveCriticalSection(&pinfo_cs);
+
+	return (pid_t)pi.dwProcessId;
 }
 
 static pid_t mingw_spawnve(const char *cmd, const char **argv, char **env,
@@ -909,6 +873,25 @@ void mingw_execv(const char *cmd, char *const *argv)
 	mingw_execve(cmd, argv, environ);
 }
 
+int mingw_kill(pid_t pid, int sig)
+{
+	if (pid > 0 && sig == SIGTERM) {
+		HANDLE h = OpenProcess(PROCESS_TERMINATE, FALSE, pid);
+
+		if (TerminateProcess(h, -1)) {
+			CloseHandle(h);
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		errno = err_win_to_posix(GetLastError());
+		CloseHandle(h);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	errno = EINVAL;
+	return -1;
+}
+
 static char **copy_environ(void)
 {
 	char **env;
@@ -993,19 +976,22 @@ static int WSAAPI getaddrinfo_stub(const char *node, const char *service,
 				   const struct addrinfo *hints,
 				   struct addrinfo **res)
 {
-	struct hostent *h = gethostbyname(node);
+	struct hostent *h = NULL;
 	struct addrinfo *ai;
 	struct sockaddr_in *sin;
 
-	if (!h)
-		return WSAGetLastError();
+	if (node) {
+		h = gethostbyname(node);
+		if (!h)
+			return WSAGetLastError();
+	}
 
 	ai = xmalloc(sizeof(struct addrinfo));
 	*res = ai;
 	ai->ai_flags = 0;
 	ai->ai_family = AF_INET;
-	ai->ai_socktype = hints->ai_socktype;
-	switch (hints->ai_socktype) {
+	ai->ai_socktype = hints ? hints->ai_socktype : 0;
+	switch (ai->ai_socktype) {
 	case SOCK_STREAM:
 		ai->ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
 		break;
@@ -1017,14 +1003,25 @@ static int WSAAPI getaddrinfo_stub(const char *node, const char *service,
 		break;
 	}
 	ai->ai_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
-	ai->ai_canonname = strdup(h->h_name);
+	if (hints && (hints->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME))
+		ai->ai_canonname = h ? strdup(h->h_name) : NULL;
+	else
+		ai->ai_canonname = NULL;
 
 	sin = xmalloc(ai->ai_addrlen);
 	memset(sin, 0, ai->ai_addrlen);
 	sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
+	/* Note: getaddrinfo is supposed to allow service to be a string,
+	 * which should be looked up using getservbyname. This is
+	 * currently not implemented */
 	if (service)
 		sin->sin_port = htons(atoi(service));
-	sin->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)h->h_addr;
+	if (h)
+		sin->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *)h->h_addr;
+	else if (hints && (hints->ai_flags & AI_PASSIVE))
+		sin->sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
+	else
+		sin->sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_LOOPBACK;
 	ai->ai_addr = (struct sockaddr *)sin;
 	ai->ai_next = 0;
 	return 0;
@@ -1175,7 +1172,10 @@ int mingw_getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen,
 int mingw_socket(int domain, int type, int protocol)
 {
 	int sockfd;
-	SOCKET s = WSASocket(domain, type, protocol, NULL, 0, 0);
+	SOCKET s;
+
+	ensure_socket_initialization();
+	s = WSASocket(domain, type, protocol, NULL, 0, 0);
 	if (s == INVALID_SOCKET) {
 		/*
 		 * WSAGetLastError() values are regular BSD error codes
@@ -1205,6 +1205,45 @@ int mingw_connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *sa, size_t sz)
 	return connect(s, sa, sz);
 }
 
+#undef bind
+int mingw_bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *sa, size_t sz)
+{
+	SOCKET s = (SOCKET)_get_osfhandle(sockfd);
+	return bind(s, sa, sz);
+}
+
+#undef setsockopt
+int mingw_setsockopt(int sockfd, int lvl, int optname, void *optval, int optlen)
+{
+	SOCKET s = (SOCKET)_get_osfhandle(sockfd);
+	return setsockopt(s, lvl, optname, (const char*)optval, optlen);
+}
+
+#undef listen
+int mingw_listen(int sockfd, int backlog)
+{
+	SOCKET s = (SOCKET)_get_osfhandle(sockfd);
+	return listen(s, backlog);
+}
+
+#undef accept
+int mingw_accept(int sockfd1, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *sz)
+{
+	int sockfd2;
+
+	SOCKET s1 = (SOCKET)_get_osfhandle(sockfd1);
+	SOCKET s2 = accept(s1, sa, sz);
+
+	/* convert into a file descriptor */
+	if ((sockfd2 = _open_osfhandle(s2, O_RDWR|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
+		int err = errno;
+		closesocket(s2);
+		return error("unable to make a socket file descriptor: %s",
+			strerror(err));
+	}
+	return sockfd2;
+}
+
 #undef rename
 int mingw_rename(const char *pold, const char *pnew)
 {
@@ -1476,6 +1515,58 @@ char *getpass(const char *prompt)
 	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
+pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, unsigned options)
+{
+	HANDLE h = OpenProcess(SYNCHRONIZE | PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION,
+	    FALSE, pid);
+	if (!h) {
+		errno = ECHILD;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (pid > 0 && options & WNOHANG) {
+		if (WAIT_OBJECT_0 != WaitForSingleObject(h, 0)) {
+			CloseHandle(h);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		options &= ~WNOHANG;
+	}
+
+	if (options == 0) {
+		struct pinfo_t **ppinfo;
+		if (WaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
+			CloseHandle(h);
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		if (status)
+			GetExitCodeProcess(h, (LPDWORD)status);
+
+		EnterCriticalSection(&pinfo_cs);
+
+		ppinfo = &pinfo;
+		while (*ppinfo) {
+			struct pinfo_t *info = *ppinfo;
+			if (info->pid == pid) {
+				CloseHandle(info->proc);
+				*ppinfo = info->next;
+				free(info);
+				break;
+			}
+			ppinfo = &info->next;
+		}
+
+		LeaveCriticalSection(&pinfo_cs);
+
+		CloseHandle(h);
+		return pid;
+	}
+	CloseHandle(h);
+
+	errno = EINVAL;
+	return -1;
+}
+
 #ifndef NO_MINGW_REPLACE_READDIR
 /* MinGW readdir implementation to avoid extra lstats for Git */
 struct mingw_DIR
diff --git a/compat/mingw.h b/compat/mingw.h
index 83e35e833b..99a746703f 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.h
+++ b/compat/mingw.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 typedef int pid_t;
 typedef int uid_t;
+typedef int socklen_t;
 #define hstrerror strerror
 
 #define S_IFLNK    0120000 /* Symbolic link */
@@ -47,6 +48,9 @@ typedef int uid_t;
 #define F_SETFD 2
 #define FD_CLOEXEC 0x1
 
+#define EAFNOSUPPORT WSAEAFNOSUPPORT
+#define ECONNABORTED WSAECONNABORTED
+
 struct passwd {
 	char *pw_name;
 	char *pw_gecos;
@@ -55,16 +59,6 @@ struct passwd {
 
 extern char *getpass(const char *prompt);
 
-#ifndef POLLIN
-struct pollfd {
-	int fd;           /* file descriptor */
-	short events;     /* requested events */
-	short revents;    /* returned events */
-};
-#define POLLIN 1
-#define POLLHUP 2
-#endif
-
 typedef void (__cdecl *sig_handler_t)(int);
 struct sigaction {
 	sig_handler_t sa_handler;
@@ -136,13 +130,11 @@ static inline int mingw_unlink(const char *pathname)
 }
 #define unlink mingw_unlink
 
-static inline pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, unsigned options)
-{
-	if (options == 0)
-		return _cwait(status, pid, 0);
-	errno = EINVAL;
-	return -1;
-}
+#define WNOHANG 1
+pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, unsigned options);
+
+#define kill mingw_kill
+int mingw_kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
 
 #ifndef NO_OPENSSL
 #include <openssl/ssl.h>
@@ -173,7 +165,6 @@ int pipe(int filedes[2]);
 unsigned int sleep (unsigned int seconds);
 int mkstemp(char *template);
 int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, void *tz);
-int poll(struct pollfd *ufds, unsigned int nfds, int timeout);
 struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);
 struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);
 int getpagesize(void);	/* defined in MinGW's libgcc.a */
@@ -225,6 +216,18 @@ int mingw_socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
 int mingw_connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *sa, size_t sz);
 #define connect mingw_connect
 
+int mingw_bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *sa, size_t sz);
+#define bind mingw_bind
+
+int mingw_setsockopt(int sockfd, int lvl, int optname, void *optval, int optlen);
+#define setsockopt mingw_setsockopt
+
+int mingw_listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
+#define listen mingw_listen
+
+int mingw_accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *sz);
+#define accept mingw_accept
+
 int mingw_rename(const char*, const char*);
 #define rename mingw_rename
 
@@ -305,11 +308,13 @@ void free_environ(char **env);
 static int mingw_main(); \
 int main(int argc, const char **argv) \
 { \
+	extern CRITICAL_SECTION pinfo_cs; \
 	_fmode = _O_BINARY; \
 	_setmode(_fileno(stdin), _O_BINARY); \
 	_setmode(_fileno(stdout), _O_BINARY); \
 	_setmode(_fileno(stderr), _O_BINARY); \
 	argv[0] = xstrdup(_pgmptr); \
+	InitializeCriticalSection(&pinfo_cs); \
 	return mingw_main(argc, argv); \
 } \
 static int mingw_main(c,v)
diff --git a/compat/win32/sys/poll.c b/compat/win32/sys/poll.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e74ebe59a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/win32/sys/poll.c
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+/* Emulation for poll(2)
+   Contributed by Paolo Bonzini.
+
+   Copyright 2001-2003, 2006-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of gnulib.
+
+   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+   any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+   with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+   Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+/* Tell gcc not to warn about the (nfd < 0) tests, below.  */
+#if (__GNUC__ == 4 && 3 <= __GNUC_MINOR__) || 4 < __GNUC__
+# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wtype-limits"
+#endif
+
+#include <malloc.h>
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "poll.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#if (defined _WIN32 || defined __WIN32__) && ! defined __CYGWIN__
+# define WIN32_NATIVE
+# include <winsock2.h>
+# include <windows.h>
+# include <io.h>
+# include <stdio.h>
+# include <conio.h>
+#else
+# include <sys/time.h>
+# include <sys/socket.h>
+# include <sys/select.h>
+# include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
+# include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_FILIO_H
+# include <sys/filio.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifndef INFTIM
+# define INFTIM (-1)
+#endif
+
+/* BeOS does not have MSG_PEEK.  */
+#ifndef MSG_PEEK
+# define MSG_PEEK 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WIN32_NATIVE
+
+#define IsConsoleHandle(h) (((long) (h) & 3) == 3)
+
+static BOOL
+IsSocketHandle (HANDLE h)
+{
+  WSANETWORKEVENTS ev;
+
+  if (IsConsoleHandle (h))
+    return FALSE;
+
+  /* Under Wine, it seems that getsockopt returns 0 for pipes too.
+     WSAEnumNetworkEvents instead distinguishes the two correctly.  */
+  ev.lNetworkEvents = 0xDEADBEEF;
+  WSAEnumNetworkEvents ((SOCKET) h, NULL, &ev);
+  return ev.lNetworkEvents != 0xDEADBEEF;
+}
+
+/* Declare data structures for ntdll functions.  */
+typedef struct _FILE_PIPE_LOCAL_INFORMATION {
+  ULONG NamedPipeType;
+  ULONG NamedPipeConfiguration;
+  ULONG MaximumInstances;
+  ULONG CurrentInstances;
+  ULONG InboundQuota;
+  ULONG ReadDataAvailable;
+  ULONG OutboundQuota;
+  ULONG WriteQuotaAvailable;
+  ULONG NamedPipeState;
+  ULONG NamedPipeEnd;
+} FILE_PIPE_LOCAL_INFORMATION, *PFILE_PIPE_LOCAL_INFORMATION;
+
+typedef struct _IO_STATUS_BLOCK
+{
+  union {
+    DWORD Status;
+    PVOID Pointer;
+  } u;
+  ULONG_PTR Information;
+} IO_STATUS_BLOCK, *PIO_STATUS_BLOCK;
+
+typedef enum _FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS {
+  FilePipeLocalInformation = 24
+} FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS, *PFILE_INFORMATION_CLASS;
+
+typedef DWORD (WINAPI *PNtQueryInformationFile)
+	 (HANDLE, IO_STATUS_BLOCK *, VOID *, ULONG, FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS);
+
+# ifndef PIPE_BUF
+#  define PIPE_BUF      512
+# endif
+
+/* Compute revents values for file handle H.  If some events cannot happen
+   for the handle, eliminate them from *P_SOUGHT.  */
+
+static int
+win32_compute_revents (HANDLE h, int *p_sought)
+{
+  int i, ret, happened;
+  INPUT_RECORD *irbuffer;
+  DWORD avail, nbuffer;
+  BOOL bRet;
+  IO_STATUS_BLOCK iosb;
+  FILE_PIPE_LOCAL_INFORMATION fpli;
+  static PNtQueryInformationFile NtQueryInformationFile;
+  static BOOL once_only;
+
+  switch (GetFileType (h))
+    {
+    case FILE_TYPE_PIPE:
+      if (!once_only)
+	{
+	  NtQueryInformationFile = (PNtQueryInformationFile)
+	    GetProcAddress (GetModuleHandle ("ntdll.dll"),
+			    "NtQueryInformationFile");
+	  once_only = TRUE;
+	}
+
+      happened = 0;
+      if (PeekNamedPipe (h, NULL, 0, NULL, &avail, NULL) != 0)
+	{
+	  if (avail)
+	    happened |= *p_sought & (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM);
+	}
+      else if (GetLastError () == ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE)
+	happened |= POLLHUP;
+
+      else
+	{
+	  /* It was the write-end of the pipe.  Check if it is writable.
+	     If NtQueryInformationFile fails, optimistically assume the pipe is
+	     writable.  This could happen on Win9x, where NtQueryInformationFile
+	     is not available, or if we inherit a pipe that doesn't permit
+	     FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES access on the write end (I think this should
+	     not happen since WinXP SP2; WINE seems fine too).  Otherwise,
+	     ensure that enough space is available for atomic writes.  */
+	  memset (&iosb, 0, sizeof (iosb));
+	  memset (&fpli, 0, sizeof (fpli));
+
+	  if (!NtQueryInformationFile
+	      || NtQueryInformationFile (h, &iosb, &fpli, sizeof (fpli),
+					 FilePipeLocalInformation)
+	      || fpli.WriteQuotaAvailable >= PIPE_BUF
+	      || (fpli.OutboundQuota < PIPE_BUF &&
+		  fpli.WriteQuotaAvailable == fpli.OutboundQuota))
+	    happened |= *p_sought & (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND);
+	}
+      return happened;
+
+    case FILE_TYPE_CHAR:
+      ret = WaitForSingleObject (h, 0);
+      if (!IsConsoleHandle (h))
+	return ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 ? *p_sought & ~(POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND) : 0;
+
+      nbuffer = avail = 0;
+      bRet = GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents (h, &nbuffer);
+      if (bRet)
+	{
+	  /* Input buffer.  */
+	  *p_sought &= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;
+	  if (nbuffer == 0)
+	    return POLLHUP;
+	  if (!*p_sought)
+	    return 0;
+
+	  irbuffer = (INPUT_RECORD *) alloca (nbuffer * sizeof (INPUT_RECORD));
+	  bRet = PeekConsoleInput (h, irbuffer, nbuffer, &avail);
+	  if (!bRet || avail == 0)
+	    return POLLHUP;
+
+	  for (i = 0; i < avail; i++)
+	    if (irbuffer[i].EventType == KEY_EVENT)
+	      return *p_sought;
+	  return 0;
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* Screen buffer.  */
+	  *p_sought &= POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND;
+	  return *p_sought;
+	}
+
+    default:
+      ret = WaitForSingleObject (h, 0);
+      if (ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0)
+	return *p_sought & ~(POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND);
+
+      return *p_sought & (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Convert fd_sets returned by select into revents values.  */
+
+static int
+win32_compute_revents_socket (SOCKET h, int sought, long lNetworkEvents)
+{
+  int happened = 0;
+
+  if ((lNetworkEvents & (FD_READ | FD_ACCEPT | FD_CLOSE)) == FD_ACCEPT)
+    happened |= (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM) & sought;
+
+  else if (lNetworkEvents & (FD_READ | FD_ACCEPT | FD_CLOSE))
+    {
+      int r, error;
+
+      char data[64];
+      WSASetLastError (0);
+      r = recv (h, data, sizeof (data), MSG_PEEK);
+      error = WSAGetLastError ();
+      WSASetLastError (0);
+
+      if (r > 0 || error == WSAENOTCONN)
+	happened |= (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM) & sought;
+
+      /* Distinguish hung-up sockets from other errors.  */
+      else if (r == 0 || error == WSAESHUTDOWN || error == WSAECONNRESET
+	       || error == WSAECONNABORTED || error == WSAENETRESET)
+	happened |= POLLHUP;
+
+      else
+	happened |= POLLERR;
+    }
+
+  if (lNetworkEvents & (FD_WRITE | FD_CONNECT))
+    happened |= (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND) & sought;
+
+  if (lNetworkEvents & FD_OOB)
+    happened |= (POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND) & sought;
+
+  return happened;
+}
+
+#else /* !MinGW */
+
+/* Convert select(2) returned fd_sets into poll(2) revents values.  */
+static int
+compute_revents (int fd, int sought, fd_set *rfds, fd_set *wfds, fd_set *efds)
+{
+  int happened = 0;
+  if (FD_ISSET (fd, rfds))
+    {
+      int r;
+      int socket_errno;
+
+# if defined __MACH__ && defined __APPLE__
+      /* There is a bug in Mac OS X that causes it to ignore MSG_PEEK
+	 for some kinds of descriptors.  Detect if this descriptor is a
+	 connected socket, a server socket, or something else using a
+	 0-byte recv, and use ioctl(2) to detect POLLHUP.  */
+      r = recv (fd, NULL, 0, MSG_PEEK);
+      socket_errno = (r < 0) ? errno : 0;
+      if (r == 0 || socket_errno == ENOTSOCK)
+	ioctl (fd, FIONREAD, &r);
+# else
+      char data[64];
+      r = recv (fd, data, sizeof (data), MSG_PEEK);
+      socket_errno = (r < 0) ? errno : 0;
+# endif
+      if (r == 0)
+	happened |= POLLHUP;
+
+      /* If the event happened on an unconnected server socket,
+	 that's fine. */
+      else if (r > 0 || ( /* (r == -1) && */ socket_errno == ENOTCONN))
+	happened |= (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM) & sought;
+
+      /* Distinguish hung-up sockets from other errors.  */
+      else if (socket_errno == ESHUTDOWN || socket_errno == ECONNRESET
+	       || socket_errno == ECONNABORTED || socket_errno == ENETRESET)
+	happened |= POLLHUP;
+
+      else
+	happened |= POLLERR;
+    }
+
+  if (FD_ISSET (fd, wfds))
+    happened |= (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND) & sought;
+
+  if (FD_ISSET (fd, efds))
+    happened |= (POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND) & sought;
+
+  return happened;
+}
+#endif /* !MinGW */
+
+int
+poll (pfd, nfd, timeout)
+     struct pollfd *pfd;
+     nfds_t nfd;
+     int timeout;
+{
+#ifndef WIN32_NATIVE
+  fd_set rfds, wfds, efds;
+  struct timeval tv;
+  struct timeval *ptv;
+  int maxfd, rc;
+  nfds_t i;
+
+# ifdef _SC_OPEN_MAX
+  static int sc_open_max = -1;
+
+  if (nfd < 0
+      || (nfd > sc_open_max
+	  && (sc_open_max != -1
+	      || nfd > (sc_open_max = sysconf (_SC_OPEN_MAX)))))
+    {
+      errno = EINVAL;
+      return -1;
+    }
+# else /* !_SC_OPEN_MAX */
+#  ifdef OPEN_MAX
+  if (nfd < 0 || nfd > OPEN_MAX)
+    {
+      errno = EINVAL;
+      return -1;
+    }
+#  endif /* OPEN_MAX -- else, no check is needed */
+# endif /* !_SC_OPEN_MAX */
+
+  /* EFAULT is not necessary to implement, but let's do it in the
+     simplest case. */
+  if (!pfd)
+    {
+      errno = EFAULT;
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  /* convert timeout number into a timeval structure */
+  if (timeout == 0)
+    {
+      ptv = &tv;
+      ptv->tv_sec = 0;
+      ptv->tv_usec = 0;
+    }
+  else if (timeout > 0)
+    {
+      ptv = &tv;
+      ptv->tv_sec = timeout / 1000;
+      ptv->tv_usec = (timeout % 1000) * 1000;
+    }
+  else if (timeout == INFTIM)
+    /* wait forever */
+    ptv = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      errno = EINVAL;
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  /* create fd sets and determine max fd */
+  maxfd = -1;
+  FD_ZERO (&rfds);
+  FD_ZERO (&wfds);
+  FD_ZERO (&efds);
+  for (i = 0; i < nfd; i++)
+    {
+      if (pfd[i].fd < 0)
+	continue;
+
+      if (pfd[i].events & (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM))
+	FD_SET (pfd[i].fd, &rfds);
+
+      /* see select(2): "the only exceptional condition detectable
+	 is out-of-band data received on a socket", hence we push
+	 POLLWRBAND events onto wfds instead of efds. */
+      if (pfd[i].events & (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND))
+	FD_SET (pfd[i].fd, &wfds);
+      if (pfd[i].events & (POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND))
+	FD_SET (pfd[i].fd, &efds);
+      if (pfd[i].fd >= maxfd
+	  && (pfd[i].events & (POLLIN | POLLOUT | POLLPRI
+			       | POLLRDNORM | POLLRDBAND
+			       | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND)))
+	{
+	  maxfd = pfd[i].fd;
+	  if (maxfd > FD_SETSIZE)
+	    {
+	      errno = EOVERFLOW;
+	      return -1;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* examine fd sets */
+  rc = select (maxfd + 1, &rfds, &wfds, &efds, ptv);
+  if (rc < 0)
+    return rc;
+
+  /* establish results */
+  rc = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < nfd; i++)
+    if (pfd[i].fd < 0)
+      pfd[i].revents = 0;
+    else
+      {
+	int happened = compute_revents (pfd[i].fd, pfd[i].events,
+					&rfds, &wfds, &efds);
+	if (happened)
+	  {
+	    pfd[i].revents = happened;
+	    rc++;
+	  }
+      }
+
+  return rc;
+#else
+  static struct timeval tv0;
+  static HANDLE hEvent;
+  WSANETWORKEVENTS ev;
+  HANDLE h, handle_array[FD_SETSIZE + 2];
+  DWORD ret, wait_timeout, nhandles;
+  fd_set rfds, wfds, xfds;
+  BOOL poll_again;
+  MSG msg;
+  int rc = 0;
+  nfds_t i;
+
+  if (nfd < 0 || timeout < -1)
+    {
+      errno = EINVAL;
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  if (!hEvent)
+    hEvent = CreateEvent (NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+
+  handle_array[0] = hEvent;
+  nhandles = 1;
+  FD_ZERO (&rfds);
+  FD_ZERO (&wfds);
+  FD_ZERO (&xfds);
+
+  /* Classify socket handles and create fd sets. */
+  for (i = 0; i < nfd; i++)
+    {
+      int sought = pfd[i].events;
+      pfd[i].revents = 0;
+      if (pfd[i].fd < 0)
+	continue;
+      if (!(sought & (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM | POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND
+		      | POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND)))
+	continue;
+
+      h = (HANDLE) _get_osfhandle (pfd[i].fd);
+      assert (h != NULL);
+      if (IsSocketHandle (h))
+	{
+	  int requested = FD_CLOSE;
+
+	  /* see above; socket handles are mapped onto select.  */
+	  if (sought & (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM))
+	    {
+	      requested |= FD_READ | FD_ACCEPT;
+	      FD_SET ((SOCKET) h, &rfds);
+	    }
+	  if (sought & (POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND))
+	    {
+	      requested |= FD_WRITE | FD_CONNECT;
+	      FD_SET ((SOCKET) h, &wfds);
+	    }
+	  if (sought & (POLLPRI | POLLRDBAND))
+	    {
+	      requested |= FD_OOB;
+	      FD_SET ((SOCKET) h, &xfds);
+	    }
+
+	  if (requested)
+	    WSAEventSelect ((SOCKET) h, hEvent, requested);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* Poll now.  If we get an event, do not poll again.  Also,
+	     screen buffer handles are waitable, and they'll block until
+	     a character is available.  win32_compute_revents eliminates
+	     bits for the "wrong" direction. */
+	  pfd[i].revents = win32_compute_revents (h, &sought);
+	  if (sought)
+	    handle_array[nhandles++] = h;
+	  if (pfd[i].revents)
+	    timeout = 0;
+	}
+    }
+
+  if (select (0, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds, &tv0) > 0)
+    {
+      /* Do MsgWaitForMultipleObjects anyway to dispatch messages, but
+	 no need to call select again.  */
+      poll_again = FALSE;
+      wait_timeout = 0;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      poll_again = TRUE;
+      if (timeout == INFTIM)
+	wait_timeout = INFINITE;
+      else
+	wait_timeout = timeout;
+    }
+
+  for (;;)
+    {
+      ret = MsgWaitForMultipleObjects (nhandles, handle_array, FALSE,
+				       wait_timeout, QS_ALLINPUT);
+
+      if (ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 + nhandles)
+	{
+	  /* new input of some other kind */
+	  BOOL bRet;
+	  while ((bRet = PeekMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) != 0)
+	    {
+	      TranslateMessage (&msg);
+	      DispatchMessage (&msg);
+	    }
+	}
+      else
+	break;
+    }
+
+  if (poll_again)
+    select (0, &rfds, &wfds, &xfds, &tv0);
+
+  /* Place a sentinel at the end of the array.  */
+  handle_array[nhandles] = NULL;
+  nhandles = 1;
+  for (i = 0; i < nfd; i++)
+    {
+      int happened;
+
+      if (pfd[i].fd < 0)
+	continue;
+      if (!(pfd[i].events & (POLLIN | POLLRDNORM |
+			     POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM | POLLWRBAND)))
+	continue;
+
+      h = (HANDLE) _get_osfhandle (pfd[i].fd);
+      if (h != handle_array[nhandles])
+	{
+	  /* It's a socket.  */
+	  WSAEnumNetworkEvents ((SOCKET) h, NULL, &ev);
+	  WSAEventSelect ((SOCKET) h, 0, 0);
+
+	  /* If we're lucky, WSAEnumNetworkEvents already provided a way
+	     to distinguish FD_READ and FD_ACCEPT; this saves a recv later.  */
+	  if (FD_ISSET ((SOCKET) h, &rfds)
+	      && !(ev.lNetworkEvents & (FD_READ | FD_ACCEPT)))
+	    ev.lNetworkEvents |= FD_READ | FD_ACCEPT;
+	  if (FD_ISSET ((SOCKET) h, &wfds))
+	    ev.lNetworkEvents |= FD_WRITE | FD_CONNECT;
+	  if (FD_ISSET ((SOCKET) h, &xfds))
+	    ev.lNetworkEvents |= FD_OOB;
+
+	  happened = win32_compute_revents_socket ((SOCKET) h, pfd[i].events,
+						   ev.lNetworkEvents);
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  /* Not a socket.  */
+	  int sought = pfd[i].events;
+	  happened = win32_compute_revents (h, &sought);
+	  nhandles++;
+	}
+
+       if ((pfd[i].revents |= happened) != 0)
+	rc++;
+    }
+
+  return rc;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/compat/win32/sys/poll.h b/compat/win32/sys/poll.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7aa59d973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/win32/sys/poll.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* Header for poll(2) emulation
+   Contributed by Paolo Bonzini.
+
+   Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This file is part of gnulib.
+
+   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+   any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+   with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+   Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.  */
+
+#ifndef _GL_POLL_H
+#define _GL_POLL_H
+
+/* fake a poll(2) environment */
+#define POLLIN      0x0001      /* any readable data available   */
+#define POLLPRI     0x0002      /* OOB/Urgent readable data      */
+#define POLLOUT     0x0004      /* file descriptor is writeable  */
+#define POLLERR     0x0008      /* some poll error occurred      */
+#define POLLHUP     0x0010      /* file descriptor was "hung up" */
+#define POLLNVAL    0x0020      /* requested events "invalid"    */
+#define POLLRDNORM  0x0040
+#define POLLRDBAND  0x0080
+#define POLLWRNORM  0x0100
+#define POLLWRBAND  0x0200
+
+struct pollfd
+{
+  int fd;                       /* which file descriptor to poll */
+  short events;                 /* events we are interested in   */
+  short revents;                /* events found on return        */
+};
+
+typedef unsigned long nfds_t;
+
+extern int poll (struct pollfd *pfd, nfds_t nfd, int timeout);
+
+/* Define INFTIM only if doing so conforms to POSIX.  */
+#if !defined (_POSIX_C_SOURCE) && !defined (_XOPEN_SOURCE)
+#define INFTIM (-1)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _GL_POLL_H */
diff --git a/compat/win32/syslog.c b/compat/win32/syslog.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42b95a9b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/win32/syslog.c
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#include "../../git-compat-util.h"
+#include "../../strbuf.h"
+
+static HANDLE ms_eventlog;
+
+void openlog(const char *ident, int logopt, int facility)
+{
+	if (ms_eventlog)
+		return;
+
+	ms_eventlog = RegisterEventSourceA(NULL, ident);
+
+	if (!ms_eventlog)
+		warning("RegisterEventSource() failed: %lu", GetLastError());
+}
+
+void syslog(int priority, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf_expand_dict_entry dict[] = {
+		{"1", "% 1"},
+		{NULL, NULL}
+	};
+	WORD logtype;
+	char *str;
+	int str_len;
+	va_list ap;
+
+	if (!ms_eventlog)
+		return;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	str_len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	if (str_len < 0) {
+		warning("vsnprintf failed: '%s'", strerror(errno));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	str = malloc(str_len + 1);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	vsnprintf(str, str_len + 1, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	strbuf_expand(&sb, str, strbuf_expand_dict_cb, &dict);
+	free(str);
+
+	switch (priority) {
+	case LOG_EMERG:
+	case LOG_ALERT:
+	case LOG_CRIT:
+	case LOG_ERR:
+		logtype = EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE;
+		break;
+
+	case LOG_WARNING:
+		logtype = EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE;
+		break;
+
+	case LOG_NOTICE:
+	case LOG_INFO:
+	case LOG_DEBUG:
+	default:
+		logtype = EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	ReportEventA(ms_eventlog, logtype, 0, 0, NULL, 1, 0,
+	    (const char **)&sb.buf, NULL);
+
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
+}
diff --git a/compat/win32/syslog.h b/compat/win32/syslog.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70daa7c08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/win32/syslog.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SYSLOG_H
+#define SYSLOG_H
+
+#define LOG_PID     0x01
+
+#define LOG_EMERG   0
+#define LOG_ALERT   1
+#define LOG_CRIT    2
+#define LOG_ERR     3
+#define LOG_WARNING 4
+#define LOG_NOTICE  5
+#define LOG_INFO    6
+#define LOG_DEBUG   7
+
+#define LOG_DAEMON  (3<<3)
+
+void openlog(const char *ident, int logopt, int facility);
+void syslog(int priority, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+#endif /* SYSLOG_H */
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 4b0a82040e..f138c34721 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -489,6 +489,13 @@ static int git_default_core_config(const char *var, const char *value)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!strcmp(var, "core.abbrevguard")) {
+		unique_abbrev_extra_length = git_config_int(var, value);
+		if (unique_abbrev_extra_length < 0)
+			unique_abbrev_extra_length = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (!strcmp(var, "core.bare")) {
 		is_bare_repository_cfg = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
@@ -871,9 +878,7 @@ int git_config(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
 	if (config_parameters)
 		found += 1;
 
-	if (found == 0)
-		return -1;
-	return ret;
+	return ret == 0 ? found : ret;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/config.mak.in b/config.mak.in
index a0c34eec15..56343bab50 100644
--- a/config.mak.in
+++ b/config.mak.in
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ NO_C99_FORMAT=@NO_C99_FORMAT@
 NO_HSTRERROR=@NO_HSTRERROR@
 NO_STRCASESTR=@NO_STRCASESTR@
 NO_STRTOK_R=@NO_STRTOK_R@
+NO_FNMATCH=@NO_FNMATCH@
+NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD=@NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD@
 NO_MEMMEM=@NO_MEMMEM@
 NO_STRLCPY=@NO_STRLCPY@
 NO_UINTMAX_T=@NO_UINTMAX_T@
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index cc55b6d4f7..33dd46262b 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -617,6 +617,18 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADER([sys/select.h],
 [NO_SYS_SELECT_H=UnfortunatelyYes])
 AC_SUBST(NO_SYS_SELECT_H)
 #
+# Define NO_SYS_POLL_H if you don't have sys/poll.h
+AC_CHECK_HEADER([sys/poll.h],
+[NO_SYS_POLL_H=],
+[NO_SYS_POLL_H=UnfortunatelyYes])
+AC_SUBST(NO_SYS_POLL_H)
+#
+# Define NO_INTTYPES_H if you don't have inttypes.h
+AC_CHECK_HEADER([inttypes.h],
+[NO_INTTYPES_H=],
+[NO_INTTYPES_H=UnfortunatelyYes])
+AC_SUBST(NO_INTTYPES_H)
+#
 # Define OLD_ICONV if your library has an old iconv(), where the second
 # (input buffer pointer) parameter is declared with type (const char **).
 AC_DEFUN([OLDICONVTEST_SRC], [[
@@ -818,6 +830,34 @@ GIT_CHECK_FUNC(strtok_r,
 [NO_STRTOK_R=YesPlease])
 AC_SUBST(NO_STRTOK_R)
 #
+# Define NO_FNMATCH if you don't have fnmatch
+GIT_CHECK_FUNC(fnmatch,
+[NO_FNMATCH=],
+[NO_FNMATCH=YesPlease])
+AC_SUBST(NO_FNMATCH)
+#
+# Define NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD if your fnmatch function doesn't have the
+# FNM_CASEFOLD GNU extension.
+AC_CACHE_CHECK([whether the fnmatch function supports the FNMATCH_CASEFOLD GNU extension],
+ [ac_cv_c_excellent_fnmatch], [
+AC_EGREP_CPP(yippeeyeswehaveit,
+	AC_LANG_PROGRAM([
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+],
+[#ifdef FNM_CASEFOLD
+yippeeyeswehaveit
+#endif
+]),
+	[ac_cv_c_excellent_fnmatch=yes],
+	[ac_cv_c_excellent_fnmatch=no])
+])
+if test $ac_cv_c_excellent_fnmatch = yes; then
+	NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD=
+else
+	NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD=YesPlease
+fi
+AC_SUBST(NO_FNMATCH_CASEFOLD)
+#
 # Define NO_MEMMEM if you don't have memmem.
 GIT_CHECK_FUNC(memmem,
 [NO_MEMMEM=],
@@ -868,6 +908,12 @@ GIT_CHECK_FUNC(mkstemps,
 [NO_MKSTEMPS=YesPlease])
 AC_SUBST(NO_MKSTEMPS)
 #
+# Define NO_INITGROUPS if you don't have initgroups in the C library.
+GIT_CHECK_FUNC(initgroups,
+[NO_INITGROUPS=],
+[NO_INITGROUPS=YesPlease])
+AC_SUBST(NO_INITGROUPS)
+#
 #
 # Define NO_MMAP if you want to avoid mmap.
 #
diff --git a/contrib/ciabot/ciabot.py b/contrib/ciabot/ciabot.py
index d0627e0852..9775dffb5d 100755
--- a/contrib/ciabot/ciabot.py
+++ b/contrib/ciabot/ciabot.py
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def report(refname, merged):
     branch = os.path.basename(refname)
 
     # Compute a shortnane for the revision
-    rev = do("git describe ${merged} 2>/dev/null") or merged[:12]
+    rev = do("git describe '"+ merged +"' 2>/dev/null") or merged[:12]
 
     # Extract the neta-information for the commit
     rawcommit = do("git cat-file commit " + merged)
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index f83f019ca9..604fa794cc 100755
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
 #    2) Added the following line to your .bashrc:
 #        source ~/.git-completion.sh
 #
+#       Or, add the following lines to your .zshrc:
+#        autoload bashcompinit
+#        bashcompinit
+#        source ~/.git-completion.sh
+#
 #    3) Consider changing your PS1 to also show the current branch:
 #        PS1='[\u@\h \W$(__git_ps1 " (%s)")]\$ '
 #
@@ -138,11 +143,12 @@ __git_ps1_show_upstream ()
 		# get the upstream from the "git-svn-id: ..." in a commit message
 		# (git-svn uses essentially the same procedure internally)
 		local svn_upstream=($(git log --first-parent -1 \
-					--grep="^git-svn-id: \(${svn_url_pattern:2}\)" 2>/dev/null))
+					--grep="^git-svn-id: \(${svn_url_pattern#??}\)" 2>/dev/null))
 		if [[ 0 -ne ${#svn_upstream[@]} ]]; then
 			svn_upstream=${svn_upstream[ ${#svn_upstream[@]} - 2 ]}
 			svn_upstream=${svn_upstream%@*}
-			for ((n=1; "$n" <= "${#svn_remote[@]}"; ++n)); do
+			local n_stop="${#svn_remote[@]}"
+			for ((n=1; n <= n_stop; ++n)); do
 				svn_upstream=${svn_upstream#${svn_remote[$n]}}
 			done
 
@@ -255,7 +261,7 @@ __git_ps1 ()
 				(describe)
 					git describe HEAD ;;
 				(* | default)
-					git describe --exact-match HEAD ;;
+					git describe --tags --exact-match HEAD ;;
 				esac 2>/dev/null)" ||
 
 				b="$(cut -c1-7 "$g/HEAD" 2>/dev/null)..." ||
@@ -380,16 +386,19 @@ __git_tags ()
 	done
 }
 
-# __git_refs accepts 0 or 1 arguments (to pass to __gitdir)
+# __git_refs accepts 0, 1 (to pass to __gitdir), or 2 arguments
+# presence of 2nd argument means use the guess heuristic employed
+# by checkout for tracking branches
 __git_refs ()
 {
-	local i is_hash=y dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")"
+	local i is_hash=y dir="$(__gitdir "${1-}")" track="${2-}"
 	local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}" format refs
 	if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
 		case "$cur" in
 		refs|refs/*)
 			format="refname"
 			refs="${cur%/*}"
+			track=""
 			;;
 		*)
 			for i in HEAD FETCH_HEAD ORIG_HEAD MERGE_HEAD; do
@@ -401,6 +410,21 @@ __git_refs ()
 		esac
 		git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --format="%($format)" \
 			$refs
+		if [ -n "$track" ]; then
+			# employ the heuristic used by git checkout
+			# Try to find a remote branch that matches the completion word
+			# but only output if the branch name is unique
+			local ref entry
+			git --git-dir="$dir" for-each-ref --shell --format="ref=%(refname:short)" \
+				"refs/remotes/" | \
+			while read entry; do
+				eval "$entry"
+				ref="${ref#*/}"
+				if [[ "$ref" == "$cur"* ]]; then
+					echo "$ref"
+				fi
+			done | uniq -u
+		fi
 		return
 	fi
 	for i in $(git ls-remote "$dir" 2>/dev/null); do
@@ -750,6 +774,19 @@ __git_compute_porcelain_commands ()
 	: ${__git_porcelain_commands:=$(__git_list_porcelain_commands)}
 }
 
+__git_pretty_aliases ()
+{
+	local i IFS=$'\n'
+	for i in $(git --git-dir="$(__gitdir)" config --get-regexp "pretty\..*" 2>/dev/null); do
+		case "$i" in
+		pretty.*)
+			i="${i#pretty.}"
+			echo "${i/ */}"
+			;;
+		esac
+	done
+}
+
 __git_aliases ()
 {
 	local i IFS=$'\n'
@@ -907,12 +944,16 @@ _git_bisect ()
 	local subcommands="start bad good skip reset visualize replay log run"
 	local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")"
 	if [ -z "$subcommand" ]; then
-		__gitcomp "$subcommands"
+		if [ -f "$(__gitdir)"/BISECT_START ]; then
+			__gitcomp "$subcommands"
+		else
+			__gitcomp "replay start"
+		fi
 		return
 	fi
 
 	case "$subcommand" in
-	bad|good|reset|skip)
+	bad|good|reset|skip|start)
 		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)"
 		;;
 	*)
@@ -988,7 +1029,13 @@ _git_checkout ()
 			"
 		;;
 	*)
-		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)"
+		# check if --track, --no-track, or --no-guess was specified
+		# if so, disable DWIM mode
+		local flags="--track --no-track --no-guess" track=1
+		if [ -n "$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$flags")" ]; then
+			track=''
+		fi
+		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs '' $track)"
 		;;
 	esac
 }
@@ -1368,12 +1415,12 @@ _git_log ()
 	fi
 	case "$cur" in
 	--pretty=*)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats
+		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats $(__git_pretty_aliases)
 			" "" "${cur##--pretty=}"
 		return
 		;;
 	--format=*)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats
+		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats $(__git_pretty_aliases)
 			" "" "${cur##--format=}"
 		return
 		;;
@@ -1468,18 +1515,50 @@ _git_name_rev ()
 
 _git_notes ()
 {
-	local subcommands="edit show"
-	if [ -z "$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")" ]; then
-		__gitcomp "$subcommands"
-		return
-	fi
+	local subcommands='add append copy edit list prune remove show'
+	local subcommand="$(__git_find_on_cmdline "$subcommands")"
+	local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
 
-	case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in
-	-m|-F)
-		COMPREPLY=()
+	case "$subcommand,$cur" in
+	,--*)
+		__gitcomp '--ref'
+		;;
+	,*)
+		case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in
+		--ref)
+			__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)"
+			;;
+		*)
+			__gitcomp "$subcommands --ref"
+			;;
+		esac
+		;;
+	add,--reuse-message=*|append,--reuse-message=*)
+		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "" "${cur##--reuse-message=}"
+		;;
+	add,--reedit-message=*|append,--reedit-message=*)
+		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)" "" "${cur##--reedit-message=}"
+		;;
+	add,--*|append,--*)
+		__gitcomp '--file= --message= --reedit-message=
+				--reuse-message='
+		;;
+	copy,--*)
+		__gitcomp '--stdin'
+		;;
+	prune,--*)
+		__gitcomp '--dry-run --verbose'
+		;;
+	prune,*)
 		;;
 	*)
-		__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)"
+		case "${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD-1]}" in
+		-m|-F)
+			;;
+		*)
+			__gitcomp "$(__git_refs)"
+			;;
+		esac
 		;;
 	esac
 }
@@ -2100,12 +2179,12 @@ _git_show ()
 	local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
 	case "$cur" in
 	--pretty=*)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats
+		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats $(__git_pretty_aliases)
 			" "" "${cur##--pretty=}"
 		return
 		;;
 	--format=*)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats
+		__gitcomp "$__git_log_pretty_formats $(__git_pretty_aliases)
 			" "" "${cur##--format=}"
 		return
 		;;
@@ -2339,6 +2418,11 @@ _git ()
 {
 	local i c=1 command __git_dir
 
+	if [[ -n ${ZSH_VERSION-} ]]; then
+		emulate -L bash
+		setopt KSH_TYPESET
+	fi
+
 	while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do
 		i="${COMP_WORDS[c]}"
 		case "$i" in
@@ -2372,17 +2456,22 @@ _git ()
 	fi
 
 	local completion_func="_git_${command//-/_}"
-	declare -F $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func && return
+	declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func && return
 
 	local expansion=$(__git_aliased_command "$command")
 	if [ -n "$expansion" ]; then
 		completion_func="_git_${expansion//-/_}"
-		declare -F $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func
+		declare -f $completion_func >/dev/null && $completion_func
 	fi
 }
 
 _gitk ()
 {
+	if [[ -n ${ZSH_VERSION-} ]]; then
+		emulate -L bash
+		setopt KSH_TYPESET
+	fi
+
 	__git_has_doubledash && return
 
 	local cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
@@ -2417,3 +2506,29 @@ if [ Cygwin = "$(uname -o 2>/dev/null)" ]; then
 complete -o bashdefault -o default -o nospace -F _git git.exe 2>/dev/null \
 	|| complete -o default -o nospace -F _git git.exe
 fi
+
+if [[ -n ${ZSH_VERSION-} ]]; then
+	shopt () {
+		local option
+		if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
+			echo "USAGE: $0 (-q|-s|-u) <option>" >&2
+			return 1
+		fi
+		case "$2" in
+		nullglob)
+			option="$2"
+			;;
+		*)
+			echo "$0: invalid option: $2" >&2
+			return 1
+		esac
+		case "$1" in
+		-q)	setopt | grep -q "$option" ;;
+		-u)	unsetopt "$option" ;;
+		-s)	setopt "$option" ;;
+		*)
+			echo "$0: invalid flag: $1" >&2
+			return 1
+		esac
+	}
+fi
diff --git a/contrib/emacs/git-blame.el b/contrib/emacs/git-blame.el
index 7f4c792978..d351cfb6e7 100644
--- a/contrib/emacs/git-blame.el
+++ b/contrib/emacs/git-blame.el
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
 ;;; Code:
 
 (eval-when-compile (require 'cl))			      ; to use `push', `pop'
+(require 'format-spec)
 
 (defface git-blame-prefix-face
   '((((background dark)) (:foreground "gray"
diff --git a/contrib/examples/builtin-fetch--tool.c b/contrib/examples/builtin-fetch--tool.c
index cd10dbcbc9..3140e405fa 100644
--- a/contrib/examples/builtin-fetch--tool.c
+++ b/contrib/examples/builtin-fetch--tool.c
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ static int append_fetch_head(FILE *fp,
 		what = remote_name + 10;
 	}
 	else if (!strncmp(remote_name, "refs/remotes/", 13)) {
-		kind = "remote branch";
+		kind = "remote-tracking branch";
 		what = remote_name + 13;
 	}
 	else {
diff --git a/contrib/examples/git-svnimport.perl b/contrib/examples/git-svnimport.perl
index 6c4cab3633..b09ff8f12f 100755
--- a/contrib/examples/git-svnimport.perl
+++ b/contrib/examples/git-svnimport.perl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 
 # This tool is copyright (c) 2005, Matthias Urlichs.
 # It is released under the Gnu Public License, version 2.
diff --git a/contrib/fast-import/git-p4 b/contrib/fast-import/git-p4
index c1ea643ace..04ce7e3b02 100755
--- a/contrib/fast-import/git-p4
+++ b/contrib/fast-import/git-p4
@@ -706,7 +706,9 @@ class P4Submit(Command):
             submitTemplate = self.prepareLogMessage(template, logMessage)
             if os.environ.has_key("P4DIFF"):
                 del(os.environ["P4DIFF"])
-            diff = p4_read_pipe("diff -du ...")
+            diff = ""
+            for editedFile in editedFiles:
+                diff += p4_read_pipe("diff -du %r" % editedFile)
 
             newdiff = ""
             for newFile in filesToAdd:
diff --git a/contrib/fast-import/import-directories.perl b/contrib/fast-import/import-directories.perl
index 3a5da4ab00..7f3afa5ac4 100755
--- a/contrib/fast-import/import-directories.perl
+++ b/contrib/fast-import/import-directories.perl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 #
 # Copyright 2008-2009 Peter Krefting <peter@softwolves.pp.se>
 #
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ =head3 Revision commit message section
 
 # Globals
 use strict;
+use warnings;
 use integer;
 my $crlfmode = 0;
 my @revs;
diff --git a/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email b/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
index 0085086437..85724bfc08 100755
--- a/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
+++ b/contrib/hooks/post-receive-email
@@ -71,19 +71,10 @@
 # ---------------------------- Functions
 
 #
-# Top level email generation function.  This decides what type of update
-# this is and calls the appropriate body-generation routine after outputting
-# the common header
+# Function to prepare for email generation. This decides what type
+# of update this is and whether an email should even be generated.
 #
-# Note this function doesn't actually generate any email output, that is
-# taken care of by the functions it calls:
-#  - generate_email_header
-#  - generate_create_XXXX_email
-#  - generate_update_XXXX_email
-#  - generate_delete_XXXX_email
-#  - generate_email_footer
-#
-generate_email()
+prep_for_email()
 {
 	# --- Arguments
 	oldrev=$(git rev-parse $1)
@@ -159,7 +150,7 @@ generate_email()
 			# Anything else (is there anything else?)
 			echo >&2 "*** Unknown type of update to $refname ($rev_type)"
 			echo >&2 "***  - no email generated"
-			exit 1
+			return 0
 			;;
 	esac
 
@@ -175,9 +166,32 @@ generate_email()
 		esac
 		echo >&2 "*** $config_name is not set so no email will be sent"
 		echo >&2 "*** for $refname update $oldrev->$newrev"
-		exit 0
+		return 0
 	fi
 
+	return 1
+}
+
+#
+# Top level email generation function.  This calls the appropriate
+# body-generation routine after outputting the common header.
+#
+# Note this function doesn't actually generate any email output, that is
+# taken care of by the functions it calls:
+#  - generate_email_header
+#  - generate_create_XXXX_email
+#  - generate_update_XXXX_email
+#  - generate_delete_XXXX_email
+#  - generate_email_footer
+#
+# Note also that this function cannot 'exit' from the script; when this
+# function is running (in hook script mode), the send_mail() function
+# is already executing in another process, connected via a pipe, and
+# if this function exits without, whatever has been generated to that
+# point will be sent as an email... even if nothing has been generated.
+#
+generate_email()
+{
 	# Email parameters
 	# The email subject will contain the best description of the ref
 	# that we can build from the parameters
@@ -717,10 +731,11 @@ if [ -n "$1" -a -n "$2" -a -n "$3" ]; then
 	# Output to the terminal in command line mode - if someone wanted to
 	# resend an email; they could redirect the output to sendmail
 	# themselves
-	PAGER= generate_email $2 $3 $1
+	prep_for_email $2 $3 $1 && PAGER= generate_email
 else
 	while read oldrev newrev refname
 	do
-		generate_email $oldrev $newrev $refname $maxlines | send_mail
+		prep_for_email $oldrev $newrev $refname || continue
+		generate_email $maxlines | send_mail
 	done
 fi
diff --git a/daemon.c b/daemon.c
index e22a2b7fa5..d2a4e023e8 100644
--- a/daemon.c
+++ b/daemon.c
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
-
-#include <syslog.h>
+#include "string-list.h"
 
 #ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX
 #define HOST_NAME_MAX 256
@@ -14,21 +13,25 @@
 #define NI_MAXSERV 32
 #endif
 
+#ifdef NO_INITGROUPS
+#define initgroups(x, y) (0) /* nothing */
+#endif
+
 static int log_syslog;
 static int verbose;
 static int reuseaddr;
 
 static const char daemon_usage[] =
 "git daemon [--verbose] [--syslog] [--export-all]\n"
-"           [--timeout=n] [--init-timeout=n] [--max-connections=n]\n"
-"           [--strict-paths] [--base-path=path] [--base-path-relaxed]\n"
-"           [--user-path | --user-path=path]\n"
-"           [--interpolated-path=path]\n"
-"           [--reuseaddr] [--detach] [--pid-file=file]\n"
-"           [--[enable|disable|allow-override|forbid-override]=service]\n"
-"           [--inetd | [--listen=host_or_ipaddr] [--port=n]\n"
-"                      [--user=user [--group=group]]\n"
-"           [directory...]";
+"           [--timeout=<n>] [--init-timeout=<n>] [--max-connections=<n>]\n"
+"           [--strict-paths] [--base-path=<path>] [--base-path-relaxed]\n"
+"           [--user-path | --user-path=<path>]\n"
+"           [--interpolated-path=<path>]\n"
+"           [--reuseaddr] [--pid-file=<file>]\n"
+"           [--(enable|disable|allow-override|forbid-override)=<service>]\n"
+"           [--inetd | [--listen=<host_or_ipaddr>] [--port=<n>]\n"
+"                      [--detach] [--user=<user> [--group=<group>]]\n"
+"           [<directory>...]";
 
 /* List of acceptable pathname prefixes */
 static char **ok_paths;
@@ -68,12 +71,14 @@ static void logreport(int priority, const char *err, va_list params)
 		syslog(priority, "%s", buf);
 	} else {
 		/*
-		 * Since stderr is set to linebuffered mode, the
+		 * Since stderr is set to buffered mode, the
 		 * logging of different processes will not overlap
+		 * unless they overflow the (rather big) buffers.
 		 */
 		fprintf(stderr, "[%"PRIuMAX"] ", (uintmax_t)getpid());
 		vfprintf(stderr, err, params);
 		fputc('\n', stderr);
+		fflush(stderr);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -515,37 +520,14 @@ static void parse_host_arg(char *extra_args, int buflen)
 }
 
 
-static int execute(struct sockaddr *addr)
+static int execute(void)
 {
 	static char line[1000];
 	int pktlen, len, i;
+	char *addr = getenv("REMOTE_ADDR"), *port = getenv("REMOTE_PORT");
 
-	if (addr) {
-		char addrbuf[256] = "";
-		int port = -1;
-
-		if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
-			struct sockaddr_in *sin_addr = (void *) addr;
-			inet_ntop(addr->sa_family, &sin_addr->sin_addr, addrbuf, sizeof(addrbuf));
-			port = ntohs(sin_addr->sin_port);
-#ifndef NO_IPV6
-		} else if (addr && addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
-			struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_addr = (void *) addr;
-
-			char *buf = addrbuf;
-			*buf++ = '['; *buf = '\0'; /* stpcpy() is cool */
-			inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &sin6_addr->sin6_addr, buf, sizeof(addrbuf) - 1);
-			strcat(buf, "]");
-
-			port = ntohs(sin6_addr->sin6_port);
-#endif
-		}
-		loginfo("Connection from %s:%d", addrbuf, port);
-		setenv("REMOTE_ADDR", addrbuf, 1);
-	}
-	else {
-		unsetenv("REMOTE_ADDR");
-	}
+	if (addr)
+		loginfo("Connection from %s:%s", addr, port);
 
 	alarm(init_timeout ? init_timeout : timeout);
 	pktlen = packet_read_line(0, line, sizeof(line));
@@ -615,17 +597,17 @@ static unsigned int live_children;
 
 static struct child {
 	struct child *next;
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process cld;
 	struct sockaddr_storage address;
 } *firstborn;
 
-static void add_child(pid_t pid, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen)
+static void add_child(struct child_process *cld, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen)
 {
 	struct child *newborn, **cradle;
 
 	newborn = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*newborn));
 	live_children++;
-	newborn->pid = pid;
+	memcpy(&newborn->cld, cld, sizeof(*cld));
 	memcpy(&newborn->address, addr, addrlen);
 	for (cradle = &firstborn; *cradle; cradle = &(*cradle)->next)
 		if (!addrcmp(&(*cradle)->address, &newborn->address))
@@ -634,19 +616,6 @@ static void add_child(pid_t pid, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen)
 	*cradle = newborn;
 }
 
-static void remove_child(pid_t pid)
-{
-	struct child **cradle, *blanket;
-
-	for (cradle = &firstborn; (blanket = *cradle); cradle = &blanket->next)
-		if (blanket->pid == pid) {
-			*cradle = blanket->next;
-			live_children--;
-			free(blanket);
-			break;
-		}
-}
-
 /*
  * This gets called if the number of connections grows
  * past "max_connections".
@@ -662,7 +631,7 @@ static void kill_some_child(void)
 
 	for (; (next = blanket->next); blanket = next)
 		if (!addrcmp(&blanket->address, &next->address)) {
-			kill(blanket->pid, SIGTERM);
+			kill(blanket->cld.pid, SIGTERM);
 			break;
 		}
 }
@@ -672,18 +641,28 @@ static void check_dead_children(void)
 	int status;
 	pid_t pid;
 
-	while ((pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG)) > 0) {
-		const char *dead = "";
-		remove_child(pid);
-		if (!WIFEXITED(status) || (WEXITSTATUS(status) > 0))
-			dead = " (with error)";
-		loginfo("[%"PRIuMAX"] Disconnected%s", (uintmax_t)pid, dead);
-	}
+	struct child **cradle, *blanket;
+	for (cradle = &firstborn; (blanket = *cradle);)
+		if ((pid = waitpid(blanket->cld.pid, &status, WNOHANG)) > 1) {
+			const char *dead = "";
+			if (status)
+				dead = " (with error)";
+			loginfo("[%"PRIuMAX"] Disconnected%s", (uintmax_t)pid, dead);
+
+			/* remove the child */
+			*cradle = blanket->next;
+			live_children--;
+			free(blanket);
+		} else
+			cradle = &blanket->next;
 }
 
-static void handle(int incoming, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen)
+static char **cld_argv;
+static void handle(int incoming, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen)
 {
-	pid_t pid;
+	struct child_process cld = { 0 };
+	char addrbuf[300] = "REMOTE_ADDR=", portbuf[300];
+	char *env[] = { addrbuf, portbuf, NULL };
 
 	if (max_connections && live_children >= max_connections) {
 		kill_some_child();
@@ -696,22 +675,37 @@ static void handle(int incoming, struct sockaddr *addr, int addrlen)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if ((pid = fork())) {
-		close(incoming);
-		if (pid < 0) {
-			logerror("Couldn't fork %s", strerror(errno));
-			return;
-		}
+	if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
+		struct sockaddr_in *sin_addr = (void *) addr;
+		inet_ntop(addr->sa_family, &sin_addr->sin_addr, addrbuf + 12,
+		    sizeof(addrbuf) - 12);
+		snprintf(portbuf, sizeof(portbuf), "REMOTE_PORT=%d",
+		    ntohs(sin_addr->sin_port));
+#ifndef NO_IPV6
+	} else if (addr && addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+		struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_addr = (void *) addr;
 
-		add_child(pid, addr, addrlen);
-		return;
+		char *buf = addrbuf + 12;
+		*buf++ = '['; *buf = '\0'; /* stpcpy() is cool */
+		inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &sin6_addr->sin6_addr, buf,
+		    sizeof(addrbuf) - 13);
+		strcat(buf, "]");
+
+		snprintf(portbuf, sizeof(portbuf), "REMOTE_PORT=%d",
+		    ntohs(sin6_addr->sin6_port));
+#endif
 	}
 
-	dup2(incoming, 0);
-	dup2(incoming, 1);
-	close(incoming);
+	cld.env = (const char **)env;
+	cld.argv = (const char **)cld_argv;
+	cld.in = incoming;
+	cld.out = dup(incoming);
 
-	exit(execute(addr));
+	if (start_command(&cld))
+		logerror("unable to fork");
+	else
+		add_child(&cld, addr, addrlen);
+	close(incoming);
 }
 
 static void child_handler(int signo)
@@ -734,11 +728,17 @@ static int set_reuse_addr(int sockfd)
 			  &on, sizeof(on));
 }
 
+struct socketlist {
+	int *list;
+	size_t nr;
+	size_t alloc;
+};
+
 #ifndef NO_IPV6
 
-static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
+static int setup_named_sock(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, struct socketlist *socklist)
 {
-	int socknum = 0, *socklist = NULL;
+	int socknum = 0;
 	int maxfd = -1;
 	char pbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
 	struct addrinfo hints, *ai0, *ai;
@@ -753,8 +753,10 @@ static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
 	hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
 
 	gai = getaddrinfo(listen_addr, pbuf, &hints, &ai0);
-	if (gai)
-		die("getaddrinfo() failed: %s", gai_strerror(gai));
+	if (gai) {
+		logerror("getaddrinfo() for %s failed: %s", listen_addr, gai_strerror(gai));
+		return 0;
+	}
 
 	for (ai = ai0; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
 		int sockfd;
@@ -795,8 +797,9 @@ static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
 		if (flags >= 0)
 			fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC);
 
-		socklist = xrealloc(socklist, sizeof(int) * (socknum + 1));
-		socklist[socknum++] = sockfd;
+		ALLOC_GROW(socklist->list, socklist->nr + 1, socklist->alloc);
+		socklist->list[socklist->nr++] = sockfd;
+		socknum++;
 
 		if (maxfd < sockfd)
 			maxfd = sockfd;
@@ -804,13 +807,12 @@ static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
 
 	freeaddrinfo(ai0);
 
-	*socklist_p = socklist;
 	return socknum;
 }
 
 #else /* NO_IPV6 */
 
-static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
+static int setup_named_sock(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, struct socketlist *socklist)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_in sin;
 	int sockfd;
@@ -851,22 +853,39 @@ static int socksetup(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, int **socklist_p)
 	if (flags >= 0)
 		fcntl(sockfd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC);
 
-	*socklist_p = xmalloc(sizeof(int));
-	**socklist_p = sockfd;
+	ALLOC_GROW(socklist->list, socklist->nr + 1, socklist->alloc);
+	socklist->list[socklist->nr++] = sockfd;
 	return 1;
 }
 
 #endif
 
-static int service_loop(int socknum, int *socklist)
+static void socksetup(struct string_list *listen_addr, int listen_port, struct socketlist *socklist)
+{
+	if (!listen_addr->nr)
+		setup_named_sock(NULL, listen_port, socklist);
+	else {
+		int i, socknum;
+		for (i = 0; i < listen_addr->nr; i++) {
+			socknum = setup_named_sock(listen_addr->items[i].string,
+						   listen_port, socklist);
+
+			if (socknum == 0)
+				logerror("unable to allocate any listen sockets for host %s on port %u",
+					 listen_addr->items[i].string, listen_port);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static int service_loop(struct socketlist *socklist)
 {
 	struct pollfd *pfd;
 	int i;
 
-	pfd = xcalloc(socknum, sizeof(struct pollfd));
+	pfd = xcalloc(socklist->nr, sizeof(struct pollfd));
 
-	for (i = 0; i < socknum; i++) {
-		pfd[i].fd = socklist[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < socklist->nr; i++) {
+		pfd[i].fd = socklist->list[i];
 		pfd[i].events = POLLIN;
 	}
 
@@ -877,7 +896,7 @@ static int service_loop(int socknum, int *socklist)
 
 		check_dead_children();
 
-		if (poll(pfd, socknum, -1) < 0) {
+		if (poll(pfd, socklist->nr, -1) < 0) {
 			if (errno != EINTR) {
 				logerror("Poll failed, resuming: %s",
 				      strerror(errno));
@@ -886,11 +905,17 @@ static int service_loop(int socknum, int *socklist)
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		for (i = 0; i < socknum; i++) {
+		for (i = 0; i < socklist->nr; i++) {
 			if (pfd[i].revents & POLLIN) {
-				struct sockaddr_storage ss;
-				unsigned int sslen = sizeof(ss);
-				int incoming = accept(pfd[i].fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss, &sslen);
+				union {
+					struct sockaddr sa;
+					struct sockaddr_in sai;
+#ifndef NO_IPV6
+					struct sockaddr_in6 sai6;
+#endif
+				} ss;
+				socklen_t sslen = sizeof(ss);
+				int incoming = accept(pfd[i].fd, &ss.sa, &sslen);
 				if (incoming < 0) {
 					switch (errno) {
 					case EAGAIN:
@@ -901,7 +926,7 @@ static int service_loop(int socknum, int *socklist)
 						die_errno("accept returned");
 					}
 				}
-				handle(incoming, (struct sockaddr *)&ss, sslen);
+				handle(incoming, &ss.sa, sslen);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -919,6 +944,62 @@ static void sanitize_stdfds(void)
 		close(fd);
 }
 
+#ifdef NO_POSIX_GOODIES
+
+struct credentials;
+
+static void drop_privileges(struct credentials *cred)
+{
+	/* nothing */
+}
+
+static void daemonize(void)
+{
+	die("--detach not supported on this platform");
+}
+
+static struct credentials *prepare_credentials(const char *user_name,
+    const char *group_name)
+{
+	die("--user not supported on this platform");
+}
+
+#else
+
+struct credentials {
+	struct passwd *pass;
+	gid_t gid;
+};
+
+static void drop_privileges(struct credentials *cred)
+{
+	if (cred && (initgroups(cred->pass->pw_name, cred->gid) ||
+	    setgid (cred->gid) || setuid(cred->pass->pw_uid)))
+		die("cannot drop privileges");
+}
+
+static struct credentials *prepare_credentials(const char *user_name,
+    const char *group_name)
+{
+	static struct credentials c;
+
+	c.pass = getpwnam(user_name);
+	if (!c.pass)
+		die("user not found - %s", user_name);
+
+	if (!group_name)
+		c.gid = c.pass->pw_gid;
+	else {
+		struct group *group = getgrnam(group_name);
+		if (!group)
+			die("group not found - %s", group_name);
+
+		c.gid = group->gr_gid;
+	}
+
+	return &c;
+}
+
 static void daemonize(void)
 {
 	switch (fork()) {
@@ -936,6 +1017,7 @@ static void daemonize(void)
 	close(2);
 	sanitize_stdfds();
 }
+#endif
 
 static void store_pid(const char *path)
 {
@@ -946,33 +1028,29 @@ static void store_pid(const char *path)
 		die_errno("failed to write pid file '%s'", path);
 }
 
-static int serve(char *listen_addr, int listen_port, struct passwd *pass, gid_t gid)
+static int serve(struct string_list *listen_addr, int listen_port,
+    struct credentials *cred)
 {
-	int socknum, *socklist;
+	struct socketlist socklist = { NULL, 0, 0 };
 
-	socknum = socksetup(listen_addr, listen_port, &socklist);
-	if (socknum == 0)
-		die("unable to allocate any listen sockets on host %s port %u",
-		    listen_addr, listen_port);
+	socksetup(listen_addr, listen_port, &socklist);
+	if (socklist.nr == 0)
+		die("unable to allocate any listen sockets on port %u",
+		    listen_port);
 
-	if (pass && gid &&
-	    (initgroups(pass->pw_name, gid) || setgid (gid) ||
-	     setuid(pass->pw_uid)))
-		die("cannot drop privileges");
+	drop_privileges(cred);
 
-	return service_loop(socknum, socklist);
+	return service_loop(&socklist);
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
 	int listen_port = 0;
-	char *listen_addr = NULL;
-	int inetd_mode = 0;
+	struct string_list listen_addr = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+	int serve_mode = 0, inetd_mode = 0;
 	const char *pid_file = NULL, *user_name = NULL, *group_name = NULL;
 	int detach = 0;
-	struct passwd *pass = NULL;
-	struct group *group;
-	gid_t gid = 0;
+	struct credentials *cred = NULL;
 	int i;
 
 	git_extract_argv0_path(argv[0]);
@@ -981,7 +1059,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		char *arg = argv[i];
 
 		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--listen=")) {
-			listen_addr = xstrdup_tolower(arg + 9);
+			string_list_append(&listen_addr, xstrdup_tolower(arg + 9));
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (!prefixcmp(arg, "--port=")) {
@@ -993,6 +1071,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 				continue;
 			}
 		}
+		if (!strcmp(arg, "--serve")) {
+			serve_mode = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
 		if (!strcmp(arg, "--inetd")) {
 			inetd_mode = 1;
 			log_syslog = 1;
@@ -1101,12 +1183,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		set_die_routine(daemon_die);
 	} else
 		/* avoid splitting a message in the middle */
-		setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
+		setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IOFBF, 4096);
 
-	if (inetd_mode && (group_name || user_name))
-		die("--user and --group are incompatible with --inetd");
+	if (inetd_mode && (detach || group_name || user_name))
+		die("--detach, --user and --group are incompatible with --inetd");
 
-	if (inetd_mode && (listen_port || listen_addr))
+	if (inetd_mode && (listen_port || (listen_addr.nr > 0)))
 		die("--listen= and --port= are incompatible with --inetd");
 	else if (listen_port == 0)
 		listen_port = DEFAULT_GIT_PORT;
@@ -1114,21 +1196,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (group_name && !user_name)
 		die("--group supplied without --user");
 
-	if (user_name) {
-		pass = getpwnam(user_name);
-		if (!pass)
-			die("user not found - %s", user_name);
-
-		if (!group_name)
-			gid = pass->pw_gid;
-		else {
-			group = getgrnam(group_name);
-			if (!group)
-				die("group not found - %s", group_name);
-
-			gid = group->gr_gid;
-		}
-	}
+	if (user_name)
+		cred = prepare_credentials(user_name, group_name);
 
 	if (strict_paths && (!ok_paths || !*ok_paths))
 		die("option --strict-paths requires a whitelist");
@@ -1138,19 +1207,13 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		    base_path);
 
 	if (inetd_mode) {
-		struct sockaddr_storage ss;
-		struct sockaddr *peer = (struct sockaddr *)&ss;
-		socklen_t slen = sizeof(ss);
-
 		if (!freopen("/dev/null", "w", stderr))
 			die_errno("failed to redirect stderr to /dev/null");
-
-		if (getpeername(0, peer, &slen))
-			peer = NULL;
-
-		return execute(peer);
 	}
 
+	if (inetd_mode || serve_mode)
+		return execute();
+
 	if (detach) {
 		daemonize();
 		loginfo("Ready to rumble");
@@ -1161,5 +1224,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (pid_file)
 		store_pid(pid_file);
 
-	return serve(listen_addr, listen_port, pass, gid);
+	/* prepare argv for serving-processes */
+	cld_argv = xmalloc(sizeof (char *) * (argc + 2));
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i)
+		cld_argv[i] = argv[i];
+	cld_argv[argc] = "--serve";
+	cld_argv[argc+1] = NULL;
+
+	return serve(&listen_addr, listen_port, cred);
 }
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 84876431bc..6991ed4e17 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -1771,8 +1771,14 @@ static void emit_binary_diff(FILE *file, mmfile_t *one, mmfile_t *two, char *pre
 
 static void diff_filespec_load_driver(struct diff_filespec *one)
 {
-	if (!one->driver)
+	/* Use already-loaded driver */
+	if (one->driver)
+		return;
+
+	if (S_ISREG(one->mode))
 		one->driver = userdiff_find_by_path(one->path);
+
+	/* Fallback to default settings */
 	if (!one->driver)
 		one->driver = userdiff_find_by_name("default");
 }
@@ -1820,8 +1826,7 @@ struct userdiff_driver *get_textconv(struct diff_filespec *one)
 {
 	if (!DIFF_FILE_VALID(one))
 		return NULL;
-	if (!S_ISREG(one->mode))
-		return NULL;
+
 	diff_filespec_load_driver(one);
 	if (!one->driver->textconv)
 		return NULL;
@@ -2153,7 +2158,7 @@ static void builtin_checkdiff(const char *name_a, const char *name_b,
 
 			ecbdata.ws_rule = data.ws_rule;
 			check_blank_at_eof(&mf1, &mf2, &ecbdata);
-			blank_at_eof = ecbdata.blank_at_eof_in_preimage;
+			blank_at_eof = ecbdata.blank_at_eof_in_postimage;
 
 			if (blank_at_eof) {
 				static char *err;
@@ -2386,10 +2391,14 @@ int diff_populate_filespec(struct diff_filespec *s, int size_only)
 	}
 	else {
 		enum object_type type;
-		if (size_only)
+		if (size_only) {
 			type = sha1_object_info(s->sha1, &s->size);
-		else {
+			if (type < 0)
+				die("unable to read %s", sha1_to_hex(s->sha1));
+		} else {
 			s->data = read_sha1_file(s->sha1, &type, &s->size);
+			if (!s->data)
+				die("unable to read %s", sha1_to_hex(s->sha1));
 			s->should_free = 1;
 		}
 	}
@@ -3140,16 +3149,19 @@ int diff_opt_parse(struct diff_options *options, const char **av, int ac)
 		return stat_opt(options, av);
 
 	/* renames options */
-	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-B")) {
+	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-B") || !prefixcmp(arg, "--break-rewrites=") ||
+		 !strcmp(arg, "--break-rewrites")) {
 		if ((options->break_opt = diff_scoreopt_parse(arg)) == -1)
 			return error("invalid argument to -B: %s", arg+2);
 	}
-	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-M")) {
+	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-M") || !prefixcmp(arg, "--detect-renames=") ||
+		 !strcmp(arg, "--detect-renames")) {
 		if ((options->rename_score = diff_scoreopt_parse(arg)) == -1)
 			return error("invalid argument to -M: %s", arg+2);
 		options->detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
 	}
-	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-C")) {
+	else if (!prefixcmp(arg, "-C") || !prefixcmp(arg, "--detect-copies=") ||
+		 !strcmp(arg, "--detect-copies")) {
 		if (options->detect_rename == DIFF_DETECT_COPY)
 			DIFF_OPT_SET(options, FIND_COPIES_HARDER);
 		if ((options->rename_score = diff_scoreopt_parse(arg)) == -1)
@@ -3323,7 +3335,7 @@ int diff_opt_parse(struct diff_options *options, const char **av, int ac)
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int parse_num(const char **cp_p)
+int parse_rename_score(const char **cp_p)
 {
 	unsigned long num, scale;
 	int ch, dot;
@@ -3366,10 +3378,26 @@ static int diff_scoreopt_parse(const char *opt)
 	if (*opt++ != '-')
 		return -1;
 	cmd = *opt++;
+	if (cmd == '-') {
+		/* convert the long-form arguments into short-form versions */
+		if (!prefixcmp(opt, "break-rewrites")) {
+			opt += strlen("break-rewrites");
+			if (*opt == 0 || *opt++ == '=')
+				cmd = 'B';
+		} else if (!prefixcmp(opt, "detect-copies")) {
+			opt += strlen("detect-copies");
+			if (*opt == 0 || *opt++ == '=')
+				cmd = 'C';
+		} else if (!prefixcmp(opt, "detect-renames")) {
+			opt += strlen("detect-renames");
+			if (*opt == 0 || *opt++ == '=')
+				cmd = 'M';
+		}
+	}
 	if (cmd != 'M' && cmd != 'C' && cmd != 'B')
 		return -1; /* that is not a -M, -C nor -B option */
 
-	opt1 = parse_num(&opt);
+	opt1 = parse_rename_score(&opt);
 	if (cmd != 'B')
 		opt2 = 0;
 	else {
@@ -3379,7 +3407,7 @@ static int diff_scoreopt_parse(const char *opt)
 			return -1; /* we expect -B80/99 or -B80 */
 		else {
 			opt++;
-			opt2 = parse_num(&opt);
+			opt2 = parse_rename_score(&opt);
 		}
 	}
 	if (*opt != 0)
@@ -3532,7 +3560,7 @@ static void diff_flush_stat(struct diff_filepair *p, struct diff_options *o,
 
 	if ((DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->one) && S_ISDIR(p->one->mode)) ||
 	    (DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->two) && S_ISDIR(p->two->mode)))
-		return; /* no tree diffs in patch format */
+		return; /* no useful stat for tree diffs */
 
 	run_diffstat(p, o, diffstat);
 }
@@ -3545,7 +3573,7 @@ static void diff_flush_checkdiff(struct diff_filepair *p,
 
 	if ((DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->one) && S_ISDIR(p->one->mode)) ||
 	    (DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->two) && S_ISDIR(p->two->mode)))
-		return; /* no tree diffs in patch format */
+		return; /* nothing to check in tree diffs */
 
 	run_checkdiff(p, o);
 }
@@ -3870,7 +3898,7 @@ static int diff_get_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, unsigned char *sha1)
 
 		xpp.flags = 0;
 		xecfg.ctxlen = 3;
-		xecfg.flags = XDL_EMIT_FUNCNAMES;
+		xecfg.flags = 0;
 		xdi_diff_outf(&mf1, &mf2, patch_id_consume, &data,
 			      &xpp, &xecfg);
 	}
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index 1fd44f5e47..0083d92438 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -315,4 +315,6 @@ extern size_t fill_textconv(struct userdiff_driver *driver,
 
 extern struct userdiff_driver *get_textconv(struct diff_filespec *one);
 
+extern int parse_rename_score(const char **cp_p);
+
 #endif /* DIFF_H */
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index d1e5e5e5bf..852e60f2a8 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -18,6 +18,22 @@ static int read_directory_recursive(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *path, in
 	int check_only, const struct path_simplify *simplify);
 static int get_dtype(struct dirent *de, const char *path, int len);
 
+/* helper string functions with support for the ignore_case flag */
+int strcmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b)
+{
+	return ignore_case ? strcasecmp(a, b) : strcmp(a, b);
+}
+
+int strncmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b, size_t count)
+{
+	return ignore_case ? strncasecmp(a, b, count) : strncmp(a, b, count);
+}
+
+int fnmatch_icase(const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags)
+{
+	return fnmatch(pattern, string, flags | (ignore_case ? FNM_CASEFOLD : 0));
+}
+
 static int common_prefix(const char **pathspec)
 {
 	const char *path, *slash, *next;
@@ -91,16 +107,30 @@ static int match_one(const char *match, const char *name, int namelen)
 	if (!*match)
 		return MATCHED_RECURSIVELY;
 
-	for (;;) {
-		unsigned char c1 = *match;
-		unsigned char c2 = *name;
-		if (c1 == '\0' || is_glob_special(c1))
-			break;
-		if (c1 != c2)
-			return 0;
-		match++;
-		name++;
-		namelen--;
+	if (ignore_case) {
+		for (;;) {
+			unsigned char c1 = tolower(*match);
+			unsigned char c2 = tolower(*name);
+			if (c1 == '\0' || is_glob_special(c1))
+				break;
+			if (c1 != c2)
+				return 0;
+			match++;
+			name++;
+			namelen--;
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (;;) {
+			unsigned char c1 = *match;
+			unsigned char c2 = *name;
+			if (c1 == '\0' || is_glob_special(c1))
+				break;
+			if (c1 != c2)
+				return 0;
+			match++;
+			name++;
+			namelen--;
+		}
 	}
 
 
@@ -109,8 +139,8 @@ static int match_one(const char *match, const char *name, int namelen)
 	 * we need to match by fnmatch
 	 */
 	matchlen = strlen(match);
-	if (strncmp(match, name, matchlen))
-		return !fnmatch(match, name, 0) ? MATCHED_FNMATCH : 0;
+	if (strncmp_icase(match, name, matchlen))
+		return !fnmatch_icase(match, name, 0) ? MATCHED_FNMATCH : 0;
 
 	if (namelen == matchlen)
 		return MATCHED_EXACTLY;
@@ -360,7 +390,8 @@ int excluded_from_list(const char *pathname,
 
 			if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
 				if (!dtype) {
-					if (!prefixcmp(pathname, exclude))
+					if (!prefixcmp(pathname, exclude) &&
+					    pathname[x->patternlen] == '/')
 						return to_exclude;
 					else
 						continue;
@@ -374,14 +405,14 @@ int excluded_from_list(const char *pathname,
 			if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_NODIR) {
 				/* match basename */
 				if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_NOWILDCARD) {
-					if (!strcmp(exclude, basename))
+					if (!strcmp_icase(exclude, basename))
 						return to_exclude;
 				} else if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH) {
 					if (x->patternlen - 1 <= pathlen &&
-					    !strcmp(exclude + 1, pathname + pathlen - x->patternlen + 1))
+					    !strcmp_icase(exclude + 1, pathname + pathlen - x->patternlen + 1))
 						return to_exclude;
 				} else {
-					if (fnmatch(exclude, basename, 0) == 0)
+					if (fnmatch_icase(exclude, basename, 0) == 0)
 						return to_exclude;
 				}
 			}
@@ -396,14 +427,14 @@ int excluded_from_list(const char *pathname,
 
 				if (pathlen < baselen ||
 				    (baselen && pathname[baselen-1] != '/') ||
-				    strncmp(pathname, x->base, baselen))
+				    strncmp_icase(pathname, x->base, baselen))
 				    continue;
 
 				if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_NOWILDCARD) {
-					if (!strcmp(exclude, pathname + baselen))
+					if (!strcmp_icase(exclude, pathname + baselen))
 						return to_exclude;
 				} else {
-					if (fnmatch(exclude, pathname+baselen,
+					if (fnmatch_icase(exclude, pathname+baselen,
 						    FNM_PATHNAME) == 0)
 					    return to_exclude;
 				}
@@ -468,6 +499,39 @@ enum exist_status {
 	index_gitdir
 };
 
+/*
+ * Do not use the alphabetically stored index to look up
+ * the directory name; instead, use the case insensitive
+ * name hash.
+ */
+static enum exist_status directory_exists_in_index_icase(const char *dirname, int len)
+{
+	struct cache_entry *ce = index_name_exists(&the_index, dirname, len + 1, ignore_case);
+	unsigned char endchar;
+
+	if (!ce)
+		return index_nonexistent;
+	endchar = ce->name[len];
+
+	/*
+	 * The cache_entry structure returned will contain this dirname
+	 * and possibly additional path components.
+	 */
+	if (endchar == '/')
+		return index_directory;
+
+	/*
+	 * If there are no additional path components, then this cache_entry
+	 * represents a submodule.  Submodules, despite being directories,
+	 * are stored in the cache without a closing slash.
+	 */
+	if (!endchar && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
+		return index_gitdir;
+
+	/* This should never be hit, but it exists just in case. */
+	return index_nonexistent;
+}
+
 /*
  * The index sorts alphabetically by entry name, which
  * means that a gitlink sorts as '\0' at the end, while
@@ -477,7 +541,12 @@ enum exist_status {
  */
 static enum exist_status directory_exists_in_index(const char *dirname, int len)
 {
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(dirname, len);
+	int pos;
+
+	if (ignore_case)
+		return directory_exists_in_index_icase(dirname, len);
+
+	pos = cache_name_pos(dirname, len);
 	if (pos < 0)
 		pos = -pos-1;
 	while (pos < active_nr) {
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index 278d84cdf7..b3e2104b9f 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -101,4 +101,8 @@ extern int remove_dir_recursively(struct strbuf *path, int flag);
 /* tries to remove the path with empty directories along it, ignores ENOENT */
 extern int remove_path(const char *path);
 
+extern int strcmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b);
+extern int strncmp_icase(const char *a, const char *b, size_t count);
+extern int fnmatch_icase(const char *pattern, const char *string, int flags);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index de5581fe51..913b0580af 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ int prefer_symlink_refs;
 int is_bare_repository_cfg = -1; /* unspecified */
 int log_all_ref_updates = -1; /* unspecified */
 int warn_ambiguous_refs = 1;
+int unique_abbrev_extra_length;
 int repository_format_version;
 const char *git_commit_encoding;
 const char *git_log_output_encoding;
@@ -171,6 +172,43 @@ char *get_object_directory(void)
 	return git_object_dir;
 }
 
+int odb_mkstemp(char *template, size_t limit, const char *pattern)
+{
+	int fd;
+	/*
+	 * we let the umask do its job, don't try to be more
+	 * restrictive except to remove write permission.
+	 */
+	int mode = 0444;
+	snprintf(template, limit, "%s/%s",
+		 get_object_directory(), pattern);
+	fd = git_mkstemp_mode(template, mode);
+	if (0 <= fd)
+		return fd;
+
+	/* slow path */
+	/* some mkstemp implementations erase template on failure */
+	snprintf(template, limit, "%s/%s",
+		 get_object_directory(), pattern);
+	safe_create_leading_directories(template);
+	return xmkstemp_mode(template, mode);
+}
+
+int odb_pack_keep(char *name, size_t namesz, unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+	int fd;
+
+	snprintf(name, namesz, "%s/pack/pack-%s.keep",
+		 get_object_directory(), sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+	fd = open(name, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600);
+	if (0 <= fd)
+		return fd;
+
+	/* slow path */
+	safe_create_leading_directories(name);
+	return open(name, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600);
+}
+
 char *get_index_file(void)
 {
 	if (!git_index_file)
@@ -192,3 +230,14 @@ int set_git_dir(const char *path)
 	setup_git_env();
 	return 0;
 }
+
+const char *get_log_output_encoding(void)
+{
+	return git_log_output_encoding ? git_log_output_encoding
+		: get_commit_output_encoding();
+}
+
+const char *get_commit_output_encoding(void)
+{
+	return git_commit_encoding ? git_commit_encoding : "UTF-8";
+}
diff --git a/fast-import.c b/fast-import.c
index 8f68a89234..534c68db6f 100644
--- a/fast-import.c
+++ b/fast-import.c
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ Format of STDIN stream:
 #include "csum-file.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
+#include "dir.h"
 
 #define PACK_ID_BITS 16
 #define MAX_PACK_ID ((1<<PACK_ID_BITS)-1)
@@ -1437,6 +1438,20 @@ static void store_tree(struct tree_entry *root)
 	t->entry_count -= del;
 }
 
+static void tree_content_replace(
+	struct tree_entry *root,
+	const unsigned char *sha1,
+	const uint16_t mode,
+	struct tree_content *newtree)
+{
+	if (!S_ISDIR(mode))
+		die("Root cannot be a non-directory");
+	hashcpy(root->versions[1].sha1, sha1);
+	if (root->tree)
+		release_tree_content_recursive(root->tree);
+	root->tree = newtree;
+}
+
 static int tree_content_set(
 	struct tree_entry *root,
 	const char *p,
@@ -1444,7 +1459,7 @@ static int tree_content_set(
 	const uint16_t mode,
 	struct tree_content *subtree)
 {
-	struct tree_content *t = root->tree;
+	struct tree_content *t;
 	const char *slash1;
 	unsigned int i, n;
 	struct tree_entry *e;
@@ -1454,23 +1469,17 @@ static int tree_content_set(
 		n = slash1 - p;
 	else
 		n = strlen(p);
-	if (!slash1 && !n) {
-		if (!S_ISDIR(mode))
-			die("Root cannot be a non-directory");
-		hashcpy(root->versions[1].sha1, sha1);
-		if (root->tree)
-			release_tree_content_recursive(root->tree);
-		root->tree = subtree;
-		return 1;
-	}
 	if (!n)
 		die("Empty path component found in input");
 	if (!slash1 && !S_ISDIR(mode) && subtree)
 		die("Non-directories cannot have subtrees");
 
+	if (!root->tree)
+		load_tree(root);
+	t = root->tree;
 	for (i = 0; i < t->entry_count; i++) {
 		e = t->entries[i];
-		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
+		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp_icase(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
 			if (!slash1) {
 				if (!S_ISDIR(mode)
 						&& e->versions[1].mode == mode
@@ -1523,7 +1532,7 @@ static int tree_content_remove(
 	const char *p,
 	struct tree_entry *backup_leaf)
 {
-	struct tree_content *t = root->tree;
+	struct tree_content *t;
 	const char *slash1;
 	unsigned int i, n;
 	struct tree_entry *e;
@@ -1534,9 +1543,12 @@ static int tree_content_remove(
 	else
 		n = strlen(p);
 
+	if (!root->tree)
+		load_tree(root);
+	t = root->tree;
 	for (i = 0; i < t->entry_count; i++) {
 		e = t->entries[i];
-		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
+		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp_icase(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
 			if (slash1 && !S_ISDIR(e->versions[1].mode))
 				/*
 				 * If p names a file in some subdirectory, and a
@@ -1581,7 +1593,7 @@ static int tree_content_get(
 	const char *p,
 	struct tree_entry *leaf)
 {
-	struct tree_content *t = root->tree;
+	struct tree_content *t;
 	const char *slash1;
 	unsigned int i, n;
 	struct tree_entry *e;
@@ -1592,9 +1604,12 @@ static int tree_content_get(
 	else
 		n = strlen(p);
 
+	if (!root->tree)
+		load_tree(root);
+	t = root->tree;
 	for (i = 0; i < t->entry_count; i++) {
 		e = t->entries[i];
-		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
+		if (e->name->str_len == n && !strncmp_icase(p, e->name->str_dat, n)) {
 			if (!slash1) {
 				memcpy(leaf, e, sizeof(*leaf));
 				if (e->tree && is_null_sha1(e->versions[1].sha1))
@@ -2218,6 +2233,10 @@ static void file_change_m(struct branch *b)
 				command_buf.buf);
 	}
 
+	if (!*p) {
+		tree_content_replace(&b->branch_tree, sha1, mode, NULL);
+		return;
+	}
 	tree_content_set(&b->branch_tree, p, sha1, mode, NULL);
 }
 
@@ -2276,6 +2295,13 @@ static void file_change_cr(struct branch *b, int rename)
 		tree_content_get(&b->branch_tree, s, &leaf);
 	if (!leaf.versions[1].mode)
 		die("Path %s not in branch", s);
+	if (!*d) {	/* C "path/to/subdir" "" */
+		tree_content_replace(&b->branch_tree,
+			leaf.versions[1].sha1,
+			leaf.versions[1].mode,
+			leaf.tree);
+		return;
+	}
 	tree_content_set(&b->branch_tree, d,
 		leaf.versions[1].sha1,
 		leaf.versions[1].mode,
@@ -2893,7 +2919,7 @@ static int git_pack_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
 }
 
 static const char fast_import_usage[] =
-"git fast-import [--date-format=f] [--max-pack-size=n] [--big-file-threshold=n] [--depth=n] [--active-branches=n] [--export-marks=marks.file]";
+"git fast-import [--date-format=<f>] [--max-pack-size=<n>] [--big-file-threshold=<n>] [--depth=<n>] [--active-branches=<n>] [--export-marks=<marks.file>]";
 
 static void parse_argv(void)
 {
diff --git a/git-add--interactive.perl b/git-add--interactive.perl
index 27fc79347a..a329c5a1f8 100755
--- a/git-add--interactive.perl
+++ b/git-add--interactive.perl
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
+use warnings;
 use Git;
 
 binmode(STDOUT, ":raw");
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => '',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'staging',
 		FILTER => 'file-only',
+		IS_REVERSE => 0,
 	},
 	'stash' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-index -p HEAD',
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => '',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'stashing',
 		FILTER => undef,
+		IS_REVERSE => 0,
 	},
 	'reset_head' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-index -p --cached',
@@ -105,6 +109,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => '',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'unstaging',
 		FILTER => 'index-only',
+		IS_REVERSE => 1,
 	},
 	'reset_nothead' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-index -R -p --cached',
@@ -114,6 +119,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => ' to index',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'applying',
 		FILTER => 'index-only',
+		IS_REVERSE => 0,
 	},
 	'checkout_index' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-files -p',
@@ -123,6 +129,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => ' from worktree',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'discarding',
 		FILTER => 'file-only',
+		IS_REVERSE => 1,
 	},
 	'checkout_head' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-index -p',
@@ -132,6 +139,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => ' from index and worktree',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'discarding',
 		FILTER => undef,
+		IS_REVERSE => 1,
 	},
 	'checkout_nothead' => {
 		DIFF => 'diff-index -R -p',
@@ -141,6 +149,7 @@ sub colored {
 		TARGET => ' to index and worktree',
 		PARTICIPLE => 'applying',
 		FILTER => undef,
+		IS_REVERSE => 0,
 	},
 );
 
@@ -999,10 +1008,12 @@ sub edit_hunk_manually {
 	print $fh "# Manual hunk edit mode -- see bottom for a quick guide\n";
 	print $fh @$oldtext;
 	my $participle = $patch_mode_flavour{PARTICIPLE};
+	my $is_reverse = $patch_mode_flavour{IS_REVERSE};
+	my ($remove_plus, $remove_minus) = $is_reverse ? ('-', '+') : ('+', '-');
 	print $fh <<EOF;
 # ---
-# To remove '-' lines, make them ' ' lines (context).
-# To remove '+' lines, delete them.
+# To remove '$remove_minus' lines, make them ' ' lines (context).
+# To remove '$remove_plus' lines, delete them.
 # Lines starting with # will be removed.
 #
 # If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be
diff --git a/git-am.sh b/git-am.sh
index 10436dcad5..df09b42840 100755
--- a/git-am.sh
+++ b/git-am.sh
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 SUBDIRECTORY_OK=Yes
 OPTIONS_KEEPDASHDASH=
 OPTIONS_SPEC="\
-git am [options] [<mbox>|<Maildir>...]
+git am [options] [(<mbox>|<Maildir>)...]
 git am [options] (--resolved | --skip | --abort)
 --
 i,interactive   run interactively
diff --git a/git-archimport.perl b/git-archimport.perl
index 98f3ede566..bc32f18d6d 100755
--- a/git-archimport.perl
+++ b/git-archimport.perl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 #
 # This tool is copyright (c) 2005, Martin Langhoff.
 # It is released under the Gnu Public License, version 2.
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ =head1 Devel Notes
 
 =cut
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Getopt::Std;
diff --git a/git-bisect.sh b/git-bisect.sh
index 6e2acb8ef2..c21e33c8d1 100755
--- a/git-bisect.sh
+++ b/git-bisect.sh
@@ -316,7 +316,12 @@ bisect_reset() {
 	*)
 	    usage ;;
 	esac
-	git checkout "$branch" -- && bisect_clean_state
+	if git checkout "$branch" -- ; then
+		bisect_clean_state
+	else
+		die "Could not check out original HEAD '$branch'." \
+				"Try 'git bisect reset <commit>'."
+	fi
 }
 
 bisect_clean_state() {
@@ -338,6 +343,7 @@ bisect_clean_state() {
 }
 
 bisect_replay () {
+	test "$#" -eq 1 || die "No logfile given"
 	test -r "$1" || die "cannot read $1 for replaying"
 	bisect_reset
 	while read git bisect command rev
@@ -412,6 +418,10 @@ bisect_run () {
     done
 }
 
+bisect_log () {
+	test -s "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_LOG" || die "We are not bisecting."
+	cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_LOG"
+}
 
 case "$#" in
 0)
@@ -438,7 +448,7 @@ case "$#" in
     replay)
 	bisect_replay "$@" ;;
     log)
-	cat "$GIT_DIR/BISECT_LOG" ;;
+	bisect_log ;;
     run)
         bisect_run "$@" ;;
     *)
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index 2af8d3edbe..d6d269f138 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -104,9 +104,14 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <regex.h>
 #include <utime.h>
+#include <syslog.h>
+#ifndef NO_SYS_POLL_H
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#else
+#include <poll.h>
+#endif
 #ifndef __MINGW32__
 #include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <termios.h>
@@ -118,7 +123,11 @@
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
+#ifndef NO_INTTYPES_H
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__)
 #undef _XOPEN_SOURCE
 #include <grp.h>
@@ -386,6 +395,14 @@ static inline void *gitmempcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n)
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef NO_INET_PTON
+int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NO_INET_NTOP
+const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size);
+#endif
+
 extern void release_pack_memory(size_t, int);
 
 typedef void (*try_to_free_t)(size_t);
@@ -404,6 +421,7 @@ extern ssize_t xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len);
 extern int xdup(int fd);
 extern FILE *xfdopen(int fd, const char *mode);
 extern int xmkstemp(char *template);
+extern int xmkstemp_mode(char *template, int mode);
 extern int odb_mkstemp(char *template, size_t limit, const char *pattern);
 extern int odb_pack_keep(char *name, size_t namesz, unsigned char *sha1);
 
diff --git a/git-cvsexportcommit.perl b/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
index 59b672213b..39a426e067 100755
--- a/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
+++ b/git-cvsexportcommit.perl
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
+use warnings;
 use Getopt::Std;
 use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
 use Data::Dumper;
diff --git a/git-cvsimport.perl b/git-cvsimport.perl
index 7ab7bbc9ea..d27abfe7f3 100755
--- a/git-cvsimport.perl
+++ b/git-cvsimport.perl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 
 # This tool is copyright (c) 2005, Matthias Urlichs.
 # It is released under the Gnu Public License, version 2.
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 # The head revision is on branch "origin" by default.
 # You can change that with the '-o' option.
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Getopt::Long;
diff --git a/git-cvsserver.perl b/git-cvsserver.perl
index bd19b85533..1b8bff2cac 100755
--- a/git-cvsserver.perl
+++ b/git-cvsserver.perl
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 ####
 ####
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use bytes;
diff --git a/git-difftool.perl b/git-difftool.perl
index adc42de875..e95e4ad973 100755
--- a/git-difftool.perl
+++ b/git-difftool.perl
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #
 # Any arguments that are unknown to this script are forwarded to 'git diff'.
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Cwd qw(abs_path);
diff --git a/git-gui/git-gui.sh b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
index 4617f29c26..d3acf0d213 100755
--- a/git-gui/git-gui.sh
+++ b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ if {![catch {set _verbose $env(GITGUI_VERBOSE)}]} {
 		puts stderr "source    $name"
 		uplevel 1 real__source $name
 	}
+	if {[tk windowingsystem] eq "win32"} { console show }
 }
 
 ######################################################################
@@ -444,6 +445,8 @@ proc _lappend_nice {cmd_var} {
 		set _nice [_which nice]
 		if {[catch {exec $_nice git version}]} {
 			set _nice {}
+		} elseif {[is_Windows] && [file dirname $_nice] ne [file dirname $::_git]} {
+			set _nice {}
 		}
 	}
 	if {$_nice ne {}} {
@@ -673,6 +676,7 @@ bind . <Visibility> {
 if {[is_Windows]} {
 	wm iconbitmap . -default $oguilib/git-gui.ico
 	set ::tk::AlwaysShowSelection 1
+	bind . <Control-F2> {console show}
 
 	# Spoof an X11 display for SSH
 	if {![info exists env(DISPLAY)]} {
@@ -874,12 +878,19 @@ if {![regsub {^git version } $_git_version {} _git_version]} {
 	exit 1
 }
 
+proc get_trimmed_version {s} {
+    set r {}
+    foreach x [split $s -._] {
+        if {[string is integer -strict $x]} {
+            lappend r $x
+        } else {
+            break
+        }
+    }
+    return [join $r .]
+}
 set _real_git_version $_git_version
-regsub -- {[\-\.]dirty$} $_git_version {} _git_version
-regsub {\.[0-9]+\.g[0-9a-f]+$} $_git_version {} _git_version
-regsub {\.[a-zA-Z]+\.?[0-9]+$} $_git_version {} _git_version
-regsub {\.GIT$} $_git_version {} _git_version
-regsub {\.[a-zA-Z]+\.?[0-9]+$} $_git_version {} _git_version
+set _git_version [get_trimmed_version $_git_version]
 
 if {![regexp {^[1-9]+(\.[0-9]+)+$} $_git_version]} {
 	catch {wm withdraw .}
@@ -1183,13 +1194,22 @@ if {![file isdirectory $_gitdir]} {
 # _gitdir exists, so try loading the config
 load_config 0
 apply_config
-# try to set work tree from environment, falling back to core.worktree
-if {[catch { set _gitworktree $env(GIT_WORK_TREE) }]} {
-	set _gitworktree [get_config core.worktree]
-	if {$_gitworktree eq ""} {
-		set _gitworktree [file dirname [file normalize $_gitdir]]
+
+# v1.7.0 introduced --show-toplevel to return the canonical work-tree
+if {[package vsatisfies $_git_version 1.7.0]} {
+	set _gitworktree [git rev-parse --show-toplevel]
+} else {
+	# try to set work tree from environment, core.worktree or use
+	# cdup to obtain a relative path to the top of the worktree. If
+	# run from the top, the ./ prefix ensures normalize expands pwd.
+	if {[catch { set _gitworktree $env(GIT_WORK_TREE) }]} {
+		set _gitworktree [get_config core.worktree]
+		if {$_gitworktree eq ""} {
+			set _gitworktree [file normalize ./[git rev-parse --show-cdup]]
+		}
 	}
 }
+
 if {$_prefix ne {}} {
 	if {$_gitworktree eq {}} {
 		regsub -all {[^/]+/} $_prefix ../ cdup
@@ -2861,7 +2881,8 @@ proc usage {} {
 	set s "usage: $::argv0 $::subcommand $::subcommand_args"
 	if {[tk windowingsystem] eq "win32"} {
 		wm withdraw .
-		tk_messageBox -icon info -title "Usage" -message $s
+		tk_messageBox -icon info -message $s \
+			-title [mc "Usage"]
 	} else {
 		puts stderr $s
 	}
@@ -2934,7 +2955,11 @@ blame {
 			if {[catch {
 					set head [git rev-parse --verify $head]
 				} err]} {
-				puts stderr $err
+				if {[tk windowingsystem] eq "win32"} {
+					tk_messageBox -icon error -title [mc Error] -message $err
+				} else {
+					puts stderr $err
+				}
 				exit 1
 			}
 		}
@@ -2973,18 +2998,19 @@ blame {
 citool -
 gui {
 	if {[llength $argv] != 0} {
-		puts -nonewline stderr "usage: $argv0"
-		if {$subcommand ne {gui}
-			&& [file tail $argv0] ne "git-$subcommand"} {
-			puts -nonewline stderr " $subcommand"
-		}
-		puts stderr {}
-		exit 1
+		usage
 	}
 	# fall through to setup UI for commits
 }
 default {
-	puts stderr "usage: $argv0 \[{blame|browser|citool}\]"
+	set err "usage: $argv0 \[{blame|browser|citool}\]"
+	if {[tk windowingsystem] eq "win32"} {
+		wm withdraw .
+		tk_messageBox -icon error -message $err \
+			-title [mc "Usage"]
+	} else {
+		puts stderr $err
+	}
 	exit 1
 }
 }
@@ -3286,6 +3312,7 @@ text $ui_diff -background white -foreground black \
 	-xscrollcommand {.vpane.lower.diff.body.sbx set} \
 	-yscrollcommand {.vpane.lower.diff.body.sby set} \
 	-state disabled
+catch {$ui_diff configure -tabstyle wordprocessor}
 ${NS}::scrollbar .vpane.lower.diff.body.sbx -orient horizontal \
 	-command [list $ui_diff xview]
 ${NS}::scrollbar .vpane.lower.diff.body.sby -orient vertical \
@@ -3296,8 +3323,16 @@ pack $ui_diff -side left -fill both -expand 1
 pack .vpane.lower.diff.header -side top -fill x
 pack .vpane.lower.diff.body -side bottom -fill both -expand 1
 
+foreach {n c} {0 black 1 red4 2 green4 3 yellow4 4 blue4 5 magenta4 6 cyan4 7 grey60} {
+	$ui_diff tag configure clr4$n -background $c
+	$ui_diff tag configure clri4$n -foreground $c
+	$ui_diff tag configure clr3$n -foreground $c
+	$ui_diff tag configure clri3$n -background $c
+}
+$ui_diff tag configure clr1 -font font_diffbold
+
 $ui_diff tag conf d_cr -elide true
-$ui_diff tag conf d_@ -foreground blue -font font_diffbold
+$ui_diff tag conf d_@ -font font_diffbold
 $ui_diff tag conf d_+ -foreground {#00a000}
 $ui_diff tag conf d_- -foreground red
 
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/branch_rename.tcl b/git-gui/lib/branch_rename.tcl
index 63988773ba..6e510ec2e3 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/branch_rename.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/branch_rename.tcl
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ constructor dialog {} {
 			return 1
 		}
 
-	grid $w.rename.oldname_l $w.rename.oldname_m -sticky w  -padx {0 5}
+	grid $w.rename.oldname_l $w.rename.oldname_m -sticky we -padx {0 5}
 	grid $w.rename.newname_l $w.rename.newname_t -sticky we -padx {0 5}
 	grid columnconfigure $w.rename 1 -weight 1
 	pack $w.rename -anchor nw -fill x -pady 5 -padx 5
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl b/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
index c628750276..dcf0711be0 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ proc start_show_diff {cont_info {add_opts {}}} {
 	}
 
 	lappend cmd -p
-	lappend cmd --no-color
+	lappend cmd --color
 	if {$repo_config(gui.diffcontext) >= 1} {
 		lappend cmd "-U$repo_config(gui.diffcontext)"
 	}
@@ -332,6 +332,23 @@ proc start_show_diff {cont_info {add_opts {}}} {
 	fileevent $fd readable [list read_diff $fd $cont_info]
 }
 
+proc parse_color_line {line} {
+	set start 0
+	set result ""
+	set markup [list]
+	set regexp {\033\[((?:\d+;)*\d+)?m}
+	while {[regexp -indices -start $start $regexp $line match code]} {
+		foreach {begin end} $match break
+		append result [string range $line $start [expr {$begin - 1}]]
+		lappend markup [string length $result] \
+			[eval [linsert $code 0 string range $line]]
+		set start [incr end]
+	}
+	append result [string range $line $start end]
+	if {[llength $markup] < 4} {set markup {}}
+	return [list $result $markup]
+}
+
 proc read_diff {fd cont_info} {
 	global ui_diff diff_active is_submodule_diff
 	global is_3way_diff is_conflict_diff current_diff_header
@@ -340,6 +357,9 @@ proc read_diff {fd cont_info} {
 
 	$ui_diff conf -state normal
 	while {[gets $fd line] >= 0} {
+		foreach {line markup} [parse_color_line $line] break
+		set line [string map {\033 ^} $line]
+
 		# -- Cleanup uninteresting diff header lines.
 		#
 		if {$::current_diff_inheader} {
@@ -434,11 +454,23 @@ proc read_diff {fd cont_info} {
 			}
 			}
 		}
+		set mark [$ui_diff index "end - 1 line linestart"]
 		$ui_diff insert end $line $tags
 		if {[string index $line end] eq "\r"} {
 			$ui_diff tag add d_cr {end - 2c}
 		}
 		$ui_diff insert end "\n" $tags
+
+		foreach {posbegin colbegin posend colend} $markup {
+			set prefix clr
+			foreach style [split $colbegin ";"] {
+				if {$style eq "7"} {append prefix i; continue}
+				if {$style < 30 || $style > 47} {continue}
+				set a "$mark linestart + $posbegin chars"
+				set b "$mark linestart + $posend chars"
+				catch {$ui_diff tag add $prefix$style $a $b}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	$ui_diff conf -state disabled
 
diff --git a/git-mergetool--lib.sh b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
index b5e1943b1d..77d4aee20e 100644
--- a/git-mergetool--lib.sh
+++ b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ merge_mode() {
 
 translate_merge_tool_path () {
 	case "$1" in
-	vimdiff)
+	vimdiff|vimdiff2)
 		echo vim
 		;;
-	gvimdiff)
+	gvimdiff|gvimdiff2)
 		echo gvim
 		;;
 	emerge)
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ check_unchanged () {
 valid_tool () {
 	case "$1" in
 	kdiff3 | tkdiff | xxdiff | meld | opendiff | \
-	emerge | vimdiff | gvimdiff | ecmerge | diffuse | araxis | p4merge)
+	vimdiff | gvimdiff | vimdiff2 | gvimdiff2 | \
+	emerge | ecmerge | diffuse | araxis | p4merge)
 		;; # happy
 	tortoisemerge)
 		if ! merge_mode; then
@@ -169,25 +170,30 @@ run_merge_tool () {
 			"$merge_tool_path" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" | cat
 		fi
 		;;
-	vimdiff)
+	vimdiff|gvimdiff)
 		if merge_mode; then
 			touch "$BACKUP"
-			"$merge_tool_path" -d -c "wincmd l" \
-				"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
+			if $base_present; then
+				"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd J" \
+					"$MERGED" "$LOCAL" "$BASE" "$REMOTE"
+			else
+				"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
+					"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
+			fi
 			check_unchanged
 		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -d -c "wincmd l" \
+			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
 				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
 		fi
 		;;
-	gvimdiff)
+	vimdiff2|gvimdiff2)
 		if merge_mode; then
 			touch "$BACKUP"
-			"$merge_tool_path" -d -c "wincmd l" -f \
+			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
 				"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
 			check_unchanged
 		else
-			"$merge_tool_path" -d -c "wincmd l" -f \
+			"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c "wincmd l" \
 				"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
 		fi
 		;;
diff --git a/git-parse-remote.sh b/git-parse-remote.sh
index 5f47b18141..4da72aefbd 100644
--- a/git-parse-remote.sh
+++ b/git-parse-remote.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ get_remote_merge_branch () {
 	    origin="$1"
 	    default=$(get_default_remote)
 	    test -z "$origin" && origin=$default
-	    curr_branch=$(git symbolic-ref -q HEAD)
+	    curr_branch=$(git symbolic-ref -q HEAD) &&
 	    [ "$origin" = "$default" ] &&
 	    echo $(git for-each-ref --format='%(upstream)' $curr_branch)
 	    ;;
diff --git a/git-pull.sh b/git-pull.sh
index 8eb74d45de..20a3bbea07 100755
--- a/git-pull.sh
+++ b/git-pull.sh
@@ -201,10 +201,7 @@ test true = "$rebase" && {
 			die "updating an unborn branch with changes added to the index"
 		fi
 	else
-		git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
-		git diff-files --ignore-submodules --quiet &&
-		git diff-index --ignore-submodules --cached --quiet HEAD -- ||
-		die "refusing to pull with rebase: your working tree is not up-to-date"
+		require_clean_work_tree "pull with rebase" "Please commit or stash them."
 	fi
 	oldremoteref= &&
 	. git-parse-remote &&
diff --git a/git-rebase--interactive.sh b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
index a27952d9fd..5934b97fa1 100755
--- a/git-rebase--interactive.sh
+++ b/git-rebase--interactive.sh
@@ -153,14 +153,6 @@ run_pre_rebase_hook () {
 	fi
 }
 
-require_clean_work_tree () {
-	# test if working tree is dirty
-	git rev-parse --verify HEAD > /dev/null &&
-	git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
-	git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules &&
-	git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD --ignore-submodules -- ||
-	die "Working tree is dirty"
-}
 
 ORIG_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION"
 
@@ -557,7 +549,7 @@ do_next () {
 			exit "$status"
 		fi
 		# Run in subshell because require_clean_work_tree can die.
-		if ! (require_clean_work_tree)
+		if ! (require_clean_work_tree "rebase")
 		then
 			warn "Commit or stash your changes, and then run"
 			warn
@@ -675,9 +667,27 @@ get_saved_options () {
 # comes immediately after the former, and change "pick" to
 # "fixup"/"squash".
 rearrange_squash () {
-	sed -n -e 's/^pick \([0-9a-f]*\) \(squash\)! /\1 \2 /p' \
-		-e 's/^pick \([0-9a-f]*\) \(fixup\)! /\1 \2 /p' \
-		"$1" >"$1.sq"
+	# extract fixup!/squash! lines and resolve any referenced sha1's
+	while read -r pick sha1 message
+	do
+		case "$message" in
+		"squash! "*|"fixup! "*)
+			action="${message%%!*}"
+			rest="${message#*! }"
+			echo "$sha1 $action $rest"
+			# if it's a single word, try to resolve to a full sha1 and
+			# emit a second copy. This allows us to match on both message
+			# and on sha1 prefix
+			if test "${rest#* }" = "$rest"; then
+				fullsha="$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$rest" 2>/dev/null)"
+				if test -n "$fullsha"; then
+					# prefix the action to uniquely identify this line as
+					# intended for full sha1 match
+					echo "$sha1 +$action $fullsha"
+				fi
+			fi
+		esac
+	done >"$1.sq" <"$1"
 	test -s "$1.sq" || return
 
 	used=
@@ -687,14 +697,26 @@ rearrange_squash () {
 		*" $sha1 "*) continue ;;
 		esac
 		printf '%s\n' "$pick $sha1 $message"
+		used="$used$sha1 "
 		while read -r squash action msg
 		do
-			case "$message" in
-			"$msg"*)
+			case " $used" in
+			*" $squash "*) continue ;;
+			esac
+			emit=0
+			case "$action" in
+			+*)
+				action="${action#+}"
+				# full sha1 prefix test
+				case "$msg" in "$sha1"*) emit=1;; esac ;;
+			*)
+				# message prefix test
+				case "$message" in "$msg"*) emit=1;; esac ;;
+			esac
+			if test $emit = 1; then
 				printf '%s\n' "$action $squash $action! $msg"
 				used="$used$squash "
-				;;
-			esac
+			fi
 		done <"$1.sq"
 	done >"$1.rearranged" <"$1"
 	cat "$1.rearranged" >"$1"
@@ -768,7 +790,7 @@ first and then run 'git rebase --continue' again."
 
 		record_in_rewritten "$(cat "$DOTEST"/stopped-sha)"
 
-		require_clean_work_tree
+		require_clean_work_tree "rebase"
 		do_rest
 		;;
 	--abort)
@@ -866,7 +888,7 @@ first and then run 'git rebase --continue' again."
 
 		comment_for_reflog start
 
-		require_clean_work_tree
+		require_clean_work_tree "rebase" "Please commit or stash them."
 
 		if test ! -z "$1"
 		then
diff --git a/git-rebase.sh b/git-rebase.sh
index e5df23bb83..0e9d52a500 100755
--- a/git-rebase.sh
+++ b/git-rebase.sh
@@ -311,10 +311,6 @@ do
 		esac
 		strategy_opts="$strategy_opts $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "--$newopt")"
 		do_merge=t
-		if test -n "$strategy"
-		then
-			strategy=recursive
-		fi
 		;;
 	-s=*|--s=*|--st=*|--str=*|--stra=*|--strat=*|--strate=*|\
 		--strateg=*|--strategy=*|\
@@ -416,19 +412,7 @@ else
 	fi
 fi
 
-# The tree must be really really clean.
-if ! git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh > /dev/null; then
-	echo >&2 "cannot rebase: you have unstaged changes"
-	git diff-files --name-status -r --ignore-submodules -- >&2
-	exit 1
-fi
-diff=$(git diff-index --cached --name-status -r --ignore-submodules HEAD --)
-case "$diff" in
-?*)	echo >&2 "cannot rebase: your index contains uncommitted changes"
-	echo >&2 "$diff"
-	exit 1
-	;;
-esac
+require_clean_work_tree "rebase" "Please commit or stash them."
 
 if test -z "$rebase_root"
 then
diff --git a/git-relink.perl b/git-relink.perl
index 937c69a748..e136732cea 100755
--- a/git-relink.perl
+++ b/git-relink.perl
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #
 # Scan two git object-trees, and hardlink any common objects between them.
 
-use 5.006;
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Getopt::Long;
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ ($$)
 
 
 sub usage() {
-	print("Usage: git relink [--safe] <dir> [<dir> ...] <master_dir> \n");
+	print("Usage: git relink [--safe] <dir>... <master_dir> \n");
 	print("All directories should contain a .git/objects/ subdirectory.\n");
 	print("Options\n");
 	print("\t--safe\t" .
diff --git a/git-repack.sh b/git-repack.sh
index 769baaf7e1..624feec26f 100755
--- a/git-repack.sh
+++ b/git-repack.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ true)
 esac
 
 PACKDIR="$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/pack"
-PACKTMP="$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/.tmp-$$-pack"
+PACKTMP="$PACKDIR/.tmp-$$-pack"
 rm -f "$PACKTMP"-*
 trap 'rm -f "$PACKTMP"-*' 0 1 2 3 15
 
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@ case ",$all_into_one," in
 	;;
 esac
 
+mkdir -p "$PACKDIR" || exit
+
 args="$args $local ${GIT_QUIET:+-q} $no_reuse$extra"
 names=$(git pack-objects --keep-true-parents --honor-pack-keep --non-empty --all --reflog $args </dev/null "$PACKTMP") ||
 	exit 1
@@ -90,7 +92,6 @@ if [ -z "$names" ]; then
 fi
 
 # Ok we have prepared all new packfiles.
-mkdir -p "$PACKDIR" || exit
 
 # First see if there are packs of the same name and if so
 # if we can move them out of the way (this can happen if we
diff --git a/git-send-email.perl b/git-send-email.perl
index 8cc4161155..76565de2ee 100755
--- a/git-send-email.perl
+++ b/git-send-email.perl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/perl
 #
 # Copyright 2002,2005 Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
 # Copyright 2005 Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com>
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #    and second line is the subject of the message.
 #
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Term::ReadLine;
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ sub usage {
     --envelope-sender       <str>  * Email envelope sender.
     --smtp-server       <str:int>  * Outgoing SMTP server to use. The port
                                      is optional. Default 'localhost'.
+    --smtp-server-option    <str>  * Outgoing SMTP server option to use.
     --smtp-server-port      <int>  * Outgoing SMTP server port.
     --smtp-user             <str>  * Username for SMTP-AUTH.
     --smtp-pass             <str>  * Password for SMTP-AUTH; not necessary.
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ sub usage {
 
   Automating:
     --identity              <str>  * Use the sendemail.<id> options.
+    --to-cmd                <str>  * Email To: via `<str> \$patch_path`
     --cc-cmd                <str>  * Email Cc: via `<str> \$patch_path`
     --suppress-cc           <str>  * author, self, sob, cc, cccmd, body, bodycc, all.
     --[no-]signed-off-by-cc        * Send to Signed-off-by: addresses. Default on.
@@ -136,11 +139,8 @@ sub format_2822_time {
 my $smtp;
 my $auth;
 
-sub unique_email_list(@);
-sub cleanup_compose_files();
-
 # Variables we fill in automatically, or via prompting:
-my (@to,$no_to,@cc,$no_cc,@initial_cc,@bcclist,$no_bcc,@xh,
+my (@to,$no_to,@initial_to,@cc,$no_cc,@initial_cc,@bcclist,$no_bcc,@xh,
 	$initial_reply_to,$initial_subject,@files,
 	$author,$sender,$smtp_authpass,$annotate,$compose,$time);
 
@@ -190,9 +190,11 @@ sub do_edit {
 }
 
 # Variables with corresponding config settings
-my ($thread, $chain_reply_to, $suppress_from, $signed_off_by_cc, $cc_cmd);
-my ($smtp_server, $smtp_server_port, $smtp_authuser, $smtp_encryption);
-my ($identity, $aliasfiletype, @alias_files, @smtp_host_parts, $smtp_domain);
+my ($thread, $chain_reply_to, $suppress_from, $signed_off_by_cc);
+my ($to_cmd, $cc_cmd);
+my ($smtp_server, $smtp_server_port, @smtp_server_options);
+my ($smtp_authuser, $smtp_encryption);
+my ($identity, $aliasfiletype, @alias_files, $smtp_domain);
 my ($validate, $confirm);
 my (@suppress_cc);
 my ($auto_8bit_encoding);
@@ -213,10 +215,12 @@ sub do_edit {
 my %config_settings = (
     "smtpserver" => \$smtp_server,
     "smtpserverport" => \$smtp_server_port,
+    "smtpserveroption" => \@smtp_server_options,
     "smtpuser" => \$smtp_authuser,
     "smtppass" => \$smtp_authpass,
-	"smtpdomain" => \$smtp_domain,
-    "to" => \@to,
+    "smtpdomain" => \$smtp_domain,
+    "to" => \@initial_to,
+    "tocmd" => \$to_cmd,
     "cc" => \@initial_cc,
     "cccmd" => \$cc_cmd,
     "aliasfiletype" => \$aliasfiletype,
@@ -274,7 +278,8 @@ sub signal_handler {
 my $rc = GetOptions("sender|from=s" => \$sender,
                     "in-reply-to=s" => \$initial_reply_to,
 		    "subject=s" => \$initial_subject,
-		    "to=s" => \@to,
+		    "to=s" => \@initial_to,
+		    "to-cmd=s" => \$to_cmd,
 		    "no-to" => \$no_to,
 		    "cc=s" => \@initial_cc,
 		    "no-cc" => \$no_cc,
@@ -282,6 +287,7 @@ sub signal_handler {
 		    "no-bcc" => \$no_bcc,
 		    "chain-reply-to!" => \$chain_reply_to,
 		    "smtp-server=s" => \$smtp_server,
+		    "smtp-server-option=s" => \@smtp_server_options,
 		    "smtp-server-port=s" => \$smtp_server_port,
 		    "smtp-user=s" => \$smtp_authuser,
 		    "smtp-pass:s" => \$smtp_authpass,
@@ -368,7 +374,7 @@ sub read_config {
 if (@suppress_cc) {
 	foreach my $entry (@suppress_cc) {
 		die "Unknown --suppress-cc field: '$entry'\n"
-			unless $entry =~ /^(all|cccmd|cc|author|self|sob|body|bodycc)$/;
+			unless $entry =~ /^(?:all|cccmd|cc|author|self|sob|body|bodycc)$/;
 		$suppress_cc{$entry} = 1;
 	}
 }
@@ -413,7 +419,7 @@ sub read_config {
 
 # Verify the user input
 
-foreach my $entry (@to) {
+foreach my $entry (@initial_to) {
 	die "Comma in --to entry: $entry'\n" unless $entry !~ m/,/;
 }
 
@@ -512,12 +518,12 @@ ($)
 		push @rev_list_opts, "--", @ARGV;
 		@ARGV = ();
 	} elsif (-d $f and !check_file_rev_conflict($f)) {
-		opendir(DH,$f)
+		opendir my $dh, $f
 			or die "Failed to opendir $f: $!";
 
 		push @files, grep { -f $_ } map { catfile($f, $_) }
-				sort readdir(DH);
-		closedir(DH);
+				sort readdir $dh;
+		closedir $dh;
 	} elsif ((-f $f or -p $f) and !check_file_rev_conflict($f)) {
 		push @files, $f;
 	} else {
@@ -549,7 +555,7 @@ ($)
 	usage();
 }
 
-sub get_patch_subject($) {
+sub get_patch_subject {
 	my $fn = shift;
 	open (my $fh, '<', $fn);
 	while (my $line = <$fh>) {
@@ -567,7 +573,7 @@ ($)
 	$compose_filename = ($repo ?
 		tempfile(".gitsendemail.msg.XXXXXX", DIR => $repo->repo_path()) :
 		tempfile(".gitsendemail.msg.XXXXXX", DIR => "."))[1];
-	open(C,">",$compose_filename)
+	open my $c, ">", $compose_filename
 		or die "Failed to open for writing $compose_filename: $!";
 
 
@@ -575,7 +581,7 @@ ($)
 	my $tpl_subject = $initial_subject || '';
 	my $tpl_reply_to = $initial_reply_to || '';
 
-	print C <<EOT;
+	print $c <<EOT;
 From $tpl_sender # This line is ignored.
 GIT: Lines beginning in "GIT:" will be removed.
 GIT: Consider including an overall diffstat or table of contents
@@ -588,9 +594,9 @@ ($)
 
 EOT
 	for my $f (@files) {
-		print C get_patch_subject($f);
+		print $c get_patch_subject($f);
 	}
-	close(C);
+	close $c;
 
 	if ($annotate) {
 		do_edit($compose_filename, @files);
@@ -598,23 +604,23 @@ ($)
 		do_edit($compose_filename);
 	}
 
-	open(C2,">",$compose_filename . ".final")
+	open my $c2, ">", $compose_filename . ".final"
 		or die "Failed to open $compose_filename.final : " . $!;
 
-	open(C,"<",$compose_filename)
+	open $c, "<", $compose_filename
 		or die "Failed to open $compose_filename : " . $!;
 
 	my $need_8bit_cte = file_has_nonascii($compose_filename);
 	my $in_body = 0;
 	my $summary_empty = 1;
-	while(<C>) {
+	while(<$c>) {
 		next if m/^GIT:/;
 		if ($in_body) {
 			$summary_empty = 0 unless (/^\n$/);
 		} elsif (/^\n$/) {
 			$in_body = 1;
 			if ($need_8bit_cte) {
-				print C2 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n",
+				print $c2 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n",
 					 "Content-Type: text/plain; ",
 					   "charset=UTF-8\n",
 					 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n";
@@ -639,10 +645,10 @@ ($)
 			print "To/Cc/Bcc fields are not interpreted yet, they have been ignored\n";
 			next;
 		}
-		print C2 $_;
+		print $c2 $_;
 	}
-	close(C);
-	close(C2);
+	close $c;
+	close $c2;
 
 	if ($summary_empty) {
 		print "Summary email is empty, skipping it\n";
@@ -679,7 +685,7 @@ sub ask {
 
 my %broken_encoding;
 
-sub file_declares_8bit_cte($) {
+sub file_declares_8bit_cte {
 	my $fn = shift;
 	open (my $fh, '<', $fn);
 	while (my $line = <$fh>) {
@@ -708,7 +714,7 @@ ($)
 
 if (!$force) {
 	for my $f (@files) {
-		if (get_patch_subject($f) =~ /\*\*\* SUBJECT HERE \*\*\*/) {
+		if (get_patch_subject($f) =~ /\Q*** SUBJECT HERE ***\E/) {
 			die "Refusing to send because the patch\n\t$f\n"
 				. "has the template subject '*** SUBJECT HERE ***'. "
 				. "Pass --force if you really want to send.\n";
@@ -725,9 +731,9 @@ ($)
 	$prompting++;
 }
 
-if (!@to) {
+if (!@initial_to && !defined $to_cmd) {
 	my $to = ask("Who should the emails be sent to? ");
-	push @to, parse_address_line($to) if defined $to; # sanitized/validated later
+	push @initial_to, parse_address_line($to) if defined $to; # sanitized/validated later
 	$prompting++;
 }
 
@@ -745,8 +751,8 @@ sub expand_one_alias {
 	return $aliases{$alias} ? expand_aliases(@{$aliases{$alias}}) : $alias;
 }
 
-@to = expand_aliases(@to);
-@to = (map { sanitize_address($_) } @to);
+@initial_to = expand_aliases(@initial_to);
+@initial_to = (map { sanitize_address($_) } @initial_to);
 @initial_cc = expand_aliases(@initial_cc);
 @bcclist = expand_aliases(@bcclist);
 
@@ -780,8 +786,8 @@ sub expand_one_alias {
 
 sub extract_valid_address {
 	my $address = shift;
-	my $local_part_regexp = '[^<>"\s@]+';
-	my $domain_regexp = '[^.<>"\s@]+(?:\.[^.<>"\s@]+)+';
+	my $local_part_regexp = qr/[^<>"\s@]+/;
+	my $domain_regexp = qr/[^.<>"\s@]+(?:\.[^.<>"\s@]+)+/;
 
 	# check for a local address:
 	return $address if ($address =~ /^($local_part_regexp)$/);
@@ -822,7 +828,7 @@ sub make_message_id {
 		last if (defined $du_part and $du_part ne '');
 	}
 	if (not defined $du_part or $du_part eq '') {
-		use Sys::Hostname qw();
+		require Sys::Hostname;
 		$du_part = 'user@' . Sys::Hostname::hostname();
 	}
 	my $message_id_template = "<%s-git-send-email-%s>";
@@ -855,8 +861,8 @@ sub quote_rfc2047 {
 
 sub is_rfc2047_quoted {
 	my $s = shift;
-	my $token = '[^][()<>@,;:"\/?.= \000-\037\177-\377]+';
-	my $encoded_text = '[!->@-~]+';
+	my $token = qr/[^][()<>@,;:"\/?.= \000-\037\177-\377]+/;
+	my $encoded_text = qr/[!->@-~]+/;
 	length($s) <= 75 &&
 	$s =~ m/^(?:"[[:ascii:]]*"|=\?$token\?$token\?$encoded_text\?=)$/o;
 }
@@ -867,7 +873,7 @@ sub sanitize_address {
 	my ($recipient_name, $recipient_addr) = ($recipient =~ /^(.*?)\s*(<.*)/);
 
 	if (not $recipient_name) {
-		return "$recipient";
+		return $recipient;
 	}
 
 	# if recipient_name is already quoted, do nothing
@@ -884,7 +890,7 @@ sub sanitize_address {
 	# double quotes are needed if specials or CTLs are included
 	elsif ($recipient_name =~ /[][()<>@,;:\\".\000-\037\177]/) {
 		$recipient_name =~ s/(["\\\r])/\\$1/g;
-		$recipient_name = "\"$recipient_name\"";
+		$recipient_name = qq["$recipient_name"];
 	}
 
 	return "$recipient_name $recipient_addr";
@@ -954,7 +960,7 @@ sub maildomain {
 sub send_message {
 	my @recipients = unique_email_list(@to);
 	@cc = (grep { my $cc = extract_valid_address($_);
-		      not grep { $cc eq $_ } @recipients
+		      not grep { $cc eq $_ || $_ =~ /<\Q${cc}\E>$/ } @recipients
 		    }
 	       map { sanitize_address($_) }
 	       @cc);
@@ -1029,6 +1035,8 @@ sub send_message {
 		}
 	}
 
+	unshift (@sendmail_parameters, @smtp_server_options);
+
 	if ($dry_run) {
 		# We don't want to send the email.
 	} elsif ($smtp_server =~ m#^/#) {
@@ -1038,7 +1046,7 @@ sub send_message {
 			exec($smtp_server, @sendmail_parameters) or die $!;
 		}
 		print $sm "$header\n$message";
-		close $sm or die $?;
+		close $sm or die $!;
 	} else {
 
 		if (!defined $smtp_server) {
@@ -1144,12 +1152,13 @@ sub send_message {
 $message_num = 0;
 
 foreach my $t (@files) {
-	open(F,"<",$t) or die "can't open file $t";
+	open my $fh, "<", $t or die "can't open file $t";
 
 	my $author = undef;
 	my $author_encoding;
 	my $has_content_type;
 	my $body_encoding;
+	@to = ();
 	@cc = ();
 	@xh = ();
 	my $input_format = undef;
@@ -1157,7 +1166,7 @@ sub send_message {
 	$message = "";
 	$message_num++;
 	# First unfold multiline header fields
-	while(<F>) {
+	while(<$fh>) {
 		last if /^\s*$/;
 		if (/^\s+\S/ and @header) {
 			chomp($header[$#header]);
@@ -1190,6 +1199,13 @@ sub send_message {
 					$1, $_) unless $quiet;
 				push @cc, $1;
 			}
+			elsif (/^To:\s+(.*)$/) {
+				foreach my $addr (parse_address_line($1)) {
+					printf("(mbox) Adding to: %s from line '%s'\n",
+						$addr, $_) unless $quiet;
+					push @to, sanitize_address($addr);
+				}
+			}
 			elsif (/^Cc:\s+(.*)$/) {
 				foreach my $addr (parse_address_line($1)) {
 					if (unquote_rfc2047($addr) eq $sender) {
@@ -1233,7 +1249,7 @@ sub send_message {
 		}
 	}
 	# Now parse the message body
-	while(<F>) {
+	while(<$fh>) {
 		$message .=  $_;
 		if (/^(Signed-off-by|Cc): (.*)$/i) {
 			chomp;
@@ -1250,23 +1266,12 @@ sub send_message {
 				$c, $_) unless $quiet;
 		}
 	}
-	close F;
-
-	if (defined $cc_cmd && !$suppress_cc{'cccmd'}) {
-		open(F, "$cc_cmd \Q$t\E |")
-			or die "(cc-cmd) Could not execute '$cc_cmd'";
-		while(<F>) {
-			my $c = $_;
-			$c =~ s/^\s*//g;
-			$c =~ s/\n$//g;
-			next if ($c eq $sender and $suppress_from);
-			push @cc, $c;
-			printf("(cc-cmd) Adding cc: %s from: '%s'\n",
-				$c, $cc_cmd) unless $quiet;
-		}
-		close F
-			or die "(cc-cmd) failed to close pipe to '$cc_cmd'";
-	}
+	close $fh;
+
+	push @to, recipients_cmd("to-cmd", "to", $to_cmd, $t)
+		if defined $to_cmd;
+	push @cc, recipients_cmd("cc-cmd", "cc", $cc_cmd, $t)
+		if defined $cc_cmd && !$suppress_cc{'cccmd'};
 
 	if ($broken_encoding{$t} && !$has_content_type) {
 		$has_content_type = 1;
@@ -1307,13 +1312,15 @@ sub send_message {
 		($confirm =~ /^(?:auto|compose)$/ && $compose && $message_num == 1));
 	$needs_confirm = "inform" if ($needs_confirm && $confirm_unconfigured && @cc);
 
+	@to = (@initial_to, @to);
 	@cc = (@initial_cc, @cc);
 
 	my $message_was_sent = send_message();
 
 	# set up for the next message
 	if ($thread && $message_was_sent &&
-		(chain_reply_to() || !defined $reply_to || length($reply_to) == 0)) {
+		(chain_reply_to() || !defined $reply_to || length($reply_to) == 0 ||
+		$message_num == 1)) {
 		$reply_to = $message_id;
 		if (length $references > 0) {
 			$references .= "\n $message_id";
@@ -1324,15 +1331,38 @@ sub send_message {
 	$message_id = undef;
 }
 
+# Execute a command (e.g. $to_cmd) to get a list of email addresses
+# and return a results array
+sub recipients_cmd {
+	my ($prefix, $what, $cmd, $file) = @_;
+
+	my $sanitized_sender = sanitize_address($sender);
+	my @addresses = ();
+	open my $fh, "$cmd \Q$file\E |"
+	    or die "($prefix) Could not execute '$cmd'";
+	while (my $address = <$fh>) {
+		$address =~ s/^\s*//g;
+		$address =~ s/\s*$//g;
+		$address = sanitize_address($address);
+		next if ($address eq $sanitized_sender and $suppress_from);
+		push @addresses, $address;
+		printf("($prefix) Adding %s: %s from: '%s'\n",
+		       $what, $address, $cmd) unless $quiet;
+		}
+	close $fh
+	    or die "($prefix) failed to close pipe to '$cmd'";
+	return @addresses;
+}
+
 cleanup_compose_files();
 
-sub cleanup_compose_files() {
+sub cleanup_compose_files {
 	unlink($compose_filename, $compose_filename . ".final") if $compose;
 }
 
 $smtp->quit if $smtp;
 
-sub unique_email_list(@) {
+sub unique_email_list {
 	my %seen;
 	my @emails;
 
diff --git a/git-sh-setup.sh b/git-sh-setup.sh
index ae031a1375..aa16b83565 100644
--- a/git-sh-setup.sh
+++ b/git-sh-setup.sh
@@ -145,6 +145,35 @@ require_work_tree () {
 	die "fatal: $0 cannot be used without a working tree."
 }
 
+require_clean_work_tree () {
+	git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null || exit 1
+	git update-index -q --ignore-submodules --refresh
+	err=0
+
+	if ! git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules
+	then
+		echo >&2 "Cannot $1: You have unstaged changes."
+		err=1
+	fi
+
+	if ! git diff-index --cached --quiet --ignore-submodules HEAD --
+	then
+		if [ $err = 0 ]
+		then
+		    echo >&2 "Cannot $1: Your index contains uncommitted changes."
+		else
+		    echo >&2 "Additionally, your index contains uncommitted changes."
+		fi
+		err=1
+	fi
+
+	if [ $err = 1 ]
+	then
+		test -n "$2" && echo >&2 "$2"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
 get_author_ident_from_commit () {
 	pick_author_script='
 	/^author /{
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index 9ebbab798d..33bc41f069 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -374,41 +374,35 @@ cmd_init()
 cmd_update()
 {
 	# parse $args after "submodule ... update".
-	orig_args="$@"
+	orig_flags=
 	while test $# -ne 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
 		-q|--quiet)
-			shift
 			GIT_QUIET=1
 			;;
 		-i|--init)
 			init=1
-			shift
 			;;
 		-N|--no-fetch)
-			shift
 			nofetch=1
 			;;
 		-r|--rebase)
-			shift
 			update="rebase"
 			;;
 		--reference)
 			case "$2" in '') usage ;; esac
 			reference="--reference=$2"
-			shift 2
+			orig_flags="$orig_flags $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$1")"
+			shift
 			;;
 		--reference=*)
 			reference="$1"
-			shift
 			;;
 		-m|--merge)
-			shift
 			update="merge"
 			;;
 		--recursive)
-			shift
 			recursive=1
 			;;
 		--)
@@ -422,6 +416,8 @@ cmd_update()
 			break
 			;;
 		esac
+		orig_flags="$orig_flags $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$1")"
+		shift
 	done
 
 	if test -n "$init"
@@ -500,7 +496,7 @@ cmd_update()
 
 		if test -n "$recursive"
 		then
-			(clear_local_git_env; cd "$path" && cmd_update $orig_args) ||
+			(clear_local_git_env; cd "$path" && eval cmd_update "$orig_flags") ||
 			die "Failed to recurse into submodule path '$path'"
 		fi
 	done
@@ -733,7 +729,7 @@ cmd_summary() {
 cmd_status()
 {
 	# parse $args after "submodule ... status".
-	orig_args="$@"
+	orig_flags=
 	while test $# -ne 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
@@ -757,6 +753,7 @@ cmd_status()
 			break
 			;;
 		esac
+		orig_flags="$orig_flags $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$1")"
 		shift
 	done
 
@@ -790,7 +787,7 @@ cmd_status()
 				prefix="$displaypath/"
 				clear_local_git_env
 				cd "$path" &&
-				cmd_status $orig_args
+				eval cmd_status "$orig_args"
 			) ||
 			die "Failed to recurse into submodule path '$path'"
 		fi
@@ -836,11 +833,12 @@ cmd_sync()
 			;;
 		esac
 
+		say "Synchronizing submodule url for '$name'"
+		git config submodule."$name".url "$url"
+
 		if test -e "$path"/.git
 		then
 		(
-			say "Synchronizing submodule url for '$name'"
-			git config submodule."$name".url "$url"
 			clear_local_git_env
 			cd "$path"
 			remote=$(get_default_remote)
diff --git a/git-svn.perl b/git-svn.perl
index 18cfb2466d..757de82161 100755
--- a/git-svn.perl
+++ b/git-svn.perl
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
 # Copyright (C) 2006, Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
 # License: GPL v2 or later
+use 5.008;
 use warnings;
 use strict;
 use vars qw/	$AUTHOR $VERSION
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index 50a14013c5..0409ac9fd3 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 #include "run-command.h"
 
 const char git_usage_string[] =
-	"git [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]\n"
+	"git [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]\n"
 	"           [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]\n"
-	"           [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]\n"
+	"           [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]\n"
 	"           [-c name=value] [--help]\n"
-	"           COMMAND [ARGS]";
+	"           <command> [<args>]";
 
 const char git_more_info_string[] =
-	"See 'git help COMMAND' for more information on a specific command.";
+	"See 'git help <command>' for more information on a specific command.";
 
 static struct startup_info git_startup_info;
 static int use_pager = -1;
diff --git a/git_remote_helpers/setup.cfg b/git_remote_helpers/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bff8878d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/git_remote_helpers/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[build]
+build_purelib = build/lib
+build_platlib = build/lib
diff --git a/gitweb/Makefile b/gitweb/Makefile
index e32ee76309..0a6ac00631 100644
--- a/gitweb/Makefile
+++ b/gitweb/Makefile
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ HIGHLIGHT_BIN = highlight
 # include user config
 -include ../config.mak.autogen
 -include ../config.mak
+-include config.mak
 
 # determine version
 ../GIT-VERSION-FILE: .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE
@@ -145,6 +146,15 @@ gitweb.cgi: gitweb.perl GITWEB-BUILD-OPTIONS
 	chmod +x $@+ && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
+### Testing rules
+
+test:
+	$(MAKE) -C ../t gitweb-test
+
+test-installed:
+	GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED='$(DESTDIR_SQ)$(gitwebdir_SQ)' \
+		$(MAKE) -C ../t gitweb-test
+
 ### Installation rules
 
 install: all
@@ -158,5 +168,5 @@ install: all
 clean:
 	$(RM) gitweb.cgi static/gitweb.min.js static/gitweb.min.css GITWEB-BUILD-OPTIONS
 
-.PHONY: all clean install .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE FORCE
+.PHONY: all clean install test test-installed .FORCE-GIT-VERSION-FILE FORCE
 
diff --git a/gitweb/gitweb.perl b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
index 8d7e4c5e49..679f2da3ee 100755
--- a/gitweb/gitweb.perl
+++ b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #
 # This program is licensed under the GPLv2
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use CGI qw(:standard :escapeHTML -nosticky);
@@ -1074,6 +1075,7 @@ sub run_request {
 
 	evaluate_uri();
 	evaluate_gitweb_config();
+	evaluate_git_version();
 	check_loadavg();
 
 	# $projectroot and $projects_list might be set in gitweb config file
@@ -1126,7 +1128,6 @@ sub evaluate_argv {
 
 sub run {
 	evaluate_argv();
-	evaluate_git_version();
 
 	$pre_listen_hook->()
 		if $pre_listen_hook;
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 0a5011f615..17bcf19c50 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -279,6 +279,11 @@ static CURL *get_curl_handle(void)
 	}
 
 	curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
+#if LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM >= 0x071301
+	curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_POSTREDIR, CURL_REDIR_POST_ALL);
+#elif LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM >= 0x071101
+	curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_POST301, 1);
+#endif
 
 	if (getenv("GIT_CURL_VERBOSE"))
 		curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1);
diff --git a/ll-merge.c b/ll-merge.c
index 6bb3095c3a..007dd3e4d3 100644
--- a/ll-merge.c
+++ b/ll-merge.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ typedef int (*ll_merge_fn)(const struct ll_merge_driver *,
 			   mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
 			   mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
 			   mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
-			   int flag,
+			   const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
 			   int marker_size);
 
 struct ll_merge_driver {
@@ -39,14 +39,18 @@ static int ll_binary_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv_unused,
 			   mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
 			   mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
 			   mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
-			   int flag, int marker_size)
+			   const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
+			   int marker_size)
 {
+	mmfile_t *stolen;
+	assert(opts);
+
 	/*
 	 * The tentative merge result is "ours" for the final round,
 	 * or common ancestor for an internal merge.  Still return
 	 * "conflicted merge" status.
 	 */
-	mmfile_t *stolen = (flag & LL_OPT_VIRTUAL_ANCESTOR) ? orig : src1;
+	stolen = opts->virtual_ancestor ? orig : src1;
 
 	result->ptr = stolen->ptr;
 	result->size = stolen->size;
@@ -60,9 +64,11 @@ static int ll_xdl_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv_unused,
 			mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
 			mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
 			mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
-			int flag, int marker_size)
+			const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
+			int marker_size)
 {
 	xmparam_t xmp;
+	assert(opts);
 
 	if (buffer_is_binary(orig->ptr, orig->size) ||
 	    buffer_is_binary(src1->ptr, src1->size) ||
@@ -74,12 +80,13 @@ static int ll_xdl_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv_unused,
 				       orig, orig_name,
 				       src1, name1,
 				       src2, name2,
-				       flag, marker_size);
+				       opts, marker_size);
 	}
 
 	memset(&xmp, 0, sizeof(xmp));
 	xmp.level = XDL_MERGE_ZEALOUS;
-	xmp.favor = ll_opt_favor(flag);
+	xmp.favor = opts->variant;
+	xmp.xpp.flags = opts->xdl_opts;
 	if (git_xmerge_style >= 0)
 		xmp.style = git_xmerge_style;
 	if (marker_size > 0)
@@ -96,15 +103,17 @@ static int ll_union_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv_unused,
 			  mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
 			  mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
 			  mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
-			  int flag, int marker_size)
+			  const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
+			  int marker_size)
 {
 	/* Use union favor */
-	flag &= ~LL_OPT_FAVOR_MASK;
-	flag |= create_ll_flag(XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION);
+	struct ll_merge_options o;
+	assert(opts);
+	o = *opts;
+	o.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_UNION;
 	return ll_xdl_merge(drv_unused, result, path_unused,
 			    orig, NULL, src1, NULL, src2, NULL,
-			    flag, marker_size);
-	return 0;
+			    &o, marker_size);
 }
 
 #define LL_BINARY_MERGE 0
@@ -136,7 +145,8 @@ static int ll_ext_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *fn,
 			mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
 			mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
 			mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
-			int flag, int marker_size)
+			const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
+			int marker_size)
 {
 	char temp[4][50];
 	struct strbuf cmd = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -144,6 +154,7 @@ static int ll_ext_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *fn,
 	const char *args[] = { NULL, NULL };
 	int status, fd, i;
 	struct stat st;
+	assert(opts);
 
 	dict[0].placeholder = "O"; dict[0].value = temp[0];
 	dict[1].placeholder = "A"; dict[1].value = temp[1];
@@ -337,15 +348,21 @@ int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 	     mmfile_t *ancestor, const char *ancestor_label,
 	     mmfile_t *ours, const char *our_label,
 	     mmfile_t *theirs, const char *their_label,
-	     int flag)
+	     const struct ll_merge_options *opts)
 {
 	static struct git_attr_check check[2];
 	const char *ll_driver_name = NULL;
 	int marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
 	const struct ll_merge_driver *driver;
-	int virtual_ancestor = flag & LL_OPT_VIRTUAL_ANCESTOR;
 
-	if (flag & LL_OPT_RENORMALIZE) {
+	if (!opts) {
+		struct ll_merge_options default_opts = {0};
+		return ll_merge(result_buf, path, ancestor, ancestor_label,
+				ours, our_label, theirs, their_label,
+				&default_opts);
+	}
+
+	if (opts->renormalize) {
 		normalize_file(ancestor, path);
 		normalize_file(ours, path);
 		normalize_file(theirs, path);
@@ -359,11 +376,11 @@ int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 		}
 	}
 	driver = find_ll_merge_driver(ll_driver_name);
-	if (virtual_ancestor && driver->recursive)
+	if (opts->virtual_ancestor && driver->recursive)
 		driver = find_ll_merge_driver(driver->recursive);
 	return driver->fn(driver, result_buf, path, ancestor, ancestor_label,
 			  ours, our_label, theirs, their_label,
-			  flag, marker_size);
+			  opts, marker_size);
 }
 
 int ll_merge_marker_size(const char *path)
diff --git a/ll-merge.h b/ll-merge.h
index ff7ca87bfa..244a31f55a 100644
--- a/ll-merge.h
+++ b/ll-merge.h
@@ -5,27 +5,19 @@
 #ifndef LL_MERGE_H
 #define LL_MERGE_H
 
-#define LL_OPT_VIRTUAL_ANCESTOR	(1 << 0)
-#define LL_OPT_FAVOR_MASK	((1 << 1) | (1 << 2))
-#define LL_OPT_FAVOR_SHIFT 1
-#define LL_OPT_RENORMALIZE	(1 << 3)
-
-static inline int ll_opt_favor(int flag)
-{
-	return (flag & LL_OPT_FAVOR_MASK) >> LL_OPT_FAVOR_SHIFT;
-}
-
-static inline int create_ll_flag(int favor)
-{
-	return ((favor << LL_OPT_FAVOR_SHIFT) & LL_OPT_FAVOR_MASK);
-}
+struct ll_merge_options {
+	unsigned virtual_ancestor : 1;
+	unsigned variant : 2;	/* favor ours, favor theirs, or union merge */
+	unsigned renormalize : 1;
+	long xdl_opts;
+};
 
 int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 	     const char *path,
 	     mmfile_t *ancestor, const char *ancestor_label,
 	     mmfile_t *ours, const char *our_label,
 	     mmfile_t *theirs, const char *their_label,
-	     int flag);
+	     const struct ll_merge_options *opts);
 
 int ll_merge_marker_size(const char *path);
 
diff --git a/mailmap.c b/mailmap.c
index f80b701292..02fcfde0b0 100644
--- a/mailmap.c
+++ b/mailmap.c
@@ -79,12 +79,14 @@ static void add_mapping(struct string_list *map,
 	if (old_name == NULL) {
 		debug_mm("mailmap: adding (simple) entry for %s at index %d\n", old_email, index);
 		/* Replace current name and new email for simple entry */
-		free(me->name);
-		free(me->email);
-		if (new_name)
+		if (new_name) {
+			free(me->name);
 			me->name = xstrdup(new_name);
-		if (new_email)
+		}
+		if (new_email) {
+			free(me->email);
 			me->email = xstrdup(new_email);
+		}
 	} else {
 		struct mailmap_info *mi = xmalloc(sizeof(struct mailmap_info));
 		debug_mm("mailmap: adding (complex) entry for %s at index %d\n", old_email, index);
diff --git a/merge-file.c b/merge-file.c
index db4d0d50d3..f7f4533926 100644
--- a/merge-file.c
+++ b/merge-file.c
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ static void *three_way_filemerge(const char *path, mmfile_t *base, mmfile_t *our
 	 * common ancestor.
 	 */
 	merge_status = ll_merge(&res, path, base, NULL,
-				our, ".our", their, ".their", 0);
+				our, ".our", their, ".their", NULL);
 	if (merge_status < 0)
 		return NULL;
 
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index c574698819..16c2dbeab9 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -63,6 +63,22 @@ static int sha_eq(const unsigned char *a, const unsigned char *b)
 	return a && b && hashcmp(a, b) == 0;
 }
 
+enum rename_type {
+	RENAME_NORMAL = 0,
+	RENAME_DELETE,
+	RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO
+};
+
+struct rename_df_conflict_info {
+	enum rename_type rename_type;
+	struct diff_filepair *pair1;
+	struct diff_filepair *pair2;
+	const char *branch1;
+	const char *branch2;
+	struct stage_data *dst_entry1;
+	struct stage_data *dst_entry2;
+};
+
 /*
  * Since we want to write the index eventually, we cannot reuse the index
  * for these (temporary) data.
@@ -74,9 +90,37 @@ struct stage_data
 		unsigned mode;
 		unsigned char sha[20];
 	} stages[4];
+	struct rename_df_conflict_info *rename_df_conflict_info;
 	unsigned processed:1;
 };
 
+static inline void setup_rename_df_conflict_info(enum rename_type rename_type,
+						 struct diff_filepair *pair1,
+						 struct diff_filepair *pair2,
+						 const char *branch1,
+						 const char *branch2,
+						 struct stage_data *dst_entry1,
+						 struct stage_data *dst_entry2)
+{
+	struct rename_df_conflict_info *ci = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct rename_df_conflict_info));
+	ci->rename_type = rename_type;
+	ci->pair1 = pair1;
+	ci->branch1 = branch1;
+	ci->branch2 = branch2;
+
+	ci->dst_entry1 = dst_entry1;
+	dst_entry1->rename_df_conflict_info = ci;
+	dst_entry1->processed = 0;
+
+	assert(!pair2 == !dst_entry2);
+	if (dst_entry2) {
+		ci->dst_entry2 = dst_entry2;
+		ci->pair2 = pair2;
+		dst_entry2->rename_df_conflict_info = ci;
+		dst_entry2->processed = 0;
+	}
+}
+
 static int show(struct merge_options *o, int v)
 {
 	return (!o->call_depth && o->verbosity >= v) || o->verbosity >= 5;
@@ -302,6 +346,63 @@ static struct string_list *get_unmerged(void)
 	return unmerged;
 }
 
+static void make_room_for_directories_of_df_conflicts(struct merge_options *o,
+						      struct string_list *entries)
+{
+	/* If there are D/F conflicts, and the paths currently exist
+	 * in the working copy as a file, we want to remove them to
+	 * make room for the corresponding directory.  Such paths will
+	 * later be processed in process_df_entry() at the end.  If
+	 * the corresponding directory ends up being removed by the
+	 * merge, then the file will be reinstated at that time;
+	 * otherwise, if the file is not supposed to be removed by the
+	 * merge, the contents of the file will be placed in another
+	 * unique filename.
+	 *
+	 * NOTE: This function relies on the fact that entries for a
+	 * D/F conflict will appear adjacent in the index, with the
+	 * entries for the file appearing before entries for paths
+	 * below the corresponding directory.
+	 */
+	const char *last_file = NULL;
+	int last_len = 0;
+	struct stage_data *last_e;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
+		const char *path = entries->items[i].string;
+		int len = strlen(path);
+		struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
+
+		/*
+		 * Check if last_file & path correspond to a D/F conflict;
+		 * i.e. whether path is last_file+'/'+<something>.
+		 * If so, remove last_file to make room for path and friends.
+		 */
+		if (last_file &&
+		    len > last_len &&
+		    memcmp(path, last_file, last_len) == 0 &&
+		    path[last_len] == '/') {
+			output(o, 3, "Removing %s to make room for subdirectory; may re-add later.", last_file);
+			unlink(last_file);
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Determine whether path could exist as a file in the
+		 * working directory as a possible D/F conflict.  This
+		 * will only occur when it exists in stage 2 as a
+		 * file.
+		 */
+		if (S_ISREG(e->stages[2].mode) || S_ISLNK(e->stages[2].mode)) {
+			last_file = path;
+			last_len = len;
+			last_e = e;
+		} else {
+			last_file = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 struct rename
 {
 	struct diff_filepair *pair;
@@ -334,6 +435,7 @@ static struct string_list *get_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 	opts.rename_limit = o->merge_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->merge_rename_limit :
 			    o->diff_rename_limit >= 0 ? o->diff_rename_limit :
 			    500;
+	opts.rename_score = o->rename_score;
 	opts.warn_on_too_large_rename = 1;
 	opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
 	if (diff_setup_done(&opts) < 0)
@@ -373,11 +475,10 @@ static struct string_list *get_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 	return renames;
 }
 
-static int update_stages(const char *path, struct diff_filespec *o,
+static int update_stages_options(const char *path, struct diff_filespec *o,
 			 struct diff_filespec *a, struct diff_filespec *b,
-			 int clear)
+			 int clear, int options)
 {
-	int options = ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE;
 	if (clear)
 		if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
 			return -1;
@@ -393,6 +494,34 @@ static int update_stages(const char *path, struct diff_filespec *o,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int update_stages(const char *path, struct diff_filespec *o,
+			 struct diff_filespec *a, struct diff_filespec *b,
+			 int clear)
+{
+	int options = ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE;
+	return update_stages_options(path, o, a, b, clear, options);
+}
+
+static int update_stages_and_entry(const char *path,
+				   struct stage_data *entry,
+				   struct diff_filespec *o,
+				   struct diff_filespec *a,
+				   struct diff_filespec *b,
+				   int clear)
+{
+	int options;
+
+	entry->processed = 0;
+	entry->stages[1].mode = o->mode;
+	entry->stages[2].mode = a->mode;
+	entry->stages[3].mode = b->mode;
+	hashcpy(entry->stages[1].sha, o->sha1);
+	hashcpy(entry->stages[2].sha, a->sha1);
+	hashcpy(entry->stages[3].sha, b->sha1);
+	options = ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_SKIP_DFCHECK;
+	return update_stages_options(path, o, a, b, clear, options);
+}
+
 static int remove_file(struct merge_options *o, int clean,
 		       const char *path, int no_wd)
 {
@@ -605,22 +734,26 @@ static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
 		      const char *branch2)
 {
 	mmfile_t orig, src1, src2;
+	struct ll_merge_options ll_opts = {0};
 	char *base_name, *name1, *name2;
 	int merge_status;
-	int favor;
 
-	if (o->call_depth)
-		favor = 0;
-	else {
+	ll_opts.renormalize = o->renormalize;
+	ll_opts.xdl_opts = o->xdl_opts;
+
+	if (o->call_depth) {
+		ll_opts.virtual_ancestor = 1;
+		ll_opts.variant = 0;
+	} else {
 		switch (o->recursive_variant) {
 		case MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS:
-			favor = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS;
+			ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS;
 			break;
 		case MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS:
-			favor = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS;
+			ll_opts.variant = XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_THEIRS;
 			break;
 		default:
-			favor = 0;
+			ll_opts.variant = 0;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -643,10 +776,7 @@ static int merge_3way(struct merge_options *o,
 	read_mmblob(&src2, b->sha1);
 
 	merge_status = ll_merge(result_buf, a->path, &orig, base_name,
-				&src1, name1, &src2, name2,
-				((o->call_depth ? LL_OPT_VIRTUAL_ANCESTOR : 0) |
-				 (o->renormalize ? LL_OPT_RENORMALIZE : 0) |
-				 create_ll_flag(favor)));
+				&src1, name1, &src2, name2, &ll_opts);
 
 	free(name1);
 	free(name2);
@@ -730,29 +860,56 @@ static struct merge_file_info merge_file(struct merge_options *o,
 	return result;
 }
 
-static void conflict_rename_rename(struct merge_options *o,
-				   struct rename *ren1,
-				   const char *branch1,
-				   struct rename *ren2,
-				   const char *branch2)
+static void conflict_rename_delete(struct merge_options *o,
+				   struct diff_filepair *pair,
+				   const char *rename_branch,
+				   const char *other_branch)
 {
+	char *dest_name = pair->two->path;
+	int df_conflict = 0;
+	struct stat st;
+
+	output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/delete): Rename %s->%s in %s "
+	       "and deleted in %s",
+	       pair->one->path, pair->two->path, rename_branch,
+	       other_branch);
+	if (!o->call_depth)
+		update_stages(dest_name, NULL,
+			      rename_branch == o->branch1 ? pair->two : NULL,
+			      rename_branch == o->branch1 ? NULL : pair->two,
+			      1);
+	if (lstat(dest_name, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+		dest_name = unique_path(o, dest_name, rename_branch);
+		df_conflict = 1;
+	}
+	update_file(o, 0, pair->two->sha1, pair->two->mode, dest_name);
+	if (df_conflict)
+		free(dest_name);
+}
+
+static void conflict_rename_rename_1to2(struct merge_options *o,
+					struct diff_filepair *pair1,
+					const char *branch1,
+					struct diff_filepair *pair2,
+					const char *branch2)
+{
+	/* One file was renamed in both branches, but to different names. */
 	char *del[2];
 	int delp = 0;
-	const char *ren1_dst = ren1->pair->two->path;
-	const char *ren2_dst = ren2->pair->two->path;
+	const char *ren1_dst = pair1->two->path;
+	const char *ren2_dst = pair2->two->path;
 	const char *dst_name1 = ren1_dst;
 	const char *dst_name2 = ren2_dst;
-	if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, ren1_dst)) {
+	struct stat st;
+	if (lstat(ren1_dst, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 		dst_name1 = del[delp++] = unique_path(o, ren1_dst, branch1);
 		output(o, 1, "%s is a directory in %s adding as %s instead",
 		       ren1_dst, branch2, dst_name1);
-		remove_file(o, 0, ren1_dst, 0);
 	}
-	if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, ren2_dst)) {
+	if (lstat(ren2_dst, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 		dst_name2 = del[delp++] = unique_path(o, ren2_dst, branch2);
 		output(o, 1, "%s is a directory in %s adding as %s instead",
 		       ren2_dst, branch1, dst_name2);
-		remove_file(o, 0, ren2_dst, 0);
 	}
 	if (o->call_depth) {
 		remove_file_from_cache(dst_name1);
@@ -760,34 +917,27 @@ static void conflict_rename_rename(struct merge_options *o,
 		/*
 		 * Uncomment to leave the conflicting names in the resulting tree
 		 *
-		 * update_file(o, 0, ren1->pair->two->sha1, ren1->pair->two->mode, dst_name1);
-		 * update_file(o, 0, ren2->pair->two->sha1, ren2->pair->two->mode, dst_name2);
+		 * update_file(o, 0, pair1->two->sha1, pair1->two->mode, dst_name1);
+		 * update_file(o, 0, pair2->two->sha1, pair2->two->mode, dst_name2);
 		 */
 	} else {
-		update_stages(dst_name1, NULL, ren1->pair->two, NULL, 1);
-		update_stages(dst_name2, NULL, NULL, ren2->pair->two, 1);
+		update_stages(ren1_dst, NULL, pair1->two, NULL, 1);
+		update_stages(ren2_dst, NULL, NULL, pair2->two, 1);
+
+		update_file(o, 0, pair1->two->sha1, pair1->two->mode, dst_name1);
+		update_file(o, 0, pair2->two->sha1, pair2->two->mode, dst_name2);
 	}
 	while (delp--)
 		free(del[delp]);
 }
 
-static void conflict_rename_dir(struct merge_options *o,
-				struct rename *ren1,
-				const char *branch1)
-{
-	char *new_path = unique_path(o, ren1->pair->two->path, branch1);
-	output(o, 1, "Renaming %s to %s instead", ren1->pair->one->path, new_path);
-	remove_file(o, 0, ren1->pair->two->path, 0);
-	update_file(o, 0, ren1->pair->two->sha1, ren1->pair->two->mode, new_path);
-	free(new_path);
-}
-
-static void conflict_rename_rename_2(struct merge_options *o,
-				     struct rename *ren1,
-				     const char *branch1,
-				     struct rename *ren2,
-				     const char *branch2)
+static void conflict_rename_rename_2to1(struct merge_options *o,
+					struct rename *ren1,
+					const char *branch1,
+					struct rename *ren2,
+					const char *branch2)
 {
+	/* Two files were renamed to the same thing. */
 	char *new_path1 = unique_path(o, ren1->pair->two->path, branch1);
 	char *new_path2 = unique_path(o, ren2->pair->two->path, branch2);
 	output(o, 1, "Renaming %s to %s and %s to %s instead",
@@ -877,84 +1027,60 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 			ren2->dst_entry->processed = 1;
 			ren2->processed = 1;
 			if (strcmp(ren1_dst, ren2_dst) != 0) {
-				clean_merge = 0;
-				output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
-				       "Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" "
-				       "rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s",
-				       src, ren1_dst, branch1,
-				       src, ren2_dst, branch2,
-				       o->call_depth ? " (left unresolved)": "");
-				if (o->call_depth) {
-					remove_file_from_cache(src);
-					update_file(o, 0, ren1->pair->one->sha1,
-						    ren1->pair->one->mode, src);
-				}
-				conflict_rename_rename(o, ren1, branch1, ren2, branch2);
+				setup_rename_df_conflict_info(RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO,
+							      ren1->pair,
+							      ren2->pair,
+							      branch1,
+							      branch2,
+							      ren1->dst_entry,
+							      ren2->dst_entry);
 			} else {
-				struct merge_file_info mfi;
 				remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src, 1);
-				mfi = merge_file(o,
-						 ren1->pair->one,
-						 ren1->pair->two,
-						 ren2->pair->two,
-						 branch1,
-						 branch2);
-				if (mfi.merge || !mfi.clean)
-					output(o, 1, "Renaming %s->%s", src, ren1_dst);
-
-				if (mfi.merge)
-					output(o, 2, "Auto-merging %s", ren1_dst);
-
-				if (!mfi.clean) {
-					output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (content): merge conflict in %s",
-					       ren1_dst);
-					clean_merge = 0;
-
-					if (!o->call_depth)
-						update_stages(ren1_dst,
-							      ren1->pair->one,
-							      ren1->pair->two,
-							      ren2->pair->two,
-							      1 /* clear */);
-				}
-				update_file(o, mfi.clean, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, ren1_dst);
+				update_stages_and_entry(ren1_dst,
+							ren1->dst_entry,
+							ren1->pair->one,
+							ren1->pair->two,
+							ren2->pair->two,
+							1 /* clear */);
 			}
 		} else {
 			/* Renamed in 1, maybe changed in 2 */
 			struct string_list_item *item;
 			/* we only use sha1 and mode of these */
 			struct diff_filespec src_other, dst_other;
-			int try_merge, stage = a_renames == renames1 ? 3: 2;
+			int try_merge;
 
-			remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src, o->call_depth || stage == 3);
+			/*
+			 * unpack_trees loads entries from common-commit
+			 * into stage 1, from head-commit into stage 2, and
+			 * from merge-commit into stage 3.  We keep track
+			 * of which side corresponds to the rename.
+			 */
+			int renamed_stage = a_renames == renames1 ? 2 : 3;
+			int other_stage =   a_renames == renames1 ? 3 : 2;
 
-			hashcpy(src_other.sha1, ren1->src_entry->stages[stage].sha);
-			src_other.mode = ren1->src_entry->stages[stage].mode;
-			hashcpy(dst_other.sha1, ren1->dst_entry->stages[stage].sha);
-			dst_other.mode = ren1->dst_entry->stages[stage].mode;
+			remove_file(o, 1, ren1_src, o->call_depth || renamed_stage == 2);
 
+			hashcpy(src_other.sha1, ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].sha);
+			src_other.mode = ren1->src_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
+			hashcpy(dst_other.sha1, ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].sha);
+			dst_other.mode = ren1->dst_entry->stages[other_stage].mode;
 			try_merge = 0;
 
-			if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, ren1_dst)) {
-				clean_merge = 0;
-				output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/directory): Rename %s->%s in %s "
-				       " directory %s added in %s",
-				       ren1_src, ren1_dst, branch1,
-				       ren1_dst, branch2);
-				conflict_rename_dir(o, ren1, branch1);
-			} else if (sha_eq(src_other.sha1, null_sha1)) {
-				clean_merge = 0;
-				output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/delete): Rename %s->%s in %s "
-				       "and deleted in %s",
-				       ren1_src, ren1_dst, branch1,
-				       branch2);
-				update_file(o, 0, ren1->pair->two->sha1, ren1->pair->two->mode, ren1_dst);
-				if (!o->call_depth)
-					update_stages(ren1_dst, NULL,
-							branch1 == o->branch1 ?
-							ren1->pair->two : NULL,
-							branch1 == o->branch1 ?
-							NULL : ren1->pair->two, 1);
+			if (sha_eq(src_other.sha1, null_sha1)) {
+				if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, ren1_dst)) {
+					ren1->dst_entry->processed = 0;
+					setup_rename_df_conflict_info(RENAME_DELETE,
+								      ren1->pair,
+								      NULL,
+								      branch1,
+								      branch2,
+								      ren1->dst_entry,
+								      NULL);
+				} else {
+					clean_merge = 0;
+					conflict_rename_delete(o, ren1->pair, branch1, branch2);
+				}
 			} else if ((dst_other.mode == ren1->pair->two->mode) &&
 				   sha_eq(dst_other.sha1, ren1->pair->two->sha1)) {
 				/* Added file on the other side
@@ -989,6 +1115,7 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 						    mfi.sha,
 						    mfi.mode,
 						    ren1_dst);
+					try_merge = 0;
 				} else {
 					new_path = unique_path(o, ren1_dst, branch2);
 					output(o, 1, "Adding as %s instead", new_path);
@@ -1003,13 +1130,12 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 				       "Rename %s->%s in %s",
 				       ren1_src, ren1_dst, branch1,
 				       ren2->pair->one->path, ren2->pair->two->path, branch2);
-				conflict_rename_rename_2(o, ren1, branch1, ren2, branch2);
+				conflict_rename_rename_2to1(o, ren1, branch1, ren2, branch2);
 			} else
 				try_merge = 1;
 
 			if (try_merge) {
 				struct diff_filespec *one, *a, *b;
-				struct merge_file_info mfi;
 				src_other.path = (char *)ren1_src;
 
 				one = ren1->pair->one;
@@ -1020,41 +1146,15 @@ static int process_renames(struct merge_options *o,
 					b = ren1->pair->two;
 					a = &src_other;
 				}
-				mfi = merge_file(o, one, a, b,
-						o->branch1, o->branch2);
-
-				if (mfi.clean &&
-				    sha_eq(mfi.sha, ren1->pair->two->sha1) &&
-				    mfi.mode == ren1->pair->two->mode) {
-					/*
-					 * This message is part of
-					 * t6022 test. If you change
-					 * it update the test too.
-					 */
-					output(o, 3, "Skipped %s (merged same as existing)", ren1_dst);
-
-					/* There may be higher stage entries left
-					 * in the index (e.g. due to a D/F
-					 * conflict) that need to be resolved.
-					 */
-					if (!ren1->dst_entry->stages[2].mode !=
-					    !ren1->dst_entry->stages[3].mode)
-						ren1->dst_entry->processed = 0;
-				} else {
-					if (mfi.merge || !mfi.clean)
-						output(o, 1, "Renaming %s => %s", ren1_src, ren1_dst);
-					if (mfi.merge)
-						output(o, 2, "Auto-merging %s", ren1_dst);
-					if (!mfi.clean) {
-						output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/modify): Merge conflict in %s",
-						       ren1_dst);
-						clean_merge = 0;
-
-						if (!o->call_depth)
-							update_stages(ren1_dst,
-								      one, a, b, 1);
-					}
-					update_file(o, mfi.clean, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, ren1_dst);
+				update_stages_and_entry(ren1_dst, ren1->dst_entry, one, a, b, 1);
+				if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, ren1_dst)) {
+					setup_rename_df_conflict_info(RENAME_NORMAL,
+								      ren1->pair,
+								      NULL,
+								      branch1,
+								      NULL,
+								      ren1->dst_entry,
+								      NULL);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -1117,6 +1217,90 @@ static int blob_unchanged(const unsigned char *o_sha,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static void handle_delete_modify(struct merge_options *o,
+				 const char *path,
+				 const char *new_path,
+				 unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
+				 unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode)
+{
+	if (!a_sha) {
+		output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (delete/modify): %s deleted in %s "
+		       "and modified in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree%s%s.",
+		       path, o->branch1,
+		       o->branch2, o->branch2, path,
+		       path == new_path ? "" : " at ",
+		       path == new_path ? "" : new_path);
+		update_file(o, 0, b_sha, b_mode, new_path);
+	} else {
+		output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (delete/modify): %s deleted in %s "
+		       "and modified in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree%s%s.",
+		       path, o->branch2,
+		       o->branch1, o->branch1, path,
+		       path == new_path ? "" : " at ",
+		       path == new_path ? "" : new_path);
+		update_file(o, 0, a_sha, a_mode, new_path);
+	}
+}
+
+static int merge_content(struct merge_options *o,
+			 const char *path,
+			 unsigned char *o_sha, int o_mode,
+			 unsigned char *a_sha, int a_mode,
+			 unsigned char *b_sha, int b_mode,
+			 const char *df_rename_conflict_branch)
+{
+	const char *reason = "content";
+	struct merge_file_info mfi;
+	struct diff_filespec one, a, b;
+	struct stat st;
+	unsigned df_conflict_remains = 0;
+
+	if (!o_sha) {
+		reason = "add/add";
+		o_sha = (unsigned char *)null_sha1;
+	}
+	one.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)path;
+	hashcpy(one.sha1, o_sha);
+	one.mode = o_mode;
+	hashcpy(a.sha1, a_sha);
+	a.mode = a_mode;
+	hashcpy(b.sha1, b_sha);
+	b.mode = b_mode;
+
+	mfi = merge_file(o, &one, &a, &b, o->branch1, o->branch2);
+	if (df_rename_conflict_branch &&
+	    lstat(path, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+		df_conflict_remains = 1;
+	}
+
+	if (mfi.clean && !df_conflict_remains &&
+	    sha_eq(mfi.sha, a_sha) && mfi.mode == a.mode)
+		output(o, 3, "Skipped %s (merged same as existing)", path);
+	else
+		output(o, 2, "Auto-merging %s", path);
+
+	if (!mfi.clean) {
+		if (S_ISGITLINK(mfi.mode))
+			reason = "submodule";
+		output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s",
+				reason, path);
+	}
+
+	if (df_conflict_remains) {
+		const char *new_path;
+		update_file_flags(o, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, path,
+				  o->call_depth || mfi.clean, 0);
+		new_path = unique_path(o, path, df_rename_conflict_branch);
+		mfi.clean = 0;
+		output(o, 1, "Adding as %s instead", new_path);
+		update_file_flags(o, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, new_path, 0, 1);
+	} else {
+		update_file(o, mfi.clean, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, path);
+	}
+	return mfi.clean;
+
+}
+
 /* Per entry merge function */
 static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 			 const char *path, struct stage_data *entry)
@@ -1134,6 +1318,9 @@ static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 	unsigned char *a_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[2].sha, a_mode);
 	unsigned char *b_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[3].sha, b_mode);
 
+	if (entry->rename_df_conflict_info)
+		return 1; /* Such cases are handled elsewhere. */
+
 	entry->processed = 1;
 	if (o_sha && (!a_sha || !b_sha)) {
 		/* Case A: Deleted in one */
@@ -1146,22 +1333,15 @@ static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 				output(o, 2, "Removing %s", path);
 			/* do not touch working file if it did not exist */
 			remove_file(o, 1, path, !a_sha);
+		} else if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set,
+						  path)) {
+			entry->processed = 0;
+			return 1; /* Assume clean until processed */
 		} else {
 			/* Deleted in one and changed in the other */
 			clean_merge = 0;
-			if (!a_sha) {
-				output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (delete/modify): %s deleted in %s "
-				       "and modified in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree.",
-				       path, o->branch1,
-				       o->branch2, o->branch2, path);
-				update_file(o, 0, b_sha, b_mode, path);
-			} else {
-				output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (delete/modify): %s deleted in %s "
-				       "and modified in %s. Version %s of %s left in tree.",
-				       path, o->branch2,
-				       o->branch1, o->branch1, path);
-				update_file(o, 0, a_sha, a_mode, path);
-			}
+			handle_delete_modify(o, path, path,
+					     a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode);
 		}
 
 	} else if ((!o_sha && a_sha && !b_sha) ||
@@ -1180,15 +1360,7 @@ static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 		if (string_list_has_string(&o->current_directory_set, path)) {
 			/* Handle D->F conflicts after all subfiles */
 			entry->processed = 0;
-			/* But get any file out of the way now, so conflicted
-			 * entries below the directory of the same name can
-			 * be put in the working directory.
-			 */
-			if (a_sha)
-				output(o, 2, "Removing %s", path);
-			/* do not touch working file if it did not exist */
-			remove_file(o, 0, path, !a_sha);
-			return 1; /* Assume clean till processed */
+			return 1; /* Assume clean until processed */
 		} else {
 			output(o, 2, "Adding %s", path);
 			update_file(o, 1, sha, mode, path);
@@ -1196,34 +1368,9 @@ static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 	} else if (a_sha && b_sha) {
 		/* Case C: Added in both (check for same permissions) and */
 		/* case D: Modified in both, but differently. */
-		const char *reason = "content";
-		struct merge_file_info mfi;
-		struct diff_filespec one, a, b;
-
-		if (!o_sha) {
-			reason = "add/add";
-			o_sha = (unsigned char *)null_sha1;
-		}
-		output(o, 2, "Auto-merging %s", path);
-		one.path = a.path = b.path = (char *)path;
-		hashcpy(one.sha1, o_sha);
-		one.mode = o_mode;
-		hashcpy(a.sha1, a_sha);
-		a.mode = a_mode;
-		hashcpy(b.sha1, b_sha);
-		b.mode = b_mode;
-
-		mfi = merge_file(o, &one, &a, &b,
-				 o->branch1, o->branch2);
-
-		clean_merge = mfi.clean;
-		if (!mfi.clean) {
-			if (S_ISGITLINK(mfi.mode))
-				reason = "submodule";
-			output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): Merge conflict in %s",
-					reason, path);
-		}
-		update_file(o, mfi.clean, mfi.sha, mfi.mode, path);
+		clean_merge = merge_content(o, path,
+					    o_sha, o_mode, a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode,
+					    NULL);
 	} else if (!o_sha && !a_sha && !b_sha) {
 		/*
 		 * this entry was deleted altogether. a_mode == 0 means
@@ -1237,13 +1384,19 @@ static int process_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 }
 
 /*
- * Per entry merge function for D/F conflicts, to be called only after
- * all files below dir have been processed.  We do this because in the
- * cases we can cleanly resolve D/F conflicts, process_entry() can clean
- * out all the files below the directory for us.
+ * Per entry merge function for D/F (and/or rename) conflicts.  In the
+ * cases we can cleanly resolve D/F conflicts, process_entry() can
+ * clean out all the files below the directory for us.  All D/F
+ * conflict cases must be handled here at the end to make sure any
+ * directories that can be cleaned out, are.
+ *
+ * Some rename conflicts may also be handled here that don't necessarily
+ * involve D/F conflicts, since the code to handle them is generic enough
+ * to handle those rename conflicts with or without D/F conflicts also
+ * being involved.
  */
 static int process_df_entry(struct merge_options *o,
-			 const char *path, struct stage_data *entry)
+			    const char *path, struct stage_data *entry)
 {
 	int clean_merge = 1;
 	unsigned o_mode = entry->stages[1].mode;
@@ -1252,43 +1405,91 @@ static int process_df_entry(struct merge_options *o,
 	unsigned char *o_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[1].sha, o_mode);
 	unsigned char *a_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[2].sha, a_mode);
 	unsigned char *b_sha = stage_sha(entry->stages[3].sha, b_mode);
-	const char *add_branch;
-	const char *other_branch;
-	unsigned mode;
-	const unsigned char *sha;
-	const char *conf;
 	struct stat st;
 
-	/* We currently only handle D->F cases */
-	assert((!o_sha && a_sha && !b_sha) ||
-	       (!o_sha && !a_sha && b_sha));
-
 	entry->processed = 1;
-
-	if (a_sha) {
-		add_branch = o->branch1;
-		other_branch = o->branch2;
-		mode = a_mode;
-		sha = a_sha;
-		conf = "file/directory";
-	} else {
-		add_branch = o->branch2;
-		other_branch = o->branch1;
-		mode = b_mode;
-		sha = b_sha;
-		conf = "directory/file";
-	}
-	if (lstat(path, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-		const char *new_path = unique_path(o, path, add_branch);
+	if (entry->rename_df_conflict_info) {
+		struct rename_df_conflict_info *conflict_info = entry->rename_df_conflict_info;
+		char *src;
+		switch (conflict_info->rename_type) {
+		case RENAME_NORMAL:
+			clean_merge = merge_content(o, path,
+						    o_sha, o_mode, a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode,
+						    conflict_info->branch1);
+			break;
+		case RENAME_DELETE:
+			clean_merge = 0;
+			conflict_rename_delete(o, conflict_info->pair1,
+					       conflict_info->branch1,
+					       conflict_info->branch2);
+			break;
+		case RENAME_ONE_FILE_TO_TWO:
+			src = conflict_info->pair1->one->path;
+			clean_merge = 0;
+			output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (rename/rename): "
+			       "Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" "
+			       "rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s",
+			       src, conflict_info->pair1->two->path, conflict_info->branch1,
+			       src, conflict_info->pair2->two->path, conflict_info->branch2,
+			       o->call_depth ? " (left unresolved)" : "");
+			if (o->call_depth) {
+				remove_file_from_cache(src);
+				update_file(o, 0, conflict_info->pair1->one->sha1,
+					    conflict_info->pair1->one->mode, src);
+			}
+			conflict_rename_rename_1to2(o, conflict_info->pair1,
+						    conflict_info->branch1,
+						    conflict_info->pair2,
+						    conflict_info->branch2);
+			conflict_info->dst_entry2->processed = 1;
+			break;
+		default:
+			entry->processed = 0;
+			break;
+		}
+	} else if (o_sha && (!a_sha || !b_sha)) {
+		/* Modify/delete; deleted side may have put a directory in the way */
+		const char *new_path = path;
+		if (lstat(path, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+			new_path = unique_path(o, path, a_sha ? o->branch1 : o->branch2);
 		clean_merge = 0;
-		output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): There is a directory with name %s in %s. "
-		       "Adding %s as %s",
-		       conf, path, other_branch, path, new_path);
-		remove_file(o, 0, path, 0);
-		update_file(o, 0, sha, mode, new_path);
+		handle_delete_modify(o, path, new_path,
+				     a_sha, a_mode, b_sha, b_mode);
+	} else if (!o_sha && !!a_sha != !!b_sha) {
+		/* directory -> (directory, file) */
+		const char *add_branch;
+		const char *other_branch;
+		unsigned mode;
+		const unsigned char *sha;
+		const char *conf;
+
+		if (a_sha) {
+			add_branch = o->branch1;
+			other_branch = o->branch2;
+			mode = a_mode;
+			sha = a_sha;
+			conf = "file/directory";
+		} else {
+			add_branch = o->branch2;
+			other_branch = o->branch1;
+			mode = b_mode;
+			sha = b_sha;
+			conf = "directory/file";
+		}
+		if (lstat(path, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+			const char *new_path = unique_path(o, path, add_branch);
+			clean_merge = 0;
+			output(o, 1, "CONFLICT (%s): There is a directory with name %s in %s. "
+			       "Adding %s as %s",
+			       conf, path, other_branch, path, new_path);
+			update_file(o, 0, sha, mode, new_path);
+		} else {
+			output(o, 2, "Adding %s", path);
+			update_file(o, 1, sha, mode, path);
+		}
 	} else {
-		output(o, 2, "Adding %s", path);
-		update_file(o, 1, sha, mode, path);
+		entry->processed = 0;
+		return 1; /* not handled; assume clean until processed */
 	}
 
 	return clean_merge;
@@ -1333,6 +1534,7 @@ int merge_trees(struct merge_options *o,
 		get_files_dirs(o, merge);
 
 		entries = get_unmerged();
+		make_room_for_directories_of_df_conflicts(o, entries);
 		re_head  = get_renames(o, head, common, head, merge, entries);
 		re_merge = get_renames(o, merge, common, head, merge, entries);
 		clean = process_renames(o, re_head, re_merge);
@@ -1350,6 +1552,12 @@ int merge_trees(struct merge_options *o,
 				&& !process_df_entry(o, path, e))
 				clean = 0;
 		}
+		for (i = 0; i < entries->nr; i++) {
+			struct stage_data *e = entries->items[i].util;
+			if (!e->processed)
+				die("Unprocessed path??? %s",
+				    entries->items[i].string);
+		}
 
 		string_list_clear(re_merge, 0);
 		string_list_clear(re_head, 0);
@@ -1550,3 +1758,37 @@ void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *o)
 	memset(&o->current_directory_set, 0, sizeof(struct string_list));
 	o->current_directory_set.strdup_strings = 1;
 }
+
+int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *o, const char *s)
+{
+	if (!s || !*s)
+		return -1;
+	if (!strcmp(s, "ours"))
+		o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_OURS;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "theirs"))
+		o->recursive_variant = MERGE_RECURSIVE_THEIRS;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "subtree"))
+		o->subtree_shift = "";
+	else if (!prefixcmp(s, "subtree="))
+		o->subtree_shift = s + strlen("subtree=");
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "patience"))
+		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_PATIENCE_DIFF;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-change"))
+		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-all-space"))
+		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-at-eol"))
+		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "renormalize"))
+		o->renormalize = 1;
+	else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renormalize"))
+		o->renormalize = 0;
+	else if (!prefixcmp(s, "rename-threshold=")) {
+		const char *score = s + strlen("rename-threshold=");
+		if ((o->rename_score = parse_rename_score(&score)) == -1 || *score != 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+	else
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/merge-recursive.h b/merge-recursive.h
index 34492dbd6e..c8135b0ec7 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.h
+++ b/merge-recursive.h
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ struct merge_options {
 	const char *subtree_shift;
 	unsigned buffer_output : 1;
 	unsigned renormalize : 1;
+	long xdl_opts;
 	int verbosity;
 	int diff_rename_limit;
 	int merge_rename_limit;
+	int rename_score;
 	int call_depth;
 	struct strbuf obuf;
 	struct string_list current_file_set;
@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ int merge_recursive_generic(struct merge_options *o,
 void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *o);
 struct tree *write_tree_from_memory(struct merge_options *o);
 
+int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *out, const char *s);
+
 /* builtin/merge.c */
 int try_merge_command(const char *strategy, struct commit_list *common, const char *head_arg, struct commit_list *remotes);
 
diff --git a/name-hash.c b/name-hash.c
index 0031d78e8c..c6b6a3fe4c 100644
--- a/name-hash.c
+++ b/name-hash.c
@@ -32,6 +32,42 @@ static unsigned int hash_name(const char *name, int namelen)
 	return hash;
 }
 
+static void hash_index_entry_directories(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Throw each directory component in the hash for quick lookup
+	 * during a git status. Directory components are stored with their
+	 * closing slash.  Despite submodules being a directory, they never
+	 * reach this point, because they are stored without a closing slash
+	 * in the cache.
+	 *
+	 * Note that the cache_entry stored with the directory does not
+	 * represent the directory itself.  It is a pointer to an existing
+	 * filename, and its only purpose is to represent existence of the
+	 * directory in the cache.  It is very possible multiple directory
+	 * hash entries may point to the same cache_entry.
+	 */
+	unsigned int hash;
+	void **pos;
+
+	const char *ptr = ce->name;
+	while (*ptr) {
+		while (*ptr && *ptr != '/')
+			++ptr;
+		if (*ptr == '/') {
+			++ptr;
+			hash = hash_name(ce->name, ptr - ce->name);
+			if (!lookup_hash(hash, &istate->name_hash)) {
+				pos = insert_hash(hash, ce, &istate->name_hash);
+				if (pos) {
+					ce->next = *pos;
+					*pos = ce;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 static void hash_index_entry(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
 	void **pos;
@@ -47,6 +83,9 @@ static void hash_index_entry(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce)
 		ce->next = *pos;
 		*pos = ce;
 	}
+
+	if (ignore_case)
+		hash_index_entry_directories(istate, ce);
 }
 
 static void lazy_init_name_hash(struct index_state *istate)
@@ -97,7 +136,21 @@ static int same_name(const struct cache_entry *ce, const char *name, int namelen
 	if (len == namelen && !cache_name_compare(name, namelen, ce->name, len))
 		return 1;
 
-	return icase && slow_same_name(name, namelen, ce->name, len);
+	if (!icase)
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the entry we're comparing is a filename (no trailing slash), then compare
+	 * the lengths exactly.
+	 */
+	if (name[namelen - 1] != '/')
+		return slow_same_name(name, namelen, ce->name, len);
+
+	/*
+	 * For a directory, we point to an arbitrary cache_entry filename.  Just
+	 * make sure the directory portion matches.
+	 */
+	return slow_same_name(name, namelen, ce->name, namelen < len ? namelen : len);
 }
 
 struct cache_entry *index_name_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *name, int namelen, int icase)
@@ -115,5 +168,22 @@ struct cache_entry *index_name_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *na
 		}
 		ce = ce->next;
 	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Might be a submodule.  Despite submodules being directories,
+	 * they are stored in the name hash without a closing slash.
+	 * When ignore_case is 1, directories are stored in the name hash
+	 * with their closing slash.
+	 *
+	 * The side effect of this storage technique is we have need to
+	 * remove the slash from name and perform the lookup again without
+	 * the slash.  If a match is made, S_ISGITLINK(ce->mode) will be
+	 * true.
+	 */
+	if (icase && name[namelen - 1] == '/') {
+		ce = index_name_exists(istate, name, namelen - 1, icase);
+		if (ce && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
+			return ce;
+	}
 	return NULL;
 }
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index d982f0f1bf..ae8647d893 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -198,14 +198,15 @@ extern int parse_opt_verbosity_cb(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 extern int parse_opt_with_commit(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 extern int parse_opt_tertiary(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 
-#define OPT__VERBOSE(var)  OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", (var), "be verbose")
-#define OPT__QUIET(var)    OPT_BOOLEAN('q', "quiet",   (var), "be quiet")
+#define OPT__VERBOSE(var, h)  OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", (var), (h))
+#define OPT__QUIET(var, h)    OPT_BOOLEAN('q', "quiet",   (var), (h))
 #define OPT__VERBOSITY(var) \
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'v', "verbose", (var), NULL, "be more verbose", \
 	  PARSE_OPT_NOARG, &parse_opt_verbosity_cb, 0 }, \
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'q', "quiet", (var), NULL, "be more quiet", \
 	  PARSE_OPT_NOARG, &parse_opt_verbosity_cb, 0 }
-#define OPT__DRY_RUN(var)  OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "dry-run", (var), "dry run")
+#define OPT__DRY_RUN(var, h)  OPT_BOOLEAN('n', "dry-run", (var), (h))
+#define OPT__FORCE(var, h)    OPT_BOOLEAN('f', "force",   (var), (h))
 #define OPT__ABBREV(var)  \
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "abbrev", (var), "n", \
 	  "use <n> digits to display SHA-1s", \
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index a2c9d1e24a..8951333cb8 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -161,119 +161,6 @@ char *git_path_submodule(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...)
 	return cleanup_path(pathname);
 }
 
-/* git_mkstemp() - create tmp file honoring TMPDIR variable */
-int git_mkstemp(char *path, size_t len, const char *template)
-{
-	const char *tmp;
-	size_t n;
-
-	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
-	if (!tmp)
-		tmp = "/tmp";
-	n = snprintf(path, len, "%s/%s", tmp, template);
-	if (len <= n) {
-		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
-		return -1;
-	}
-	return mkstemp(path);
-}
-
-/* git_mkstemps() - create tmp file with suffix honoring TMPDIR variable. */
-int git_mkstemps(char *path, size_t len, const char *template, int suffix_len)
-{
-	const char *tmp;
-	size_t n;
-
-	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
-	if (!tmp)
-		tmp = "/tmp";
-	n = snprintf(path, len, "%s/%s", tmp, template);
-	if (len <= n) {
-		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
-		return -1;
-	}
-	return mkstemps(path, suffix_len);
-}
-
-/* Adapted from libiberty's mkstemp.c. */
-
-#undef TMP_MAX
-#define TMP_MAX 16384
-
-int git_mkstemps_mode(char *pattern, int suffix_len, int mode)
-{
-	static const char letters[] =
-		"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-		"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-		"0123456789";
-	static const int num_letters = 62;
-	uint64_t value;
-	struct timeval tv;
-	char *template;
-	size_t len;
-	int fd, count;
-
-	len = strlen(pattern);
-
-	if (len < 6 + suffix_len) {
-		errno = EINVAL;
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (strncmp(&pattern[len - 6 - suffix_len], "XXXXXX", 6)) {
-		errno = EINVAL;
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Replace pattern's XXXXXX characters with randomness.
-	 * Try TMP_MAX different filenames.
-	 */
-	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
-	value = ((size_t)(tv.tv_usec << 16)) ^ tv.tv_sec ^ getpid();
-	template = &pattern[len - 6 - suffix_len];
-	for (count = 0; count < TMP_MAX; ++count) {
-		uint64_t v = value;
-		/* Fill in the random bits. */
-		template[0] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-		template[1] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-		template[2] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-		template[3] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-		template[4] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-		template[5] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
-
-		fd = open(pattern, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR, mode);
-		if (fd > 0)
-			return fd;
-		/*
-		 * Fatal error (EPERM, ENOSPC etc).
-		 * It doesn't make sense to loop.
-		 */
-		if (errno != EEXIST)
-			break;
-		/*
-		 * This is a random value.  It is only necessary that
-		 * the next TMP_MAX values generated by adding 7777 to
-		 * VALUE are different with (module 2^32).
-		 */
-		value += 7777;
-	}
-	/* We return the null string if we can't find a unique file name.  */
-	pattern[0] = '\0';
-	return -1;
-}
-
-int git_mkstemp_mode(char *pattern, int mode)
-{
-	/* mkstemp is just mkstemps with no suffix */
-	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, 0, mode);
-}
-
-int gitmkstemps(char *pattern, int suffix_len)
-{
-	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, suffix_len, 0600);
-}
-
 int validate_headref(const char *path)
 {
 	struct stat st;
diff --git a/perl/Git.pm b/perl/Git.pm
index 6cb0dd1934..205e48aa3a 100644
--- a/perl/Git.pm
+++ b/perl/Git.pm
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ =head1 NAME
 
 package Git;
 
+use 5.008;
 use strict;
 
 
diff --git a/pretty.c b/pretty.c
index f85444b27d..8549934751 100644
--- a/pretty.c
+++ b/pretty.c
@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ static char *replace_encoding_header(char *buf, const char *encoding)
 	return strbuf_detach(&tmp, NULL);
 }
 
-static char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
-			     const char *output_encoding)
+char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
+		      const char *output_encoding)
 {
 	static const char *utf8 = "UTF-8";
 	const char *use_encoding;
@@ -555,6 +555,7 @@ struct format_commit_context {
 	const struct pretty_print_context *pretty_ctx;
 	unsigned commit_header_parsed:1;
 	unsigned commit_message_parsed:1;
+	char *message;
 	size_t width, indent1, indent2;
 
 	/* These offsets are relative to the start of the commit message. */
@@ -591,7 +592,7 @@ static int add_again(struct strbuf *sb, struct chunk *chunk)
 
 static void parse_commit_header(struct format_commit_context *context)
 {
-	const char *msg = context->commit->buffer;
+	const char *msg = context->message;
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; msg[i]; i++) {
@@ -677,8 +678,8 @@ const char *format_subject(struct strbuf *sb, const char *msg,
 
 static void parse_commit_message(struct format_commit_context *c)
 {
-	const char *msg = c->commit->buffer + c->message_off;
-	const char *start = c->commit->buffer;
+	const char *msg = c->message + c->message_off;
+	const char *start = c->message;
 
 	msg = skip_empty_lines(msg);
 	c->subject_off = msg - start;
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ static size_t format_commit_one(struct strbuf *sb, const char *placeholder,
 {
 	struct format_commit_context *c = context;
 	const struct commit *commit = c->commit;
-	const char *msg = commit->buffer;
+	const char *msg = c->message;
 	struct commit_list *p;
 	int h1, h2;
 
@@ -886,8 +887,7 @@ static size_t format_commit_one(struct strbuf *sb, const char *placeholder,
 	case 'N':
 		if (c->pretty_ctx->show_notes) {
 			format_display_notes(commit->object.sha1, sb,
-				    git_log_output_encoding ? git_log_output_encoding
-							    : git_commit_encoding, 0);
+				    get_log_output_encoding(), 0);
 			return 1;
 		}
 		return 0;
@@ -1012,13 +1012,27 @@ void format_commit_message(const struct commit *commit,
 			   const struct pretty_print_context *pretty_ctx)
 {
 	struct format_commit_context context;
+	static const char utf8[] = "UTF-8";
+	const char *enc;
+	const char *output_enc = pretty_ctx->output_encoding;
 
 	memset(&context, 0, sizeof(context));
 	context.commit = commit;
 	context.pretty_ctx = pretty_ctx;
 	context.wrap_start = sb->len;
+	context.message = commit->buffer;
+	if (output_enc) {
+		enc = get_header(commit, "encoding");
+		enc = enc ? enc : utf8;
+		if (strcmp(enc, output_enc))
+			context.message = logmsg_reencode(commit, output_enc);
+	}
+
 	strbuf_expand(sb, format, format_commit_item, &context);
 	rewrap_message_tail(sb, &context, 0, 0, 0);
+
+	if (context.message != commit->buffer)
+		free(context.message);
 }
 
 static void pp_header(enum cmit_fmt fmt,
@@ -1159,11 +1173,7 @@ char *reencode_commit_message(const struct commit *commit, const char **encoding
 {
 	const char *encoding;
 
-	encoding = (git_log_output_encoding
-		    ? git_log_output_encoding
-		    : git_commit_encoding);
-	if (!encoding)
-		encoding = "UTF-8";
+	encoding = get_log_output_encoding();
 	if (encoding_p)
 		*encoding_p = encoding;
 	return logmsg_reencode(commit, encoding);
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 1f42473e80..4f2e890b01 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -608,6 +608,29 @@ int add_to_index(struct index_state *istate, const char *path, struct stat *st,
 		ce->ce_mode = ce_mode_from_stat(ent, st_mode);
 	}
 
+	/* When core.ignorecase=true, determine if a directory of the same name but differing
+	 * case already exists within the Git repository.  If it does, ensure the directory
+	 * case of the file being added to the repository matches (is folded into) the existing
+	 * entry's directory case.
+	 */
+	if (ignore_case) {
+		const char *startPtr = ce->name;
+		const char *ptr = startPtr;
+		while (*ptr) {
+			while (*ptr && *ptr != '/')
+				++ptr;
+			if (*ptr == '/') {
+				struct cache_entry *foundce;
+				++ptr;
+				foundce = index_name_exists(&the_index, ce->name, ptr - ce->name, ignore_case);
+				if (foundce) {
+					memcpy((void *)startPtr, foundce->name + (startPtr - ce->name), ptr - startPtr);
+					startPtr = ptr;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	alias = index_name_exists(istate, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), ignore_case);
 	if (alias && !ce_stage(alias) && !ie_match_stat(istate, alias, st, ce_option)) {
 		/* Nothing changed, really */
diff --git a/remote.c b/remote.c
index 9143ec7a17..ca42a126ad 100644
--- a/remote.c
+++ b/remote.c
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ static void read_config(void)
 }
 
 /*
- * We need to make sure the tracking branches are well formed, but a
+ * We need to make sure the remote-tracking branches are well formed, but a
  * wildcard refspec in "struct refspec" must have a trailing slash. We
  * temporarily drop the trailing '/' while calling check_ref_format(),
  * and put it back.  The caller knows that a CHECK_REF_FORMAT_ONELEVEL
diff --git a/rerere.c b/rerere.c
index 861ca7c815..d260843475 100644
--- a/rerere.c
+++ b/rerere.c
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ static int handle_cache(const char *path, unsigned char *sha1, const char *outpu
 	 */
 	ll_merge(&result, path, &mmfile[0], NULL,
 		 &mmfile[1], "ours",
-		 &mmfile[2], "theirs", 0);
+		 &mmfile[2], "theirs", NULL);
 	for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
 		free(mmfile[i].ptr);
 
diff --git a/send-pack.h b/send-pack.h
index 60b4ba66eb..05d7ab118b 100644
--- a/send-pack.h
+++ b/send-pack.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ struct send_pack_args {
 	unsigned verbose:1,
 		quiet:1,
 		porcelain:1,
+		progress:1,
 		send_mirror:1,
 		force_update:1,
 		use_thin_pack:1,
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index a3b76de2bb..346ef2eb2d 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const char *prefix_filename(const char *pfx, int pfx_len, const char *arg)
 {
 	static char path[PATH_MAX];
 #ifndef WIN32
-	if (!pfx || !*pfx || is_absolute_path(arg))
+	if (!pfx_len || is_absolute_path(arg))
 		return arg;
 	memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
 	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ const char *prefix_filename(const char *pfx, int pfx_len, const char *arg)
 	/* don't add prefix to absolute paths, but still replace '\' by '/' */
 	if (is_absolute_path(arg))
 		pfx_len = 0;
-	else
+	else if (pfx_len)
 		memcpy(path, pfx, pfx_len);
 	strcpy(path + pfx_len, arg);
 	for (p = path + pfx_len; *p; p++)
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index 0cd9435619..1cafdfa617 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ static size_t sz_fmt(size_t s) { return s; }
 
 const unsigned char null_sha1[20];
 
+static int git_open_noatime(const char *name, struct packed_git *p);
+
 int safe_create_leading_directories(char *path)
 {
 	char *pos = path + offset_1st_component(path);
@@ -298,7 +300,7 @@ static void read_info_alternates(const char * relative_base, int depth)
 	int fd;
 
 	sprintf(path, "%s/%s", relative_base, alt_file_name);
-	fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+	fd = git_open_noatime(path, NULL);
 	if (fd < 0)
 		return;
 	if (fstat(fd, &st) || (st.st_size == 0)) {
@@ -411,7 +413,7 @@ static int check_packed_git_idx(const char *path,  struct packed_git *p)
 	struct pack_idx_header *hdr;
 	size_t idx_size;
 	uint32_t version, nr, i, *index;
-	int fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+	int fd = git_open_noatime(path, p);
 	struct stat st;
 
 	if (fd < 0)
@@ -576,6 +578,21 @@ void release_pack_memory(size_t need, int fd)
 		; /* nothing */
 }
 
+void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
+	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
+{
+	void *ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
+	if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
+		if (!length)
+			return NULL;
+		release_pack_memory(length, fd);
+		ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
+		if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
+			die_errno("Out of memory? mmap failed");
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
 void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *p)
 {
 	while (p->windows) {
@@ -655,9 +672,7 @@ static int open_packed_git_1(struct packed_git *p)
 	if (!p->index_data && open_pack_index(p))
 		return error("packfile %s index unavailable", p->pack_name);
 
-	p->pack_fd = open(p->pack_name, O_RDONLY);
-	while (p->pack_fd < 0 && errno == EMFILE && unuse_one_window(p, -1))
-		p->pack_fd = open(p->pack_name, O_RDONLY);
+	p->pack_fd = git_open_noatime(p->pack_name, p);
 	if (p->pack_fd < 0 || fstat(p->pack_fd, &st))
 		return -1;
 
@@ -803,11 +818,22 @@ static struct packed_git *alloc_packed_git(int extra)
 	return p;
 }
 
+static void try_to_free_pack_memory(size_t size)
+{
+	release_pack_memory(size, -1);
+}
+
 struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, int path_len, int local)
 {
+	static int have_set_try_to_free_routine;
 	struct stat st;
 	struct packed_git *p = alloc_packed_git(path_len + 2);
 
+	if (!have_set_try_to_free_routine) {
+		have_set_try_to_free_routine = 1;
+		set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_pack_memory);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Make sure a corresponding .pack file exists and that
 	 * the index looks sane.
@@ -874,7 +900,7 @@ static void prepare_packed_git_one(char *objdir, int local)
 	sprintf(path, "%s/pack", objdir);
 	len = strlen(path);
 	dir = opendir(path);
-	while (!dir && errno == EMFILE && unuse_one_window(packed_git, -1))
+	while (!dir && errno == EMFILE && unuse_one_window(NULL, -1))
 		dir = opendir(path);
 	if (!dir) {
 		if (errno != ENOENT)
@@ -1003,7 +1029,7 @@ static void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *p,
 	p->num_bad_objects++;
 }
 
-static int has_packed_and_bad(const unsigned char *sha1)
+static const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
 	struct packed_git *p;
 	unsigned i;
@@ -1011,8 +1037,8 @@ static int has_packed_and_bad(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next)
 		for (i = 0; i < p->num_bad_objects; i++)
 			if (!hashcmp(sha1, p->bad_object_sha1 + 20 * i))
-				return 1;
-	return 0;
+				return p;
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 int check_sha1_signature(const unsigned char *sha1, void *map, unsigned long size, const char *type)
@@ -1022,18 +1048,31 @@ int check_sha1_signature(const unsigned char *sha1, void *map, unsigned long siz
 	return hashcmp(sha1, real_sha1) ? -1 : 0;
 }
 
-static int git_open_noatime(const char *name)
+static int git_open_noatime(const char *name, struct packed_git *p)
 {
 	static int sha1_file_open_flag = O_NOATIME;
-	int fd = open(name, O_RDONLY | sha1_file_open_flag);
 
-	/* Might the failure be due to O_NOATIME? */
-	if (fd < 0 && errno != ENOENT && sha1_file_open_flag) {
-		fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
+	for (;;) {
+		int fd = open(name, O_RDONLY | sha1_file_open_flag);
 		if (fd >= 0)
+			return fd;
+
+		/* Might the failure be insufficient file descriptors? */
+		if (errno == EMFILE) {
+			if (unuse_one_window(p, -1))
+				continue;
+			else
+				return -1;
+		}
+
+		/* Might the failure be due to O_NOATIME? */
+		if (errno != ENOENT && sha1_file_open_flag) {
 			sha1_file_open_flag = 0;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		return -1;
 	}
-	return fd;
 }
 
 static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
@@ -1042,7 +1081,7 @@ static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	char *name = sha1_file_name(sha1);
 	struct alternate_object_database *alt;
 
-	fd = git_open_noatime(name);
+	fd = git_open_noatime(name, NULL);
 	if (fd >= 0)
 		return fd;
 
@@ -1051,7 +1090,7 @@ static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
 		name = alt->name;
 		fill_sha1_path(name, sha1);
-		fd = git_open_noatime(alt->base);
+		fd = git_open_noatime(alt->base, NULL);
 		if (fd >= 0)
 			return fd;
 	}
@@ -2079,36 +2118,48 @@ static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
 	return read_packed_sha1(sha1, type, size);
 }
 
+/*
+ * This function dies on corrupt objects; the callers who want to
+ * deal with them should arrange to call read_object() and give error
+ * messages themselves.
+ */
 void *read_sha1_file_repl(const unsigned char *sha1,
 			  enum object_type *type,
 			  unsigned long *size,
 			  const unsigned char **replacement)
 {
 	const unsigned char *repl = lookup_replace_object(sha1);
-	void *data = read_object(repl, type, size);
+	void *data;
 	char *path;
+	const struct packed_git *p;
+
+	errno = 0;
+	data = read_object(repl, type, size);
+	if (data) {
+		if (replacement)
+			*replacement = repl;
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != ENOENT)
+		die_errno("failed to read object %s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
 	/* die if we replaced an object with one that does not exist */
-	if (!data && repl != sha1)
+	if (repl != sha1)
 		die("replacement %s not found for %s",
 		    sha1_to_hex(repl), sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
-	/* legacy behavior is to die on corrupted objects */
-	if (!data) {
-		if (has_loose_object(repl)) {
-			path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
-			die("loose object %s (stored in %s) is corrupted", sha1_to_hex(repl), path);
-		}
-		if (has_packed_and_bad(repl)) {
-			path = sha1_pack_name(sha1);
-			die("packed object %s (stored in %s) is corrupted", sha1_to_hex(repl), path);
-		}
+	if (has_loose_object(repl)) {
+		path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+		die("loose object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
+		    sha1_to_hex(repl), path);
 	}
 
-	if (replacement)
-		*replacement = repl;
+	if ((p = has_packed_and_bad(repl)) != NULL)
+		die("packed object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
+		    sha1_to_hex(repl), p->pack_name);
 
-	return data;
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 void *read_object_with_reference(const unsigned char *sha1,
@@ -2300,7 +2351,7 @@ static int write_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1, char *hdr, int hdrlen,
 
 	filename = sha1_file_name(sha1);
 	fd = create_tmpfile(tmpfile, sizeof(tmpfile), filename);
-	while (fd < 0 && errno == EMFILE && unuse_one_window(packed_git, -1))
+	while (fd < 0 && errno == EMFILE && unuse_one_window(NULL, -1))
 		fd = create_tmpfile(tmpfile, sizeof(tmpfile), filename);
 	if (fd < 0) {
 		if (errno == EACCES)
diff --git a/sha1_name.c b/sha1_name.c
index 484081de82..2c3a5fb363 100644
--- a/sha1_name.c
+++ b/sha1_name.c
@@ -206,7 +206,9 @@ const char *find_unique_abbrev(const unsigned char *sha1, int len)
 		if (exists
 		    ? !status
 		    : status == SHORT_NAME_NOT_FOUND) {
-			hex[len] = 0;
+			int cut_at = len + unique_abbrev_extra_length;
+			cut_at = (cut_at < 40) ? cut_at : 40;
+			hex[cut_at] = 0;
 			return hex;
 		}
 		len++;
@@ -934,6 +936,24 @@ int interpret_branch_name(const char *name, struct strbuf *buf)
 	return len;
 }
 
+int strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
+{
+	int len = strlen(name);
+	if (interpret_branch_name(name, sb) == len)
+		return 0;
+	strbuf_add(sb, name, len);
+	return len;
+}
+
+int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
+{
+	strbuf_branchname(sb, name);
+	if (name[0] == '-')
+		return CHECK_REF_FORMAT_ERROR;
+	strbuf_splice(sb, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
+	return check_ref_format(sb->buf);
+}
+
 /*
  * This is like "get_sha1_basic()", except it allows "sha1 expressions",
  * notably "xyz^" for "parent of xyz"
@@ -1069,6 +1089,7 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
 		struct cache_entry *ce;
 		int pos;
 		if (namelen > 2 && name[1] == '/')
+			/* don't need mode for commit */
 			return get_sha1_oneline(name + 2, sha1);
 		if (namelen < 3 ||
 		    name[2] != ':' ||
@@ -1096,6 +1117,7 @@ int get_sha1_with_context_1(const char *name, unsigned char *sha1,
 				break;
 			if (ce_stage(ce) == stage) {
 				hashcpy(sha1, ce->sha1);
+				oc->mode = ce->ce_mode;
 				return 0;
 			}
 			pos++;
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index 65b4cf4343..9b3c4457f2 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -386,21 +386,3 @@ int strbuf_read_file(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path, size_t hint)
 
 	return len;
 }
-
-int strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
-{
-	int len = strlen(name);
-	if (interpret_branch_name(name, sb) == len)
-		return 0;
-	strbuf_add(sb, name, len);
-	return len;
-}
-
-int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name)
-{
-	strbuf_branchname(sb, name);
-	if (name[0] == '-')
-		return CHECK_REF_FORMAT_ERROR;
-	strbuf_splice(sb, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
-	return check_ref_format(sb->buf);
-}
diff --git a/symlinks.c b/symlinks.c
index 8860120011..3cacebd91a 100644
--- a/symlinks.c
+++ b/symlinks.c
@@ -64,11 +64,13 @@ static inline void reset_lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache)
  * of the prefix, where the cache should use the stat() function
  * instead of the lstat() function to test each path component.
  */
-static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
-		       int track_flags, int prefix_len_stat_func)
+static int lstat_cache_matchlen(struct cache_def *cache,
+				const char *name, int len,
+				int *ret_flags, int track_flags,
+				int prefix_len_stat_func)
 {
 	int match_len, last_slash, last_slash_dir, previous_slash;
-	int match_flags, ret_flags, save_flags, max_len, ret;
+	int save_flags, max_len, ret;
 	struct stat st;
 
 	if (cache->track_flags != track_flags ||
@@ -90,13 +92,13 @@ static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
 		match_len = last_slash =
 			longest_path_match(name, len, cache->path, cache->len,
 					   &previous_slash);
-		match_flags = cache->flags & track_flags & (FL_NOENT|FL_SYMLINK);
+		*ret_flags = cache->flags & track_flags & (FL_NOENT|FL_SYMLINK);
 
 		if (!(track_flags & FL_FULLPATH) && match_len == len)
 			match_len = last_slash = previous_slash;
 
-		if (match_flags && match_len == cache->len)
-			return match_flags;
+		if (*ret_flags && match_len == cache->len)
+			return match_len;
 		/*
 		 * If we now have match_len > 0, we would know that
 		 * the matched part will always be a directory.
@@ -105,16 +107,16 @@ static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
 		 * a substring of the cache on a path component basis,
 		 * we can return immediately.
 		 */
-		match_flags = track_flags & FL_DIR;
-		if (match_flags && len == match_len)
-			return match_flags;
+		*ret_flags = track_flags & FL_DIR;
+		if (*ret_flags && len == match_len)
+			return match_len;
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Okay, no match from the cache so far, so now we have to
 	 * check the rest of the path components.
 	 */
-	ret_flags = FL_DIR;
+	*ret_flags = FL_DIR;
 	last_slash_dir = last_slash;
 	max_len = len < PATH_MAX ? len : PATH_MAX;
 	while (match_len < max_len) {
@@ -133,16 +135,16 @@ static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
 			ret = lstat(cache->path, &st);
 
 		if (ret) {
-			ret_flags = FL_LSTATERR;
+			*ret_flags = FL_LSTATERR;
 			if (errno == ENOENT)
-				ret_flags |= FL_NOENT;
+				*ret_flags |= FL_NOENT;
 		} else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 			last_slash_dir = last_slash;
 			continue;
 		} else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
-			ret_flags = FL_SYMLINK;
+			*ret_flags = FL_SYMLINK;
 		} else {
-			ret_flags = FL_ERR;
+			*ret_flags = FL_ERR;
 		}
 		break;
 	}
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
 	 * path types, FL_NOENT, FL_SYMLINK and FL_DIR, can be cached
 	 * for the moment!
 	 */
-	save_flags = ret_flags & track_flags & (FL_NOENT|FL_SYMLINK);
+	save_flags = *ret_flags & track_flags & (FL_NOENT|FL_SYMLINK);
 	if (save_flags && last_slash > 0 && last_slash <= PATH_MAX) {
 		cache->path[last_slash] = '\0';
 		cache->len = last_slash;
@@ -176,7 +178,16 @@ static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
 	} else {
 		reset_lstat_cache(cache);
 	}
-	return ret_flags;
+	return match_len;
+}
+
+static int lstat_cache(struct cache_def *cache, const char *name, int len,
+		       int track_flags, int prefix_len_stat_func)
+{
+	int flags;
+	(void)lstat_cache_matchlen(cache, name, len, &flags, track_flags,
+			prefix_len_stat_func);
+	return flags;
 }
 
 #define USE_ONLY_LSTAT  0
@@ -198,15 +209,26 @@ int has_symlink_leading_path(const char *name, int len)
 }
 
 /*
- * Return non-zero if path 'name' has a leading symlink component or
+ * Return zero if path 'name' has a leading symlink component or
  * if some leading path component does not exists.
+ *
+ * Return -1 if leading path exists and is a directory.
+ *
+ * Return path length if leading path exists and is neither a
+ * directory nor a symlink.
  */
-int has_symlink_or_noent_leading_path(const char *name, int len)
+int check_leading_path(const char *name, int len)
 {
 	struct cache_def *cache = &default_cache;	/* FIXME */
-	return lstat_cache(cache, name, len,
-			   FL_SYMLINK|FL_NOENT|FL_DIR, USE_ONLY_LSTAT) &
-		(FL_SYMLINK|FL_NOENT);
+	int flags;
+	int match_len = lstat_cache_matchlen(cache, name, len, &flags,
+			   FL_SYMLINK|FL_NOENT|FL_DIR, USE_ONLY_LSTAT);
+	if (flags & (FL_SYMLINK|FL_NOENT))
+		return 0;
+	else if (flags & FL_DIR)
+		return -1;
+	else
+		return match_len;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/t/Makefile b/t/Makefile
index c7baefb7ea..73c6ec473d 100644
--- a/t/Makefile
+++ b/t/Makefile
@@ -11,16 +11,25 @@ SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL)
 PERL_PATH ?= /usr/bin/perl
 TAR ?= $(TAR)
 RM ?= rm -f
+PROVE ?= prove
+DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET ?= test
 
 # Shell quote;
 SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH))
 
 T = $(wildcard t[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-*.sh)
 TSVN = $(wildcard t91[0-9][0-9]-*.sh)
+TGITWEB = $(wildcard t95[0-9][0-9]-*.sh)
 
-all: pre-clean
+all: $(DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET)
+
+test: pre-clean
 	$(MAKE) aggregate-results-and-cleanup
 
+prove: pre-clean
+	@echo "*** prove ***"; GIT_CONFIG=.git/config $(PROVE) --exec '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' $(GIT_PROVE_OPTS) $(T) :: $(GIT_TEST_OPTS)
+	$(MAKE) clean
+
 $(T):
 	@echo "*** $@ ***"; GIT_CONFIG=.git/config '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' $@ $(GIT_TEST_OPTS)
 
@@ -46,6 +55,9 @@ full-svn-test:
 	$(MAKE) $(TSVN) GIT_SVN_NO_OPTIMIZE_COMMITS=1 LC_ALL=C
 	$(MAKE) $(TSVN) GIT_SVN_NO_OPTIMIZE_COMMITS=0 LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
 
+gitweb-test:
+	$(MAKE) $(TGITWEB)
+
 valgrind:
 	GIT_TEST_OPTS=--valgrind $(MAKE)
 
diff --git a/t/README b/t/README
index a1eb7c8720..892d443f63 100644
--- a/t/README
+++ b/t/README
@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@ prove and other harnesses come with a lot of useful options. The
     # Repeat until no more failures
     $ prove -j 15 --state=failed,save ./t[0-9]*.sh
 
+You can give DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET=prove on the make command (or define it
+in config.mak) to cause "make test" to run tests under prove.
+GIT_PROVE_OPTS can be used to pass additional options, e.g.
+
+    $ make DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET=prove GIT_PROVE_OPTS='--timer --jobs 16' test
+
 You can also run each test individually from command line, like this:
 
     $ sh ./t3010-ls-files-killed-modified.sh
@@ -259,14 +265,11 @@ Do:
 	test ...
 
    That way all of the commands in your tests will succeed or fail. If
-   you must ignore the return value of something (e.g., the return
-   after unsetting a variable that was already unset is unportable) it's
-   best to indicate so explicitly with a semicolon:
-
-	unset HLAGH;
-	git merge hla &&
-	git push gh &&
-	test ...
+   you must ignore the return value of something, consider using a
+   helper function (e.g. use sane_unset instead of unset, in order
+   to avoid unportable return value for unsetting a variable that was
+   already unset), or prepending the command with test_might_fail or
+   test_must_fail.
 
  - Check the test coverage for your tests. See the "Test coverage"
    below.
@@ -395,13 +398,6 @@ library for your script to use.
    Like test_expect_success this function can optionally use a three
    argument invocation with a prerequisite as the first argument.
 
- - test_expect_code [<prereq>] <code> <message> <script>
-
-   Analogous to test_expect_success, but pass the test if it exits
-   with a given exit <code>
-
- test_expect_code 1 'Merge with d/f conflicts' 'git merge "merge msg" B master'
-
  - test_debug <script>
 
    This takes a single argument, <script>, and evaluates it only
@@ -482,6 +478,15 @@ library for your script to use.
 	    'Perl API' \
 	    "$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t9700/test.pl
 
+ - test_expect_code <exit-code> <command>
+
+   Run a command and ensure that it exits with the given exit code.
+   For example:
+
+	test_expect_success 'Merge with d/f conflicts' '
+		test_expect_code 1 git merge "merge msg" B master
+	'
+
  - test_must_fail <git-command>
 
    Run a git command and ensure it fails in a controlled way.  Use
@@ -501,6 +506,10 @@ library for your script to use.
    <expected> file.  This behaves like "cmp" but produces more
    helpful output when the test is run with "-v" option.
 
+ - test_line_count (= | -lt | -ge | ...) <length> <file>
+
+   Check whether a file has the length it is expected to.
+
  - test_path_is_file <file> [<diagnosis>]
    test_path_is_dir <dir> [<diagnosis>]
    test_path_is_missing <path> [<diagnosis>]
diff --git a/t/annotate-tests.sh b/t/annotate-tests.sh
index 141b60cdcb..d34208cc27 100644
--- a/t/annotate-tests.sh
+++ b/t/annotate-tests.sh
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ test_expect_success \
     'prepare reference tree' \
     'echo "1A quick brown fox jumps over the" >file &&
      echo "lazy dog" >>file &&
-     git add file
-     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="A" git commit -a -m "Initial."'
+     git add file &&
+     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="A" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="A@test.git" git commit -a -m "Initial."'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'check all lines blamed on A' \
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ test_expect_success \
     'Setup new lines blamed on B' \
     'echo "2A quick brown fox jumps over the" >>file &&
      echo "lazy dog" >> file &&
-     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B" git commit -a -m "Second."'
+     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="B@test.git" git commit -a -m "Second."'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'Two lines blamed on A, two on B' \
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ test_expect_success \
     'git checkout -b branch1 master &&
      echo "3A slow green fox jumps into the" >> file &&
      echo "well." >> file &&
-     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B1" git commit -a -m "Branch1-1"'
+     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B1" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="B1@test.git" git commit -a -m "Branch1-1"'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'Two lines blamed on A, two on B, two on B1' \
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ test_expect_success \
     'git checkout -b branch2 master &&
      sed -e "s/2A quick brown/4A quick brown lazy dog/" < file > file.new &&
      mv file.new file &&
-     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B2" git commit -a -m "Branch2-1"'
+     GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="B2" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="B2@test.git" git commit -a -m "Branch2-1"'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'Two lines blamed on A, one on B, one on B2' \
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success \
     'an incomplete line added' \
     'echo "incomplete" | tr -d "\\012" >>file &&
-    GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="C" git commit -a -m "Incomplete"'
+    GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="C" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="C@test.git" git commit -a -m "Incomplete"'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'With incomplete lines.' \
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	echo
     } | sed -e "s/^3A/99/" -e "/^1A/d" -e "/^incomplete/d" > file &&
     echo "incomplete" | tr -d "\\012" >>file &&
-    GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="D" git commit -a -m "edit"'
+    GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="D" GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="D@test.git" git commit -a -m "edit"'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'some edit' \
diff --git a/t/gitweb-lib.sh b/t/gitweb-lib.sh
index 8c490c8707..b9bb95feaa 100644
--- a/t/gitweb-lib.sh
+++ b/t/gitweb-lib.sh
@@ -32,17 +32,34 @@ EOF
 	cat >.git/description <<EOF
 $0 test repository
 EOF
+
+	# You can set the GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED environment variable to
+	# the gitwebdir (the directory where gitweb is installed / deployed to)
+	# of an existing gitweb instalation to test that installation,
+	# or simply to pathname of installed gitweb script.
+	if test -n "$GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED" ; then
+		if test -d $GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED; then
+			SCRIPT_NAME="$GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED/gitweb.cgi"
+		else
+			SCRIPT_NAME="$GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED"
+		fi
+		test -f "$SCRIPT_NAME" ||
+		error "Cannot find gitweb at $GITWEB_TEST_INSTALLED."
+		say "# Testing $SCRIPT_NAME"
+	else # normal case, use source version of gitweb
+		SCRIPT_NAME="$GIT_BUILD_DIR/gitweb/gitweb.perl"
+	fi
+	export SCRIPT_NAME
 }
 
 gitweb_run () {
 	GATEWAY_INTERFACE='CGI/1.1'
 	HTTP_ACCEPT='*/*'
 	REQUEST_METHOD='GET'
-	SCRIPT_NAME="$GIT_BUILD_DIR/gitweb/gitweb.perl"
 	QUERY_STRING=""$1""
 	PATH_INFO=""$2""
 	export GATEWAY_INTERFACE HTTP_ACCEPT REQUEST_METHOD \
-		SCRIPT_NAME QUERY_STRING PATH_INFO
+		QUERY_STRING PATH_INFO
 
 	GITWEB_CONFIG=$(pwd)/gitweb_config.perl
 	export GITWEB_CONFIG
@@ -80,7 +97,7 @@ if ! test_have_prereq PERL; then
 	test_done
 fi
 
-perl -MEncode -e 'decode_utf8("", Encode::FB_CROAK)' >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+perl -MEncode -e '$e="";decode_utf8($e, Encode::FB_CROAK)' >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
 	skip_all='skipping gitweb tests, perl version is too old'
 	test_done
 }
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
index 4961505d1d..f41c7c674c 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
+++ b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ ErrorLog error.log
 <IfModule !mod_env.c>
 	LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so
 </IfModule>
+<IfModule !mod_rewrite.c>
+	LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
+</IFModule>
 
 Alias /dumb/ www/
 
@@ -36,6 +39,10 @@ ScriptAlias /smart_noexport/ ${GIT_EXEC_PATH}/git-http-backend/
 	Options ExecCGI
 </Files>
 
+RewriteEngine on
+RewriteRule ^/smart-redir-perm/(.*)$ /smart/$1 [R=301]
+RewriteRule ^/smart-redir-temp/(.*)$ /smart/$1 [R=302]
+
 <IfDefine SSL>
 LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
 
diff --git a/t/lib-terminal.sh b/t/lib-terminal.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c383b57ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/lib-terminal.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_expect_success 'set up terminal for tests' '
+	if
+		test_have_prereq PERL &&
+		"$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-terminal.perl \
+			sh -c "test -t 1 && test -t 2"
+	then
+		test_set_prereq TTY &&
+		test_terminal () {
+			if ! test_declared_prereq TTY
+			then
+				echo >&4 "test_terminal: need to declare TTY prerequisite"
+				return 127
+			fi
+			"$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test-terminal.perl "$@"
+		}
+	fi
+'
diff --git a/t/t0000-basic.sh b/t/t0000-basic.sh
index f688bd3ef5..2f7002a5e5 100755
--- a/t/t0000-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t0000-basic.sh
@@ -130,22 +130,57 @@ test_expect_success 'tests clean up after themselves' '
     test_when_finished clean=yes
 '
 
-cleaner=no
-test_expect_code 1 'tests clean up even after a failure' '
-    test_when_finished cleaner=yes &&
-    (exit 1)
-'
-
-if test $clean$cleaner != yesyes
+if test $clean != yes
 then
-	say "bug in test framework: cleanup commands do not work reliably"
+	say "bug in test framework: basic cleanup command does not work reliably"
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-test_expect_code 2 'failure to clean up causes the test to fail' '
-    test_when_finished "(exit 2)"
+test_expect_success 'tests clean up even on failures' "
+    mkdir failing-cleanup &&
+    (cd failing-cleanup &&
+    cat >failing-cleanup.sh <<EOF &&
+#!$SHELL_PATH
+
+test_description='Failing tests with cleanup commands'
+
+# Point to the t/test-lib.sh, which isn't in ../ as usual
+TEST_DIRECTORY=\"$TEST_DIRECTORY\"
+. \"\$TEST_DIRECTORY\"/test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'tests clean up even after a failure' '
+    touch clean-after-failure &&
+    test_when_finished rm clean-after-failure &&
+    (exit 1)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'failure to clean up causes the test to fail' '
+    test_when_finished \"(exit 2)\"
 '
 
+test_done
+EOF
+    chmod +x failing-cleanup.sh &&
+    test_must_fail ./failing-cleanup.sh >out 2>err &&
+    ! test -s err &&
+    ! test -f \"trash directory.failing-cleanup/clean-after-failure\" &&
+sed -e 's/Z$//' >expect <<\EOF &&
+not ok - 1 tests clean up even after a failure
+#	Z
+#	    touch clean-after-failure &&
+#	    test_when_finished rm clean-after-failure &&
+#	    (exit 1)
+#	Z
+not ok - 2 failure to clean up causes the test to fail
+#	Z
+#	    test_when_finished \"(exit 2)\"
+#	Z
+# failed 2 among 2 test(s)
+1..2
+EOF
+    test_cmp expect out)
+"
+
 ################################################################
 # Basics of the basics
 
diff --git a/t/t0001-init.sh b/t/t0001-init.sh
index 7fe8883ae0..d44194c35f 100755
--- a/t/t0001-init.sh
+++ b/t/t0001-init.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ check_config () {
 
 test_expect_success 'plain' '
 	(
-		unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE &&
 		mkdir plain &&
 		cd plain &&
 		git init
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ test_expect_success 'plain' '
 
 test_expect_success 'plain with GIT_WORK_TREE' '
 	if (
-		unset GIT_DIR
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR &&
 		mkdir plain-wt &&
 		cd plain-wt &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=$(pwd) git init
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ test_expect_success 'plain with GIT_WORK_TREE' '
 
 test_expect_success 'plain bare' '
 	(
-		unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir plain-bare-1 &&
 		cd plain-bare-1 &&
 		git --bare init
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ test_expect_success 'plain bare' '
 
 test_expect_success 'plain bare with GIT_WORK_TREE' '
 	if (
-		unset GIT_DIR GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir plain-bare-2 &&
 		cd plain-bare-2 &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=$(pwd) git --bare init
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ test_expect_success 'plain bare with GIT_WORK_TREE' '
 test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR bare' '
 
 	(
-		unset GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir git-dir-bare.git &&
 		GIT_DIR=git-dir-bare.git git init
 	) &&
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR bare' '
 test_expect_success 'init --bare' '
 
 	(
-		unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir init-bare.git &&
 		cd init-bare.git &&
 		git init --bare
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ test_expect_success 'init --bare' '
 test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR non-bare' '
 
 	(
-		unset GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir non-bare &&
 		cd non-bare &&
 		GIT_DIR=.git git init
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR non-bare' '
 test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR & GIT_WORK_TREE (1)' '
 
 	(
-		unset GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir git-dir-wt-1.git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=$(pwd) GIT_DIR=git-dir-wt-1.git git init
 	) &&
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR & GIT_WORK_TREE (1)' '
 test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR & GIT_WORK_TREE (2)' '
 
 	if (
-		unset GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG &&
 		mkdir git-dir-wt-2.git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=$(pwd) GIT_DIR=git-dir-wt-2.git git --bare init
 	)
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ test_expect_success 'GIT_DIR & GIT_WORK_TREE (2)' '
 test_expect_success 'reinit' '
 
 	(
-		unset GIT_CONFIG GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG &&
 
 		mkdir again &&
 		cd again &&
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ test_expect_success 'init with init.templatedir set' '
 		git config -f "$test_config"  init.templatedir "${HOME}/templatedir-source" &&
 		mkdir templatedir-set &&
 		cd templatedir-set &&
-		unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
-		unset GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR &&
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
+		sane_unset GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR &&
 		NO_SET_GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR=t &&
 		export NO_SET_GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR &&
 		git init
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ test_expect_success 'init with init.templatedir set' '
 test_expect_success 'init --bare/--shared overrides system/global config' '
 	(
 		test_config="$HOME"/.gitconfig &&
-		unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
 		git config -f "$test_config" core.bare false &&
 		git config -f "$test_config" core.sharedRepository 0640 &&
 		mkdir init-bare-shared-override &&
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ test_expect_success 'init --bare/--shared overrides system/global config' '
 test_expect_success 'init honors global core.sharedRepository' '
 	(
 		test_config="$HOME"/.gitconfig &&
-		unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
+		sane_unset GIT_CONFIG_NOGLOBAL &&
 		git config -f "$test_config" core.sharedRepository 0666 &&
 		mkdir shared-honor-global &&
 		cd shared-honor-global &&
diff --git a/t/t0003-attributes.sh b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
index 25205ac0ee..ebbc7554a7 100755
--- a/t/t0003-attributes.sh
+++ b/t/t0003-attributes.sh
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	) >a/b/.gitattributes
 	(
 		echo "global test=global"
-	) >$HOME/global-gitattributes
+	) >"$HOME"/global-gitattributes
 
 '
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ test_expect_success 'core.attributesfile' '
 
 test_expect_success 'attribute test: read paths from stdin' '
 
-	cat <<EOF > expect
+	cat <<EOF > expect &&
 f: test: f
 a/f: test: f
 a/c/f: test: f
diff --git a/t/t0020-crlf.sh b/t/t0020-crlf.sh
index 234a94f3e6..1a8f44c44c 100755
--- a/t/t0020-crlf.sh
+++ b/t/t0020-crlf.sh
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout when deleting .gitattributes' '
 	git rm .gitattributes &&
 	echo "contentsQ" | q_to_cr > .file2 &&
 	git add .file2 &&
-	git commit -m third
+	git commit -m third &&
 
 	git checkout master~1 &&
 	git checkout master &&
diff --git a/t/t0024-crlf-archive.sh b/t/t0024-crlf-archive.sh
index c7d0324374..ec6c1b3f8a 100755
--- a/t/t0024-crlf-archive.sh
+++ b/t/t0024-crlf-archive.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ UNZIP=${UNZIP:-unzip}
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 
-	git config core.autocrlf true
+	git config core.autocrlf true &&
 
 	printf "CRLF line ending\r\nAnd another\r\n" > sample &&
 	git add sample &&
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 test_expect_success 'tar archive' '
 
 	git archive --format=tar HEAD |
-	( mkdir untarred && cd untarred && "$TAR" -xf - )
+	( mkdir untarred && cd untarred && "$TAR" -xf - ) &&
 
 	test_cmp sample untarred/sample
 
diff --git a/t/t0026-eol-config.sh b/t/t0026-eol-config.sh
index f37ac8fa0b..fe0164be62 100755
--- a/t/t0026-eol-config.sh
+++ b/t/t0026-eol-config.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 
 	git config core.autocrlf false &&
 
-	echo "one text" > .gitattributes
+	echo "one text" > .gitattributes &&
 
 	for w in Hello world how are you; do echo $w; done >one &&
 	for w in I am very very fine thank you; do echo $w; done >two &&
diff --git a/t/t0050-filesystem.sh b/t/t0050-filesystem.sh
index 41df6bcf27..057c97c49f 100755
--- a/t/t0050-filesystem.sh
+++ b/t/t0050-filesystem.sh
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ unibad=
 no_symlinks=
 test_expect_success 'see what we expect' '
 
-	test_case=test_expect_success
-	test_unicode=test_expect_success
+	test_case=test_expect_success &&
+	test_unicode=test_expect_success &&
 	mkdir junk &&
 	echo good >junk/CamelCase &&
 	echo bad >junk/camelcase &&
 	if test "$(cat junk/CamelCase)" != good
 	then
-		test_case=test_expect_failure
+		test_case=test_expect_failure &&
 		case_insensitive=t
 	fi &&
 	rm -fr junk &&
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ test_expect_success 'see what we expect' '
 	>junk/"$auml" &&
 	case "$(cd junk && echo *)" in
 	"$aumlcdiar")
-		test_unicode=test_expect_failure
+		test_unicode=test_expect_failure &&
 		unibad=t
 		;;
 	*)	;;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ test_expect_success 'see what we expect' '
 	{
 		ln -s x y 2> /dev/null &&
 		test -h y 2> /dev/null ||
-		no_symlinks=1
+		no_symlinks=1 &&
 		rm -f y
 	}
 '
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ test_expect_success "setup unicode normalization tests" '
   cd unicode &&
   touch "$aumlcdiar" &&
   git add "$aumlcdiar" &&
-  git commit -m initial
+  git commit -m initial &&
   git tag initial &&
   git checkout -b topic &&
   git mv $aumlcdiar tmp &&
diff --git a/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh b/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
index 4f171722d9..ca8a4098fa 100755
--- a/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
+++ b/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success \
     '6 - must not exist in O && !A && !B case' "
      rm -f .git/index DD &&
-     echo DD >DD
+     echo DD >DD &&
      git update-index --add DD &&
      test_must_fail git read-tree -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
 "
diff --git a/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh b/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
index 93ca84f9e6..680d992f22 100755
--- a/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
+++ b/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
      git update-index --add yomin &&
      read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >4.out || return 1
-     git diff --no-index M.out 4.out >4diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >4.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 4.out >4diff.out &&
      compare_change 4diff.out expected &&
      check_cache_at yomin clean'
 
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      git update-index --add yomin &&
      echo yomin yomin >yomin &&
      read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >5.out || return 1
-     git diff --no-index M.out 5.out >5diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >5.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 5.out >5diff.out &&
      compare_change 5diff.out expected &&
      check_cache_at yomin dirty'
 
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
      git update-index --add nitfol &&
      read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >14.out || return 1
-     git diff --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >14.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out &&
      compare_change 14diff.out expected &&
      check_cache_at nitfol clean'
 
@@ -227,8 +227,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      git update-index --add nitfol &&
      echo nitfol nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
      read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >15.out || return 1
-     git diff --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >15.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out &&
      compare_change 15diff.out expected &&
      check_cache_at nitfol dirty'
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      git ls-files --stage >treeM.out &&
 
      rm -f a &&
-     mkdir a
+     mkdir a &&
      : >a/b &&
      git update-index --add --remove a a/b &&
      treeH=`git write-tree` &&
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ test_expect_success '-m references the correct modified tree' '
 	echo >file-a &&
 	echo >file-b &&
 	git add file-a file-b &&
-	git commit -a -m "test for correct modified tree"
+	git commit -a -m "test for correct modified tree" &&
 	git branch initial-mod &&
 	echo b >file-b &&
 	git commit -a -m "B" &&
diff --git a/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh b/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
index 0241329a08..a4a17e0017 100755
--- a/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
+++ b/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
      git update-index --add nitfol &&
      git read-tree -m -u $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >14.out || return 1
-     git diff -U0 --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >14.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff -U0 --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out &&
      compare_change 14diff.out expected &&
      sum bozbar frotz >actual14.sum &&
      grep -v nitfol M.sum > expected14.sum &&
@@ -226,8 +226,8 @@ test_expect_success \
      git update-index --add nitfol &&
      echo nitfol nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
      git read-tree -m -u $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >15.out || return 1
-     git diff -U0 --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out
+     git ls-files --stage >15.out &&
+     test_must_fail git diff -U0 --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out &&
      compare_change 15diff.out expected &&
      check_cache_at nitfol dirty &&
      sum bozbar frotz >actual15.sum &&
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 # Also make sure we did not break DF vs DF/DF case.
 test_expect_success \
     'DF vs DF/DF case setup.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index
+    'rm -f .git/index &&
      echo DF >DF &&
      git update-index --add DF &&
      treeDF=`git write-tree` &&
diff --git a/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh b/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
index 9a07de1a5b..0ef11bccb4 100755
--- a/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
+++ b/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
@@ -17,17 +17,19 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 	100644 77f0ba1734ed79d12881f81b36ee134de6a3327b 0	init.t
 	100644 e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 0	sub/added
+	100644 e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 0	subsub/added
 	EOF
 	cat >expected.swt <<-\EOF &&
 	H init.t
 	H sub/added
+	H subsub/added
 	EOF
 
 	test_commit init &&
 	echo modified >>init.t &&
-	mkdir sub &&
-	touch sub/added &&
-	git add init.t sub/added &&
+	mkdir sub subsub &&
+	touch sub/added subsub/added &&
+	git add init.t sub/added subsub/added &&
 	git commit -m "modified and added" &&
 	git tag top &&
 	git rm sub/added &&
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ test_expect_success 'read-tree without .git/info/sparse-checkout' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'read-tree with .git/info/sparse-checkout but disabled' '
-	echo >.git/info/sparse-checkout
+	echo >.git/info/sparse-checkout &&
 	git read-tree -m -u HEAD &&
 	git ls-files -t >result &&
 	test_cmp expected.swt result &&
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ test_expect_success 'match directories with trailing slash' '
 	cat >expected.swt-noinit <<-\EOF &&
 	S init.t
 	H sub/added
+	S subsub/added
 	EOF
 
 	echo sub/ > .git/info/sparse-checkout &&
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout area changes' '
 	cat >expected.swt-nosub <<-\EOF &&
 	H init.t
 	S sub/added
+	S subsub/added
 	EOF
 
 	echo init.t >.git/info/sparse-checkout &&
diff --git a/t/t1200-tutorial.sh b/t/t1200-tutorial.sh
index ab55eda158..bfa2c2190d 100755
--- a/t/t1200-tutorial.sh
+++ b/t/t1200-tutorial.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ test_expect_success 'git diff' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'tree' '
-	tree=$(git write-tree 2>/dev/null)
+	tree=$(git write-tree 2>/dev/null) &&
 	test 8988da15d077d4829fc51d8544c097def6644dbb = $tree
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1300-repo-config.sh b/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
index d0ab8ffe1b..d0e55465ff 100755
--- a/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
+++ b/t/t1300-repo-config.sh
@@ -288,6 +288,14 @@ EOF
 test_expect_success 'working --list' \
 	'git config --list > output && cmp output expect'
 
+cat > expect << EOF
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success '--list without repo produces empty output' '
+	git --git-dir=nonexistent config --list >output &&
+	test_cmp expect output
+'
+
 cat > expect << EOF
 beta.noindent sillyValue
 nextsection.nonewline wow2 for me
@@ -836,6 +844,27 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'symlinked configuration' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'nonexistent configuration' '
+	(
+		GIT_CONFIG=doesnotexist &&
+		export GIT_CONFIG &&
+		test_must_fail git config --list &&
+		test_must_fail git config test.xyzzy
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'symlink to nonexistent configuration' '
+	ln -s doesnotexist linktonada &&
+	ln -s linktonada linktolinktonada &&
+	(
+		GIT_CONFIG=linktonada &&
+		export GIT_CONFIG &&
+		test_must_fail git config --list &&
+		GIT_CONFIG=linktolinktonada &&
+		test_must_fail git config --list
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'check split_cmdline return' "
 	git config alias.split-cmdline-fix 'echo \"' &&
 	test_must_fail git split-cmdline-fix &&
diff --git a/t/t1302-repo-version.sh b/t/t1302-repo-version.sh
index a6bf1bf4d6..0e47662406 100755
--- a/t/t1302-repo-version.sh
+++ b/t/t1302-repo-version.sh
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ test_expect_success 'gitdir selection on unsupported repo' '
 	(
 		cd test2 &&
 		git config core.repositoryformatversion >../actual
-	)
+	) &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
index 54ba3df95f..ff747f8229 100755
--- a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
@@ -52,9 +52,8 @@ rm -f .git/$m
 
 test_expect_success \
 	"fail to create $n" \
-	"touch .git/$n_dir
-	 git update-ref $n $A >out 2>err"'
-	 test $? != 0'
+	"touch .git/$n_dir &&
+	 test_must_fail git update-ref $n $A >out 2>err"
 rm -f .git/$n_dir out err
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -185,55 +184,55 @@ gd="Thu, 26 May 2005 18:33:00 -0500"
 ld="Thu, 26 May 2005 18:43:00 -0500"
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{May 25 2005}" (before history)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{May 25 2005}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$C"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "warning: Log for '\'master\'' only goes back to $ed." = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	"Query master@{2005-05-25} (before history)" \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify master@{2005-05-25} >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$C"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 echo test "warning: Log for '\'master\'' only goes back to $ed." = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{May 26 2005 23:31:59}" (1 second before history)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{May 26 2005 23:31:59}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$C"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "warning: Log for '\''master'\'' only goes back to $ed." = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{May 26 2005 23:32:00}" (exactly history start)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{May 26 2005 23:32:00}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$C"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "" = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{May 26 2005 23:32:30}" (first non-creation change)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{May 26 2005 23:32:30}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$A"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "" = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{2005-05-26 23:33:01}" (middle of history with gap)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{2005-05-26 23:33:01}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$B"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "warning: Log .git/logs/'"$m has gap after $gd"'." = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{2005-05-26 23:38:00}" (middle of history)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{2005-05-26 23:38:00}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$Z"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "" = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{2005-05-26 23:43:00}" (exact end of history)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{2005-05-26 23:43:00}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$E"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "" = "$(cat e)"'
 test_expect_success \
 	'Query "master@{2005-05-28}" (past end of history)' \
-	'rm -f o e
+	'rm -f o e &&
 	 git rev-parse --verify "master@{2005-05-28}" >o 2>e &&
 	 test '"$D"' = $(cat o) &&
 	 test "warning: Log .git/logs/'"$m unexpectedly ended on $ld"'." = "$(cat e)"'
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      git add F &&
 	 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="2005-05-26 23:30" \
 	 GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2005-05-26 23:30" git commit -m add -a &&
-	 h_TEST=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	 h_TEST=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	 echo The other day this did not work. >M &&
 	 echo And then Bob told me how to fix it. >>M &&
 	 echo OTHER >F &&
diff --git a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
index 7fa5f5b22a..2c96551ed0 100755
--- a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ test_expect_success 'symbolic-ref refuses non-ref for HEAD' '
 reset_to_sane
 
 test_expect_success 'symbolic-ref refuses bare sha1' '
-	echo content >file && git add file && git commit -m one
+	echo content >file && git add file && git commit -m one &&
 	test_must_fail git symbolic-ref HEAD `git rev-parse HEAD`
 '
 reset_to_sane
diff --git a/t/t1402-check-ref-format.sh b/t/t1402-check-ref-format.sh
index 782e75d000..1b0f82fa4c 100755
--- a/t/t1402-check-ref-format.sh
+++ b/t/t1402-check-ref-format.sh
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ test_expect_success "check-ref-format --branch @{-1}" '
 	T=$(git write-tree) &&
 	sha1=$(echo A | git commit-tree $T) &&
 	git update-ref refs/heads/master $sha1 &&
-	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master $sha1
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master $sha1 &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	git checkout origin/master &&
 	git checkout master &&
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ test_expect_success 'check-ref-format --branch from subdir' '
 	T=$(git write-tree) &&
 	sha1=$(echo A | git commit-tree $T) &&
 	git update-ref refs/heads/master $sha1 &&
-	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master $sha1
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master $sha1 &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	git checkout origin/master &&
 	git checkout master &&
diff --git a/t/t1410-reflog.sh b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
index 25046c4208..252fc82837 100755
--- a/t/t1410-reflog.sh
+++ b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ test_expect_success 'delete' '
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m tiger C &&
 
-	HEAD_entry_count=$(git reflog | wc -l)
-	master_entry_count=$(git reflog show master | wc -l)
+	HEAD_entry_count=$(git reflog | wc -l) &&
+	master_entry_count=$(git reflog show master | wc -l) &&
 
 	test $HEAD_entry_count = 5 &&
 	test $master_entry_count = 5 &&
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ test_expect_success 'delete' '
 	test $HEAD_entry_count = $(git reflog | wc -l) &&
 	! grep ox < output &&
 
-	master_entry_count=$(wc -l < output)
+	master_entry_count=$(wc -l < output) &&
 
 	git reflog delete HEAD@{1} &&
 	test $(($HEAD_entry_count -1)) = $(git reflog | wc -l) &&
 	test $master_entry_count = $(git reflog show master | wc -l) &&
 
-	HEAD_entry_count=$(git reflog | wc -l)
+	HEAD_entry_count=$(git reflog | wc -l) &&
 
 	git reflog delete master@{07.04.2005.15:15:00.-0700} &&
 	git reflog show master > output &&
diff --git a/t/t1450-fsck.sh b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
index 1be415e334..bb01d5ab8f 100755
--- a/t/t1450-fsck.sh
+++ b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ test_expect_success 'object with bad sha1' '
 	sha=$(echo blob | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
 	old=$(echo $sha | sed "s+^..+&/+") &&
 	new=$(dirname $old)/ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff &&
-	sha="$(dirname $new)$(basename $new)"
+	sha="$(dirname $new)$(basename $new)" &&
 	mv .git/objects/$old .git/objects/$new &&
 	test_when_finished "remove_object $sha" &&
 	git update-index --add --cacheinfo 100644 $sha foo &&
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ test_expect_success 'email with embedded > is not okay' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'tag pointing to nonexistent' '
-	cat >invalid-tag <<-\EOF
+	cat >invalid-tag <<-\EOF &&
 	object ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
 	type commit
 	tag invalid
diff --git a/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh b/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
index b3195c4707..1efd7f76dd 100755
--- a/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
+++ b/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ extra1    line above used to cause a segfault but no longer does
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'test --parseopt help output' '
-	git rev-parse --parseopt -- -h > output < optionspec
+	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- -h > output < optionspec &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1504-ceiling-dirs.sh b/t/t1504-ceiling-dirs.sh
index df5ad8c686..cce87a5ab5 100755
--- a/t/t1504-ceiling-dirs.sh
+++ b/t/t1504-ceiling-dirs.sh
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ test_prefix() {
 }
 
 test_fail() {
-	test_expect_code 128 "$1: prefix" \
-	"git rev-parse --show-prefix"
+	test_expect_success "$1: prefix" '
+		test_expect_code 128 git rev-parse --show-prefix
+	'
 }
 
 TRASH_ROOT="$PWD"
diff --git a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
index 8c8dfdaf9f..a4555510c3 100755
--- a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
+++ b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ test_expect_success 'merge my-side@{u} records the correct name' '
 	git branch -t new my-side@{u} &&
 	git merge -s ours new@{u} &&
 	git show -s --pretty=format:%s >actual &&
-	echo "Merge remote branch ${sq}origin/side${sq}" >expect &&
+	echo "Merge remote-tracking branch ${sq}origin/side${sq}" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 )
 '
diff --git a/t/t2007-checkout-symlink.sh b/t/t2007-checkout-symlink.sh
index a74ee227b8..e6f59f1914 100755
--- a/t/t2007-checkout-symlink.sh
+++ b/t/t2007-checkout-symlink.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS setup '
 	git branch side &&
 
 	echo goodbye >nitfol &&
-	git add nitfol
+	git add nitfol &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "master adds file nitfol" &&
 
diff --git a/t/t2016-checkout-patch.sh b/t/t2016-checkout-patch.sh
index a463b13b27..9cd0ac4ba3 100755
--- a/t/t2016-checkout-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t2016-checkout-patch.sh
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'git checkout -p' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'git checkout -p with staged changes' '
-	set_state dir/foo work index
+	set_state dir/foo work index &&
 	(echo n; echo y) | git checkout -p &&
 	verify_saved_state bar &&
 	verify_state dir/foo index index
diff --git a/t/t2017-checkout-orphan.sh b/t/t2017-checkout-orphan.sh
index 2d2f63f22e..0e3b8582f2 100755
--- a/t/t2017-checkout-orphan.sh
+++ b/t/t2017-checkout-orphan.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ TEST_FILE=foo
 test_expect_success 'Setup' '
 	echo "Initial" >"$TEST_FILE" &&
 	git add "$TEST_FILE" &&
-	git commit -m "First Commit"
+	git commit -m "First Commit" &&
 	test_tick &&
 	echo "State 1" >>"$TEST_FILE" &&
 	git add "$TEST_FILE" &&
diff --git a/t/t2050-git-dir-relative.sh b/t/t2050-git-dir-relative.sh
index b7131d8c08..21f4659a9d 100755
--- a/t/t2050-git-dir-relative.sh
+++ b/t/t2050-git-dir-relative.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ chmod +x .git/hooks/post-commit'
 
 test_expect_success 'post-commit hook used ordinarily' '
 echo initial >top &&
-git add top
+git add top &&
 git commit -m initial &&
 test -r "${COMMIT_FILE}"
 '
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test -r "${COMMIT_FILE}"
 rm -rf "${COMMIT_FILE}"
 
 test_expect_success 'post-commit-hook from sub dir' '
-echo changed again >top
+echo changed again >top &&
 cd subdir &&
 git --git-dir .git --work-tree .. add ../top &&
 git --git-dir .git --work-tree .. commit -m subcommit &&
diff --git a/t/t2101-update-index-reupdate.sh b/t/t2101-update-index-reupdate.sh
index 76ad7c344c..c8bce8c2e4 100755
--- a/t/t2101-update-index-reupdate.sh
+++ b/t/t2101-update-index-reupdate.sh
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ test_expect_success 'update-index again' \
 	echo hello world >dir1/file3 &&
 	echo goodbye people >file2 &&
 	git update-index --add file2 dir1/file3 &&
-	echo hello everybody >file2
+	echo hello everybody >file2 &&
 	echo happy >dir1/file3 &&
 	git update-index --again &&
 	git ls-files -s >current &&
diff --git a/t/t2200-add-update.sh b/t/t2200-add-update.sh
index 2ad2819a34..0692427cb6 100755
--- a/t/t2200-add-update.sh
+++ b/t/t2200-add-update.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	echo initial >dir1/sub2 &&
 	echo initial >dir2/sub3 &&
 	git add check dir1 dir2 top foo &&
-	test_tick
+	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m initial &&
 
 	echo changed >check &&
diff --git a/t/t3001-ls-files-others-exclude.sh b/t/t3001-ls-files-others-exclude.sh
index 6d2f2b67ee..c8fe978267 100755
--- a/t/t3001-ls-files-others-exclude.sh
+++ b/t/t3001-ls-files-others-exclude.sh
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ test_expect_success 'trailing slash in exclude allows directory match (2)' '
 
 test_expect_success 'trailing slash in exclude forces directory match (1)' '
 
-	>two
+	>two &&
 	git ls-files --others --exclude=two/ >output &&
 	grep "^two" output
 
diff --git a/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh b/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
index e66e550b24..34794f8a70 100755
--- a/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
+++ b/t/t3030-merge-recursive.sh
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ test_expect_success 'setup 1' '
 	git branch submod &&
 	git branch copy &&
 	git branch rename &&
+	if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS
+	then
+		git branch rename-ln
+	fi &&
 
 	echo hello >>a &&
 	cp a d/e &&
@@ -255,7 +259,16 @@ test_expect_success 'setup 8' '
 	git mv a e &&
 	git add e &&
 	test_tick &&
-	git commit -m "rename a->e"
+	git commit -m "rename a->e" &&
+	if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS
+	then
+		git checkout rename-ln &&
+		git mv a e &&
+		ln -s e a &&
+		git add a e &&
+		test_tick &&
+		git commit -m "rename a->e, symlink a->e"
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup 9' '
@@ -544,7 +557,7 @@ test_expect_success 'reset and bind merge' '
 		echo "100644 $o0 0	c"
 		echo "100644 $o1 0	d/e"
 	) >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 
 	git read-tree --prefix=z/ master &&
 	git ls-files -s >actual &&
@@ -615,4 +628,26 @@ test_expect_success 'merge-recursive copy vs. rename' '
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS
+then
+	test_expect_success 'merge-recursive rename vs. rename/symlink' '
+
+		git checkout -f rename &&
+		git merge rename-ln &&
+		( git ls-tree -r HEAD ; git ls-files -s ) >actual &&
+		(
+			echo "100644 blob $o0	b"
+			echo "100644 blob $o0	c"
+			echo "100644 blob $o0	d/e"
+			echo "100644 blob $o0	e"
+			echo "100644 $o0 0	b"
+			echo "100644 $o0 0	c"
+			echo "100644 $o0 0	d/e"
+			echo "100644 $o0 0	e"
+		) >expected &&
+		test_cmp expected actual
+	'
+fi
+
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3032-merge-recursive-options.sh b/t/t3032-merge-recursive-options.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..2293797553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3032-merge-recursive-options.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='merge-recursive options
+
+* [master] Clarify
+ ! [remote] Remove cruft
+--
+ + [remote] Remove cruft
+*  [master] Clarify
+*+ [remote^] Initial revision
+*   ok 1: setup
+'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	conflict_hunks () {
+		sed -n -e "
+			/^<<<</ b inconflict
+			b
+			: inconflict
+			p
+			/^>>>>/ b
+			n
+			b inconflict
+		" "$@"
+	} &&
+
+	cat <<-\EOF >text.txt &&
+	    Hope, he says, cherishes the soul of him who lives in
+	    justice and holiness and is the nurse of his age and the
+	    companion of his journey;--hope which is mightiest to sway
+	    the restless soul of man.
+
+	How admirable are his words!  And the great blessing of riches, I do
+	not say to every man, but to a good man, is, that he has had no
+	occasion to deceive or to defraud others, either intentionally or
+	unintentionally; and when he departs to the world below he is not in
+	any apprehension about offerings due to the gods or debts which he owes
+	to men.  Now to this peace of mind the possession of wealth greatly
+	contributes; and therefore I say, that, setting one thing against
+	another, of the many advantages which wealth has to give, to a man of
+	sense this is in my opinion the greatest.
+
+	Well said, Cephalus, I replied; but as concerning justice, what is
+	it?--to speak the truth and to pay your debts--no more than this?  And
+	even to this are there not exceptions?  Suppose that a friend when in
+	his right mind has deposited arms with me and he asks for them when he
+	is not in his right mind, ought I to give them back to him?  No one
+	would say that I ought or that I should be right in doing so, any more
+	than they would say that I ought always to speak the truth to one who
+	is in his condition.
+
+	You are quite right, he replied.
+
+	But then, I said, speaking the truth and paying your debts is not a
+	correct definition of justice.
+
+	CEPHALUS - SOCRATES - POLEMARCHUS
+
+	Quite correct, Socrates, if Simonides is to be believed, said
+	Polemarchus interposing.
+
+	I fear, said Cephalus, that I must go now, for I have to look after the
+	sacrifices, and I hand over the argument to Polemarchus and the company.
+	EOF
+	git add text.txt &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "Initial revision" &&
+
+	git checkout -b remote &&
+	sed -e "
+			s/\.  /\. /g
+			s/[?]  /? /g
+			s/    /	/g
+			s/--/---/g
+			s/but as concerning/but as con cerning/
+			/CEPHALUS - SOCRATES - POLEMARCHUS/ d
+		" text.txt >text.txt+ &&
+	mv text.txt+ text.txt &&
+	git commit -a -m "Remove cruft" &&
+
+	git checkout master &&
+	sed -e "
+			s/\(not in his right mind\),\(.*\)/\1;\2Q/
+			s/Quite correct\(.*\)/It is too correct\1Q/
+			s/unintentionally/un intentionally/
+			/un intentionally/ s/$/Q/
+			s/Polemarchus interposing./Polemarchus, interposing.Q/
+			/justice and holiness/ s/$/Q/
+			/pay your debts/ s/$/Q/
+		" text.txt | q_to_cr >text.txt+ &&
+	mv text.txt+ text.txt &&
+	git commit -a -m "Clarify" &&
+	git show-branch --all
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'naive merge fails' '
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	test_must_fail git merge-recursive HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	test_must_fail git update-index --refresh &&
+	grep "<<<<<<" text.txt
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-space-change makes merge succeed' '
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-space-change HEAD^ -- HEAD remote
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-space-change: our w/s-only change wins' '
+	q_to_cr <<-\EOF >expected &&
+	    justice and holiness and is the nurse of his age and theQ
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-space-change HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	grep "justice and holiness" text.txt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-space-change: their real change wins over w/s' '
+	cat <<-\EOF >expected &&
+	it?---to speak the truth and to pay your debts---no more than this? And
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-space-change HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	grep "pay your debts" text.txt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-space-change: does not ignore new spaces' '
+	cat <<-\EOF >expected1 &&
+	Well said, Cephalus, I replied; but as con cerning justice, what is
+	EOF
+	q_to_cr <<-\EOF >expected2 &&
+	un intentionally; and when he departs to the world below he is not inQ
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-space-change HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	grep "Well said" text.txt >actual1 &&
+	grep "when he departs" text.txt >actual2 &&
+	test_cmp expected1 actual1 &&
+	test_cmp expected2 actual2
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-all-space drops their new spaces' '
+	cat <<-\EOF >expected &&
+	Well said, Cephalus, I replied; but as concerning justice, what is
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-all-space HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	grep "Well said" text.txt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-all-space keeps our new spaces' '
+	q_to_cr <<-\EOF >expected &&
+	un intentionally; and when he departs to the world below he is not inQ
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	git merge-recursive --ignore-all-space HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	grep "when he departs" text.txt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--ignore-space-at-eol' '
+	q_to_cr <<-\EOF >expected &&
+	<<<<<<< HEAD
+	is not in his right mind; ought I to give them back to him?  No oneQ
+	=======
+	is not in his right mind, ought I to give them back to him? No one
+	>>>>>>> remote
+	EOF
+
+	git read-tree --reset -u HEAD &&
+	test_must_fail git merge-recursive --ignore-space-at-eol \
+						 HEAD^ -- HEAD remote &&
+	conflict_hunks text.txt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3050-subprojects-fetch.sh b/t/t3050-subprojects-fetch.sh
index 4261e9641e..2f5f41a012 100755
--- a/t/t3050-subprojects-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t3050-subprojects-fetch.sh
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 		cd sub &&
 		git init &&
 		>subfile &&
-		git add subfile
+		git add subfile &&
 		git commit -m "subproject commit #1"
 	) &&
-	>mainfile
+	>mainfile &&
 	git add sub mainfile &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "superproject commit #1"
diff --git a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
index 809d1c4ed4..6028748c6c 100755
--- a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
+++ b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ test_expect_success 'make commits' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'make branches' '
-	git branch branch-one
+	git branch branch-one &&
 	git branch branch-two HEAD^
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'make remote branches' '
-	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/branch-one branch-one
-	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/branch-two branch-two
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/branch-one branch-one &&
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/branch-two branch-two &&
 	git symbolic-ref refs/remotes/origin/HEAD refs/remotes/origin/branch-one
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3300-funny-names.sh b/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
index f39a261d80..5e29a05259 100755
--- a/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
+++ b/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'git ls-files no-funny' \
 	test_cmp expected current'
 
 test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'setup expect' '
-t0=`git write-tree`
-echo "$t0" >t0
+t0=`git write-tree` &&
+echo "$t0" >t0 &&
 
 cat > expected <<\EOF
 just space
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'git ls-files -z with-funny' \
 	test_cmp expected current'
 
 test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'setup expect' '
-t1=`git write-tree`
-echo "$t1" >t1
+t1=`git write-tree` &&
+echo "$t1" >t1 &&
 
 cat > expected <<\EOF
 just space
diff --git a/t/t3301-notes.sh b/t/t3301-notes.sh
index a2b79a0430..7e84ab9790 100755
--- a/t/t3301-notes.sh
+++ b/t/t3301-notes.sh
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ test_expect_success 'refusing to edit notes in refs/remotes/' '
 
 # 1 indicates caught gracefully by die, 128 means git-show barked
 test_expect_success 'handle empty notes gracefully' '
-	git notes show ; test 1 = $?
+	test_expect_code 1 git notes show
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'show non-existent notes entry with %N' '
@@ -627,16 +627,16 @@ test_expect_success '--show-notes=ref accumulates' '
 
 test_expect_success 'Allow notes on non-commits (trees, blobs, tags)' '
 	git config core.notesRef refs/notes/other &&
-	echo "Note on a tree" > expect
+	echo "Note on a tree" > expect &&
 	git notes add -m "Note on a tree" HEAD: &&
 	git notes show HEAD: > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	echo "Note on a blob" > expect
+	echo "Note on a blob" > expect &&
 	filename=$(git ls-tree --name-only HEAD | head -n1) &&
 	git notes add -m "Note on a blob" HEAD:$filename &&
 	git notes show HEAD:$filename > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	echo "Note on a tag" > expect
+	echo "Note on a tag" > expect &&
 	git tag -a -m "This is an annotated tag" foobar HEAD^ &&
 	git notes add -m "Note on a tag" foobar &&
 	git notes show foobar > actual &&
diff --git a/t/t3307-notes-man.sh b/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
index 3269f2eebd..2ea3be6546 100755
--- a/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
+++ b/t/t3307-notes-man.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test_expect_success 'example 1: notes to add an Acked-by line' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'example 2: binary notes' '
-	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png .
+	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/test4012.png . &&
 	git checkout B &&
 	blob=$(git hash-object -w test4012.png) &&
 	git notes --ref=logo add -C "$blob" &&
diff --git a/t/t3402-rebase-merge.sh b/t/t3402-rebase-merge.sh
index 2bea65634a..be8c1d5ef9 100755
--- a/t/t3402-rebase-merge.sh
+++ b/t/t3402-rebase-merge.sh
@@ -117,4 +117,25 @@ test_expect_success 'picking rebase' '
 	esac
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase -s funny -Xopt' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr test-bin funny.was.run" &&
+	mkdir test-bin &&
+	cat >test-bin/git-merge-funny <<-EOF &&
+	#!$SHELL_PATH
+	case "\$1" in --opt) ;; *) exit 2 ;; esac
+	shift &&
+	>funny.was.run &&
+	exec git merge-recursive "\$@"
+	EOF
+	chmod +x test-bin/git-merge-funny &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -b test-funny master^ &&
+	test_commit funny &&
+	(
+		PATH=./test-bin:$PATH
+		git rebase -s funny -Xopt master
+	) &&
+	test -f funny.was.run
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index 7d20a74c5c..5cb7e70d54 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -7,34 +7,39 @@ test_description='git rebase interactive
 
 This test runs git rebase "interactively", by faking an edit, and verifies
 that the result still makes sense.
+
+Initial setup:
+
+     one - two - three - four (conflict-branch)
+   /
+ A - B - C - D - E            (master)
+ | \
+ |   F - G - H                (branch1)
+ |     \
+ |\      I                    (branch2)
+ | \
+ |   J - K - L - M            (no-conflict-branch)
+  \
+    N - O - P                 (no-ff-branch)
+
+ where A, B, D and G all touch file1, and one, two, three, four all
+ touch file "conflict".
 '
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-rebase.sh
 
+test_cmp_rev () {
+	git rev-parse --verify "$1" >expect.rev &&
+	git rev-parse --verify "$2" >actual.rev &&
+	test_cmp expect.rev actual.rev
+}
+
 set_fake_editor
 
-# Set up the repository like this:
-#
-#     one - two - three - four (conflict-branch)
-#   /
-# A - B - C - D - E            (master)
-# | \
-# |   F - G - H                (branch1)
-# |     \
-# |\      I                    (branch2)
-# | \
-# |   J - K - L - M            (no-conflict-branch)
-#  \
-#    N - O - P                 (no-ff-branch)
-#
-# where A, B, D and G all touch file1, and one, two, three, four all
-# touch file "conflict".
-#
 # WARNING: Modifications to the initial repository can change the SHA ID used
 # in the expect2 file for the 'stop on conflicting pick' test.
 
-
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_commit A file1 &&
 	test_commit B file1 &&
@@ -46,22 +51,21 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_commit G file1 &&
 	test_commit H file5 &&
 	git checkout -b branch2 F &&
-	test_commit I file6
+	test_commit I file6 &&
 	git checkout -b conflict-branch A &&
-	for n in one two three four
-	do
-		test_commit $n conflict
-	done &&
+	test_commit one conflict &&
+	test_commit two conflict &&
+	test_commit three conflict &&
+	test_commit four conflict &&
 	git checkout -b no-conflict-branch A &&
-	for n in J K L M
-	do
-		test_commit $n file$n
-	done &&
+	test_commit J fileJ &&
+	test_commit K fileK &&
+	test_commit L fileL &&
+	test_commit M fileM &&
 	git checkout -b no-ff-branch A &&
-	for n in N O P
-	do
-		test_commit $n file$n
-	done
+	test_commit N fileN &&
+	test_commit O fileO &&
+	test_commit P fileP
 '
 
 # "exec" commands are ran with the user shell by default, but this may
@@ -82,20 +86,12 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase -i with the exec command' '
 	test_path_is_file touch-one &&
 	test_path_is_file touch-two &&
 	test_path_is_missing touch-three " (should have stopped before)" &&
-	test $(git rev-parse C) = $(git rev-parse HEAD) || {
-		echo "Stopped at wrong revision:"
-		echo "($(git describe --tags HEAD) instead of C)"
-		false
-	} &&
+	test_cmp_rev C HEAD &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
 	test_path_is_file touch-three &&
 	test_path_is_file "touch-file  name with spaces" &&
 	test_path_is_file touch-after-semicolon &&
-	test $(git rev-parse master) = $(git rev-parse HEAD) || {
-		echo "Stopped at wrong revision:"
-		echo "($(git describe --tags HEAD) instead of master)"
-		false
-	} &&
+	test_cmp_rev master HEAD &&
 	rm -f touch-*
 '
 
@@ -116,11 +112,7 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase -i with the exec command checks tree cleanness' '
 	export FAKE_LINES &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase -i HEAD^
 	) &&
-	test $(git rev-parse master^) = $(git rev-parse HEAD) || {
-		echo "Stopped at wrong revision:"
-		echo "($(git describe --tags HEAD) instead of master^)"
-		false
-	} &&
+	test_cmp_rev master^ HEAD &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git rebase --continue
 '
@@ -584,7 +576,7 @@ test_expect_success 'do "noop" when there is nothing to cherry-pick' '
 
 	git checkout -b branch4 HEAD &&
 	GIT_EDITOR=: git commit --amend \
-		--author="Somebody else <somebody@else.com>" 
+		--author="Somebody else <somebody@else.com>" &&
 	test $(git rev-parse branch3) != $(git rev-parse branch4) &&
 	git rebase -i branch3 &&
 	test $(git rev-parse branch3) = $(git rev-parse branch4)
@@ -599,7 +591,7 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule rebase setup' '
 		git add elif && git commit -m "submodule initial"
 	) &&
 	echo 1 >file1 &&
-	git add file1 sub
+	git add file1 sub &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "One" &&
 	echo 2 >file1 &&
diff --git a/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh b/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
index 85fc7c4af8..fe5f936988 100755
--- a/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
+++ b/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
@@ -43,20 +43,20 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase -m' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase --stat' '
-        git reset --hard start
+	git reset --hard start &&
         git rebase --stat master >diffstat.txt &&
         grep "^ fileX |  *1 +$" diffstat.txt
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase w/config rebase.stat' '
-        git reset --hard start
+	git reset --hard start &&
         git config rebase.stat true &&
         git rebase master >diffstat.txt &&
         grep "^ fileX |  *1 +$" diffstat.txt
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -n overrides config rebase.stat config' '
-        git reset --hard start
+	git reset --hard start &&
         git config rebase.stat true &&
         git rebase -n master >diffstat.txt &&
         ! grep "^ fileX |  *1 +$" diffstat.txt
diff --git a/t/t3408-rebase-multi-line.sh b/t/t3408-rebase-multi-line.sh
index 2062b858bb..6b84e6042a 100755
--- a/t/t3408-rebase-multi-line.sh
+++ b/t/t3408-rebase-multi-line.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git commit -a -m "A sample commit log message that has a long
 summary that spills over multiple lines.
 
-But otherwise with a sane description."
+But otherwise with a sane description." &&
 
 	git branch side &&
 
diff --git a/t/t3409-rebase-preserve-merges.sh b/t/t3409-rebase-preserve-merges.sh
index 74161a42ec..19341e5ca1 100755
--- a/t/t3409-rebase-preserve-merges.sh
+++ b/t/t3409-rebase-preserve-merges.sh
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase -p fakes interactive rebase' '
 	git fetch &&
 	git rebase -p origin/topic &&
 	test 1 = $(git rev-list --all --pretty=oneline | grep "Modify A" | wc -l) &&
-	test 1 = $(git rev-list --all --pretty=oneline | grep "Merge remote branch " | wc -l)
+	test 1 = $(git rev-list --all --pretty=oneline | grep "Merge remote-tracking branch " | wc -l)
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3412-rebase-root.sh b/t/t3412-rebase-root.sh
index 5869061c5b..086c91c7b4 100755
--- a/t/t3412-rebase-root.sh
+++ b/t/t3412-rebase-root.sh
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ EOF
 test_expect_success 'pre-rebase hook stops rebase' '
 	git checkout -b stops1 other &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --root --onto master &&
-	test "z$(git symbolic-ref HEAD)" = zrefs/heads/stops1
+	test "z$(git symbolic-ref HEAD)" = zrefs/heads/stops1 &&
 	test 0 = $(git rev-list other...stops1 | wc -l)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pre-rebase hook stops rebase -i' '
 	git checkout -b stops2 other &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --root --onto master &&
-	test "z$(git symbolic-ref HEAD)" = zrefs/heads/stops2
+	test "z$(git symbolic-ref HEAD)" = zrefs/heads/stops2 &&
 	test 0 = $(git rev-list other...stops2 | wc -l)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
index fd2184ce71..b38be8e937 100755
--- a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
+++ b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git add . &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "first commit" &&
+	git tag first-commit &&
 	echo 3 >file3 &&
 	git add . &&
 	test_tick &&
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git tag base
 '
 
-test_auto_fixup() {
+test_auto_fixup () {
 	git reset --hard base &&
 	echo 1 >file1 &&
 	git add -u &&
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ test_expect_success 'auto fixup (config)' '
 	test_must_fail test_auto_fixup final-fixup-config-false
 '
 
-test_auto_squash() {
+test_auto_squash () {
 	git reset --hard base &&
 	echo 1 >file1 &&
 	git add -u &&
@@ -94,4 +95,102 @@ test_expect_success 'misspelled auto squash' '
 	test 0 = $(git rev-list final-missquash...HEAD | wc -l)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'auto squash that matches 2 commits' '
+	git reset --hard base &&
+	echo 4 >file4 &&
+	git add file4 &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "first new commit" &&
+	echo 1 >file1 &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "squash! first" &&
+	git tag final-multisquash &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD~4 &&
+	git log --oneline >actual &&
+	test 4 = $(wc -l <actual) &&
+	git diff --exit-code final-multisquash &&
+	test 1 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^^:file1)" &&
+	test 2 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^^ | grep first | wc -l) &&
+	test 1 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | grep first | wc -l)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'auto squash that matches a commit after the squash' '
+	git reset --hard base &&
+	echo 1 >file1 &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "squash! third" &&
+	echo 4 >file4 &&
+	git add file4 &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "third commit" &&
+	git tag final-presquash &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD~4 &&
+	git log --oneline >actual &&
+	test 5 = $(wc -l <actual) &&
+	git diff --exit-code final-presquash &&
+	test 0 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^^:file1)" &&
+	test 1 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^:file1)" &&
+	test 1 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | grep third | wc -l) &&
+	test 1 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^ | grep third | wc -l)
+'
+test_expect_success 'auto squash that matches a sha1' '
+	git reset --hard base &&
+	echo 1 >file1 &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "squash! $(git rev-parse --short HEAD^)" &&
+	git tag final-shasquash &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD^^^ &&
+	git log --oneline >actual &&
+	test 3 = $(wc -l <actual) &&
+	git diff --exit-code final-shasquash &&
+	test 1 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^:file1)" &&
+	test 1 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^ | grep squash | wc -l)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'auto squash that matches longer sha1' '
+	git reset --hard base &&
+	echo 1 >file1 &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "squash! $(git rev-parse --short=11 HEAD^)" &&
+	git tag final-longshasquash &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD^^^ &&
+	git log --oneline >actual &&
+	test 3 = $(wc -l <actual) &&
+	git diff --exit-code final-longshasquash &&
+	test 1 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^:file1)" &&
+	test 1 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^ | grep squash | wc -l)
+'
+
+test_auto_commit_flags () {
+	git reset --hard base &&
+	echo 1 >file1 &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit --$1 first-commit &&
+	git tag final-commit-$1 &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD^^^ &&
+	git log --oneline >actual &&
+	test 3 = $(wc -l <actual) &&
+	git diff --exit-code final-commit-$1 &&
+	test 1 = "$(git cat-file blob HEAD^:file1)" &&
+	test $2 = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^ | grep first | wc -l)
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'use commit --fixup' '
+	test_auto_commit_flags fixup 1
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'use commit --squash' '
+	test_auto_commit_flags squash 2
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3417-rebase-whitespace-fix.sh b/t/t3417-rebase-whitespace-fix.sh
index 220a740ee8..1fb3e499b4 100755
--- a/t/t3417-rebase-whitespace-fix.sh
+++ b/t/t3417-rebase-whitespace-fix.sh
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ test_expect_success 'same, but do not remove trailing spaces' '
 	git config core.whitespace "-blank-at-eol" &&
 	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
 	cp third file && git add file && git commit -m third &&
-	git rebase --whitespace=fix HEAD^^
+	git rebase --whitespace=fix HEAD^^ &&
 	git diff --exit-code HEAD^:file expect-second &&
 	test_cmp file third
 '
diff --git a/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh b/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1aee483510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+test_description='git rebase - test patch id computation'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_set_prereq NOT_EXPENSIVE
+test -n "$GIT_PATCHID_TIMING_TESTS" && test_set_prereq EXPENSIVE
+test -x /usr/bin/time && test_set_prereq USR_BIN_TIME
+
+count()
+{
+	i=0
+	while test $i -lt $1
+	do
+		echo "$i"
+		i=$(($i+1))
+	done
+}
+
+scramble()
+{
+	i=0
+	while read x
+	do
+		if test $i -ne 0
+		then
+			echo "$x"
+		fi
+		i=$(((i+1) % 10))
+	done < "$1" > "$1.new"
+	mv -f "$1.new" "$1"
+}
+
+run()
+{
+	echo \$ "$@"
+	/usr/bin/time "$@" >/dev/null
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	git commit --allow-empty -m initial
+	git tag root
+'
+
+do_tests()
+{
+	pr=$1
+	nlines=$2
+
+	test_expect_success $pr "setup: $nlines lines" "
+		rm -f .gitattributes &&
+		git checkout -q -f master &&
+		git reset --hard root &&
+		count $nlines >file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -q -m initial &&
+		git branch -f other &&
+
+		scramble file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -q -m 'change big file' &&
+
+		git checkout -q other &&
+		: >newfile &&
+		git add newfile &&
+		git commit -q -m 'add small file' &&
+
+		git cherry-pick master >/dev/null 2>&1
+	"
+
+	test_debug "
+		run git diff master^\!
+	"
+
+	test_expect_success $pr 'setup attributes' "
+		echo 'file binary' >.gitattributes
+	"
+
+	test_debug "
+		run git format-patch --stdout master &&
+		run git format-patch --stdout --ignore-if-in-upstream master
+	"
+
+	test_expect_success $pr 'detect upstream patch' "
+		git checkout -q master &&
+		scramble file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -q -m 'change big file again' &&
+		git checkout -q other^{} &&
+		git rebase master &&
+		test_must_fail test -n \"\$(git rev-list master...HEAD~)\"
+	"
+
+	test_expect_success $pr 'do not drop patch' "
+		git branch -f squashed master &&
+		git checkout -q -f squashed &&
+		git reset -q --soft HEAD~2 &&
+		git commit -q -m squashed &&
+		git checkout -q other^{} &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase squashed &&
+		rm -rf .git/rebase-apply
+	"
+}
+
+do_tests NOT_EXPENSIVE 500
+do_tests EXPENSIVE 50000
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3501-revert-cherry-pick.sh b/t/t3501-revert-cherry-pick.sh
index bc7aedd048..043954422c 100755
--- a/t/t3501-revert-cherry-pick.sh
+++ b/t/t3501-revert-cherry-pick.sh
@@ -81,6 +81,16 @@ test_expect_success 'revert after renaming branch' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'cherry-pick on stat-dirty working tree' '
+	git clone . copy &&
+	(
+		cd copy &&
+		git checkout initial &&
+		test-chmtime +40 oops &&
+		git cherry-pick added
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'revert forbidden on dirty working tree' '
 
 	echo content >extra_file &&
diff --git a/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh b/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
index f7b3518a32..e6a64816ef 100755
--- a/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
+++ b/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ test_expect_success 'conflicting merge' '
 test_expect_success 'fixup' '
 	echo foo-dev >foo &&
 	git add foo && test_tick && git commit -q -m 4 &&
-	git reset --hard HEAD^
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
 	echo foo-dev >expect
 '
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cherry-pick conflict' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'reconfigure' '
-	git config rerere.enabled false
+	git config rerere.enabled false &&
 	git reset --hard
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3509-cherry-pick-merge-df.sh b/t/t3509-cherry-pick-merge-df.sh
index a5ccdbf8fc..948ca1bce6 100755
--- a/t/t3509-cherry-pick-merge-df.sh
+++ b/t/t3509-cherry-pick-merge-df.sh
@@ -32,4 +32,70 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'Cherry-pick succeeds with rename across D/F confli
 	git cherry-pick branch
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'Setup rename with file on one side matching directory name on other' '
+	git checkout --orphan nick-testcase &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+
+	>empty &&
+	git add empty &&
+	git commit -m "Empty file" &&
+
+	git checkout -b simple &&
+	mv empty file &&
+	mkdir empty &&
+	mv file empty &&
+	git add empty/file &&
+	git commit -m "Empty file under empty dir" &&
+
+	echo content >newfile &&
+	git add newfile &&
+	git commit -m "New file"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Cherry-pick succeeds with was_a_dir/file -> was_a_dir (resolve)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -q nick-testcase^0 &&
+	git cherry-pick --strategy=resolve simple
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Cherry-pick succeeds with was_a_dir/file -> was_a_dir (recursive)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -q nick-testcase^0 &&
+	git cherry-pick --strategy=recursive simple
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Setup rename with file on one side matching different dirname on other' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan mergeme &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+
+	mkdir sub &&
+	mkdir othersub &&
+	echo content > sub/file &&
+	echo foo > othersub/whatever &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	git rm -rf othersub &&
+	git mv sub/file othersub &&
+	git commit -m "Commit to merge" &&
+
+	git checkout -b newhead mergeme~1 &&
+	>independent-change &&
+	git add independent-change &&
+	git commit -m "Completely unrelated change"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Cherry-pick with rename to different D/F conflict succeeds (resolve)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -q newhead^0 &&
+	git cherry-pick --strategy=resolve mergeme
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Cherry-pick with rename to different D/F conflict succeeds (recursive)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -q newhead^0 &&
+	git cherry-pick --strategy=recursive mergeme
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh b/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
index 256c4c9701..c06a5ee766 100755
--- a/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t3900-i18n-commit.sh
@@ -133,4 +133,33 @@ do
 	'
 done
 
+test_commit_autosquash_flags () {
+	H=$1
+	flag=$2
+	test_expect_success "commit --$flag with $H encoding" '
+		git config i18n.commitencoding $H &&
+		git checkout -b $H-$flag C0 &&
+		echo $H >>F &&
+		git commit -a -F "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t3900/$H.txt &&
+		test_tick &&
+		echo intermediate stuff >>G &&
+		git add G &&
+		git commit -a -m "intermediate commit" &&
+		test_tick &&
+		echo $H $flag >>F &&
+		git commit -a --$flag HEAD~1 $3 &&
+		E=$(git cat-file commit '$H-$flag' |
+			sed -ne "s/^encoding //p") &&
+		test "z$E" = "z$H" &&
+		git config --unset-all i18n.commitencoding &&
+		git rebase --autosquash -i HEAD^^^ &&
+		git log --oneline >actual &&
+		test 3 = $(wc -l <actual)
+	'
+}
+
+test_commit_autosquash_flags eucJP fixup
+
+test_commit_autosquash_flags ISO-2022-JP squash '-m "squash message"'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3902-quoted.sh b/t/t3902-quoted.sh
index 7d49469841..da82b655b3 100755
--- a/t/t3902-quoted.sh
+++ b/t/t3902-quoted.sh
@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ for_each_name () {
 test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'setup' '
 
 	mkdir "$FN" &&
-	for_each_name "echo initial >\"\$name\""
+	for_each_name "echo initial >\"\$name\"" &&
 	git add . &&
 	git commit -q -m Initial &&
 
 	for_each_name "echo second >\"\$name\"" &&
-	git commit -a -m Second
+	git commit -a -m Second &&
 
 	for_each_name "echo modified >\"\$name\""
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success TABS_IN_FILENAMES 'setup expected files' '
-cat >expect.quoted <<\EOF
+cat >expect.quoted <<\EOF &&
 Name
 "Name and a\nLF"
 "Name and an\tHT"
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 903a122efe..6fd560ccf1 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'stash branch' '
 	echo foo > file &&
-	git commit file -m first
+	git commit file -m first &&
 	echo bar > file &&
 	echo bar2 > file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stash rm and ignore' '
 	echo file >.gitignore &&
 	git stash save "rm and ignore" &&
 	test bar = "$(cat file)" &&
-	test file = "$(cat .gitignore)"
+	test file = "$(cat .gitignore)" &&
 	git stash apply &&
 	! test -r file &&
 	test file = "$(cat .gitignore)"
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ test_expect_success 'stash rm and ignore (stage .gitignore)' '
 	git add .gitignore &&
 	git stash save "rm and ignore (stage .gitignore)" &&
 	test bar = "$(cat file)" &&
-	! test -r .gitignore
+	! test -r .gitignore &&
 	git stash apply &&
 	! test -r file &&
 	test file = "$(cat .gitignore)"
diff --git a/t/t3904-stash-patch.sh b/t/t3904-stash-patch.sh
index d1819ca23a..1e7193ac0b 100755
--- a/t/t3904-stash-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t3904-stash-patch.sh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'setup' '
 # note: bar sorts before dir, so the first 'n' is always to skip 'bar'
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'saying "n" does nothing' '
-	set_state dir/foo work index
+	set_state dir/foo work index &&
 	(echo n; echo n) | test_must_fail git stash save -p &&
 	verify_state dir/foo work index &&
 	verify_saved_state bar
diff --git a/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh b/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
index 73441a5165..9fb8ca06a8 100755
--- a/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ test_expect_success \
     'rm -fr Z [A-Z][A-Z] &&
      git read-tree $tree_A &&
      git checkout-index -f -a &&
-     git read-tree --reset $tree_O || return 1
-     git update-index --refresh >/dev/null ;# this can exit non-zero
+     git read-tree --reset $tree_O &&
+     test_must_fail git update-index --refresh -q &&
      git diff-files >.test-a &&
      cmp_diff_files_output .test-a .test-recursive-OA'
 
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ test_expect_success \
     'rm -fr Z [A-Z][A-Z] &&
      git read-tree $tree_B &&
      git checkout-index -f -a &&
-     git read-tree --reset $tree_O || return 1
-     git update-index --refresh >/dev/null ;# this can exit non-zero
+     git read-tree --reset $tree_O &&
+     test_must_fail git update-index --refresh -q &&
      git diff-files >.test-a &&
      cmp_diff_files_output .test-a .test-recursive-OB'
 
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ test_expect_success \
     'rm -fr Z [A-Z][A-Z] &&
      git read-tree $tree_B &&
      git checkout-index -f -a &&
-     git read-tree --reset $tree_A || return 1
-     git update-index --refresh >/dev/null ;# this can exit non-zero
+     git read-tree --reset $tree_A &&
+     test_must_fail git update-index --refresh -q &&
      git diff-files >.test-a &&
      cmp_diff_files_output .test-a .test-recursive-AB'
 
diff --git a/t/t4008-diff-break-rewrite.sh b/t/t4008-diff-break-rewrite.sh
index e19ca65885..d79d9e1e71 100755
--- a/t/t4008-diff-break-rewrite.sh
+++ b/t/t4008-diff-break-rewrite.sh
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      git checkout-index -f -u -a &&
      sed -e "s/git/GIT/" file0 >file1 &&
      sed -e "s/git/GET/" file0 >file2 &&
-     rm -f file0
+     rm -f file0 &&
      git update-index --add --remove file0 file1 file2'
 
 test_expect_success \
diff --git a/t/t4011-diff-symlink.sh b/t/t4011-diff-symlink.sh
index 6f6948925f..408a19c4c2 100755
--- a/t/t4011-diff-symlink.sh
+++ b/t/t4011-diff-symlink.sh
@@ -88,4 +88,30 @@ test_expect_success SYMLINKS \
     test_must_fail git diff --no-index pinky brain > output 2> output.err &&
     grep narf output &&
     ! grep error output.err'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'setup symlinks with attributes' '
+	echo "*.bin diff=bin" >>.gitattributes &&
+	echo content >file.bin &&
+	ln -s file.bin link.bin &&
+	git add -N file.bin link.bin
+'
+
+cat >expect <<'EOF'
+diff --git a/file.bin b/file.bin
+index e69de29..d95f3ad 100644
+Binary files a/file.bin and b/file.bin differ
+diff --git a/link.bin b/link.bin
+index e69de29..dce41ec 120000
+--- a/link.bin
++++ b/link.bin
+@@ -0,0 +1 @@
++file.bin
+\ No newline at end of file
+EOF
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'symlinks do not respect userdiff config by path' '
+	git config diff.bin.binary true &&
+	git diff file.bin link.bin >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
index bc46563afc..05ec062832 100755
--- a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
@@ -77,10 +77,6 @@ test_expect_success 'apply binary patch' \
 	 tree1=`git write-tree` &&
 	 test "$tree1" = "$tree0"'
 
-nul_to_q() {
-	perl -pe 'y/\000/Q/'
-}
-
 test_expect_success 'diff --no-index with binary creation' '
 	echo Q | q_to_nul >binary &&
 	(: hide error code from diff, which just indicates differences
diff --git a/t/t4015-diff-whitespace.sh b/t/t4015-diff-whitespace.sh
index 935d101fe8..8622eb51c7 100755
--- a/t/t4015-diff-whitespace.sh
+++ b/t/t4015-diff-whitespace.sh
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ test_expect_success 'check space before tab in indent (space-before-tab: on)' '
 
 test_expect_success 'check spaces as indentation (indent-with-non-tab: off)' '
 
-	git config core.whitespace "-indent-with-non-tab"
+	git config core.whitespace "-indent-with-non-tab" &&
 	echo "        foo ();" > x &&
 	git diff --check
 
@@ -491,4 +491,41 @@ test_expect_success 'combined diff with autocrlf conversion' '
 
 '
 
+# Start testing the colored format for whitespace checks
+
+test_expect_success 'setup diff colors' '
+	git config color.diff always &&
+	git config color.diff.plain normal &&
+	git config color.diff.meta bold &&
+	git config color.diff.frag cyan &&
+	git config color.diff.func normal &&
+	git config color.diff.old red &&
+	git config color.diff.new green &&
+	git config color.diff.commit yellow &&
+	git config color.diff.whitespace "normal red" &&
+
+	git config core.autocrlf false
+'
+cat >expected <<\EOF
+<BOLD>diff --git a/x b/x<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 9daeafb..2874b91 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/x<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/x<RESET>
+<CYAN>@@ -1 +1,4 @@<RESET>
+ test<RESET>
+<GREEN>+<RESET><GREEN>{<RESET>
+<GREEN>+<RESET><BRED>	<RESET>
+<GREEN>+<RESET><GREEN>}<RESET>
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'diff that introduces a line with only tabs' '
+	git config core.whitespace blank-at-eol &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	echo "test" > x &&
+	git commit -m "initial" x &&
+	echo "{NTN}" | tr "NT" "\n\t" >> x &&
+	git -c color.diff=always diff | test_decode_color >current &&
+	test_cmp expected current
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4017-diff-retval.sh b/t/t4017-diff-retval.sh
index 61589853df..95a7ca7070 100755
--- a/t/t4017-diff-retval.sh
+++ b/t/t4017-diff-retval.sh
@@ -29,66 +29,49 @@ test_expect_success 'git diff --quiet -w  HEAD^ HEAD' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree HEAD^ HEAD' '
-	git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD^ HEAD
-	test $? = 1
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD^ HEAD
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree HEAD^ HEAD -- a' '
 	git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD^ HEAD -- a
-	test $? = 0
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree HEAD^ HEAD -- b' '
-	git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD^ HEAD -- b
-	test $? = 1
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD^ HEAD -- b
 '
 test_expect_success 'echo HEAD | git diff-tree --stdin' '
-	echo $(git rev-parse HEAD) | git diff-tree --exit-code --stdin
-	test $? = 1
+	echo $(git rev-parse HEAD) | test_expect_code 1 git diff-tree --exit-code --stdin
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree HEAD HEAD' '
 	git diff-tree --exit-code HEAD HEAD
-	test $? = 0
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-files' '
 	git diff-files --exit-code
-	test $? = 0
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-index --cached HEAD' '
 	git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD
-	test $? = 0
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-index --cached HEAD^' '
-	git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD^
-	test $? = 1
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD^
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-index --cached HEAD^' '
 	echo text >>b &&
 	echo 3 >c &&
-	git add . && {
-		git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD^
-		test $? = 1
-	}
+	git add . &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD^
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree -Stext HEAD^ HEAD -- b' '
-	git commit -m "text in b" && {
-		git diff-tree -p --exit-code -Stext HEAD^ HEAD -- b
-		test $? = 1
-	}
+	git commit -m "text in b" &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-tree -p --exit-code -Stext HEAD^ HEAD -- b
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-tree -Snot-found HEAD^ HEAD -- b' '
 	git diff-tree -p --exit-code -Snot-found HEAD^ HEAD -- b
-	test $? = 0
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-files' '
-	echo 3 >>c && {
-		git diff-files --exit-code
-		test $? = 1
-	}
+	echo 3 >>c &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-files --exit-code
 '
 test_expect_success 'git diff-index --cached HEAD' '
-	git update-index c && {
-		git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD
-		test $? = 1
-	}
+	git update-index c &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff-index --exit-code --cached HEAD
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--check --exit-code returns 0 for no difference' '
@@ -100,30 +83,26 @@ test_expect_success '--check --exit-code returns 0 for no difference' '
 test_expect_success '--check --exit-code returns 1 for a clean difference' '
 
 	echo "good" > a &&
-	git diff --check --exit-code
-	test $? = 1
+	test_expect_code 1 git diff --check --exit-code
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--check --exit-code returns 3 for a dirty difference' '
 
 	echo "bad   " >> a &&
-	git diff --check --exit-code
-	test $? = 3
+	test_expect_code 3 git diff --check --exit-code
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--check with --no-pager returns 2 for dirty difference' '
 
-	git --no-pager diff --check
-	test $? = 2
+	test_expect_code 2 git --no-pager diff --check
 
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'check should test not just the last line' '
 	echo "" >>a &&
-	git --no-pager diff --check
-	test $? = 2
+	test_expect_code 2 git --no-pager diff --check
 
 '
 
@@ -133,10 +112,8 @@ test_expect_success 'check detects leftover conflict markers' '
 	echo binary >>b &&
 	git commit -m "side" b &&
 	test_must_fail git merge master &&
-	git add b && (
-		git --no-pager diff --cached --check >test.out
-		test $? = 2
-	) &&
+	git add b &&
+	test_expect_code 2 git --no-pager diff --cached --check >test.out &&
 	test 3 = $(grep "conflict marker" test.out | wc -l) &&
 	git reset --hard
 '
@@ -146,19 +123,13 @@ test_expect_success 'check honors conflict marker length' '
 	echo ">>>>>>> boo" >>b &&
 	echo "======" >>a &&
 	git diff --check a &&
-	(
-		git diff --check b
-		test $? = 2
-	) &&
+	test_expect_code 2 git diff --check b &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	echo ">>>>>>>> boo" >>b &&
 	echo "========" >>a &&
 	git diff --check &&
 	echo "b conflict-marker-size=8" >.gitattributes &&
-	(
-		git diff --check b
-		test $? = 2
-	) &&
+	test_expect_code 2 git diff --check b &&
 	git diff --check a &&
 	git reset --hard
 '
diff --git a/t/t4019-diff-wserror.sh b/t/t4019-diff-wserror.sh
index f6d1f1ebab..3fa836f9d3 100755
--- a/t/t4019-diff-wserror.sh
+++ b/t/t4019-diff-wserror.sh
@@ -36,11 +36,12 @@ prepare_output () {
 	git diff --color >output
 	$grep_a "$blue_grep" output >error
 	$grep_a -v "$blue_grep" output >normal
+	return 0
 }
 
 test_expect_success default '
 
-	prepare_output
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT error >/dev/null &&
@@ -52,8 +53,8 @@ test_expect_success default '
 
 test_expect_success 'without -trail' '
 
-	git config core.whitespace -trail
-	prepare_output
+	git config core.whitespace -trail &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT error >/dev/null &&
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ test_expect_success 'without -trail' '
 
 test_expect_success 'without -trail (attribute)' '
 
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
-	echo "F whitespace=-trail" >.gitattributes
-	prepare_output
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
+	echo "F whitespace=-trail" >.gitattributes &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT error >/dev/null &&
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ test_expect_success 'without -trail (attribute)' '
 
 test_expect_success 'without -space' '
 
-	rm -f .gitattributes
-	git config core.whitespace -space
-	prepare_output
+	rm -f .gitattributes &&
+	git config core.whitespace -space &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT normal >/dev/null &&
@@ -93,9 +94,9 @@ test_expect_success 'without -space' '
 
 test_expect_success 'without -space (attribute)' '
 
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
-	echo "F whitespace=-space" >.gitattributes
-	prepare_output
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
+	echo "F whitespace=-space" >.gitattributes &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT normal >/dev/null &&
@@ -107,9 +108,9 @@ test_expect_success 'without -space (attribute)' '
 
 test_expect_success 'with indent-non-tab only' '
 
-	rm -f .gitattributes
-	git config core.whitespace indent,-trailing,-space
-	prepare_output
+	rm -f .gitattributes &&
+	git config core.whitespace indent,-trailing,-space &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight error >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT normal >/dev/null &&
@@ -121,9 +122,9 @@ test_expect_success 'with indent-non-tab only' '
 
 test_expect_success 'with indent-non-tab only (attribute)' '
 
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
-	echo "F whitespace=indent,-trailing,-space" >.gitattributes
-	prepare_output
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
+	echo "F whitespace=indent,-trailing,-space" >.gitattributes &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight error >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT normal >/dev/null &&
@@ -135,9 +136,9 @@ test_expect_success 'with indent-non-tab only (attribute)' '
 
 test_expect_success 'with cr-at-eol' '
 
-	rm -f .gitattributes
-	git config core.whitespace cr-at-eol
-	prepare_output
+	rm -f .gitattributes &&
+	git config core.whitespace cr-at-eol &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT error >/dev/null &&
@@ -149,9 +150,9 @@ test_expect_success 'with cr-at-eol' '
 
 test_expect_success 'with cr-at-eol (attribute)' '
 
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
-	echo "F whitespace=trailing,cr-at-eol" >.gitattributes
-	prepare_output
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
+	echo "F whitespace=trailing,cr-at-eol" >.gitattributes &&
+	prepare_output &&
 
 	grep Eight normal >/dev/null &&
 	grep HT error >/dev/null &&
@@ -178,12 +179,21 @@ test_expect_success 'trailing empty lines (2)' '
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'checkdiff shows correct line number for trailing blank lines' '
+
+	printf "a\nb\n" > G &&
+	git add G &&
+	printf "x\nx\nx\na\nb\nc\n\n" > G &&
+	[ "$(git diff --check -- G)" = "G:7: new blank line at EOF." ]
+
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'do not color trailing cr in context' '
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
 	rm -f .gitattributes &&
 	echo AAAQ | tr Q "\015" >G &&
 	git add G &&
-	echo BBBQ | tr Q "\015" >>G
+	echo BBBQ | tr Q "\015" >>G &&
 	git diff --color G | tr "\015" Q >output &&
 	grep "BBB.*${blue_grep}Q" output &&
 	grep "AAA.*\[mQ" output
diff --git a/t/t4021-format-patch-numbered.sh b/t/t4021-format-patch-numbered.sh
index 709b3231ca..886494b58f 100755
--- a/t/t4021-format-patch-numbered.sh
+++ b/t/t4021-format-patch-numbered.sh
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ test_expect_success 'format.numbered && --keep-subject' '
 
 test_expect_success 'format.numbered = auto' '
 
-	git config format.numbered auto
+	git config format.numbered auto &&
 	git format-patch --stdout HEAD~2 > patch5 &&
 	test_numbered patch5
 
diff --git a/t/t4026-color.sh b/t/t4026-color.sh
index d5ccdd0cf8..3726a0e201 100755
--- a/t/t4026-color.sh
+++ b/t/t4026-color.sh
@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ test_expect_success 'extra character after attribute' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'unknown color slots are ignored (diff)' '
-	git config --unset diff.color.new
 	git config color.diff.nosuchslotwilleverbedefined white &&
 	git diff --color
 '
diff --git a/t/t4027-diff-submodule.sh b/t/t4027-diff-submodule.sh
index d99814ac64..241a74d2a2 100755
--- a/t/t4027-diff-submodule.sh
+++ b/t/t4027-diff-submodule.sh
@@ -316,11 +316,11 @@ test_expect_success 'git diff (empty submodule dir)' '
 test_expect_success 'conflicted submodule setup' '
 
 	# 39 efs
-	c=fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
+	c=fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff &&
 	(
-		echo "000000 $_z40 0	sub"
-		echo "160000 1$c 1	sub"
-		echo "160000 2$c 2	sub"
+		echo "000000 $_z40 0	sub" &&
+		echo "160000 1$c 1	sub" &&
+		echo "160000 2$c 2	sub" &&
 		echo "160000 3$c 3	sub"
 	) | git update-index --index-info &&
 	echo >expect.nosub '\''diff --cc sub
diff --git a/t/t4034-diff-words.sh b/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
index 6f7548c3a1..8096d8a337 100755
--- a/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
+++ b/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ test_description='word diff colors'
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 
-	git config diff.color.old red
-	git config diff.color.new green
+	git config diff.color.old red &&
+	git config diff.color.new green &&
 	git config diff.color.func magenta
 
 '
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ aeff = aeff * ( aaa )
 EOF
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 <RED>h(4)<RESET><GREEN>h(4),hh[44]<RESET>
 
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ test_expect_success '--word-diff=plain --no-color' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 <RED>[-h(4)-]<RESET><GREEN>{+h(4),hh[44]+}<RESET>
 
@@ -143,10 +143,10 @@ test_expect_success '--word-diff=plain --color' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1 +1 @@<RESET>
 <RED>h(4)<RESET><GREEN>h(4),hh[44]<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -3,0 +4,4 @@<RESET> <RESET><MAGENTA>a = b + c<RESET>
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ test_expect_success 'word diff without context' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 h(4),<GREEN>hh<RESET>[44]
 
@@ -199,10 +199,10 @@ test_expect_success 'option overrides .gitattributes' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 h(4)<GREEN>,hh[44]<RESET>
 
@@ -231,10 +231,10 @@ test_expect_success 'command-line overrides config' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 h(4),<GREEN>{+hh+}<RESET>[44]
 
@@ -260,10 +260,10 @@ test_expect_success 'remove diff driver regex' '
 '
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 330b04f..5ed8eff 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@<RESET>
 h(4),<GREEN>hh[44<RESET>]
 
@@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ echo 'aaa (aaa)' > pre
 echo 'aaa (aaa) aaa' > post
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index c29453b..be22f37 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index c29453b..be22f37 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1 +1 @@<RESET>
 aaa (aaa) <GREEN>aaa<RESET>
 EOF
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ echo '(:' > pre
 echo '(' > post
 
 cat > expect <<\EOF
-<WHITE>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
-<WHITE>index 289cb9d..2d06f37 100644<RESET>
-<WHITE>--- a/pre<RESET>
-<WHITE>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index 289cb9d..2d06f37 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
 <CYAN>@@ -1 +1 @@<RESET>
 (<RED>:<RESET>
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t4041-diff-submodule-option.sh b/t/t4041-diff-submodule-option.sh
index 995bdfafec..bf9a7526bd 100755
--- a/t/t4041-diff-submodule-option.sh
+++ b/t/t4041-diff-submodule-option.sh
@@ -37,9 +37,10 @@ head1=$(add_file sm1 foo1 foo2)
 test_expect_success 'added submodule' "
 	git add sm1 &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 0000000...$head1 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -47,33 +48,36 @@ head2=$(add_file sm1 foo3)
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward)' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head1..$head2:
   > Add foo3
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward)' "
 	git diff --submodule=log >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head1..$head2:
   > Add foo3
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward) --submodule' "
 	git diff --submodule >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head1..$head2:
   > Add foo3
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 fullhead1=$(cd sm1; git rev-list --max-count=1 $head1)
 fullhead2=$(cd sm1; git rev-list --max-count=1 $head2)
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward) --submodule=short' "
 	git diff --submodule=short >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 index $head1..$head2 160000
 --- a/sm1
@@ -82,6 +86,7 @@ index $head1..$head2 160000
 -Subproject commit $fullhead1
 +Subproject commit $fullhead2
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -93,24 +98,26 @@ head3=$(
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(backward)' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head2..$head3 (rewind):
   < Add foo3
   < Add foo2
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 head4=$(add_file sm1 foo4 foo5) &&
 head4_full=$(GIT_DIR=sm1/.git git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(backward and forward)' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head2...$head4:
   > Add foo5
   > Add foo4
   < Add foo3
   < Add foo2
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@ mv sm1-bak sm1
 
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob), --cached' "
 	git diff --submodule=log --cached >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 41fbea9...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 new file mode 100644
@@ -133,11 +140,12 @@ index 0000000..9da5fb8
 @@ -0,0 +1 @@
 +sm1
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob)' "
 	git diff --submodule=log >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 deleted file mode 100644
 index 9da5fb8..0000000
@@ -147,13 +155,14 @@ index 9da5fb8..0000000
 -sm1
 Submodule sm1 0000000...$head4 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 rm -rf sm1 &&
 git checkout-index sm1
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob)' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head4...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 new file mode 100644
@@ -163,6 +172,7 @@ index 0000000..$head5
 @@ -0,0 +1 @@
 +sm1
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 rm -f sm1 &&
@@ -171,15 +181,16 @@ head6=$(add_file sm1 foo6 foo7)
 fullhead6=$(cd sm1; git rev-list --max-count=1 $head6)
 test_expect_success 'nonexistent commit' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head4...$head6 (commits not present)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(blob->submodule)' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 deleted file mode 100644
 index $head5..0000000
@@ -189,21 +200,24 @@ index $head5..0000000
 -sm1
 Submodule sm1 0000000...$head6 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
 test_expect_success 'submodule is up to date' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked content' "
 	echo new > sm1/new-file &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains untracked content
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked content (untracked ignored)' "
@@ -224,18 +238,20 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked content (all ignored)' "
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked and modifed content' "
 	echo new > sm1/foo6 &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains untracked content
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked and modifed content (untracked ignored)' "
 	echo new > sm1/foo6 &&
 	git diff-index -p --ignore-submodules=untracked --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked and modifed content (dirty ignored)' "
@@ -253,45 +269,50 @@ test_expect_success 'submodule contains untracked and modifed content (all ignor
 test_expect_success 'submodule contains modifed content' "
 	rm -f sm1/new-file &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 (cd sm1; git commit -mchange foo6 >/dev/null) &&
 head8=$(cd sm1; git rev-parse --verify HEAD | cut -c1-7) &&
 test_expect_success 'submodule is modified' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked content' "
 	echo new > sm1/new-file &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains untracked content
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked content (untracked ignored)' "
 	git diff-index -p --ignore-submodules=untracked --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked content (dirty ignored)' "
 	git diff-index -p --ignore-submodules=dirty --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked content (all ignored)' "
@@ -302,31 +323,34 @@ test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked content (all ignored)
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked and modifed content' "
 	echo modification >> sm1/foo6 &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains untracked content
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked and modifed content (untracked ignored)' "
 	echo modification >> sm1/foo6 &&
 	git diff-index -p --ignore-submodules=untracked --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked and modifed content (dirty ignored)' "
 	echo modification >> sm1/foo6 &&
 	git diff-index -p --ignore-submodules=dirty --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked and modifed content (all ignored)' "
@@ -338,19 +362,21 @@ test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains untracked and modifed content (
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule contains modifed content' "
 	rm -f sm1/new-file &&
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 contains modified content
 Submodule sm1 $head6..$head8:
   > change
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 rm -rf sm1
 test_expect_success 'deleted submodule' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_create_repo sm2 &&
@@ -359,41 +385,45 @@ git add sm2
 
 test_expect_success 'multiple submodules' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 Submodule sm2 0000000...$head7 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'path filter' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD sm2 >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm2 0000000...$head7 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm2
 test_expect_success 'given commit' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=log HEAD^ >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 Submodule sm2 0000000...$head7 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'given commit --submodule' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule HEAD^ >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 Submodule sm2 0000000...$head7 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 fullhead7=$(cd sm2; git rev-list --max-count=1 $head7)
 
 test_expect_success 'given commit --submodule=short' "
 	git diff-index -p --submodule=short HEAD^ >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 diff --git a/sm1 b/sm1
 deleted file mode 160000
 index $head6..0000000
@@ -409,6 +439,7 @@ index 0000000..$head7
 @@ -0,0 +1 @@
 +Subproject commit $fullhead7
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'setup .git file for sm2' '
@@ -420,10 +451,11 @@ test_expect_success 'setup .git file for sm2' '
 
 test_expect_success 'diff --submodule with .git file' '
 	git diff --submodule HEAD^ >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 Submodule sm1 $head6...0000000 (submodule deleted)
 Submodule sm2 0000000...$head7 (new submodule)
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4103-apply-binary.sh b/t/t4103-apply-binary.sh
index 9692f16f35..dbbf56cba9 100755
--- a/t/t4103-apply-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t4103-apply-binary.sh
@@ -37,15 +37,24 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' "
 	git diff-tree -p -C master binary >C.diff &&
 
 	git diff-tree -p --binary master binary >BF.diff &&
-	git diff-tree -p --binary -C master binary >CF.diff
+	git diff-tree -p --binary -C master binary >CF.diff &&
+
+	git diff-tree -p --full-index master binary >B-index.diff &&
+	git diff-tree -p -C --full-index master binary >C-index.diff &&
+
+	git init other-repo &&
+	(cd other-repo &&
+	 git fetch .. master &&
+	 git reset --hard FETCH_HEAD
+	)
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'stat binary diff -- should not fail.' \
-	'git checkout master
+	'git checkout master &&
 	 git apply --stat --summary B.diff'
 
 test_expect_success 'stat binary diff (copy) -- should not fail.' \
-	'git checkout master
+	'git checkout master &&
 	 git apply --stat --summary C.diff'
 
 test_expect_success 'check binary diff -- should fail.' \
@@ -69,11 +78,11 @@ test_expect_success \
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'check binary diff with replacement.' \
-	'git checkout master
+	'git checkout master &&
 	 git apply --check --allow-binary-replacement BF.diff'
 
 test_expect_success 'check binary diff with replacement (copy).' \
-	'git checkout master
+	'git checkout master &&
 	 git apply --check --allow-binary-replacement CF.diff'
 
 # Now we start applying them.
@@ -100,6 +109,22 @@ test_expect_success 'apply binary diff (copy) -- should fail.' \
 	'do_reset &&
 	 test_must_fail git apply --index C.diff'
 
+test_expect_success 'apply binary diff with full-index' '
+	do_reset &&
+	git apply B-index.diff
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'apply binary diff with full-index (copy)' '
+	do_reset &&
+	git apply C-index.diff
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'apply full-index binary diff in new repo' '
+	(cd other-repo &&
+	 do_reset &&
+	 test_must_fail git apply ../B-index.diff)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'apply binary diff without replacement.' \
 	'do_reset &&
 	 git apply BF.diff'
diff --git a/t/t4111-apply-subdir.sh b/t/t4111-apply-subdir.sh
index a52d94ae21..7c398432ba 100755
--- a/t/t4111-apply-subdir.sh
+++ b/t/t4111-apply-subdir.sh
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ test_expect_success 'apply --index from subdir of toplevel' '
 test_expect_success 'apply from .git dir' '
 	cp postimage expected &&
 	cp preimage .git/file &&
-	cp preimage .git/objects/file
+	cp preimage .git/objects/file &&
 	(
 		cd .git &&
 		git apply "$patch"
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ test_expect_success 'apply from .git dir' '
 test_expect_success 'apply from subdir of .git dir' '
 	cp postimage expected &&
 	cp preimage .git/file &&
-	cp preimage .git/objects/file
+	cp preimage .git/objects/file &&
 	(
 		cd .git/objects &&
 		git apply "$patch"
diff --git a/t/t4119-apply-config.sh b/t/t4119-apply-config.sh
index 3c73a783a7..3d0384daa8 100755
--- a/t/t4119-apply-config.sh
+++ b/t/t4119-apply-config.sh
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ D=`pwd`
 test_expect_success 'apply --whitespace=strip in subdir' '
 
 	cd "$D" &&
-	git config --unset-all apply.whitespace
+	git config --unset-all apply.whitespace &&
 	rm -f sub/file1 &&
 	cp saved sub/file1 &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
diff --git a/t/t4120-apply-popt.sh b/t/t4120-apply-popt.sh
index 2b2d00b334..579c9e6105 100755
--- a/t/t4120-apply-popt.sh
+++ b/t/t4120-apply-popt.sh
@@ -56,4 +56,30 @@ test_expect_success 'apply with too large -p and fancy filename' '
 	grep "removing 3 leading" err
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'apply (-p2) diff, mode change only' '
+	cat >patch.chmod <<-\EOF &&
+	diff --git a/sub/file1 b/sub/file1
+	old mode 100644
+	new mode 100755
+	EOF
+	chmod 644 file1 &&
+	git apply -p2 patch.chmod &&
+	test -x file1
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'apply (-p2) diff, rename' '
+	cat >patch.rename <<-\EOF &&
+	diff --git a/sub/file1 b/sub/file2
+	similarity index 100%
+	rename from sub/file1
+	rename to sub/file2
+	EOF
+	echo A >expected &&
+
+	cp file1.saved file1 &&
+	rm -f file2 &&
+	git apply -p2 patch.rename &&
+	test_cmp expected file2
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4124-apply-ws-rule.sh b/t/t4124-apply-ws-rule.sh
index 8a676a5dcd..61bfc569c3 100755
--- a/t/t4124-apply-ws-rule.sh
+++ b/t/t4124-apply-ws-rule.sh
@@ -176,9 +176,8 @@ test_expect_success 'trailing whitespace & no newline at the end of file' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'blank at EOF with --whitespace=fix (1)' '
-	: these can fail depending on what we did before
-	git config --unset core.whitespace
-	rm -f .gitattributes
+	test_might_fail git config --unset core.whitespace &&
+	rm -f .gitattributes &&
 
 	{ echo a; echo b; echo c; } >one &&
 	git add one &&
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ test_expect_success 'missing blanks at EOF must only match blank lines' '
 	git diff -- one >patch &&
 
 	echo a >one &&
-	test_must_fail git apply patch
+	test_must_fail git apply patch &&
 	test_must_fail git apply --whitespace=fix patch &&
 	test_must_fail git apply --ignore-space-change --whitespace=fix patch
 '
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ test_expect_success 'same, but with CR-LF line endings && cr-at-eol set' '
 	printf "b\r\n" >>one &&
 	printf "c\r\n" >>one &&
 	cp one save-one &&
-	printf "                 \r\n" >>one
+	printf "                 \r\n" >>one &&
 	git add one &&
 	printf "d\r\n" >>one &&
 	cp one expect &&
@@ -436,7 +435,7 @@ test_expect_success 'same, but with CR-LF line endings && cr-at-eol unset' '
 	printf "b\r\n" >>one &&
 	printf "c\r\n" >>one &&
 	cp one save-one &&
-	printf "                 \r\n" >>one
+	printf "                 \r\n" >>one &&
 	git add one &&
 	cp one expect &&
 	printf "d\r\n" >>one &&
diff --git a/t/t4127-apply-same-fn.sh b/t/t4127-apply-same-fn.sh
index 77200c0b2d..972946c174 100755
--- a/t/t4127-apply-same-fn.sh
+++ b/t/t4127-apply-same-fn.sh
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ test_expect_success 'apply same filename with independent changes' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply same filename with overlapping changes' '
-	git reset --hard
+	git reset --hard &&
 	modify "s/^d/z/" same_fn &&
 	git diff > patch0 &&
 	git add same_fn &&
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ test_expect_success 'apply same filename with overlapping changes' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply same new filename after rename' '
-	git reset --hard
-	git mv same_fn new_fn
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git mv same_fn new_fn &&
 	modify "s/^d/z/" new_fn &&
 	git add new_fn &&
 	git diff -M --cached > patch1 &&
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ test_expect_success 'apply same new filename after rename' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply same old filename after rename -- should fail.' '
-	git reset --hard
-	git mv same_fn new_fn
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git mv same_fn new_fn &&
 	modify "s/^d/z/" new_fn &&
 	git add new_fn &&
 	git diff -M --cached > patch1 &&
-	git mv new_fn same_fn
+	git mv new_fn same_fn &&
 	modify "s/^e/y/" same_fn &&
 	git diff >> patch1 &&
 	git reset --hard &&
@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ test_expect_success 'apply same old filename after rename -- should fail.' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply A->B (rename), C->A (rename), A->A -- should pass.' '
-	git reset --hard
-	git mv same_fn new_fn
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git mv same_fn new_fn &&
 	modify "s/^d/z/" new_fn &&
 	git add new_fn &&
 	git diff -M --cached > patch1 &&
 	git commit -m "a rename" &&
-	git mv other_fn same_fn
+	git mv other_fn same_fn &&
 	modify "s/^e/y/" same_fn &&
 	git add same_fn &&
 	git diff -M --cached >> patch1 &&
diff --git a/t/t4130-apply-criss-cross-rename.sh b/t/t4130-apply-criss-cross-rename.sh
index 7cfa2d6287..d173acde0f 100755
--- a/t/t4130-apply-criss-cross-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t4130-apply-criss-cross-rename.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ test_expect_success 'criss-cross rename' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	mv file1 tmp &&
 	mv file2 file1 &&
-	mv file3 file2
+	mv file3 file2 &&
 	mv tmp file3 &&
 	cp file1 file1-swapped &&
 	cp file2 file2-swapped &&
diff --git a/t/t4132-apply-removal.sh b/t/t4132-apply-removal.sh
index bb1ffe3b6c..a2bc1cd37d 100755
--- a/t/t4132-apply-removal.sh
+++ b/t/t4132-apply-removal.sh
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	epocWest="1969-12-31 16:00:00.000000000 -0800" &&
 	 epocGMT="1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 +0000" &&
 	epocEast="1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900" &&
+	epocWest2="1969-12-31 16:00:00 -08:00" &&
 
 	sed -e "s/TS0/$epocWest/" -e "s/TS1/$timeWest/" <c >createWest.patch &&
 	sed -e "s/TS0/$epocEast/" -e "s/TS1/$timeEast/" <c >createEast.patch &&
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	sed -e "s/TS0/$timeWest/" -e "s/TS1/$epocWest/" <d >removeWest.patch &&
 	sed -e "s/TS0/$timeEast/" -e "s/TS1/$epocEast/" <d >removeEast.patch &&
 	sed -e "s/TS0/$timeGMT/" -e "s/TS1/$epocGMT/" <d >removeGMT.patch &&
+	sed -e "s/TS0/$timeWest/" -e "s/TS1/$epocWest2/" <d >removeWest2.patch &&
 
 	echo something >something &&
 	>empty
diff --git a/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh b/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
index 34218071b6..94da99075c 100755
--- a/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
+++ b/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='git apply filename consistency check'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success setup '
-	cat > bad1.patch <<EOF
+	cat > bad1.patch <<EOF &&
 diff --git a/f b/f
 new file mode 100644
 index 0000000..d00491f
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply diff with inconsistent filenames in headers' '
-	test_must_fail git apply bad1.patch 2>err
-	grep "inconsistent new filename" err
-	test_must_fail git apply bad2.patch 2>err
+	test_must_fail git apply bad1.patch 2>err &&
+	grep "inconsistent new filename" err &&
+	test_must_fail git apply bad2.patch 2>err &&
 	grep "inconsistent old filename" err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4134-apply-submodule.sh b/t/t4134-apply-submodule.sh
index 1b82f93cff..0043930ca6 100755
--- a/t/t4134-apply-submodule.sh
+++ b/t/t4134-apply-submodule.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='git apply submodule tests'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success setup '
-	cat > create-sm.patch <<EOF
+	cat > create-sm.patch <<EOF &&
 diff --git a/dir/sm b/dir/sm
 new file mode 160000
 index 0000000..0123456
diff --git a/t/t4135-apply-weird-filenames.sh b/t/t4135-apply-weird-filenames.sh
index 1e5aad57ab..bf5dc57286 100755
--- a/t/t4135-apply-weird-filenames.sh
+++ b/t/t4135-apply-weird-filenames.sh
@@ -72,4 +72,20 @@ test_expect_success 'whitespace-damaged traditional patch' '
 	test_cmp expected postimage.txt
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'traditional patch with colon in timezone' '
+	echo postimage >expected &&
+	reset_preimage &&
+	rm -f "post image.txt" &&
+	git apply "$vector/funny-tz.diff" &&
+	test_cmp expected "post image.txt"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'traditional, whitespace-damaged, colon in timezone' '
+	echo postimage >expected &&
+	reset_preimage &&
+	rm -f "post image.txt" &&
+	git apply "$vector/damaged-tz.diff" &&
+	test_cmp expected "post image.txt"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4135/damaged-tz.diff b/t/t4135/damaged-tz.diff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07aaf08370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4135/damaged-tz.diff
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+diff -urN -X /usr/people/jes/exclude-linux linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3-vanilla/post image.txt linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3/post image.txt
+--- linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3-vanilla/post image.txt 1969-12-31 16:00:00 -08:00
++++ linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3/post image.txt 2005-04-12 02:14:06 -07:00
+@@ -0,0 +1 @@
++postimage
diff --git a/t/t4135/funny-tz.diff b/t/t4135/funny-tz.diff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..998e3a867e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4135/funny-tz.diff
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+diff -urN -X /usr/people/jes/exclude-linux linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3-vanilla/post image.txt linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3/post image.txt
+--- linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3-vanilla/post image.txt	1969-12-31 16:00:00 -08:00
++++ linux-2.6.12-rc2-mm3/post image.txt	2005-04-12 02:14:06 -07:00
+@@ -0,0 +1 @@
++postimage
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 1c3d8ed548..850fc96d1f 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ test_expect_success 'am stays in branch' '
 
 test_expect_success 'am --signoff does not add Signed-off-by: line if already there' '
 	git format-patch --stdout HEAD^ >patch3 &&
-	sed -e "/^Subject/ s,\[PATCH,Re: Re: Re: & 1/5 v2," patch3 >patch4
+	sed -e "/^Subject/ s,\[PATCH,Re: Re: Re: & 1/5 v2," patch3 >patch4 &&
 	rm -fr .git/rebase-apply &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout HEAD^ &&
diff --git a/t/t4201-shortlog.sh b/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
index cdb70b4b33..6872ba1a42 100755
--- a/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
+++ b/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		tr 1234 "\370\235\204\236")" a1 &&
 
 	echo 5 >a1 &&
-	git commit --quiet -m "a								12	34	56	78" a1
+	git commit --quiet -m "a								12	34	56	78" a1 &&
 
 	echo 6 >a1 &&
 	git commit --quiet -m "Commit by someone else" \
diff --git a/t/t4202-log.sh b/t/t4202-log.sh
index 2e51356947..a8c33d5703 100755
--- a/t/t4202-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4202-log.sh
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ test_expect_success 'git show <commits> leaves list of commits as given' '
 test_expect_success 'setup case sensitivity tests' '
 	echo case >one &&
 	test_tick &&
-	git add one
+	git add one &&
 	git commit -a -m Second
 '
 
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ test_expect_success 'set up more tangled history' '
 	test_commit octopus-b &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	test_commit seventh &&
-	git merge octopus-a octopus-b
+	git merge octopus-a octopus-b &&
 	git merge reach
 '
 
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ test_expect_success 'log --graph with merge' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'log.decorate configuration' '
-	git config --unset-all log.decorate || :
+	test_might_fail git config --unset-all log.decorate &&
 
 	git log --oneline >expect.none &&
 	git log --oneline --decorate >expect.short &&
diff --git a/t/t4203-mailmap.sh b/t/t4203-mailmap.sh
index 9a7d1b4466..e818de6ddd 100755
--- a/t/t4203-mailmap.sh
+++ b/t/t4203-mailmap.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ test_description='.mailmap configurations'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
+fuzz_blame () {
+	sed "
+		s/$_x05[0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f]/OBJID/g
+		s/$_x05[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]/OBJI/g
+		s/[-0-9]\{10\} [:0-9]\{8\} [-+][0-9]\{4\}/DATE/g
+	" "$@"
+}
+
 test_expect_success setup '
 	echo one >one &&
 	git add one &&
@@ -11,6 +19,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git commit -m initial &&
 	echo two >>one &&
 	git add one &&
+	test_tick &&
 	git commit --author "nick1 <bugs@company.xx>" -m second
 '
 
@@ -54,7 +63,7 @@ Repo Guy (1):
 
 EOF
 test_expect_success 'mailmap.file set' '
-	mkdir internal_mailmap &&
+	mkdir -p internal_mailmap &&
 	echo "Internal Guy <bugs@company.xx>" > internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
 	git config mailmap.file internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
 	git shortlog HEAD >actual &&
@@ -92,6 +101,40 @@ test_expect_success 'mailmap.file non-existant' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+cat >expect <<\EOF
+Internal Guy (1):
+      second
+
+Repo Guy (1):
+      initial
+
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'name entry after email entry' '
+	mkdir -p internal_mailmap &&
+	echo "<bugs@company.xy> <bugs@company.xx>" >internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
+	echo "Internal Guy <bugs@company.xx>" >>internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
+	git shortlog HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+cat >expect <<\EOF
+Internal Guy (1):
+      second
+
+Repo Guy (1):
+      initial
+
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'name entry after email entry, case-insensitive' '
+	mkdir -p internal_mailmap &&
+	echo "<bugs@company.xy> <bugs@company.xx>" >internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
+	echo "Internal Guy <BUGS@Company.xx>" >>internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
+	git shortlog HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 A U Thor (1):
       initial
@@ -101,7 +144,7 @@ nick1 (1):
 
 EOF
 test_expect_success 'No mailmap files, but configured' '
-	rm .mailmap &&
+	rm -f .mailmap internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
 	git shortlog HEAD >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -153,7 +196,7 @@ test_expect_success 'Shortlog output (complex mapping)' '
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit --author "CTO <cto@coompany.xx>" -m seventh &&
 
-	mkdir internal_mailmap &&
+	mkdir -p internal_mailmap &&
 	echo "Committed <committer@example.com>" > internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
 	echo "<cto@company.xx>                       <cto@coompany.xx>" >> internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
 	echo "Some Dude <some@dude.xx>         nick1 <bugs@company.xx>" >> internal_mailmap/.mailmap &&
@@ -198,18 +241,18 @@ test_expect_success 'Log output (complex mapping)' '
 
 # git blame
 cat >expect <<\EOF
-^3a2fdcb (A U Thor     2005-04-07 15:13:13 -0700 1) one
-7de6f99b (Some Dude    2005-04-07 15:13:13 -0700 2) two
-5815879d (Other Author 2005-04-07 15:14:13 -0700 3) three
-ff859d96 (Other Author 2005-04-07 15:15:13 -0700 4) four
-5ab6d4fa (Santa Claus  2005-04-07 15:16:13 -0700 5) five
-38a42d8b (Santa Claus  2005-04-07 15:17:13 -0700 6) six
-8ddc0386 (CTO          2005-04-07 15:18:13 -0700 7) seven
+^OBJI (A U Thor     DATE 1) one
+OBJID (Some Dude    DATE 2) two
+OBJID (Other Author DATE 3) three
+OBJID (Other Author DATE 4) four
+OBJID (Santa Claus  DATE 5) five
+OBJID (Santa Claus  DATE 6) six
+OBJID (CTO          DATE 7) seven
 EOF
-
 test_expect_success 'Blame output (complex mapping)' '
 	git blame one >actual &&
-	test_cmp expect actual
+	fuzz_blame actual >actual.fuzz &&
+	test_cmp expect actual.fuzz
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4252-am-options.sh b/t/t4252-am-options.sh
index f603c1b133..e758e634a3 100755
--- a/t/t4252-am-options.sh
+++ b/t/t4252-am-options.sh
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ test_expect_success 'interrupted am --directory="frotz nitfol"' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply to a funny path' '
-	with_sq="with'\''sq"
+	with_sq="with'\''sq" &&
 	rm -fr .git/rebase-apply &&
 	git reset --hard initial &&
 	git am --directory="$with_sq" "$tm"/am-test-5-2 &&
diff --git a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
index bbb9c1251d..602806d09c 100755
--- a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
+++ b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ TRASH=`pwd`
 
 test_expect_success \
     'setup' \
-    'rm -f .git/index*
+    'rm -f .git/index* &&
      perl -e "print \"a\" x 4096;" > a &&
      perl -e "print \"b\" x 4096;" > b &&
      perl -e "print \"c\" x 4096;" > c &&
diff --git a/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh b/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
index 0a24e61ff9..2fc5af6007 100755
--- a/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
+++ b/t/t5301-sliding-window.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='mmap sliding window tests'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'setup' \
-    'rm -f .git/index*
+    'rm -f .git/index* &&
      for i in a b c
      do
          echo $i >$i &&
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ test_expect_success \
      git repack -a -d &&
      test "`git count-objects`" = "0 objects, 0 kilobytes" &&
      pack2=`ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack` &&
-     test -f "$pack2"
+     test -f "$pack2" &&
      test "$pack1" \!= "$pack2"'
 
 test_expect_success \
diff --git a/t/t5302-pack-index.sh b/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
index fb3a270822..b34ea93a80 100755
--- a/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
+++ b/t/t5302-pack-index.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ test_description='pack index with 64-bit offsets and object CRC'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'setup' \
-    'rm -rf .git
+    'rm -rf .git &&
      git init &&
      git config pack.threads 1 &&
      i=1 &&
diff --git a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
index 5bcf0b867a..b0b2684a1f 100755
--- a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ test_expect_success 'denyNonFastforwards trumps --force' '
 	test "$victim_orig" = "$victim_head"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'push --all excludes remote tracking hierarchy' '
+test_expect_success 'push --all excludes remote-tracking hierarchy' '
 	mkdir parent &&
 	(
 	    cd parent &&
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 18376d6608..bafcca765e 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		prev=$cur &&
 		cur=$(($cur+1))
 	done &&
-	add B1 $A1
+	add B1 $A1 &&
 	echo $ATIP > .git/refs/heads/A &&
 	echo $BTIP > .git/refs/heads/B &&
 	git symbolic-ref HEAD refs/heads/B
diff --git a/t/t5502-quickfetch.sh b/t/t5502-quickfetch.sh
index 1037a723fe..7a46cbdbe6 100755
--- a/t/t5502-quickfetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5502-quickfetch.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ test_expect_success 'copy commit and tree but not blob by hand' '
 		cd cloned &&
 		git count-objects | sed -e "s/ *objects,.*//"
 	) ) &&
-	test $cnt -eq 6
+	test $cnt -eq 6 &&
 
 	blob=$(git rev-parse HEAD:file | sed -e "s|..|&/|") &&
 	test -f "cloned/.git/objects/$blob" &&
diff --git a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
index aa0ada0147..60de2d6ede 100755
--- a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
+++ b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success NOT_MINGW 'fetch A (new commit : 1 connection)' '
-	rm -f $U
+	rm -f $U &&
 	(
 		cd cloned &&
 		GIT_DEBUG_SEND_PACK=3 git fetch 3>../$U &&
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success NOT_MINGW 'fetch C, T (new branch, tag : 1 connection)' '
-	rm -f $U
+	rm -f $U &&
 	(
 		cd cloned &&
 		GIT_DEBUG_SEND_PACK=3 git fetch 3>../$U &&
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success NOT_MINGW 'fetch B, S (commit and tag : 1 connection)' '
-	rm -f $U
+	rm -f $U &&
 	(
 		cd cloned &&
 		GIT_DEBUG_SEND_PACK=3 git fetch 3>../$U &&
diff --git a/t/t5505-remote.sh b/t/t5505-remote.sh
index 5d1c66ea71..d189add2d0 100755
--- a/t/t5505-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5505-remote.sh
@@ -107,16 +107,18 @@ test_expect_success 'remove remote' '
 )
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'remove remote protects non-remote branches' '
+test_expect_success 'remove remote protects local branches' '
 (
 	cd test &&
 	{ cat >expect1 <<EOF
-Note: A non-remote branch was not removed; to delete it, use:
+Note: A branch outside the refs/remotes/ hierarchy was not removed;
+to delete it, use:
   git branch -d master
 EOF
 	} &&
 	{ cat >expect2 <<EOF
-Note: Non-remote branches were not removed; to delete them, use:
+Note: Some branches outside the refs/remotes/ hierarchy were not removed;
+to delete them, use:
   git branch -d foobranch
   git branch -d master
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t5510-fetch.sh b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
index 9a884751ec..7e433b179f 100755
--- a/t/t5510-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ test_expect_success 'fetch must not resolve short tag name' '
 test_expect_success 'fetch must not resolve short remote name' '
 
 	cd "$D" &&
-	git update-ref refs/remotes/six/HEAD HEAD
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/six/HEAD HEAD &&
 
 	mkdir six &&
 	cd six &&
diff --git a/t/t5513-fetch-track.sh b/t/t5513-fetch-track.sh
index 9e7486274b..65d1e05bd6 100755
--- a/t/t5513-fetch-track.sh
+++ b/t/t5513-fetch-track.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-test_description='fetch follows remote tracking branches correctly'
+test_description='fetch follows remote-tracking branches correctly'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
diff --git a/t/t5514-fetch-multiple.sh b/t/t5514-fetch-multiple.sh
index b73733219d..227dd56137 100755
--- a/t/t5514-fetch-multiple.sh
+++ b/t/t5514-fetch-multiple.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	(
 		cd two && git branch another
 	) &&
-	git clone --mirror two three
+	git clone --mirror two three &&
 	git clone one test
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index b11da79c9c..d73731e644 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ test_expect_success 'push --delete refuses src:dest refspecs' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'warn on push to HEAD of non-bare repository' '
-	mk_test heads/master
+	mk_test heads/master &&
 	(
 		cd testrepo &&
 		git checkout master &&
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ test_expect_success 'warn on push to HEAD of non-bare repository' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'deny push to HEAD of non-bare repository' '
-	mk_test heads/master
+	mk_test heads/master &&
 	(
 		cd testrepo &&
 		git checkout master &&
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ test_expect_success 'deny push to HEAD of non-bare repository' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'allow push to HEAD of bare repository (bare)' '
-	mk_test heads/master
+	mk_test heads/master &&
 	(
 		cd testrepo &&
 		git checkout master &&
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ test_expect_success 'allow push to HEAD of bare repository (bare)' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'allow push to HEAD of non-bare repository (config)' '
-	mk_test heads/master
+	mk_test heads/master &&
 	(
 		cd testrepo &&
 		git checkout master &&
diff --git a/t/t5519-push-alternates.sh b/t/t5519-push-alternates.sh
index 96be5236a2..c00c9b071d 100755
--- a/t/t5519-push-alternates.sh
+++ b/t/t5519-push-alternates.sh
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ test_expect_success 'bob works and pushes again' '
 	(
 		cd alice-pub &&
 		git cat-file commit master >../bob-work/commit
-	)
+	) &&
 	(
 		# This time Bob does not pull from Alice, and
 		# the master branch at her public repository points
diff --git a/t/t5523-push-upstream.sh b/t/t5523-push-upstream.sh
index 00da70763b..c229fe68f1 100755
--- a/t/t5523-push-upstream.sh
+++ b/t/t5523-push-upstream.sh
@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@
 
 test_description='push with --set-upstream'
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-terminal.sh
+
+ensure_fresh_upstream() {
+	rm -rf parent && git init --bare parent
+}
 
 test_expect_success 'setup bare parent' '
-	git init --bare parent &&
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
 	git remote add upstream parent
 '
 
@@ -66,4 +71,41 @@ test_expect_success 'push -u HEAD' '
 	check_config headbranch upstream refs/heads/headbranch
 '
 
+test_expect_success TTY 'progress messages go to tty' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+
+	test_terminal git push -u upstream master >out 2>err &&
+	grep "Writing objects" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'progress messages do not go to non-tty' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+
+	# skip progress messages, since stderr is non-tty
+	git push -u upstream master >out 2>err &&
+	! grep "Writing objects" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'progress messages go to non-tty (forced)' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+
+	# force progress messages to stderr, even though it is non-tty
+	git push -u --progress upstream master >out 2>err &&
+	grep "Writing objects" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success TTY 'push -q suppresses progress' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+
+	test_terminal git push -u -q upstream master >out 2>err &&
+	! grep "Writing objects" err
+'
+
+test_expect_failure TTY 'push --no-progress suppresses progress' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+
+	test_terminal git push -u --no-progress upstream master >out 2>err &&
+	! grep "Writing objects" err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
index 65d8d474bc..faa2e96337 100755
--- a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ test_description='unpack-objects'
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 	mkdir pub.git &&
-	GIT_DIR=pub.git git init --bare
+	GIT_DIR=pub.git git init --bare &&
 	GIT_DIR=pub.git git config receive.fsckobjects true &&
 	mkdir work &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t5551-http-fetch.sh b/t/t5551-http-fetch.sh
index fd19121372..26d355725f 100755
--- a/t/t5551-http-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5551-http-fetch.sh
@@ -101,5 +101,13 @@ test_expect_success 'used upload-pack service' '
 	test_cmp exp act
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'follow redirects (301)' '
+	git clone $HTTPD_URL/smart-redir-perm/repo.git --quiet repo-p
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'follow redirects (302)' '
+	git clone $HTTPD_URL/smart-redir-temp/repo.git --quiet repo-t
+'
+
 stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t556x_common b/t/t556x_common
index 51287d89d8..82926cfdb7 100755
--- a/t/t556x_common
+++ b/t/t556x_common
@@ -52,21 +52,21 @@ get_static_files() {
 SMART=smart
 GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL=1 && export GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL
 test_expect_success 'direct refs/heads/master not found' '
-	log_div "refs/heads/master"
+	log_div "refs/heads/master" &&
 	GET refs/heads/master "404 Not Found"
 '
 test_expect_success 'static file is ok' '
-	log_div "getanyfile default"
+	log_div "getanyfile default" &&
 	get_static_files "200 OK"
 '
 SMART=smart_noexport
 unset GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL
 test_expect_success 'no export by default' '
-	log_div "no git-daemon-export-ok"
+	log_div "no git-daemon-export-ok" &&
 	get_static_files "404 Not Found"
 '
 test_expect_success 'export if git-daemon-export-ok' '
-	log_div "git-daemon-export-ok"
+	log_div "git-daemon-export-ok" &&
         (cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo.git" &&
 	 touch git-daemon-export-ok
 	) &&
@@ -75,47 +75,47 @@ test_expect_success 'export if git-daemon-export-ok' '
 SMART=smart
 GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL=1 && export GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL
 test_expect_success 'static file if http.getanyfile true is ok' '
-	log_div "getanyfile true"
+	log_div "getanyfile true" &&
 	config http.getanyfile true &&
 	get_static_files "200 OK"
 '
 test_expect_success 'static file if http.getanyfile false fails' '
-	log_div "getanyfile false"
+	log_div "getanyfile false" &&
 	config http.getanyfile false &&
 	get_static_files "403 Forbidden"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'http.uploadpack default enabled' '
-	log_div "uploadpack default"
+	log_div "uploadpack default" &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-upload-pack "200 OK"  &&
 	POST git-upload-pack 0000 "200 OK"
 '
 test_expect_success 'http.uploadpack true' '
-	log_div "uploadpack true"
+	log_div "uploadpack true" &&
 	config http.uploadpack true &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-upload-pack "200 OK" &&
 	POST git-upload-pack 0000 "200 OK"
 '
 test_expect_success 'http.uploadpack false' '
-	log_div "uploadpack false"
+	log_div "uploadpack false" &&
 	config http.uploadpack false &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-upload-pack "403 Forbidden" &&
 	POST git-upload-pack 0000 "403 Forbidden"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'http.receivepack default disabled' '
-	log_div "receivepack default"
+	log_div "receivepack default" &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-receive-pack "403 Forbidden"  &&
 	POST git-receive-pack 0000 "403 Forbidden"
 '
 test_expect_success 'http.receivepack true' '
-	log_div "receivepack true"
+	log_div "receivepack true" &&
 	config http.receivepack true &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-receive-pack "200 OK" &&
 	POST git-receive-pack 0000 "200 OK"
 '
 test_expect_success 'http.receivepack false' '
-	log_div "receivepack false"
+	log_div "receivepack false" &&
 	config http.receivepack false &&
 	GET info/refs?service=git-receive-pack "403 Forbidden" &&
 	POST git-receive-pack 0000 "403 Forbidden"
diff --git a/t/t5602-clone-remote-exec.sh b/t/t5602-clone-remote-exec.sh
index deffdaee49..3f353d99e8 100755
--- a/t/t5602-clone-remote-exec.sh
+++ b/t/t5602-clone-remote-exec.sh
@@ -5,21 +5,29 @@ test_description=clone
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success setup '
-	echo "#!/bin/sh" > not_ssh
-	echo "echo \"\$*\" > not_ssh_output" >> not_ssh
-	echo "exit 1" >> not_ssh
+	echo "#!/bin/sh" > not_ssh &&
+	echo "echo \"\$*\" > not_ssh_output" >> not_ssh &&
+	echo "exit 1" >> not_ssh &&
 	chmod +x not_ssh
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone calls git upload-pack unqualified with no -u option' '
-	GIT_SSH=./not_ssh git clone localhost:/path/to/repo junk
-	echo "localhost git-upload-pack '\''/path/to/repo'\''" >expected
+	(
+		GIT_SSH=./not_ssh &&
+		export GIT_SSH &&
+		test_must_fail git clone localhost:/path/to/repo junk
+	) &&
+	echo "localhost git-upload-pack '\''/path/to/repo'\''" >expected &&
 	test_cmp expected not_ssh_output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone calls specified git upload-pack with -u option' '
-	GIT_SSH=./not_ssh git clone -u ./something/bin/git-upload-pack localhost:/path/to/repo junk
-	echo "localhost ./something/bin/git-upload-pack '\''/path/to/repo'\''" >expected
+	(
+		GIT_SSH=./not_ssh &&
+		export GIT_SSH &&
+		test_must_fail git clone -u ./something/bin/git-upload-pack localhost:/path/to/repo junk
+	) &&
+	echo "localhost ./something/bin/git-upload-pack '\''/path/to/repo'\''" >expected &&
 	test_cmp expected not_ssh_output
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5701-clone-local.sh b/t/t5701-clone-local.sh
index 8b4c356cd2..0f4d487be3 100755
--- a/t/t5701-clone-local.sh
+++ b/t/t5701-clone-local.sh
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ test_expect_success 'preparing origin repository' '
 	git clone --bare . a.git &&
 	git clone --bare . x &&
 	test "$(GIT_CONFIG=a.git/config git config --bool core.bare)" = true &&
-	test "$(GIT_CONFIG=x/config git config --bool core.bare)" = true
+	test "$(GIT_CONFIG=x/config git config --bool core.bare)" = true &&
 	git bundle create b1.bundle --all &&
 	git bundle create b2.bundle master &&
 	mkdir dir &&
-	cp b1.bundle dir/b3
+	cp b1.bundle dir/b3 &&
 	cp b1.bundle b4
 '
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ test_expect_success 'bundle clone with nonexistent HEAD' '
 	cd "$D" &&
 	git clone b2.bundle b2 &&
 	cd b2 &&
-	git fetch
+	git fetch &&
 	test ! -e .git/refs/heads/master
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh b/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
index fc57e7d3fd..8efcd13079 100755
--- a/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
+++ b/t/t6001-rev-list-graft.sh
@@ -90,22 +90,22 @@ check () {
 for type in basic parents parents-raw
 do
 	test_expect_success 'without grafts' "
-		rm -f .git/info/grafts
+		rm -f .git/info/grafts &&
 		check $type $B2 -- $B2 $B1 $B0
 	"
 
 	test_expect_success 'with grafts' "
-		echo '$B0 $A2' >.git/info/grafts
+		echo '$B0 $A2' >.git/info/grafts &&
 		check $type $B2 -- $B2 $B1 $B0 $A2 $A1 $A0
 	"
 
 	test_expect_success 'without grafts, with pathlimit' "
-		rm -f .git/info/grafts
+		rm -f .git/info/grafts &&
 		check $type $B2 subdir -- $B2 $B0
 	"
 
 	test_expect_success 'with grafts, with pathlimit' "
-		echo '$B0 $A2' >.git/info/grafts
+		echo '$B0 $A2' >.git/info/grafts &&
 		check $type $B2 subdir -- $B2 $B0 $A2 $A0
 	"
 
diff --git a/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh b/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
index cccacd4add..d918cc02d0 100755
--- a/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
+++ b/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
@@ -162,6 +162,14 @@ commit 131a310eb913d107dd3c09a65d1651175898735d
 commit 86c75cfd708a0e5868dc876ed5b8bb66c80b4873
 EOF
 
+test_expect_success '%x00 shows NUL' '
+	echo  >expect commit f58db70b055c5718631e5c61528b28b12090cdea &&
+	echo >>expect fooQbar &&
+	git rev-list -1 --format=foo%x00bar HEAD >actual.nul &&
+	nul_to_q <actual.nul >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success '%ad respects --date=' '
 	echo 2005-04-07 >expect.ad-short &&
 	git log -1 --date=short --pretty=tformat:%ad >output.ad-short master &&
diff --git a/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh b/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
index c8a96a9a99..52f7b277ce 100755
--- a/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
+++ b/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 
 	commit one &&
 
-	test_tick=$(($test_tick - 2400))
+	test_tick=$(($test_tick - 2400)) &&
 
 	commit two &&
 	commit three &&
diff --git a/t/t6010-merge-base.sh b/t/t6010-merge-base.sh
index 62197a3d35..082032edc3 100755
--- a/t/t6010-merge-base.sh
+++ b/t/t6010-merge-base.sh
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ test_expect_success 'unsynchronized clocks' '
 	R2=$(doit  3 R2 $R1) &&
 
 	PL=$(doit  4 PL $L2 $C2) &&
-	PR=$(doit  4 PR $C2 $R2)
+	PR=$(doit  4 PR $C2 $R2) &&
 
 	git name-rev $C2 >expected &&
 
diff --git a/t/t6016-rev-list-graph-simplify-history.sh b/t/t6016-rev-list-graph-simplify-history.sh
index 27fd52b7be..f7181d1d6a 100755
--- a/t/t6016-rev-list-graph-simplify-history.sh
+++ b/t/t6016-rev-list-graph-simplify-history.sh
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ test_expect_success 'set up rev-list --graph test' '
 	# Octopus merge B and C into branch A
 	git checkout A &&
 	git merge B C &&
-	git tag A4
+	git tag A4 &&
 
 	test_commit A5 bar.txt &&
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ test_expect_success 'set up rev-list --graph test' '
 	test_commit C4 bar.txt &&
 	git checkout A &&
 	git merge -s ours C &&
-	git tag A6
+	git tag A6 &&
 
 	test_commit A7 bar.txt &&
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ test_expect_success '--graph --all' '
 # that undecorated merges are interesting, even with --simplify-by-decoration
 test_expect_success '--graph --simplify-by-decoration' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d A4
+	git tag -d A4 &&
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "*   $A6" >> expected &&
 	echo "|\\  " >> expected &&
@@ -116,12 +116,15 @@ test_expect_success '--graph --simplify-by-decoration' '
 	test_cmp expected actual
 	'
 
-# Get rid of all decorations on branch B, and graph with it simplified away
+test_expect_success 'setup: get rid of decorations on B' '
+	git tag -d B2 &&
+	git tag -d B1 &&
+	git branch -d B
+'
+
+# Graph with branch B simplified away
 test_expect_success '--graph --simplify-by-decoration prune branch B' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d B2
-	git tag -d B1
-	git branch -d B
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "*   $A6" >> expected &&
 	echo "|\\  " >> expected &&
@@ -143,9 +146,6 @@ test_expect_success '--graph --simplify-by-decoration prune branch B' '
 
 test_expect_success '--graph --full-history -- bar.txt' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d B2
-	git tag -d B1
-	git branch -d B
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "*   $A6" >> expected &&
 	echo "|\\  " >> expected &&
@@ -163,9 +163,6 @@ test_expect_success '--graph --full-history -- bar.txt' '
 
 test_expect_success '--graph --full-history --simplify-merges -- bar.txt' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d B2
-	git tag -d B1
-	git branch -d B
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "*   $A6" >> expected &&
 	echo "|\\  " >> expected &&
@@ -181,9 +178,6 @@ test_expect_success '--graph --full-history --simplify-merges -- bar.txt' '
 
 test_expect_success '--graph -- bar.txt' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d B2
-	git tag -d B1
-	git branch -d B
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "* $A5" >> expected &&
 	echo "* $A3" >> expected &&
@@ -196,9 +190,6 @@ test_expect_success '--graph -- bar.txt' '
 
 test_expect_success '--graph --sparse -- bar.txt' '
 	rm -f expected &&
-	git tag -d B2
-	git tag -d B1
-	git branch -d B
 	echo "* $A7" >> expected &&
 	echo "* $A6" >> expected &&
 	echo "* $A5" >> expected &&
diff --git a/t/t6020-merge-df.sh b/t/t6020-merge-df.sh
index 490d397114..eec8f4e3ed 100755
--- a/t/t6020-merge-df.sh
+++ b/t/t6020-merge-df.sh
@@ -6,21 +6,26 @@
 test_description='Test merge with directory/file conflicts'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-test_expect_success 'prepare repository' \
-'echo "Hello" > init &&
-git add init &&
-git commit -m "Initial commit" &&
-git branch B &&
-mkdir dir &&
-echo "foo" > dir/foo &&
-git add dir/foo &&
-git commit -m "File: dir/foo" &&
-git checkout B &&
-echo "file dir" > dir &&
-git add dir &&
-git commit -m "File: dir"'
-
-test_expect_code 1 'Merge with d/f conflicts' 'git merge "merge msg" B master'
+test_expect_success 'prepare repository' '
+	echo Hello >init &&
+	git add init &&
+	git commit -m initial &&
+
+	git branch B &&
+	mkdir dir &&
+	echo foo >dir/foo &&
+	git add dir/foo &&
+	git commit -m "File: dir/foo" &&
+
+	git checkout B &&
+	echo file dir >dir &&
+	git add dir &&
+	git commit -m "File: dir"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Merge with d/f conflicts' '
+	test_expect_code 1 git merge "merge msg" B master
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'F/D conflict' '
 	git reset --hard &&
@@ -45,4 +50,51 @@ test_expect_success 'F/D conflict' '
 	git merge master
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'setup modify/delete + directory/file conflict' '
+	git checkout --orphan modify &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+
+	printf "a\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\n" >letters &&
+	git add letters &&
+	git commit -m initial &&
+
+	echo i >>letters &&
+	git add letters &&
+	git commit -m modified &&
+
+	git checkout -b delete HEAD^ &&
+	git rm letters &&
+	mkdir letters &&
+	>letters/file &&
+	git add letters &&
+	git commit -m deleted
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'modify/delete + directory/file conflict' '
+	git checkout delete^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge modify &&
+
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -s | wc -l) &&
+	test 2 = $(git ls-files -u | wc -l) &&
+	test 1 = $(git ls-files -o | wc -l) &&
+
+	test -f letters/file &&
+	test -f letters~modify
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'modify/delete + directory/file conflict; other way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git clean -f &&
+	git checkout modify^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge delete &&
+
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -s | wc -l) &&
+	test 2 = $(git ls-files -u | wc -l) &&
+	test 1 = $(git ls-files -o | wc -l) &&
+
+	test -f letters/file &&
+	test -f letters~HEAD
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6022-merge-rename.sh b/t/t6022-merge-rename.sh
index b66544b76d..1ed259d864 100755
--- a/t/t6022-merge-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t6022-merge-rename.sh
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@
 test_description='Merge-recursive merging renames'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
+modify () {
+	sed -e "$1" <"$2" >"$2.x" &&
+	mv "$2.x" "$2"
+}
+
 test_expect_success setup \
 '
 cat >A <<\EOF &&
@@ -94,245 +99,147 @@ git checkout master'
 
 test_expect_success 'pull renaming branch into unrenaming one' \
 '
-	git show-branch
-	git pull . white && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	git ls-files -s
-	test "$(git ls-files -u B | wc -l)" -eq 3 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left stages for B"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -s N | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have merged N"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git show-branch &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . white &&
+	git ls-files -s &&
+	git ls-files -u B >b.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 3 b.stages &&
+	git ls-files -s N >n.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 n.stages &&
 	sed -ne "/^g/{
 	p
 	q
-	}" B | grep master || {
-		echo "BAD: should have listed our change first"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git diff white N | wc -l)" -eq 0 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have taken colored branch"
-		return 1
-	}
+	}" B | grep master &&
+	git diff --exit-code white N
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pull renaming branch into another renaming one' \
 '
-	rm -f B
-	git reset --hard
-	git checkout red
-	git pull . white && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -u B | wc -l)" -eq 3 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left stages"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -s N | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have merged N"
-		return 1
-	}
+	rm -f B &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout red &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . white &&
+	git ls-files -u B >b.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 3 b.stages &&
+	git ls-files -s N >n.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 n.stages &&
 	sed -ne "/^g/{
 	p
 	q
-	}" B | grep red || {
-		echo "BAD: should have listed our change first"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git diff white N | wc -l)" -eq 0 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have taken colored branch"
-		return 1
-	}
+	}" B | grep red &&
+	git diff --exit-code white N
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pull unrenaming branch into renaming one' \
 '
-	git reset --hard
-	git show-branch
-	git pull . master && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -u B | wc -l)" -eq 3 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left stages"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -s N | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have merged N"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . master &&
+	git ls-files -u B >b.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 3 b.stages &&
+	git ls-files -s N >n.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 n.stages &&
 	sed -ne "/^g/{
 	p
 	q
-	}" B | grep red || {
-		echo "BAD: should have listed our change first"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git diff white N | wc -l)" -eq 0 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have taken colored branch"
-		return 1
-	}
+	}" B | grep red &&
+	git diff --exit-code white N
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pull conflicting renames' \
 '
-	git reset --hard
-	git show-branch
-	git pull . blue && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -u A | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left a stage"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -u B | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left a stage"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -u C | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left a stage"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git ls-files -s N | wc -l)" -eq 1 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have merged N"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . blue &&
+	git ls-files -u A >a.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 a.stages &&
+	git ls-files -u B >b.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 b.stages &&
+	git ls-files -u C >c.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 c.stages &&
+	git ls-files -s N >n.stages &&
+	test_line_count = 1 n.stages &&
 	sed -ne "/^g/{
 	p
 	q
-	}" B | grep red || {
-		echo "BAD: should have listed our change first"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test "$(git diff white N | wc -l)" -eq 0 || {
-		echo "BAD: should have taken colored branch"
-		return 1
-	}
+	}" B | grep red &&
+	git diff --exit-code white N
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'interference with untracked working tree file' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	git show-branch
-	echo >A this file should not matter
-	git pull . white && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test -f A || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left A intact"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	echo >A this file should not matter &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . white &&
+	test_path_is_file A
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'interference with untracked working tree file' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	git checkout white
-	git show-branch
-	rm -f A
-	echo >A this file should not matter
-	git pull . red && {
-		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test -f A || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left A intact"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout white &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	rm -f A &&
+	echo >A this file should not matter &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git pull . red &&
+	test_path_is_file A
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'interference with untracked working tree file' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	rm -f A M
-	git checkout -f master
-	git tag -f anchor
-	git show-branch
-	git pull . yellow || {
-		echo "BAD: should have cleanly merged"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test -f M && {
-		echo "BAD: should have removed M"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -f A M &&
+	git checkout -f master &&
+	git tag -f anchor &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	git pull . yellow &&
+	test_path_is_missing M &&
 	git reset --hard anchor
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'updated working tree file should prevent the merge' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	rm -f A M
-	git checkout -f master
-	git tag -f anchor
-	git show-branch
-	echo >>M one line addition
-	cat M >M.saved
-	git pull . yellow && {
-		echo "BAD: should have complained"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test_cmp M M.saved || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left M intact"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -f A M &&
+	git checkout -f master &&
+	git tag -f anchor &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	echo >>M one line addition &&
+	cat M >M.saved &&
+	test_expect_code 128 git pull . yellow &&
+	test_cmp M M.saved &&
 	rm -f M.saved
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'updated working tree file should prevent the merge' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	rm -f A M
-	git checkout -f master
-	git tag -f anchor
-	git show-branch
-	echo >>M one line addition
-	cat M >M.saved
-	git update-index M
-	git pull . yellow && {
-		echo "BAD: should have complained"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test_cmp M M.saved || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left M intact"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -f A M &&
+	git checkout -f master &&
+	git tag -f anchor &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	echo >>M one line addition &&
+	cat M >M.saved &&
+	git update-index M &&
+	test_expect_code 128 git pull . yellow &&
+	test_cmp M M.saved &&
 	rm -f M.saved
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'interference with untracked working tree file' '
-
-	git reset --hard
-	rm -f A M
-	git checkout -f yellow
-	git tag -f anchor
-	git show-branch
-	echo >M this file should not matter
-	git pull . master || {
-		echo "BAD: should have cleanly merged"
-		return 1
-	}
-	test -f M || {
-		echo "BAD: should have left M intact"
-		return 1
-	}
-	git ls-files -s | grep M && {
-		echo "BAD: M must be untracked in the result"
-		return 1
-	}
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -f A M &&
+	git checkout -f yellow &&
+	git tag -f anchor &&
+	git show-branch &&
+	echo >M this file should not matter &&
+	git pull . master &&
+	test_path_is_file M &&
+	! {
+		git ls-files -s |
+		grep M
+	} &&
 	git reset --hard anchor
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'merge of identical changes in a renamed file' '
-	rm -f A M N
+	rm -f A M N &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout change+rename &&
 	GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY=3 git merge change | grep "^Skipped B" &&
@@ -341,4 +248,365 @@ test_expect_success 'merge of identical changes in a renamed file' '
 	GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY=3 git merge change+rename | grep "^Skipped B"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'setup for rename + d/f conflicts' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan dir-in-way &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+
+	mkdir sub &&
+	mkdir dir &&
+	printf "1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n" >sub/file &&
+	echo foo >dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	echo 11 >>sub/file &&
+	echo more >>dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	git add -u &&
+	git commit -m "Commit to merge, with dir in the way" &&
+
+	git checkout -b dir-not-in-way &&
+	git reset --soft HEAD^ &&
+	git rm -rf dir &&
+	git commit -m "Commit to merge, with dir removed" -- dir sub/file &&
+
+	git checkout -b renamed-file-has-no-conflicts dir-in-way~1 &&
+	git rm -rf dir &&
+	git rm sub/file &&
+	printf "1\n2\n3\n4\n5555\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n" >dir &&
+	git add dir &&
+	git commit -m "Independent change" &&
+
+	git checkout -b renamed-file-has-conflicts dir-in-way~1 &&
+	git rm -rf dir &&
+	git mv sub/file dir &&
+	echo 12 >>dir &&
+	git add dir &&
+	git commit -m "Conflicting change"
+'
+
+printf "1\n2\n3\n4\n5555\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n" >expected
+
+test_expect_success 'Rename+D/F conflict; renamed file merges + dir not in way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout -q renamed-file-has-no-conflicts^0 &&
+	git merge --strategy=recursive dir-not-in-way &&
+	git diff --quiet &&
+	test -f dir &&
+	test_cmp expected dir
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Rename+D/F conflict; renamed file merges but dir in way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q renamed-file-has-no-conflicts^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive dir-in-way >output &&
+
+	grep "CONFLICT (delete/modify): dir/file-in-the-way" output &&
+	grep "Auto-merging dir" output &&
+	grep "Adding as dir~HEAD instead" output &&
+
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir/file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --cached --quiet &&
+
+	test -f dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	test -f dir~HEAD &&
+	test_cmp expected dir~HEAD
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Same as previous, but merged other way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q dir-in-way^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive renamed-file-has-no-conflicts >output 2>errors &&
+
+	! grep "error: refusing to lose untracked file at" errors &&
+	grep "CONFLICT (delete/modify): dir/file-in-the-way" output &&
+	grep "Auto-merging dir" output &&
+	grep "Adding as dir~renamed-file-has-no-conflicts instead" output &&
+
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir/file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --cached --quiet &&
+
+	test -f dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	test -f dir~renamed-file-has-no-conflicts &&
+	test_cmp expected dir~renamed-file-has-no-conflicts
+'
+
+cat >expected <<\EOF &&
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+12
+=======
+11
+>>>>>>> dir-not-in-way
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Rename+D/F conflict; renamed file cannot merge, dir not in way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q renamed-file-has-conflicts^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive dir-not-in-way &&
+
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --cached --quiet &&
+
+	test -f dir &&
+	test_cmp expected dir
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Rename+D/F conflict; renamed file cannot merge and dir in the way' '
+	modify s/dir-not-in-way/dir-in-way/ expected &&
+
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q renamed-file-has-conflicts^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive dir-in-way &&
+
+	test 5 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir | grep -v file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir/file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --cached --quiet &&
+
+	test -f dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	test -f dir~HEAD &&
+	test_cmp expected dir~HEAD
+'
+
+cat >expected <<\EOF &&
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+<<<<<<< HEAD
+11
+=======
+12
+>>>>>>> renamed-file-has-conflicts
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'Same as previous, but merged other way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q dir-in-way^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive renamed-file-has-conflicts &&
+
+	test 5 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir | grep -v file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u dir/file-in-the-way | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --cached --quiet &&
+
+	test -f dir/file-in-the-way &&
+	test -f dir~renamed-file-has-conflicts &&
+	test_cmp expected dir~renamed-file-has-conflicts
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup both rename source and destination involved in D/F conflict' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan rename-dest &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+
+	mkdir one &&
+	echo stuff >one/file &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	git mv one/file destdir &&
+	git commit -m "Renamed to destdir" &&
+
+	git checkout -b source-conflict HEAD~1 &&
+	git rm -rf one &&
+	mkdir destdir &&
+	touch one destdir/foo &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Conflicts in the way"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'both rename source and destination involved in D/F conflict' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	rm -rf dir~* &&
+	git checkout -q rename-dest^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive source-conflict &&
+
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+
+	test -f destdir/foo &&
+	test -f one &&
+	test -f destdir~HEAD &&
+	test "stuff" = "$(cat destdir~HEAD)"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup pair rename to parent of other (D/F conflicts)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan rename-two &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+
+	mkdir one &&
+	mkdir two &&
+	echo stuff >one/file &&
+	echo other >two/file &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	git rm -rf one &&
+	git mv two/file one &&
+	git commit -m "Rename two/file -> one" &&
+
+	git checkout -b rename-one HEAD~1 &&
+	git rm -rf two &&
+	git mv one/file two &&
+	rm -r one &&
+	git commit -m "Rename one/file -> two"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pair rename to parent of other (D/F conflicts) w/ untracked dir' '
+	git checkout -q rename-one^0 &&
+	mkdir one &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive rename-two &&
+
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u one | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u two | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+
+	test 4 -eq $(find . | grep -v .git | wc -l) &&
+
+	test -d one &&
+	test -f one~rename-two &&
+	test -f two &&
+	test "other" = $(cat one~rename-two) &&
+	test "stuff" = $(cat two)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pair rename to parent of other (D/F conflicts) w/ clean start' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive rename-two &&
+
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u one | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u two | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git diff --quiet &&
+
+	test 3 -eq $(find . | grep -v .git | wc -l) &&
+
+	test -f one &&
+	test -f two &&
+	test "other" = $(cat one) &&
+	test "stuff" = $(cat two)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup rename of one file to two, with directories in the way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan first-rename &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+
+	echo stuff >original &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	mkdir two &&
+	>two/file &&
+	git add two/file &&
+	git mv original one &&
+	git commit -m "Put two/file in the way, rename to one" &&
+
+	git checkout -b second-rename HEAD~1 &&
+	mkdir one &&
+	>one/file &&
+	git add one/file &&
+	git mv original two &&
+	git commit -m "Put one/file in the way, rename to two"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check handling of differently renamed file with D/F conflicts' '
+	git checkout -q first-rename^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive second-rename &&
+
+	test 5 -eq "$(git ls-files -s | wc -l)" &&
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u one | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u two | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u original | wc -l)" &&
+	test 2 -eq "$(git ls-files -o | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test -f one/file &&
+	test -f two/file &&
+	test -f one~HEAD &&
+	test -f two~second-rename &&
+	! test -f original
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup rename one file to two; directories moving out of the way' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout --orphan first-rename-redo &&
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+
+	echo stuff >original &&
+	mkdir one two &&
+	touch one/file two/file &&
+	git add -A &&
+	git commit -m "Common commmit" &&
+
+	git rm -rf one &&
+	git mv original one &&
+	git commit -m "Rename to one" &&
+
+	git checkout -b second-rename-redo HEAD~1 &&
+	git rm -rf two &&
+	git mv original two &&
+	git commit -m "Rename to two"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check handling of differently renamed file with D/F conflicts' '
+	git checkout -q first-rename-redo^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge --strategy=recursive second-rename-redo &&
+
+	test 3 -eq "$(git ls-files -u | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u one | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u two | wc -l)" &&
+	test 1 -eq "$(git ls-files -u original | wc -l)" &&
+	test 0 -eq "$(git ls-files -o | wc -l)" &&
+
+	test -f one &&
+	test -f two &&
+	! test -f original
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6023-merge-file.sh b/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
index d486d73994..d9f343942c 100755
--- a/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
+++ b/t/t6023-merge-file.sh
@@ -64,6 +64,14 @@ cp new1.txt test.txt
 test_expect_success "merge without conflict" \
 	"git merge-file test.txt orig.txt new2.txt"
 
+test_expect_success 'works in subdirectory' '
+	mkdir dir &&
+	cp new1.txt dir/a.txt &&
+	cp orig.txt dir/o.txt &&
+	cp new2.txt dir/b.txt &&
+	( cd dir && git merge-file a.txt o.txt b.txt )
+'
+
 cp new1.txt test.txt
 test_expect_success "merge without conflict (--quiet)" \
 	"git merge-file --quiet test.txt orig.txt new2.txt"
diff --git a/t/t6024-recursive-merge.sh b/t/t6024-recursive-merge.sh
index b3fbf659c0..755d30ce2a 100755
--- a/t/t6024-recursive-merge.sh
+++ b/t/t6024-recursive-merge.sh
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ test_expect_success 'mark rename/delete as unmerged' '
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m delete &&
 	git checkout -b rename HEAD^ &&
-	git mv a1 a2
+	git mv a1 a2 &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m rename &&
 	test_must_fail git merge delete &&
diff --git a/t/t6029-merge-subtree.sh b/t/t6029-merge-subtree.sh
index 3900d9f61f..73fc240e85 100755
--- a/t/t6029-merge-subtree.sh
+++ b/t/t6029-merge-subtree.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ test_description='subtree merge strategy'
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 
-	s="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8"
+	s="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8" &&
 	for i in $s; do echo $i; done >hello &&
 	git add hello &&
 	git commit -m initial &&
diff --git a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
index 3b042aacd6..b5063b6fe6 100755
--- a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
@@ -517,13 +517,13 @@ test_expect_success '"parallel" side branch creation' '
 	add_line_into_file "2(para): line 2 on parallel branch" dir2/file2 &&
 	PARA_HASH2=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	add_line_into_file "3(para): line 3 on parallel branch" dir2/file3 &&
-	PARA_HASH3=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	PARA_HASH3=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	git merge -m "merge HASH4 and PARA_HASH3" "$HASH4" &&
-	PARA_HASH4=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	PARA_HASH4=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	add_line_into_file "5(para): add line on parallel branch" dir1/file1 &&
-	PARA_HASH5=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	PARA_HASH5=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	add_line_into_file "6(para): add line on parallel branch" dir2/file2 &&
-	PARA_HASH6=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	PARA_HASH6=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
 	git merge -m "merge HASH7 and PARA_HASH6" "$HASH7" &&
 	PARA_HASH7=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
 '
diff --git a/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh b/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
index eac5ebac24..fdb6c25371 100755
--- a/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t6032-merge-large-rename.sh
@@ -70,4 +70,34 @@ test_expect_success 'set merge.renamelimit to 5' '
 test_rename 5 ok
 test_rename 6 fail
 
+test_expect_success 'setup large simple rename' '
+	git config --unset merge.renamelimit &&
+	git config --unset diff.renamelimit &&
+
+	git reset --hard initial &&
+	for i in $(count 200); do
+		make_text foo bar baz >$i
+	done &&
+	git add . &&
+	git commit -m create-files &&
+
+	git branch simple-change &&
+	git checkout -b simple-rename &&
+
+	mkdir builtin &&
+	git mv [0-9]* builtin/ &&
+	git commit -m renamed &&
+
+	git checkout simple-change &&
+	>unrelated-change &&
+	git add unrelated-change &&
+	git commit -m unrelated-change
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'massive simple rename does not spam added files' '
+	unset GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY &&
+	git merge --no-stat simple-rename | grep -v Removing >output &&
+	test 5 -gt "$(wc -l < output)"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6036-recursive-corner-cases.sh b/t/t6036-recursive-corner-cases.sh
index b874141658..871577d90c 100755
--- a/t/t6036-recursive-corner-cases.sh
+++ b/t/t6036-recursive-corner-cases.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,80 @@ test_description='recursive merge corner cases'
 #  R1  R2
 #
 
-test_expect_success setup '
+test_expect_success 'setup basic criss-cross + rename with no modifications' '
+	ten="0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" &&
+	for i in $ten
+	do
+		echo line $i in a sample file
+	done >one &&
+	for i in $ten
+	do
+		echo line $i in another sample file
+	done >two &&
+	git add one two &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m initial &&
+
+	git branch L1 &&
+	git checkout -b R1 &&
+	git mv one three &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m R1 &&
+
+	git checkout L1 &&
+	git mv two three &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m L1 &&
+
+	git checkout L1^0 &&
+	test_tick && git merge -s ours R1 &&
+	git tag L2 &&
+
+	git checkout R1^0 &&
+	test_tick && git merge -s ours L1 &&
+	git tag R2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'merge simple rename+criss-cross with no modifications' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout L2^0 &&
+
+	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive R2^0 &&
+
+	test 5 = $(git ls-files -s | wc -l) &&
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -u | wc -l) &&
+	test 0 = $(git ls-files -o | wc -l) &&
+
+	test $(git rev-parse :0:one) = $(git rev-parse L2:one) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :0:two) = $(git rev-parse R2:two) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :2:three) = $(git rev-parse L2:three) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :3:three) = $(git rev-parse R2:three) &&
+
+	cp two merged &&
+	>empty &&
+	test_must_fail git merge-file \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 2" \
+		-L "" \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 1" \
+		merged empty one &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :1:three) = $(git hash-object merged)
+'
+
+#
+# Same as before, but modify L1 slightly:
+#
+#  L1m L2
+#   o---o
+#  / \ / \
+# o   X   ?
+#  \ / \ /
+#   o---o
+#  R1  R2
+#
+
+test_expect_success 'setup criss-cross + rename merges with basic modification' '
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+	rm -rf .git &&
+	git init &&
+
 	ten="0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
 	for i in $ten
 	do
@@ -30,6 +103,8 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git branch L1 &&
 	git checkout -b R1 &&
 	git mv one three &&
+	echo more >>two &&
+	git add two &&
 	test_tick && git commit -m R1 &&
 
 	git checkout L1 &&
@@ -45,11 +120,115 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git tag R2
 '
 
-test_expect_success merge '
+test_expect_success 'merge criss-cross + rename merges with basic modification' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout L2^0 &&
 
-	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive R2^0
+	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive R2^0 &&
+
+	test 5 = $(git ls-files -s | wc -l) &&
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -u | wc -l) &&
+	test 0 = $(git ls-files -o | wc -l) &&
+
+	test $(git rev-parse :0:one) = $(git rev-parse L2:one) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :0:two) = $(git rev-parse R2:two) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :2:three) = $(git rev-parse L2:three) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :3:three) = $(git rev-parse R2:three) &&
+
+	head -n 10 two >merged &&
+	cp one merge-me &&
+	>empty &&
+	test_must_fail git merge-file \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 2" \
+		-L "" \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 1" \
+		merged empty merge-me &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :1:three) = $(git hash-object merged)
+'
+
+#
+# For the next test, we start with three commits in two lines of development
+# which setup a rename/add conflict:
+#   Commit A: File 'a' exists
+#   Commit B: Rename 'a' -> 'new_a'
+#   Commit C: Modify 'a', create different 'new_a'
+# Later, two different people merge and resolve differently:
+#   Commit D: Merge B & C, ignoring separately created 'new_a'
+#   Commit E: Merge B & C making use of some piece of secondary 'new_a'
+# Finally, someone goes to merge D & E.  Does git detect the conflict?
+#
+#      B   D
+#      o---o
+#     / \ / \
+#  A o   X   ? F
+#     \ / \ /
+#      o---o
+#      C   E
+#
+
+test_expect_success 'setup differently handled merges of rename/add conflict' '
+	git rm -rf . &&
+	git clean -fdqx &&
+	rm -rf .git &&
+	git init &&
+
+	printf "0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n" >a &&
+	git add a &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m A &&
+
+	git branch B &&
+	git checkout -b C &&
+	echo 10 >>a &&
+	echo "other content" >>new_a &&
+	git add a new_a &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m C &&
+
+	git checkout B &&
+	git mv a new_a &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m B &&
+
+	git checkout B^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge C &&
+	git clean -f &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m D &&
+	git tag D &&
+
+	git checkout C^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge B &&
+	rm new_a~HEAD new_a &&
+	printf "Incorrectly merged content" >>new_a &&
+	git add -u &&
+	test_tick && git commit -m E &&
+	git tag E
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git detects differently handled merges conflict' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout D^0 &&
+
+	git merge -s recursive E^0 && {
+		echo "BAD: should have conflicted"
+		test "Incorrectly merged content" = "$(cat new_a)" &&
+			echo "BAD: Silently accepted wrong content"
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -s | wc -l) &&
+	test 3 = $(git ls-files -u | wc -l) &&
+	test 0 = $(git ls-files -o | wc -l) &&
+
+	test $(git rev-parse :2:new_a) = $(git rev-parse D:new_a) &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :3:new_a) = $(git rev-parse E:new_a) &&
+
+	git cat-file -p B:new_a >>merged &&
+	git cat-file -p C:new_a >>merge-me &&
+	>empty &&
+	test_must_fail git merge-file \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 2" \
+		-L "" \
+		-L "Temporary merge branch 1" \
+		merged empty merge-me &&
+	test $(git rev-parse :1:new_a) = $(git hash-object merged)
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
index 1785e178a4..1e0447f615 100755
--- a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
+++ b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout' '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout with local tracked branch' '
 	git checkout master &&
-	git checkout follower >actual
+	git checkout follower >actual &&
 	grep "is ahead of" actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t6050-replace.sh b/t/t6050-replace.sh
index 95b180f469..ae2194e07d 100755
--- a/t/t6050-replace.sh
+++ b/t/t6050-replace.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ test_expect_success 'set up buggy branch' '
      echo "line 12" >> hello &&
      echo "line 13" >> hello &&
      add_and_commit_file hello "2 more lines" &&
-     HASH6=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+     HASH6=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
      echo "line 14" >> hello &&
      echo "line 15" >> hello &&
      echo "line 16" >> hello &&
diff --git a/t/t7001-mv.sh b/t/t7001-mv.sh
index 65a35d94a0..a845b154e4 100755
--- a/t/t7001-mv.sh
+++ b/t/t7001-mv.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 test_expect_success \
     'checking -f on untracked file with existing target' \
     'touch path0/untracked1 &&
-     git mv -f untracked1 path0
+     test_must_fail git mv -f untracked1 path0 &&
      test ! -f .git/index.lock &&
      test -f untracked1 &&
      test -f path0/untracked1'
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ test_expect_success 'git mv should not change sha1 of moved cache entry' '
 	git init &&
 	echo 1 >dirty &&
 	git add dirty &&
-	entry="$(git ls-files --stage dirty | cut -f 1)"
+	entry="$(git ls-files --stage dirty | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git mv dirty dirty2 &&
 	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage dirty2 | cut -f 1)" ] &&
 	echo 2 >dirty2 &&
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index ac943f5eee..f160af3ccc 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -1051,13 +1051,23 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
 	'message in editor has initial comment' '
-	GIT_EDITOR=cat git tag -a initial-comment > actual
+	! (GIT_EDITOR=cat git tag -a initial-comment > actual)
+'
+
+test_expect_success \
+	'message in editor has initial comment: first line' '
 	# check the first line --- should be empty
-	first=$(sed -e 1q <actual) &&
-	test -z "$first" &&
+	echo >first.expect &&
+	sed -e 1q <actual >first.actual &&
+	test_cmp first.expect first.actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success \
+	'message in editor has initial comment: remainder' '
 	# remove commented lines from the remainder -- should be empty
-	rest=$(sed -e 1d -e '/^#/d' <actual) &&
-	test -z "$rest"
+	>rest.expect
+	sed -e 1d -e '/^#/d' <actual >rest.actual &&
+	test_cmp rest.expect rest.actual
 '
 
 get_tag_header reuse $commit commit $time >expect
@@ -1097,7 +1107,7 @@ hash1=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
 test_expect_success 'creating second commit and tag' '
 	echo foo-2.0 >foo &&
 	git add foo &&
-	git commit -m second
+	git commit -m second &&
 	git tag v2.0
 '
 
@@ -1122,18 +1132,18 @@ v2.0
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that first commit is in all tags (hash)' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash1 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash1 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 # other ways of specifying the commit
 test_expect_success 'checking that first commit is in all tags (tag)' "
-	git tag -l --contains v1.0 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains v1.0 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that first commit is in all tags (relative)' "
-	git tag -l --contains HEAD~2 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains HEAD~2 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
@@ -1142,7 +1152,7 @@ v2.0
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that second commit only has one tag' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash2 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash2 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
@@ -1151,7 +1161,7 @@ cat > expected <<EOF
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that third commit has no tags' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash3 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash3 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
@@ -1161,7 +1171,7 @@ test_expect_success 'creating simple branch' '
 	git branch stable v2.0 &&
         git checkout stable &&
 	echo foo-3.0 > foo &&
-	git commit foo -m fourth
+	git commit foo -m fourth &&
 	git tag v3.0
 '
 
@@ -1172,7 +1182,7 @@ v3.0
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that branch head only has one tag' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash4 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash4 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
@@ -1186,7 +1196,7 @@ v4.0
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that original branch head has one tag now' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash3 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash3 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
@@ -1201,18 +1211,18 @@ v4.0
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'checking that initial commit is in all tags' "
-	git tag -l --contains $hash1 v* >actual
+	git tag -l --contains $hash1 v* >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 # mixing modes and options:
 
 test_expect_success 'mixing incompatibles modes and options is forbidden' '
-	test_must_fail git tag -a
-	test_must_fail git tag -l -v
-	test_must_fail git tag -n 100
-	test_must_fail git tag -l -m msg
-	test_must_fail git tag -l -F some file
+	test_must_fail git tag -a &&
+	test_must_fail git tag -l -v &&
+	test_must_fail git tag -n 100 &&
+	test_must_fail git tag -l -m msg &&
+	test_must_fail git tag -l -F some file &&
 	test_must_fail git tag -v -s
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7006-pager.sh b/t/t7006-pager.sh
index fb744e3c4a..e9d8b9110d 100755
--- a/t/t7006-pager.sh
+++ b/t/t7006-pager.sh
@@ -4,44 +4,15 @@ test_description='Test automatic use of a pager.'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-pager.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-terminal.sh
 
 cleanup_fail() {
 	echo >&2 cleanup failed
 	(exit 1)
 }
 
-test_expect_success 'set up terminal for tests' '
-	rm -f stdout_is_tty ||
-	cleanup_fail &&
-
-	if test -t 1
-	then
-		>stdout_is_tty
-	elif
-		test_have_prereq PERL &&
-		"$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t7006/test-terminal.perl \
-			sh -c "test -t 1"
-	then
-		>test_terminal_works
-	fi
-'
-
-if test -e stdout_is_tty
-then
-	test_terminal() { "$@"; }
-	test_set_prereq TTY
-elif test -e test_terminal_works
-then
-	test_terminal() {
-		"$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t7006/test-terminal.perl "$@"
-	}
-	test_set_prereq TTY
-else
-	say "# no usable terminal, so skipping some tests"
-fi
-
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
-	unset GIT_PAGER GIT_PAGER_IN_USE;
+	sane_unset GIT_PAGER GIT_PAGER_IN_USE &&
 	test_might_fail git config --unset core.pager &&
 
 	PAGER="cat >paginated.out" &&
@@ -213,11 +184,6 @@ test_expect_success 'color when writing to a file intended for a pager' '
 	colorful colorful.log
 '
 
-if test_have_prereq SIMPLEPAGER && test_have_prereq TTY
-then
-	test_set_prereq SIMPLEPAGERTTY
-fi
-
 # Use this helper to make it easy for the caller of your
 # terminal-using function to specify whether it should fail.
 # If you write
@@ -253,8 +219,8 @@ parse_args() {
 test_default_pager() {
 	parse_args "$@"
 
-	$test_expectation SIMPLEPAGERTTY "$cmd - default pager is used by default" "
-		unset PAGER GIT_PAGER;
+	$test_expectation SIMPLEPAGER,TTY "$cmd - default pager is used by default" "
+		sane_unset PAGER GIT_PAGER &&
 		test_might_fail git config --unset core.pager &&
 		rm -f default_pager_used ||
 		cleanup_fail &&
@@ -277,7 +243,7 @@ test_PAGER_overrides() {
 	parse_args "$@"
 
 	$test_expectation TTY "$cmd - PAGER overrides default pager" "
-		unset GIT_PAGER;
+		sane_unset GIT_PAGER &&
 		test_might_fail git config --unset core.pager &&
 		rm -f PAGER_used ||
 		cleanup_fail &&
@@ -305,7 +271,7 @@ test_core_pager() {
 	parse_args "$@"
 
 	$test_expectation TTY "$cmd - repository-local core.pager setting $used_if_wanted" "
-		unset GIT_PAGER;
+		sane_unset GIT_PAGER &&
 		rm -f core.pager_used ||
 		cleanup_fail &&
 
@@ -333,7 +299,7 @@ test_pager_subdir_helper() {
 	parse_args "$@"
 
 	$test_expectation TTY "$cmd - core.pager $used_if_wanted from subdirectory" "
-		unset GIT_PAGER;
+		sane_unset GIT_PAGER &&
 		rm -f core.pager_used &&
 		rm -fr sub ||
 		cleanup_fail &&
diff --git a/t/t7006/test-terminal.perl b/t/t7006/test-terminal.perl
deleted file mode 100755
index 73ff809371..0000000000
--- a/t/t7006/test-terminal.perl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use IO::Pty;
-use File::Copy;
-
-# Run @$argv in the background with stdout redirected to $out.
-sub start_child {
-	my ($argv, $out) = @_;
-	my $pid = fork;
-	if (not defined $pid) {
-		die "fork failed: $!"
-	} elsif ($pid == 0) {
-		open STDOUT, ">&", $out;
-		close $out;
-		exec(@$argv) or die "cannot exec '$argv->[0]': $!"
-	}
-	return $pid;
-}
-
-# Wait for $pid to finish.
-sub finish_child {
-	# Simplified from wait_or_whine() in run-command.c.
-	my ($pid) = @_;
-
-	my $waiting = waitpid($pid, 0);
-	if ($waiting < 0) {
-		die "waitpid failed: $!";
-	} elsif ($? & 127) {
-		my $code = $? & 127;
-		warn "died of signal $code";
-		return $code - 128;
-	} else {
-		return $? >> 8;
-	}
-}
-
-sub xsendfile {
-	my ($out, $in) = @_;
-
-	# Note: the real sendfile() cannot read from a terminal.
-
-	# It is unspecified by POSIX whether reads
-	# from a disconnected terminal will return
-	# EIO (as in AIX 4.x, IRIX, and Linux) or
-	# end-of-file.  Either is fine.
-	copy($in, $out, 4096) or $!{EIO} or die "cannot copy from child: $!";
-}
-
-if ($#ARGV < 1) {
-	die "usage: test-terminal program args";
-}
-my $master = new IO::Pty;
-my $slave = $master->slave;
-my $pid = start_child(\@ARGV, $slave);
-close $slave;
-xsendfile(\*STDOUT, $master);
-exit(finish_child($pid));
diff --git a/t/t7105-reset-patch.sh b/t/t7105-reset-patch.sh
index 9891e2c1f5..95fab20361 100755
--- a/t/t7105-reset-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t7105-reset-patch.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'setup' '
 # note: bar sorts before foo, so the first 'n' is always to skip 'bar'
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'saying "n" does nothing' '
-	set_and_save_state dir/foo work work
+	set_and_save_state dir/foo work work &&
 	(echo n; echo n) | git reset -p &&
 	verify_saved_state dir/foo &&
 	verify_saved_state bar
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'git reset -p HEAD^' '
 # the failure case (and thus get out of the loop).
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'git reset -p dir' '
-	set_state dir/foo work work
+	set_state dir/foo work work &&
 	(echo y; echo n) | git reset -p dir &&
 	verify_state dir/foo work head &&
 	verify_saved_state bar
 '
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'git reset -p -- foo (inside dir)' '
-	set_state dir/foo work work
+	set_state dir/foo work work &&
 	(echo y; echo n) | (cd dir && git reset -p -- foo) &&
 	verify_state dir/foo work head &&
 	verify_saved_state bar
diff --git a/t/t7300-clean.sh b/t/t7300-clean.sh
index 6c776e9bec..02f67b73b7 100755
--- a/t/t7300-clean.sh
+++ b/t/t7300-clean.sh
@@ -179,11 +179,11 @@ test_expect_success 'git clean -d with prefix and path' '
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'git clean symbolic link' '
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'git clean symbolic link' '
 
 	mkdir -p build docs &&
 	touch a.out src/part3.c docs/manual.txt obj.o build/lib.so &&
-	ln -s docs/manual.txt src/part4.c
+	ln -s docs/manual.txt src/part4.c &&
 	git clean &&
 	test -f Makefile &&
 	test -f README &&
diff --git a/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh b/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
index 294584452b..7d7fde057b 100755
--- a/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
+++ b/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
@@ -37,11 +37,12 @@ head1=$(add_file sm1 foo1 foo2)
 test_expect_success 'added submodule' "
 	git add sm1 &&
 	git submodule summary >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 0000000...$head1 (2):
   > Add foo2
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -49,20 +50,22 @@ head2=$(add_file sm1 foo3)
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward)' "
 	git submodule summary >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head1...$head2 (1):
   > Add foo3
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(forward), --files' "
 	git submodule summary --files >actual &&
-	diff actual - <<-EOF
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head1...$head2 (1):
   > Add foo3
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -74,19 +77,20 @@ head3=$(
 
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(backward)' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head2...$head3 (2):
   < Add foo3
   < Add foo2
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 head4=$(add_file sm1 foo4 foo5) &&
 head4_full=$(GIT_DIR=sm1/.git git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
 test_expect_success 'modified submodule(backward and forward)' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head2...$head4 (4):
   > Add foo5
   > Add foo4
@@ -94,17 +98,19 @@ test_expect_success 'modified submodule(backward and forward)' "
   < Add foo2
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success '--summary-limit' "
     git submodule summary -n 3 >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head2...$head4 (4):
   > Add foo5
   > Add foo4
   < Add foo3
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -117,30 +123,33 @@ mv sm1-bak sm1
 
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob), --cached' "
     git submodule summary --cached >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head4(submodule)->$head5(blob) (3):
   < Add foo5
 
 EOF
+	test_cmp actual expected
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob), --files' "
     git submodule summary --files >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head5(blob)->$head4(submodule) (3):
   > Add foo5
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp actual expected
 "
 
 rm -rf sm1 &&
 git checkout-index sm1
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob)' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head4(submodule)->$head5(blob):
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp actual expected
 "
 
 rm -f sm1 &&
@@ -148,31 +157,34 @@ test_create_repo sm1 &&
 head6=$(add_file sm1 foo6 foo7)
 test_expect_success 'nonexistent commit' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head4...$head6:
   Warn: sm1 doesn't contain commit $head4_full
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp actual expected
 "
 
 commit_file
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(blob->submodule)' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head5(blob)->$head6(submodule) (2):
   > Add foo7
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
 rm -rf sm1
 test_expect_success 'deleted submodule' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head6...0000000:
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_create_repo sm2 &&
@@ -181,34 +193,37 @@ git add sm2
 
 test_expect_success 'multiple submodules' "
     git submodule summary >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head6...0000000:
 
 * sm2 0000000...$head7 (2):
   > Add foo9
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'path filter' "
     git submodule summary sm2 >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm2 0000000...$head7 (2):
   > Add foo9
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm2
 test_expect_success 'given commit' "
     git submodule summary HEAD^ >actual &&
-    diff actual - <<-EOF
+    cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 * sm1 $head6...0000000:
 
 * sm2 0000000...$head7 (2):
   > Add foo9
 
 EOF
+    test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success '--for-status' "
diff --git a/t/t7403-submodule-sync.sh b/t/t7403-submodule-sync.sh
index 02522f9627..e5b19538b0 100755
--- a/t/t7403-submodule-sync.sh
+++ b/t/t7403-submodule-sync.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	 git commit -m "submodule"
 	) &&
 	git clone super super-clone &&
-	(cd super-clone && git submodule update --init)
+	(cd super-clone && git submodule update --init) &&
+	git clone super empty-clone &&
+	(cd empty-clone && git submodule init)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'change submodule' '
@@ -64,4 +66,12 @@ test_expect_success '"git submodule sync" should update submodule URLs' '
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success '"git submodule sync" should update submodule URLs if not yet cloned' '
+	(cd empty-clone &&
+	 git pull &&
+	 git submodule sync &&
+	 test -d "$(git config submodule.submodule.url)"
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
index 905a8baae9..d8ad25036f 100755
--- a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
+++ b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
@@ -226,6 +226,21 @@ test_expect_success 'test "status --recursive"' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+sed -e "/nested1 /s/.*/+$nested1sha1 nested1 (file2~1)/;/sub[1-3]/d" < expect > expect2
+mv -f expect2 expect
+
+test_expect_success 'ensure "status --cached --recursive" preserves the --cached flag' '
+	(
+		cd clone3 &&
+		(
+			cd nested1 &&
+			test_commit file2
+		) &&
+		git submodule status --cached --recursive -- nested1 > ../actual
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'use "git clone --recursive" to checkout all submodules' '
 	git clone --recursive super clone4 &&
 	test -d clone4/.git &&
@@ -238,4 +253,39 @@ test_expect_success 'use "git clone --recursive" to checkout all submodules' '
 	test -d clone4/nested1/nested2/nested3/submodule/.git
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'test "update --recursive" with a flag with spaces' '
+	git clone super "common objects" &&
+	git clone super clone5 &&
+	(
+		cd clone5 &&
+		test ! -d nested1/.git &&
+		git submodule update --init --recursive --reference="$(dirname "$PWD")/common objects" &&
+		test -d nested1/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/nested2/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/nested2/nested3/.git &&
+		test -f nested1/.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+		test -f nested1/nested2/.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+		test -f nested1/nested2/nested3/.git/objects/info/alternates
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'use "update --recursive nested1" to checkout all submodules rooted in nested1' '
+	git clone super clone6 &&
+	(
+		cd clone6 &&
+		test ! -d sub1/.git &&
+		test ! -d sub2/.git &&
+		test ! -d sub3/.git &&
+		test ! -d nested1/.git &&
+		git submodule update --init --recursive -- nested1 &&
+		test ! -d sub1/.git &&
+		test ! -d sub2/.git &&
+		test ! -d sub3/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/nested2/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/nested2/nested3/.git &&
+		test -d nested1/nested2/nested3/submodule/.git
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7500-commit.sh b/t/t7500-commit.sh
index aa9c577e9e..162527c211 100755
--- a/t/t7500-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t7500-commit.sh
@@ -215,4 +215,84 @@ test_expect_success 'Commit a message with --allow-empty-message' '
 	commit_msg_is "hello there"
 '
 
+commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup () {
+	echo "first content line" >>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	cat >log <<EOF &&
+target message subject line
+
+target message body line 1
+target message body line 2
+EOF
+	git commit -F log &&
+	echo "second content line" >>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m "intermediate commit" &&
+	echo "third content line" >>foo &&
+	git add foo
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --fixup provides correct one-line commit message' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	git commit --fixup HEAD~1 &&
+	commit_msg_is "fixup! target message subject line"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -F' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	echo "log message from file" >msgfile &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD~1 -F msgfile  &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! target message subject linelog message from file"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -m' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD~1 -m "foo bar\nbaz" &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! target message subject linefoo bar\nbaz"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -C' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD~1 -C HEAD &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! target message subject lineintermediate commit"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -c' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	test_set_editor "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t7500/edit-content &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD~1 -c HEAD &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! target message subject lineedited commit"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -C for same commit' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD -C HEAD &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! intermediate commit"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with -c for same commit' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	test_set_editor "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t7500/edit-content &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD -c HEAD &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! edited commit"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'commit --squash works with editor' '
+	commit_for_rebase_autosquash_setup &&
+	test_set_editor "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t7500/add-content &&
+	git commit --squash HEAD~1 &&
+	commit_msg_is "squash! target message subject linecommit message"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'invalid message options when using --fixup' '
+	echo changes >>foo &&
+	echo "message" >log &&
+	git add foo &&
+	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 --squash HEAD~2 &&
+	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 -C HEAD~2 &&
+	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 -c HEAD~2 &&
+	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 -m "cmdline message" &&
+	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 -F log
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7500/edit-content b/t/t7500/edit-content
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..08db9fdd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7500/edit-content
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+sed -e "s/intermediate/edited/g" <"$1" >"$1-"
+mv "$1-" "$1"
+exit 0
diff --git a/t/t7502-commit.sh b/t/t7502-commit.sh
index ac2e187a57..50da034cd3 100755
--- a/t/t7502-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t7502-commit.sh
@@ -252,8 +252,8 @@ test_expect_success 'committer is automatic' '
 
 	echo >>negative &&
 	(
-		unset GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
-		unset GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
+		sane_unset GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL &&
+		sane_unset GIT_COMMITTER_NAME &&
 		# must fail because there is no change
 		test_must_fail git commit -e -m "sample"
 	) &&
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ try_commit_status_combo () {
 
 	test_expect_success 'commit --no-status' '
 		clear_config commit.status &&
-		try_commit --no-status
+		try_commit --no-status &&
 		! grep "^# Changes to be committed:" .git/COMMIT_EDITMSG
 	'
 
diff --git a/t/t7508-status.sh b/t/t7508-status.sh
index c9300f3c8b..4de3e27950 100755
--- a/t/t7508-status.sh
+++ b/t/t7508-status.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF
 #
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF
 # Changes to be committed:
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #	modified:   dir1/modified
 #
 # Untracked files:
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 # Changes to be committed:
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #	modified:   dir1/modified
 #
 # Untracked files not listed
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF
 #
 #	new file:   ../dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF
 #
 #	<GREEN>new file:   dir2/added<RESET>
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ cat >expect <<\EOF
 #
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #	new file:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #	new file:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ test_expect_success 'status -s submodule summary' '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
 # On branch master
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ cat >expect <<EOF
 #	new file:   dir2/added
 #	new file:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ cat > expect << EOF
 #
 #	modified:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ cat > expect << EOF
 #
 #	modified:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #   (commit or discard the untracked or modified content in submodules)
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ cat > expect << EOF
 #
 #	modified:   sm
 #
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ test_expect_success ".git/config ignore=dirty doesn't suppress submodule summary
 
 cat > expect << EOF
 # On branch master
-# Changed but not updated:
+# Changes not staged for commit:
 #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
 #   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
 #
diff --git a/t/t7509-commit.sh b/t/t7509-commit.sh
index 643ab03f99..77b6920029 100755
--- a/t/t7509-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t7509-commit.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ test_expect_success '-C option copies only the message with --reset-author' '
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -a -C Initial --reset-author &&
 	echo "author $GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL> $GIT_AUTHOR_DATE" >expect &&
-	author_header HEAD >actual
+	author_header HEAD >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	message_body Initial >expect &&
diff --git a/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh b/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
index 7ba94ea99b..b44b293950 100755
--- a/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
+++ b/t/t7601-merge-pull-config.sh
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ test_expect_success 'setup conflicted merge' '
 test_expect_success 'merge picks up the best result' '
 	git config --unset-all pull.twohead &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge -s resolve c6
+	test_must_fail git merge -s resolve c6 &&
 	resolve_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge -s recursive c6
+	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive c6 &&
 	recursive_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge -s recursive -s resolve c6
+	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive -s resolve c6 &&
 	auto_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	test $auto_count = $recursive_count &&
 	test $auto_count != $resolve_count
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ test_expect_success 'merge picks up the best result' '
 test_expect_success 'merge picks up the best result (from config)' '
 	git config pull.twohead "recursive resolve" &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge -s resolve c6
+	test_must_fail git merge -s resolve c6 &&
 	resolve_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge -s recursive c6
+	test_must_fail git merge -s recursive c6 &&
 	recursive_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	git reset --hard c5 &&
-	git merge c6
+	test_must_fail git merge c6 &&
 	auto_count=$(conflict_count) &&
 	test $auto_count = $recursive_count &&
 	test $auto_count != $resolve_count
diff --git a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
index 2746169514..0a46795ae7 100755
--- a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
+++ b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ test_expect_success 'merge c1 with c2, c3, c4, ... c29' '
 	do
 		refs="$refs c$i"
 		i=`expr $i + 1`
-	done
+	done &&
 	git merge $refs &&
 	test "$(git rev-parse c1)" != "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
 	i=1 &&
diff --git a/t/t7607-merge-overwrite.sh b/t/t7607-merge-overwrite.sh
index d82349a6a8..4d5ce4e682 100755
--- a/t/t7607-merge-overwrite.sh
+++ b/t/t7607-merge-overwrite.sh
@@ -7,48 +7,54 @@ Do not overwrite changes.'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
-	echo c0 > c0.c &&
-	git add c0.c &&
-	git commit -m c0 &&
-	git tag c0 &&
-	echo c1 > c1.c &&
-	git add c1.c &&
-	git commit -m c1 &&
-	git tag c1 &&
+	test_commit c0 c0.c &&
+	test_commit c1 c1.c &&
+	test_commit c1a c1.c "c1 a" &&
 	git reset --hard c0 &&
-	echo c2 > c2.c &&
-	git add c2.c &&
-	git commit -m c2 &&
-	git tag c2 &&
-	git reset --hard c1 &&
-	echo "c1 a" > c1.c &&
-	git add c1.c &&
-	git commit -m "c1 a" &&
-	git tag c1a &&
+	test_commit c2 c2.c &&
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	mkdir sub &&
+	echo "sub/f" > sub/f &&
+	mkdir sub2 &&
+	echo "sub2/f" > sub2/f &&
+	git add sub/f sub2/f &&
+	git commit -m sub &&
+	git tag sub &&
 	echo "VERY IMPORTANT CHANGES" > important
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'will not overwrite untracked file' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
-	cat important > c2.c &&
+	cp important c2.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c2 &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	test_cmp important c2.c
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'will overwrite tracked file' '
+	git reset --hard c1 &&
+	cp important c2.c &&
+	git add c2.c &&
+	git commit -m important &&
+	git checkout c2
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'will not overwrite new file' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
-	cat important > c2.c &&
+	cp important c2.c &&
 	git add c2.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c2 &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	test_cmp important c2.c
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'will not overwrite staged changes' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
-	cat important > c2.c &&
+	cp important c2.c &&
 	git add c2.c &&
 	rm c2.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c2 &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	git checkout c2.c &&
 	test_cmp important c2.c
 '
@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ test_expect_success 'will not overwrite removed file' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
 	git rm c1.c &&
 	git commit -m "rm c1.c" &&
-	cat important > c1.c &&
+	cp important c1.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c1a &&
 	test_cmp important c1.c
 '
@@ -66,9 +72,10 @@ test_expect_success 'will not overwrite re-added file' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
 	git rm c1.c &&
 	git commit -m "rm c1.c" &&
-	cat important > c1.c &&
+	cp important c1.c &&
 	git add c1.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c1a &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	test_cmp important c1.c
 '
 
@@ -76,12 +83,77 @@ test_expect_success 'will not overwrite removed file with staged changes' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
 	git rm c1.c &&
 	git commit -m "rm c1.c" &&
-	cat important > c1.c &&
+	cp important c1.c &&
 	git add c1.c &&
 	rm c1.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c1a &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	git checkout c1.c &&
 	test_cmp important c1.c
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'will not overwrite untracked subtree' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	rm -rf sub &&
+	mkdir -p sub/f &&
+	cp important sub/f/important &&
+	test_must_fail git merge sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
+	test_cmp important sub/f/important
+'
+
+cat >expect <<\EOF
+error: The following untracked working tree files would be overwritten by merge:
+	sub
+	sub2
+Please move or remove them before you can merge.
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'will not overwrite untracked file in leading path' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	rm -rf sub &&
+	cp important sub &&
+	cp important sub2 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge sub 2>out &&
+	test_cmp out expect &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
+	test_cmp important sub &&
+	test_cmp important sub2 &&
+	rm -f sub sub2
+'
+
+test_expect_failure SYMLINKS 'will not overwrite untracked symlink in leading path' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	rm -rf sub &&
+	mkdir sub2 &&
+	ln -s sub2 sub &&
+	test_must_fail git merge sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD
+'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'will not be confused by symlink in leading path' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	rm -rf sub &&
+	ln -s sub2 sub &&
+	git add sub &&
+	git commit -m ln &&
+	git checkout sub
+'
+
+cat >expect <<\EOF
+error: Untracked working tree file 'c0.c' would be overwritten by merge.
+fatal: read-tree failed
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'will not overwrite untracked file on unborn branch' '
+	git reset --hard c0 &&
+	git rm -fr . &&
+	git checkout --orphan new &&
+	cp important c0.c &&
+	test_must_fail git merge c0 2>out &&
+	test_cmp out expect &&
+	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
+	test_cmp important c0.c
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh b/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
index 28d56797b1..9225fa6f02 100755
--- a/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
+++ b/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ test_expect_success 'ambiguous tag' '
 	check_oneline "Merge commit QambiguousQ"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'remote branch' '
+test_expect_success 'remote-tracking branch' '
 	git checkout -b remote master &&
 	test_commit remote-1 &&
 	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master remote &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	test_commit master-5 &&
 	git merge origin/master &&
-	check_oneline "Merge remote branch Qorigin/masterQ"
+	check_oneline "Merge remote-tracking branch Qorigin/masterQ"
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7609-merge-co-error-msgs.sh b/t/t7609-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
index 114d2bd785..c994836c53 100755
--- a/t/t7609-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
+++ b/t/t7609-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 error: The following untracked working tree files would be overwritten by merge:
-	two
-	three
-	four
 	five
+	four
+	three
+	two
 Please move or remove them before you can merge.
 EOF
 
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ test_expect_success 'untracked files overwritten by merge (fast and non-fast for
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:
-	two
-	three
 	four
+	three
+	two
 Please, commit your changes or stash them before you can merge.
 error: The following untracked working tree files would be overwritten by merge:
 	five
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ test_expect_success 'untracked files or local changes ovewritten by merge' '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by checkout:
-	rep/two
 	rep/one
+	rep/two
 Please, commit your changes or stash them before you can switch branches.
 EOF
 
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ test_expect_success 'cannot switch branches because of local changes' '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by checkout:
-	rep/two
 	rep/one
+	rep/two
 Please, commit your changes or stash them before you can switch branches.
 EOF
 
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ test_expect_success 'not uptodate file porcelain checkout error' '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
 error: Updating the following directories would lose untracked files in it:
-	rep2
 	rep
+	rep2
 
 EOF
 
diff --git a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
index 3bd74042ef..d78bdec330 100755
--- a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
+++ b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ test_expect_success 'custom mergetool' '
 
 test_expect_success 'mergetool crlf' '
     git config core.autocrlf true &&
-    git checkout -b test2 branch1
+    git checkout -b test2 branch1 &&
     test_must_fail git merge master >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
     ( yes "" | git mergetool file1 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
     ( yes "" | git mergetool file2 >/dev/null 2>&1 ) &&
diff --git a/t/t7700-repack.sh b/t/t7700-repack.sh
index c2f66ff170..d954b846a1 100755
--- a/t/t7700-repack.sh
+++ b/t/t7700-repack.sh
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ test_expect_success 'loose objects in alternate ODB are not repacked' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'packed obs in alt ODB are repacked even when local repo is packless' '
-	mkdir alt_objects/pack
+	mkdir alt_objects/pack &&
 	mv .git/objects/pack/* alt_objects/pack &&
 	git repack -a &&
 	myidx=$(ls -1 .git/objects/pack/*.idx) &&
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ test_expect_success 'packed obs in alternate ODB kept pack are repacked' '
 	# swap the .keep so the commit object is in the pack with .keep
 	for p in alt_objects/pack/*.pack
 	do
-		base_name=$(basename $p .pack)
+		base_name=$(basename $p .pack) &&
 		if test -f alt_objects/pack/$base_name.keep
 		then
 			rm alt_objects/pack/$base_name.keep
 		else
 			touch alt_objects/pack/$base_name.keep
 		fi
-	done
+	done &&
 	git repack -a -d &&
 	myidx=$(ls -1 .git/objects/pack/*.idx) &&
 	test -f "$myidx" &&
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index 58dc6f6452..4048d106d4 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --gui works without configured diff.guitool'
 
 # Specify the diff tool using $GIT_DIFF_TOOL
 test_expect_success PERL 'GIT_DIFF_TOOL variable' '
-	git config --unset diff.tool
+	test_might_fail git config --unset diff.tool &&
 	GIT_DIFF_TOOL=test-tool &&
 	export GIT_DIFF_TOOL &&
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'difftool.prompt config variable is false' '
 
 # Test that we don't have to pass --no-prompt when mergetool.prompt is false
 test_expect_success PERL 'difftool merge.prompt = false' '
-	git config --unset difftool.prompt
+	test_might_fail git config --unset difftool.prompt &&
 	git config mergetool.prompt false &&
 
 	diff=$(git difftool branch) &&
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'difftool last flag wins' '
 # git-difftool falls back to git-mergetool config variables
 # so test that behavior here
 test_expect_success PERL 'difftool + mergetool config variables' '
-	remove_config_vars
+	remove_config_vars &&
 	git config merge.tool test-tool &&
 	git config mergetool.test-tool.cmd "cat \$LOCAL" &&
 
@@ -254,17 +254,17 @@ test_expect_success PERL 'difftool -x cat' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd echo arg1' '
-	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"echo\ \$1\" branch)
+	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"echo\ \$1\" branch) &&
 	test "$diff" = file
 '
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd cat arg1' '
-	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$1\" branch)
+	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$1\" branch) &&
 	test "$diff" = master
 '
 
 test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd cat arg2' '
-	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$2\" branch)
+	diff=$(git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$2\" branch) &&
 	test "$diff" = branch
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index 50658845ca..c8777589ca 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ test_expect_success 'outside of git repository' '
 		echo file1:hello &&
 		echo sub/file2:world
 	} >non/expect.full &&
-	echo file2:world >non/expect.sub
+	echo file2:world >non/expect.sub &&
 	(
 		GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES="$(pwd)/non/git" &&
 		export GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES &&
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ test_expect_success 'inside git repository but with --no-index' '
 		echo sub/file2:world
 	} >is/expect.full &&
 	: >is/expect.empty &&
-	echo file2:world >is/expect.sub
+	echo file2:world >is/expect.sub &&
 	(
 		cd is/git &&
 		git init &&
diff --git a/t/t8002-blame.sh b/t/t8002-blame.sh
index 597cf0486f..d3a51e1269 100755
--- a/t/t8002-blame.sh
+++ b/t/t8002-blame.sh
@@ -6,4 +6,9 @@ test_description='git blame'
 PROG='git blame -c'
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/annotate-tests.sh
 
+PROG='git blame -c -e'
+test_expect_success 'Blame --show-email works' '
+    check_count "<A@test.git>" 1 "<B@test.git>" 1 "<B1@test.git>" 1 "<B2@test.git>" 1 "<author@example.com>" 1 "<C@test.git>" 1 "<D@test.git>" 1
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t8006-blame-textconv.sh b/t/t8006-blame-textconv.sh
index 9ad96d4d32..dbf623bce5 100755
--- a/t/t8006-blame-textconv.sh
+++ b/t/t8006-blame-textconv.sh
@@ -9,22 +9,29 @@ find_blame() {
 
 cat >helper <<'EOF'
 #!/bin/sh
-sed 's/^/converted: /' "$@"
+grep -q '^bin: ' "$1" || { echo "E: $1 is not \"binary\" file" 1>&2; exit 1; }
+sed 's/^bin: /converted: /' "$1"
 EOF
 chmod +x helper
 
 test_expect_success 'setup ' '
-	echo test 1 >one.bin &&
-	echo test number 2 >two.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test 1" >one.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test number 2" >two.bin &&
+	if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS; then
+		ln -s one.bin symlink.bin
+	fi &&
 	git add . &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number1 git commit -a -m First --date="2010-01-01 18:00:00" &&
-	echo test 1 version 2 >one.bin &&
-	echo test number 2 version 2 >>two.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test 1 version 2" >one.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test number 2 version 2" >>two.bin &&
+	if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS; then
+		ln -sf two.bin symlink.bin
+	fi &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number2 git commit -a -m Second --date="2010-01-01 20:00:00"
 '
 
 cat >expected <<EOF
-(Number2 2010-01-01 20:00:00 +0000 1) test 1 version 2
+(Number2 2010-01-01 20:00:00 +0000 1) bin: test 1 version 2
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'no filter specified' '
@@ -67,7 +74,7 @@ test_expect_success 'blame --textconv going through revisions' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'make a new commit' '
-	echo "test number 2 version 3" >>two.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test number 2 version 3" >>two.bin &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number3 git commit -a -m Third --date="2010-01-01 22:00:00"
 '
 
@@ -77,4 +84,45 @@ test_expect_success 'blame from previous revision' '
 	test_cmp expected result
 '
 
+cat >expected <<EOF
+(Number2 2010-01-01 20:00:00 +0000 1) two.bin
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'blame with --no-textconv (on symlink)' '
+	git blame --no-textconv symlink.bin >blame &&
+	find_blame <blame >result &&
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'blame --textconv (on symlink)' '
+	git blame --textconv symlink.bin >blame &&
+	find_blame <blame >result &&
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
+# cp two.bin three.bin  and make small tweak
+# (this will direct blame -C -C three.bin to consider two.bin and symlink.bin)
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'make another new commit' '
+	cat >three.bin <<\EOF &&
+bin: test number 2
+bin: test number 2 version 2
+bin: test number 2 version 3
+bin: test number 3
+EOF
+	git add three.bin &&
+	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number4 git commit -a -m Fourth --date="2010-01-01 23:00:00"
+'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'blame on last commit (-C -C, symlink)' '
+	git blame -C -C three.bin >blame &&
+	find_blame <blame >result &&
+	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
+(Number1 2010-01-01 18:00:00 +0000 1) converted: test number 2
+(Number2 2010-01-01 20:00:00 +0000 2) converted: test number 2 version 2
+(Number3 2010-01-01 22:00:00 +0000 3) converted: test number 2 version 3
+(Number4 2010-01-01 23:00:00 +0000 4) converted: test number 3
+EOF
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t8007-cat-file-textconv.sh b/t/t8007-cat-file-textconv.sh
index 38ac05e4a0..78a0085e64 100755
--- a/t/t8007-cat-file-textconv.sh
+++ b/t/t8007-cat-file-textconv.sh
@@ -5,15 +5,19 @@ test_description='git cat-file textconv support'
 
 cat >helper <<'EOF'
 #!/bin/sh
-sed 's/^/converted: /' "$@"
+grep -q '^bin: ' "$1" || { echo "E: $1 is not \"binary\" file" 1>&2; exit 1; }
+sed 's/^bin: /converted: /' "$1"
 EOF
 chmod +x helper
 
 test_expect_success 'setup ' '
-	echo test >one.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test" >one.bin &&
+	if test_have_prereq SYMLINKS; then
+		ln -s one.bin symlink.bin
+	fi &&
 	git add . &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number1 git commit -a -m First --date="2010-01-01 18:00:00" &&
-	echo test version 2 >one.bin &&
+	echo "bin: test version 2" >one.bin &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=Number2 git commit -a -m Second --date="2010-01-01 20:00:00"
 '
 
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup textconv filters' '
 '
 
 cat >expected <<EOF
-test version 2
+bin: test version 2
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'cat-file without --textconv' '
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ test_expect_success 'cat-file without --textconv' '
 '
 
 cat >expected <<EOF
-test
+bin: test
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'cat-file without --textconv on previous commit' '
@@ -67,4 +71,28 @@ test_expect_success 'cat-file --textconv on previous commit' '
 	git cat-file --textconv HEAD^:one.bin >result &&
 	test_cmp expected result
 '
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'cat-file without --textconv (symlink)' '
+	git cat-file blob :symlink.bin >result &&
+	printf "%s" "one.bin" >expected
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'cat-file --textconv on index (symlink)' '
+	! git cat-file --textconv :symlink.bin 2>result &&
+	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
+fatal: git cat-file --textconv: unable to run textconv on :symlink.bin
+EOF
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'cat-file --textconv on HEAD (symlink)' '
+	! git cat-file --textconv HEAD:symlink.bin 2>result &&
+	cat >expected <<EOF &&
+fatal: git cat-file --textconv: unable to run textconv on HEAD:symlink.bin
+EOF
+	test_cmp expected result
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9001-send-email.sh b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
index a298eb0437..5e48318013 100755
--- a/t/t9001-send-email.sh
+++ b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
@@ -201,10 +201,28 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ 'Prompting works' '
 		grep "^To: to@example.com\$" msgtxt1
 '
 
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'tocmd works' '
+	clean_fake_sendmail &&
+	cp $patches tocmd.patch &&
+	echo tocmd--tocmd@example.com >>tocmd.patch &&
+	{
+	  echo "#!$SHELL_PATH"
+	  echo sed -n -e s/^tocmd--//p \"\$1\"
+	} > tocmd-sed &&
+	chmod +x tocmd-sed &&
+	git send-email \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--to-cmd=./tocmd-sed \
+		--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
+		tocmd.patch \
+		&&
+	grep "^To: tocmd@example.com" msgtxt1
+'
+
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'cccmd works' '
 	clean_fake_sendmail &&
 	cp $patches cccmd.patch &&
-	echo cccmd--cccmd@example.com >>cccmd.patch &&
+	echo "cccmd--  cccmd@example.com" >>cccmd.patch &&
 	{
 	  echo "#!$SHELL_PATH"
 	  echo sed -n -e s/^cccmd--//p \"\$1\"
@@ -295,6 +313,49 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ 'Valid In-Reply-To when prompting' '
 	! grep "^In-Reply-To: < *>" msgtxt1
 '
 
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'In-Reply-To without --chain-reply-to' '
+	clean_fake_sendmail &&
+	echo "<unique-message-id@example.com>" >expect &&
+	git send-email \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--to=nobody@example.com \
+		--no-chain-reply-to \
+		--in-reply-to="$(cat expect)" \
+		--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
+		$patches $patches $patches \
+		2>errors &&
+	# The first message is a reply to --in-reply-to
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	# Second and subsequent messages are replies to the first one
+	sed -n -e "s/^Message-Id: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt1 >expect &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt2 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt3 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'In-Reply-To with --chain-reply-to' '
+	clean_fake_sendmail &&
+	echo "<unique-message-id@example.com>" >expect &&
+	git send-email \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--to=nobody@example.com \
+		--chain-reply-to \
+		--in-reply-to="$(cat expect)" \
+		--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
+		$patches $patches $patches \
+		2>errors &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^Message-Id: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt1 >expect &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt2 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^Message-Id: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt2 >expect &&
+	sed -n -e "s/^In-Reply-To: *\(.*\)/\1/p" msgtxt3 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'setup fake editor' '
 	(echo "#!$SHELL_PATH" &&
 	 echo "echo fake edit >>\"\$1\""
@@ -947,6 +1008,45 @@ test_expect_success $PREREQ '--no-bcc overrides sendemail.bcc' '
 	! grep "RCPT TO:<other@ex.com>" stdout
 '
 
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are used by default' '
+	patch=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
+	test_when_finished "rm $patch" &&
+	git send-email \
+		--dry-run \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--smtp-server relay.example.com \
+		$patch >stdout &&
+	grep "RCPT TO:<bodies@example.com>" stdout
+'
+
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'patches To headers are appended to' '
+	patch=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
+	test_when_finished "rm $patch" &&
+	git send-email \
+		--dry-run \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--to=nobody@example.com \
+		--smtp-server relay.example.com \
+		$patch >stdout &&
+	grep "RCPT TO:<bodies@example.com>" stdout &&
+	grep "RCPT TO:<nobody@example.com>" stdout
+'
+
+test_expect_success $PREREQ 'To headers from files reset each patch' '
+	patch1=`git format-patch -1 --to="bodies@example.com"` &&
+	patch2=`git format-patch -1 --to="other@example.com" HEAD~` &&
+	test_when_finished "rm $patch1 && rm $patch2" &&
+	git send-email \
+		--dry-run \
+		--from="Example <nobody@example.com>" \
+		--to="nobody@example.com" \
+		--smtp-server relay.example.com \
+		$patch1 $patch2 >stdout &&
+	test $(grep -c "RCPT TO:<bodies@example.com>" stdout) = 1 &&
+	test $(grep -c "RCPT TO:<nobody@example.com>" stdout) = 2 &&
+	test $(grep -c "RCPT TO:<other@example.com>" stdout) = 1
+'
+
 test_expect_success $PREREQ 'setup expect' '
 cat >email-using-8bit <<EOF
 From fe6ecc66ece37198fe5db91fa2fc41d9f4fe5cc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
diff --git a/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh b/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
index f7f3c5ab8e..13b179e721 100755
--- a/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
+++ b/t/t9104-git-svn-follow-parent.sh
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ test_expect_success "follow-parent is atomic" '
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i stunk "$svnrepo"/stunk &&
 	git svn fetch -i stunk &&
 	git svn init --minimize-url -i flunked "$svnrepo"/flunked &&
-	git svn fetch -i flunked
+	git svn fetch -i flunked &&
 	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk@18`" \
 	   = "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/stunk`" &&
 	test "`git rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/flunk~1`" \
diff --git a/t/t9123-git-svn-rebuild-with-rewriteroot.sh b/t/t9123-git-svn-rebuild-with-rewriteroot.sh
index 0ed90d982d..fd8184787f 100755
--- a/t/t9123-git-svn-rebuild-with-rewriteroot.sh
+++ b/t/t9123-git-svn-rebuild-with-rewriteroot.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ rm -rf import
 
 test_expect_success 'init, fetch and checkout repository' '
 	git svn init --rewrite-root=http://invalid.invalid/ "$svnrepo" &&
-	git svn fetch
+	git svn fetch &&
 	git checkout -b mybranch ${remotes_git_svn}
 	'
 
diff --git a/t/t9124-git-svn-dcommit-auto-props.sh b/t/t9124-git-svn-dcommit-auto-props.sh
index d6b076f6b7..aa841e1299 100755
--- a/t/t9124-git-svn-dcommit-auto-props.sh
+++ b/t/t9124-git-svn-dcommit-auto-props.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ test_expect_success 'initialize git svn' '
 		svn_cmd import -m "import for git svn" . "$svnrepo"
 	) &&
 	rm -rf import &&
-	git svn init "$svnrepo"
+	git svn init "$svnrepo" &&
 	git svn fetch
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9146-git-svn-empty-dirs.sh b/t/t9146-git-svn-empty-dirs.sh
index 565365cbd3..158c8e33ef 100755
--- a/t/t9146-git-svn-empty-dirs.sh
+++ b/t/t9146-git-svn-empty-dirs.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ test_expect_success 'more emptiness' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git svn rebase creates empty directory' '
-	( cd cloned && git svn rebase )
+	( cd cloned && git svn rebase ) &&
 	test -d cloned/"! !"
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9151-svn-mergeinfo.sh b/t/t9151-svn-mergeinfo.sh
index 250c651eae..4f6c06ecb2 100755
--- a/t/t9151-svn-mergeinfo.sh
+++ b/t/t9151-svn-mergeinfo.sh
@@ -18,39 +18,39 @@ test_expect_success 'load svn dump' "
 
 test_expect_success 'all svn merges became git merge commits' '
 	unmarked=$(git rev-list --parents --all --grep=Merge |
-		grep -v " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ")
+		grep -v " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ") &&
 	[ -z "$unmarked" ]
 	'
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry picks did not become git merge commits' '
 	bad_cherries=$(git rev-list --parents --all --grep=Cherry |
-		grep " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ")
+		grep " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ") &&
 	[ -z "$bad_cherries" ]
 	'
 
 test_expect_success 'svn non-merge merge commits did not become git merge commits' '
 	bad_non_merges=$(git rev-list --parents --all --grep=non-merge |
-		grep " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ")
+		grep " .* " | cut -f1 -d" ") &&
 	[ -z "$bad_non_merges" ]
 	'
 
 test_expect_success 'commit made to merged branch is reachable from the merge' '
-	before_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="trunk commit before merging trunk to b2")
-	merge_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="Merge trunk to b2")
-	not_reachable=$(git rev-list -1 $before_commit --not $merge_commit)
+	before_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="trunk commit before merging trunk to b2") &&
+	merge_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="Merge trunk to b2") &&
+	not_reachable=$(git rev-list -1 $before_commit --not $merge_commit) &&
 	[ -z "$not_reachable" ]
 	'
 
 test_expect_success 'merging two branches in one commit is detected correctly' '
-	f1_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="make f1 branch from trunk")
-	f2_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="make f2 branch from trunk")
-	merge_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="Merge f1 and f2 to trunk")
-	not_reachable=$(git rev-list -1 $f1_commit $f2_commit --not $merge_commit)
+	f1_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="make f1 branch from trunk") &&
+	f2_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="make f2 branch from trunk") &&
+	merge_commit=$(git rev-list --all --grep="Merge f1 and f2 to trunk") &&
+	not_reachable=$(git rev-list -1 $f1_commit $f2_commit --not $merge_commit) &&
 	[ -z "$not_reachable" ]
 	'
 
 test_expect_failure 'everything got merged in the end' '
-	unmerged=$(git rev-list --all --not master)
+	unmerged=$(git rev-list --all --not master) &&
 	[ -z "$unmerged" ]
 	'
 
diff --git a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
index 3c0cf0509d..e8034d410f 100755
--- a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
+++ b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 	'for p in .git/objects/pack/*.pack;do git verify-pack $p||exit;done'
 test_expect_success \
 	'C: validate reuse existing blob' \
-	'test $newf = `git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/newf`
+	'test $newf = `git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/newf` &&
 	 test $oldf = `git rev-parse --verify branch:file2/oldf`'
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -928,6 +928,114 @@ test_expect_success \
 	 git diff-tree -C --find-copies-harder -r N5^^ N5 >actual &&
 	 compare_diff_raw expect actual'
 
+test_expect_success \
+	'N: reject foo/ syntax' \
+	'subdir=$(git rev-parse refs/heads/branch^0:file2) &&
+	 test_must_fail git fast-import <<-INPUT_END
+	commit refs/heads/N5B
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	copy with invalid syntax
+	COMMIT
+
+	from refs/heads/branch^0
+	M 040000 $subdir file3/
+	INPUT_END'
+
+test_expect_success \
+	'N: copy to root by id and modify' \
+	'echo "hello, world" >expect.foo &&
+	 echo hello >expect.bar &&
+	 git fast-import <<-SETUP_END &&
+	commit refs/heads/N7
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	hello, tree
+	COMMIT
+
+	deleteall
+	M 644 inline foo/bar
+	data <<EOF
+	hello
+	EOF
+	SETUP_END
+
+	 tree=$(git rev-parse --verify N7:) &&
+	 git fast-import <<-INPUT_END &&
+	commit refs/heads/N8
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	copy to root by id and modify
+	COMMIT
+
+	M 040000 $tree ""
+	M 644 inline foo/foo
+	data <<EOF
+	hello, world
+	EOF
+	INPUT_END
+	 git show N8:foo/foo >actual.foo &&
+	 git show N8:foo/bar >actual.bar &&
+	 test_cmp expect.foo actual.foo &&
+	 test_cmp expect.bar actual.bar'
+
+test_expect_success \
+	'N: extract subtree' \
+	'branch=$(git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/branch^{tree}) &&
+	 cat >input <<-INPUT_END &&
+	commit refs/heads/N9
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	extract subtree branch:newdir
+	COMMIT
+
+	M 040000 $branch ""
+	C "newdir" ""
+	INPUT_END
+	 git fast-import <input &&
+	 git diff --exit-code branch:newdir N9'
+
+test_expect_success \
+	'N: modify subtree, extract it, and modify again' \
+	'echo hello >expect.baz &&
+	 echo hello, world >expect.qux &&
+	 git fast-import <<-SETUP_END &&
+	commit refs/heads/N10
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	hello, tree
+	COMMIT
+
+	deleteall
+	M 644 inline foo/bar/baz
+	data <<EOF
+	hello
+	EOF
+	SETUP_END
+
+	 tree=$(git rev-parse --verify N10:) &&
+	 git fast-import <<-INPUT_END &&
+	commit refs/heads/N11
+	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
+	data <<COMMIT
+	copy to root by id and modify
+	COMMIT
+
+	M 040000 $tree ""
+	M 100644 inline foo/bar/qux
+	data <<EOF
+	hello, world
+	EOF
+	R "foo" ""
+	C "bar/qux" "bar/quux"
+	INPUT_END
+	 git show N11:bar/baz >actual.baz &&
+	 git show N11:bar/qux >actual.qux &&
+	 git show N11:bar/quux >actual.quux &&
+	 test_cmp expect.baz actual.baz &&
+	 test_cmp expect.qux actual.qux &&
+	 test_cmp expect.qux actual.quux'
+
 ###
 ### series O
 ###
diff --git a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
index 8c8e679468..f823c05305 100755
--- a/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
+++ b/t/t9350-fast-export.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_tick &&
 	git tag rein &&
 	git checkout -b wer HEAD^ &&
-	echo lange > file2
+	echo lange > file2 &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m sitzt file2 &&
 	test_tick &&
diff --git a/t/t9400-git-cvsserver-server.sh b/t/t9400-git-cvsserver-server.sh
index 36c457e7f2..9199550ef4 100755
--- a/t/t9400-git-cvsserver-server.sh
+++ b/t/t9400-git-cvsserver-server.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 # as argument to co -d
 test_expect_success 'basic checkout' \
   'GIT_CONFIG="$git_config" cvs -Q co -d cvswork master &&
-   test "$(echo $(grep -v ^D cvswork/CVS/Entries|cut -d/ -f2,3,5 | head -n 1))" = "empty/1.1/"
+   test "$(echo $(grep -v ^D cvswork/CVS/Entries|cut -d/ -f2,3,5 | head -n 1))" = "empty/1.1/" &&
    test "$(echo $(grep -v ^D cvswork/CVS/Entries|cut -d/ -f2,3,5 | sed -ne \$p))" = "secondrootfile/1.1/"'
 
 #------------------------
diff --git a/t/t9401-git-cvsserver-crlf.sh b/t/t9401-git-cvsserver-crlf.sh
index 1bbfd824e5..ff6d6fb473 100755
--- a/t/t9401-git-cvsserver-crlf.sh
+++ b/t/t9401-git-cvsserver-crlf.sh
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
     mkdir subdir &&
     echo "Another text file" > subdir/file.h &&
     echo "Another binary: Q (this time CR)" | q_to_cr > subdir/withCr.bin &&
-    echo "Mixed up NUL, but marked text: Q <- there" | q_to_nul > mixedUp.c
+    echo "Mixed up NUL, but marked text: Q <- there" | q_to_nul > mixedUp.c &&
     echo "Unspecified" > subdir/unspecified.other &&
     echo "/*.bin -crlf" > .gitattributes &&
     echo "/*.c crlf" >> .gitattributes &&
diff --git a/t/t9700/test.pl b/t/t9700/test.pl
index 671f38db2b..c15ca2d647 100755
--- a/t/t9700/test.pl
+++ b/t/t9700/test.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl
 use lib (split(/:/, $ENV{GITPERLLIB}));
 
-use 5.006002;
+use 5.008;
 use warnings;
 use strict;
 
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 2af8f10c83..48fa516004 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -238,14 +238,51 @@ test_set_editor () {
 }
 
 test_decode_color () {
-	sed	-e 's/.\[1m/<WHITE>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[31m/<RED>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[32m/<GREEN>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[33m/<YELLOW>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[34m/<BLUE>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[35m/<MAGENTA>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[36m/<CYAN>/g' \
-		-e 's/.\[m/<RESET>/g'
+	awk '
+		function name(n) {
+			if (n == 0) return "RESET";
+			if (n == 1) return "BOLD";
+			if (n == 30) return "BLACK";
+			if (n == 31) return "RED";
+			if (n == 32) return "GREEN";
+			if (n == 33) return "YELLOW";
+			if (n == 34) return "BLUE";
+			if (n == 35) return "MAGENTA";
+			if (n == 36) return "CYAN";
+			if (n == 37) return "WHITE";
+			if (n == 40) return "BLACK";
+			if (n == 41) return "BRED";
+			if (n == 42) return "BGREEN";
+			if (n == 43) return "BYELLOW";
+			if (n == 44) return "BBLUE";
+			if (n == 45) return "BMAGENTA";
+			if (n == 46) return "BCYAN";
+			if (n == 47) return "BWHITE";
+		}
+		{
+			while (match($0, /\x1b\[[0-9;]*m/) != 0) {
+				printf "%s<", substr($0, 1, RSTART-1);
+				codes = substr($0, RSTART+2, RLENGTH-3);
+				if (length(codes) == 0)
+					printf "%s", name(0)
+				else {
+					n = split(codes, ary, ";");
+					sep = "";
+					for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+						printf "%s%s", sep, name(ary[i]);
+						sep = ";"
+					}
+				}
+				printf ">";
+				$0 = substr($0, RSTART + RLENGTH, length($0) - RSTART - RLENGTH + 1);
+			}
+			print
+		}
+	'
+}
+
+nul_to_q () {
+	perl -pe 'y/\000/Q/'
 }
 
 q_to_nul () {
@@ -268,6 +305,17 @@ remove_cr () {
 	tr '\015' Q | sed -e 's/Q$//'
 }
 
+# In some bourne shell implementations, the "unset" builtin returns
+# nonzero status when a variable to be unset was not set in the first
+# place.
+#
+# Use sane_unset when that should not be considered an error.
+
+sane_unset () {
+	unset "$@"
+	return 0
+}
+
 test_tick () {
 	if test -z "${test_tick+set}"
 	then
@@ -362,6 +410,15 @@ test_have_prereq () {
 	test $total_prereq = $ok_prereq
 }
 
+test_declared_prereq () {
+	case ",$test_prereq," in
+	*,$1,*)
+		return 0
+		;;
+	esac
+	return 1
+}
+
 # You are not expected to call test_ok_ and test_failure_ directly, use
 # the text_expect_* functions instead.
 
@@ -414,17 +471,17 @@ test_skip () {
 			break
 		esac
 	done
-	if test -z "$to_skip" && test -n "$prereq" &&
-	   ! test_have_prereq "$prereq"
+	if test -z "$to_skip" && test -n "$test_prereq" &&
+	   ! test_have_prereq "$test_prereq"
 	then
 		to_skip=t
 	fi
 	case "$to_skip" in
 	t)
 		of_prereq=
-		if test "$missing_prereq" != "$prereq"
+		if test "$missing_prereq" != "$test_prereq"
 		then
-			of_prereq=" of $prereq"
+			of_prereq=" of $test_prereq"
 		fi
 
 		say_color skip >&3 "skipping test: $@"
@@ -438,9 +495,10 @@ test_skip () {
 }
 
 test_expect_failure () {
-	test "$#" = 3 && { prereq=$1; shift; } || prereq=
+	test "$#" = 3 && { test_prereq=$1; shift; } || test_prereq=
 	test "$#" = 2 ||
 	error "bug in the test script: not 2 or 3 parameters to test-expect-failure"
+	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
 		say >&3 "checking known breakage: $2"
@@ -456,9 +514,10 @@ test_expect_failure () {
 }
 
 test_expect_success () {
-	test "$#" = 3 && { prereq=$1; shift; } || prereq=
+	test "$#" = 3 && { test_prereq=$1; shift; } || test_prereq=
 	test "$#" = 2 ||
 	error "bug in the test script: not 2 or 3 parameters to test-expect-success"
+	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
 		say >&3 "expecting success: $2"
@@ -473,24 +532,6 @@ test_expect_success () {
 	echo >&3 ""
 }
 
-test_expect_code () {
-	test "$#" = 4 && { prereq=$1; shift; } || prereq=
-	test "$#" = 3 ||
-	error "bug in the test script: not 3 or 4 parameters to test-expect-code"
-	if ! test_skip "$@"
-	then
-		say >&3 "expecting exit code $1: $3"
-		test_run_ "$3"
-		if [ "$?" = 0 -a "$eval_ret" = "$1" ]
-		then
-			test_ok_ "$2"
-		else
-			test_failure_ "$@"
-		fi
-	fi
-	echo >&3 ""
-}
-
 # test_external runs external test scripts that provide continuous
 # test output about their progress, and succeeds/fails on
 # zero/non-zero exit code.  It outputs the test output on stdout even
@@ -500,11 +541,12 @@ test_expect_code () {
 # Usage: test_external description command arguments...
 # Example: test_external 'Perl API' perl ../path/to/test.pl
 test_external () {
-	test "$#" = 4 && { prereq=$1; shift; } || prereq=
+	test "$#" = 4 && { test_prereq=$1; shift; } || test_prereq=
 	test "$#" = 3 ||
 	error >&5 "bug in the test script: not 3 or 4 parameters to test_external"
 	descr="$1"
 	shift
+	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$descr" "$@"
 	then
 		# Announce the script to reduce confusion about the
@@ -605,6 +647,28 @@ test_path_is_missing () {
 	fi
 }
 
+# test_line_count checks that a file has the number of lines it
+# ought to. For example:
+#
+#	test_expect_success 'produce exactly one line of output' '
+#		do something >output &&
+#		test_line_count = 1 output
+#	'
+#
+# is like "test $(wc -l <output) = 1" except that it passes the
+# output through when the number of lines is wrong.
+
+test_line_count () {
+	if test $# != 3
+	then
+		error "bug in the test script: not 3 parameters to test_line_count"
+	elif ! test $(wc -l <"$3") "$1" "$2"
+	then
+		echo "test_line_count: line count for $3 !$1 $2"
+		cat "$3"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
 
 # This is not among top-level (test_expect_success | test_expect_failure)
 # but is a prefix that can be used in the test script, like:
@@ -658,6 +722,28 @@ test_might_fail () {
 	return 0
 }
 
+# Similar to test_must_fail and test_might_fail, but check that a
+# given command exited with a given exit code. Meant to be used as:
+#
+#	test_expect_success 'Merge with d/f conflicts' '
+#		test_expect_code 1 git merge "merge msg" B master
+#	'
+
+test_expect_code () {
+	want_code=$1
+	shift
+	"$@"
+	exit_code=$?
+	if test $exit_code = $want_code
+	then
+		echo >&2 "test_expect_code: command exited with $exit_code: $*"
+		return 0
+	else
+		echo >&2 "test_expect_code: command exited with $exit_code, we wanted $want_code $*"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
 # test_cmp is a helper function to compare actual and expected output.
 # You can use it like:
 #
diff --git a/t/test-terminal.perl b/t/test-terminal.perl
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ee01eb957e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/test-terminal.perl
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+use 5.008;
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use IO::Pty;
+use File::Copy;
+
+# Run @$argv in the background with stdio redirected to $out and $err.
+sub start_child {
+	my ($argv, $out, $err) = @_;
+	my $pid = fork;
+	if (not defined $pid) {
+		die "fork failed: $!"
+	} elsif ($pid == 0) {
+		open STDOUT, ">&", $out;
+		open STDERR, ">&", $err;
+		close $out;
+		exec(@$argv) or die "cannot exec '$argv->[0]': $!"
+	}
+	return $pid;
+}
+
+# Wait for $pid to finish.
+sub finish_child {
+	# Simplified from wait_or_whine() in run-command.c.
+	my ($pid) = @_;
+
+	my $waiting = waitpid($pid, 0);
+	if ($waiting < 0) {
+		die "waitpid failed: $!";
+	} elsif ($? & 127) {
+		my $code = $? & 127;
+		warn "died of signal $code";
+		return $code - 128;
+	} else {
+		return $? >> 8;
+	}
+}
+
+sub xsendfile {
+	my ($out, $in) = @_;
+
+	# Note: the real sendfile() cannot read from a terminal.
+
+	# It is unspecified by POSIX whether reads
+	# from a disconnected terminal will return
+	# EIO (as in AIX 4.x, IRIX, and Linux) or
+	# end-of-file.  Either is fine.
+	copy($in, $out, 4096) or $!{EIO} or die "cannot copy from child: $!";
+}
+
+sub copy_stdio {
+	my ($out, $err) = @_;
+	my $pid = fork;
+	defined $pid or die "fork failed: $!";
+	if (!$pid) {
+		close($out);
+		xsendfile(\*STDERR, $err);
+		exit 0;
+	}
+	close($err);
+	xsendfile(\*STDOUT, $out);
+	finish_child($pid) == 0
+		or exit 1;
+}
+
+if ($#ARGV < 1) {
+	die "usage: test-terminal program args";
+}
+my $master_out = new IO::Pty;
+my $master_err = new IO::Pty;
+my $pid = start_child(\@ARGV, $master_out->slave, $master_err->slave);
+close $master_out->slave;
+close $master_err->slave;
+copy_stdio($master_out, $master_err);
+exit(finish_child($pid));
diff --git a/test-parse-options.c b/test-parse-options.c
index acd1a2ba70..0828592162 100644
--- a/test-parse-options.c
+++ b/test-parse-options.c
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 		  "negative ambiguity", PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG },
 		OPT_GROUP("Standard options"),
 		OPT__ABBREV(&abbrev),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose),
-		OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run),
-		OPT__QUIET(&quiet),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, "be verbose"),
+		OPT__DRY_RUN(&dry_run, "dry run"),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, "be quiet"),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 	int i;
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index 4dba6f8815..0078660611 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -789,6 +789,7 @@ static int git_transport_push(struct transport *transport, struct ref *remote_re
 	args.use_thin_pack = data->options.thin;
 	args.verbose = (transport->verbose > 0);
 	args.quiet = (transport->verbose < 0);
+	args.progress = transport->progress;
 	args.dry_run = !!(flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN);
 	args.porcelain = !!(flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_PORCELAIN);
 
diff --git a/tree-diff.c b/tree-diff.c
index cd659c6fe4..12c9a88884 100644
--- a/tree-diff.c
+++ b/tree-diff.c
@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@ static int compare_tree_entry(struct tree_desc *t1, struct tree_desc *t2, const
 /*
  * Is a tree entry interesting given the pathspec we have?
  *
+ * Pre-condition: baselen == 0 || base[baselen-1] == '/'
+ *
  * Return:
  *  - 2 for "yes, and all subsequent entries will be"
  *  - 1 for yes
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ static int tree_entry_interesting(struct tree_desc *desc, const char *base, int
 	int never_interesting = -1;
 
 	if (!opt->nr_paths)
-		return 1;
+		return 2;
 
 	sha1 = tree_entry_extract(desc, &path, &mode);
 
@@ -257,19 +259,12 @@ static void show_entry(struct diff_options *opt, const char *prefix, struct tree
 	}
 }
 
-static void skip_uninteresting(struct tree_desc *t, const char *base, int baselen, struct diff_options *opt)
+static void skip_uninteresting(struct tree_desc *t, const char *base, int baselen, struct diff_options *opt, int *all_interesting)
 {
-	int all_interesting = 0;
 	while (t->size) {
-		int show;
-
-		if (all_interesting)
-			show = 1;
-		else {
-			show = tree_entry_interesting(t, base, baselen, opt);
-			if (show == 2)
-				all_interesting = 1;
-		}
+		int show = tree_entry_interesting(t, base, baselen, opt);
+		if (show == 2)
+			*all_interesting = 1;
 		if (!show) {
 			update_tree_entry(t);
 			continue;
@@ -284,14 +279,20 @@ static void skip_uninteresting(struct tree_desc *t, const char *base, int basele
 int diff_tree(struct tree_desc *t1, struct tree_desc *t2, const char *base, struct diff_options *opt)
 {
 	int baselen = strlen(base);
+	int all_t1_interesting = 0;
+	int all_t2_interesting = 0;
 
 	for (;;) {
 		if (DIFF_OPT_TST(opt, QUICK) &&
 		    DIFF_OPT_TST(opt, HAS_CHANGES))
 			break;
 		if (opt->nr_paths) {
-			skip_uninteresting(t1, base, baselen, opt);
-			skip_uninteresting(t2, base, baselen, opt);
+			if (!all_t1_interesting)
+				skip_uninteresting(t1, base, baselen, opt,
+						   &all_t1_interesting);
+			if (!all_t2_interesting)
+				skip_uninteresting(t2, base, baselen, opt,
+						   &all_t2_interesting);
 		}
 		if (!t1->size) {
 			if (!t2->size)
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 803445aa7b..d5a453079a 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ const char *unpack_plumbing_errors[NB_UNPACK_TREES_ERROR_TYPES] = {
 void setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(struct unpack_trees_options *opts,
 				  const char *cmd)
 {
+	int i;
 	const char **msgs = opts->msgs;
 	const char *msg;
 	char *tmp;
@@ -96,6 +97,9 @@ void setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(struct unpack_trees_options *opts,
 		"The following Working tree files would be removed by sparse checkout update:\n%s";
 
 	opts->show_all_errors = 1;
+	/* rejected paths may not have a static buffer */
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(opts->unpack_rejects); i++)
+		opts->unpack_rejects[i].strdup_strings = 1;
 }
 
 static void add_entry(struct unpack_trees_options *o, struct cache_entry *ce,
@@ -124,7 +128,6 @@ static int add_rejected_path(struct unpack_trees_options *o,
 			     enum unpack_trees_error_types e,
 			     const char *path)
 {
-	struct rejected_paths_list *newentry;
 	if (!o->show_all_errors)
 		return error(ERRORMSG(o, e), path);
 
@@ -132,45 +135,28 @@ static int add_rejected_path(struct unpack_trees_options *o,
 	 * Otherwise, insert in a list for future display by
 	 * display_error_msgs()
 	 */
-	newentry = xmalloc(sizeof(struct rejected_paths_list));
-	newentry->path = (char *)path;
-	newentry->next = o->unpack_rejects[e];
-	o->unpack_rejects[e] = newentry;
+	string_list_append(&o->unpack_rejects[e], path);
 	return -1;
 }
 
-/*
- * free all the structures allocated for the error <e>
- */
-static void free_rejected_paths(struct unpack_trees_options *o,
-				enum unpack_trees_error_types e)
-{
-	while (o->unpack_rejects[e]) {
-		struct rejected_paths_list *del = o->unpack_rejects[e];
-		o->unpack_rejects[e] = o->unpack_rejects[e]->next;
-		free(del);
-	}
-	free(o->unpack_rejects[e]);
-}
-
 /*
  * display all the error messages stored in a nice way
  */
 static void display_error_msgs(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
-	int e;
+	int e, i;
 	int something_displayed = 0;
 	for (e = 0; e < NB_UNPACK_TREES_ERROR_TYPES; e++) {
-		if (o->unpack_rejects[e]) {
-			struct rejected_paths_list *rp;
+		struct string_list *rejects = &o->unpack_rejects[e];
+		if (rejects->nr > 0) {
 			struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
 			something_displayed = 1;
-			for (rp = o->unpack_rejects[e]; rp; rp = rp->next)
-				strbuf_addf(&path, "\t%s\n", rp->path);
+			for (i = 0; i < rejects->nr; i++)
+				strbuf_addf(&path, "\t%s\n", rejects->items[i].string);
 			error(ERRORMSG(o, e), path.buf);
 			strbuf_release(&path);
-			free_rejected_paths(o, e);
 		}
+		string_list_clear(rejects, 0);
 	}
 	if (something_displayed)
 		printf("Aborting\n");
@@ -182,7 +168,7 @@ static void display_error_msgs(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
  */
 static void unlink_entry(struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
-	if (has_symlink_or_noent_leading_path(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce)))
+	if (!check_leading_path(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce)))
 		return;
 	if (remove_or_warn(ce->ce_mode, ce->name))
 		return;
@@ -1127,14 +1113,65 @@ static int verify_clean_subdirectory(struct cache_entry *ce,
  * See if we can find a case-insensitive match in the index that also
  * matches the stat information, and assume it's that other file!
  */
-static int icase_exists(struct unpack_trees_options *o, struct cache_entry *dst, struct stat *st)
+static int icase_exists(struct unpack_trees_options *o, const char *name, int len, struct stat *st)
 {
 	struct cache_entry *src;
 
-	src = index_name_exists(o->src_index, dst->name, ce_namelen(dst), 1);
+	src = index_name_exists(o->src_index, name, len, 1);
 	return src && !ie_match_stat(o->src_index, src, st, CE_MATCH_IGNORE_VALID|CE_MATCH_IGNORE_SKIP_WORKTREE);
 }
 
+static int check_ok_to_remove(const char *name, int len, int dtype,
+			      struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st,
+			      enum unpack_trees_error_types error_type,
+			      struct unpack_trees_options *o)
+{
+	struct cache_entry *result;
+
+	/*
+	 * It may be that the 'lstat()' succeeded even though
+	 * target 'ce' was absent, because there is an old
+	 * entry that is different only in case..
+	 *
+	 * Ignore that lstat() if it matches.
+	 */
+	if (ignore_case && icase_exists(o, name, len, st))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (o->dir && excluded(o->dir, name, &dtype))
+		/*
+		 * ce->name is explicitly excluded, so it is Ok to
+		 * overwrite it.
+		 */
+		return 0;
+	if (S_ISDIR(st->st_mode)) {
+		/*
+		 * We are checking out path "foo" and
+		 * found "foo/." in the working tree.
+		 * This is tricky -- if we have modified
+		 * files that are in "foo/" we would lose
+		 * them.
+		 */
+		if (verify_clean_subdirectory(ce, error_type, o) < 0)
+			return -1;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The previous round may already have decided to
+	 * delete this path, which is in a subdirectory that
+	 * is being replaced with a blob.
+	 */
+	result = index_name_exists(&o->result, name, len, 0);
+	if (result) {
+		if (result->ce_flags & CE_REMOVE)
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	return o->gently ? -1 :
+		add_rejected_path(o, error_type, name);
+}
+
 /*
  * We do not want to remove or overwrite a working tree file that
  * is not tracked, unless it is ignored.
@@ -1143,63 +1180,31 @@ static int verify_absent_1(struct cache_entry *ce,
 				 enum unpack_trees_error_types error_type,
 				 struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
+	int len;
 	struct stat st;
 
 	if (o->index_only || o->reset || !o->update)
 		return 0;
 
-	if (has_symlink_or_noent_leading_path(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce)))
+	len = check_leading_path(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce));
+	if (!len)
 		return 0;
+	else if (len > 0) {
+		char path[PATH_MAX + 1];
+		memcpy(path, ce->name, len);
+		path[len] = 0;
+		lstat(path, &st);
+
+		return check_ok_to_remove(path, len, DT_UNKNOWN, NULL, &st,
+				error_type, o);
+	} else if (!lstat(ce->name, &st))
+		return check_ok_to_remove(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce),
+				ce_to_dtype(ce), ce, &st,
+				error_type, o);
 
-	if (!lstat(ce->name, &st)) {
-		int dtype = ce_to_dtype(ce);
-		struct cache_entry *result;
-
-		/*
-		 * It may be that the 'lstat()' succeeded even though
-		 * target 'ce' was absent, because there is an old
-		 * entry that is different only in case..
-		 *
-		 * Ignore that lstat() if it matches.
-		 */
-		if (ignore_case && icase_exists(o, ce, &st))
-			return 0;
-
-		if (o->dir && excluded(o->dir, ce->name, &dtype))
-			/*
-			 * ce->name is explicitly excluded, so it is Ok to
-			 * overwrite it.
-			 */
-			return 0;
-		if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-			/*
-			 * We are checking out path "foo" and
-			 * found "foo/." in the working tree.
-			 * This is tricky -- if we have modified
-			 * files that are in "foo/" we would lose
-			 * them.
-			 */
-			if (verify_clean_subdirectory(ce, error_type, o) < 0)
-				return -1;
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * The previous round may already have decided to
-		 * delete this path, which is in a subdirectory that
-		 * is being replaced with a blob.
-		 */
-		result = index_name_exists(&o->result, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), 0);
-		if (result) {
-			if (result->ce_flags & CE_REMOVE)
-				return 0;
-		}
-
-		return o->gently ? -1 :
-			add_rejected_path(o, error_type, ce->name);
-	}
 	return 0;
 }
+
 static int verify_absent(struct cache_entry *ce,
 			 enum unpack_trees_error_types error_type,
 			 struct unpack_trees_options *o)
diff --git a/unpack-trees.h b/unpack-trees.h
index 7c0187d11a..cd11a08365 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.h
+++ b/unpack-trees.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef UNPACK_TREES_H
 #define UNPACK_TREES_H
 
+#include "string-list.h"
+
 #define MAX_UNPACK_TREES 8
 
 struct unpack_trees_options;
@@ -29,11 +31,6 @@ enum unpack_trees_error_types {
 void setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(struct unpack_trees_options *opts,
 				  const char *cmd);
 
-struct rejected_paths_list {
-	char *path;
-	struct rejected_paths_list *next;
-};
-
 struct unpack_trees_options {
 	unsigned int reset,
 		     merge,
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ struct unpack_trees_options {
 	 * Store error messages in an array, each case
 	 * corresponding to a error message type
 	 */
-	struct rejected_paths_list *unpack_rejects[NB_UNPACK_TREES_ERROR_TYPES];
+	struct string_list unpack_rejects[NB_UNPACK_TREES_ERROR_TYPES];
 
 	int head_idx;
 	int merge_size;
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index 92f9530c65..f05e4229d0 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include "list-objects.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 
-static const char upload_pack_usage[] = "git upload-pack [--strict] [--timeout=nn] <dir>";
+static const char upload_pack_usage[] = "git upload-pack [--strict] [--timeout=<n>] <dir>";
 
 /* bits #0..7 in revision.h, #8..10 in commit.c */
 #define THEY_HAVE	(1u << 11)
diff --git a/wrapper.c b/wrapper.c
index fd8ead33ed..4c1639f153 100644
--- a/wrapper.c
+++ b/wrapper.c
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
  */
 #include "cache.h"
 
-static void try_to_free_builtin(size_t size)
+static void do_nothing(size_t size)
 {
-	release_pack_memory(size, -1);
 }
 
-static void (*try_to_free_routine)(size_t size) = try_to_free_builtin;
+static void (*try_to_free_routine)(size_t size) = do_nothing;
 
 try_to_free_t set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_t routine)
 {
@@ -108,21 +107,6 @@ void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
-	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
-{
-	void *ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-	if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
-		if (!length)
-			return NULL;
-		release_pack_memory(length, fd);
-		ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-		if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
-			die_errno("Out of memory? mmap failed");
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-
 /*
  * xread() is the same a read(), but it automatically restarts read()
  * operations with a recoverable error (EAGAIN and EINTR). xread()
@@ -219,111 +203,127 @@ int xmkstemp(char *template)
 	return fd;
 }
 
-int xmkstemp_mode(char *template, int mode)
+/* git_mkstemp() - create tmp file honoring TMPDIR variable */
+int git_mkstemp(char *path, size_t len, const char *template)
 {
-	int fd;
-
-	fd = git_mkstemp_mode(template, mode);
-	if (fd < 0)
-		die_errno("Unable to create temporary file");
-	return fd;
+	const char *tmp;
+	size_t n;
+
+	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
+	if (!tmp)
+		tmp = "/tmp";
+	n = snprintf(path, len, "%s/%s", tmp, template);
+	if (len <= n) {
+		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return mkstemp(path);
 }
 
-/*
- * zlib wrappers to make sure we don't silently miss errors
- * at init time.
- */
-void git_inflate_init(z_streamp strm)
+/* git_mkstemps() - create tmp file with suffix honoring TMPDIR variable. */
+int git_mkstemps(char *path, size_t len, const char *template, int suffix_len)
 {
-	const char *err;
-
-	switch (inflateInit(strm)) {
-	case Z_OK:
-		return;
-
-	case Z_MEM_ERROR:
-		err = "out of memory";
-		break;
-	case Z_VERSION_ERROR:
-		err = "wrong version";
-		break;
-	default:
-		err = "error";
+	const char *tmp;
+	size_t n;
+
+	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
+	if (!tmp)
+		tmp = "/tmp";
+	n = snprintf(path, len, "%s/%s", tmp, template);
+	if (len <= n) {
+		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
+		return -1;
 	}
-	die("inflateInit: %s (%s)", err, strm->msg ? strm->msg : "no message");
+	return mkstemps(path, suffix_len);
 }
 
-void git_inflate_end(z_streamp strm)
+/* Adapted from libiberty's mkstemp.c. */
+
+#undef TMP_MAX
+#define TMP_MAX 16384
+
+int git_mkstemps_mode(char *pattern, int suffix_len, int mode)
 {
-	if (inflateEnd(strm) != Z_OK)
-		error("inflateEnd: %s", strm->msg ? strm->msg : "failed");
+	static const char letters[] =
+		"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+		"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+		"0123456789";
+	static const int num_letters = 62;
+	uint64_t value;
+	struct timeval tv;
+	char *template;
+	size_t len;
+	int fd, count;
+
+	len = strlen(pattern);
+
+	if (len < 6 + suffix_len) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (strncmp(&pattern[len - 6 - suffix_len], "XXXXXX", 6)) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Replace pattern's XXXXXX characters with randomness.
+	 * Try TMP_MAX different filenames.
+	 */
+	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
+	value = ((size_t)(tv.tv_usec << 16)) ^ tv.tv_sec ^ getpid();
+	template = &pattern[len - 6 - suffix_len];
+	for (count = 0; count < TMP_MAX; ++count) {
+		uint64_t v = value;
+		/* Fill in the random bits. */
+		template[0] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+		template[1] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+		template[2] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+		template[3] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+		template[4] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+		template[5] = letters[v % num_letters]; v /= num_letters;
+
+		fd = open(pattern, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR, mode);
+		if (fd > 0)
+			return fd;
+		/*
+		 * Fatal error (EPERM, ENOSPC etc).
+		 * It doesn't make sense to loop.
+		 */
+		if (errno != EEXIST)
+			break;
+		/*
+		 * This is a random value.  It is only necessary that
+		 * the next TMP_MAX values generated by adding 7777 to
+		 * VALUE are different with (module 2^32).
+		 */
+		value += 7777;
+	}
+	/* We return the null string if we can't find a unique file name.  */
+	pattern[0] = '\0';
+	return -1;
 }
 
-int git_inflate(z_streamp strm, int flush)
+int git_mkstemp_mode(char *pattern, int mode)
 {
-	int ret = inflate(strm, flush);
-	const char *err;
-
-	switch (ret) {
-	/* Out of memory is fatal. */
-	case Z_MEM_ERROR:
-		die("inflate: out of memory");
-
-	/* Data corruption errors: we may want to recover from them (fsck) */
-	case Z_NEED_DICT:
-		err = "needs dictionary"; break;
-	case Z_DATA_ERROR:
-		err = "data stream error"; break;
-	case Z_STREAM_ERROR:
-		err = "stream consistency error"; break;
-	default:
-		err = "unknown error"; break;
-
-	/* Z_BUF_ERROR: normal, needs more space in the output buffer */
-	case Z_BUF_ERROR:
-	case Z_OK:
-	case Z_STREAM_END:
-		return ret;
-	}
-	error("inflate: %s (%s)", err, strm->msg ? strm->msg : "no message");
-	return ret;
+	/* mkstemp is just mkstemps with no suffix */
+	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, 0, mode);
 }
 
-int odb_mkstemp(char *template, size_t limit, const char *pattern)
+int gitmkstemps(char *pattern, int suffix_len)
 {
-	int fd;
-	/*
-	 * we let the umask do its job, don't try to be more
-	 * restrictive except to remove write permission.
-	 */
-	int mode = 0444;
-	snprintf(template, limit, "%s/%s",
-		 get_object_directory(), pattern);
-	fd = git_mkstemp_mode(template, mode);
-	if (0 <= fd)
-		return fd;
-
-	/* slow path */
-	/* some mkstemp implementations erase template on failure */
-	snprintf(template, limit, "%s/%s",
-		 get_object_directory(), pattern);
-	safe_create_leading_directories(template);
-	return xmkstemp_mode(template, mode);
+	return git_mkstemps_mode(pattern, suffix_len, 0600);
 }
 
-int odb_pack_keep(char *name, size_t namesz, unsigned char *sha1)
+int xmkstemp_mode(char *template, int mode)
 {
 	int fd;
 
-	snprintf(name, namesz, "%s/pack/pack-%s.keep",
-		 get_object_directory(), sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-	fd = open(name, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600);
-	if (0 <= fd)
-		return fd;
-
-	/* slow path */
-	safe_create_leading_directories(name);
-	return open(name, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0600);
+	fd = git_mkstemp_mode(template, mode);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		die_errno("Unable to create temporary file");
+	return fd;
 }
 
 static int warn_if_unremovable(const char *op, const char *file, int rc)
diff --git a/ws.c b/ws.c
index d7b8c33f14..7302f8f5a2 100644
--- a/ws.c
+++ b/ws.c
@@ -174,8 +174,11 @@ static unsigned ws_check_emit_1(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule,
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (trailing_whitespace == -1)
+		trailing_whitespace = len;
+
 	/* Check indentation */
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < trailing_whitespace; i++) {
 		if (line[i] == ' ')
 			continue;
 		if (line[i] != '\t')
@@ -218,8 +221,6 @@ static unsigned ws_check_emit_1(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule,
 		 * Now the rest of the line starts at "written".
 		 * The non-highlighted part ends at "trailing_whitespace".
 		 */
-		if (trailing_whitespace == -1)
-			trailing_whitespace = len;
 
 		/* Emit non-highlighted (middle) segment. */
 		if (trailing_whitespace - written > 0) {
diff --git a/wt-status.c b/wt-status.c
index fc2438f60b..06ae161c67 100644
--- a/wt-status.c
+++ b/wt-status.c
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ static void wt_status_print_dirty_header(struct wt_status *s,
 {
 	const char *c = color(WT_STATUS_HEADER, s);
 
-	color_fprintf_ln(s->fp, c, "# Changed but not updated:");
+	color_fprintf_ln(s->fp, c, "# Changes not staged for commit:");
 	if (!advice_status_hints)
 		return;
 	if (!has_deleted)
@@ -744,10 +744,20 @@ static void wt_shortstatus_status(int null_termination, struct string_list_item
 		const char *one;
 		if (d->head_path) {
 			one = quote_path(d->head_path, -1, &onebuf, s->prefix);
+			if (*one != '"' && strchr(one, ' ') != NULL) {
+				putchar('"');
+				strbuf_addch(&onebuf, '"');
+				one = onebuf.buf;
+			}
 			printf("%s -> ", one);
 			strbuf_release(&onebuf);
 		}
 		one = quote_path(it->string, -1, &onebuf, s->prefix);
+		if (*one != '"' && strchr(one, ' ') != NULL) {
+			putchar('"');
+			strbuf_addch(&onebuf, '"');
+			one = onebuf.buf;
+		}
 		printf("%s\n", one);
 		strbuf_release(&onebuf);
 	}
diff --git a/xdiff/xemit.c b/xdiff/xemit.c
index c4bedf0d1c..277e2eec5b 100644
--- a/xdiff/xemit.c
+++ b/xdiff/xemit.c
@@ -85,27 +85,6 @@ static long def_ff(const char *rec, long len, char *buf, long sz, void *priv)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static void xdl_find_func(xdfile_t *xf, long i, char *buf, long sz, long *ll,
-		find_func_t ff, void *ff_priv) {
-
-	/*
-	 * Be quite stupid about this for now.  Find a line in the old file
-	 * before the start of the hunk (and context) which starts with a
-	 * plausible character.
-	 */
-
-	const char *rec;
-	long len;
-
-	while (i-- > 0) {
-		len = xdl_get_rec(xf, i, &rec);
-		if ((*ll = ff(rec, len, buf, sz, ff_priv)) >= 0)
-			return;
-	}
-	*ll = 0;
-}
-
-
 static int xdl_emit_common(xdfenv_t *xe, xdchange_t *xscr, xdemitcb_t *ecb,
                            xdemitconf_t const *xecfg) {
 	xdfile_t *xdf = &xe->xdf1;
@@ -127,6 +106,7 @@ int xdl_emit_diff(xdfenv_t *xe, xdchange_t *xscr, xdemitcb_t *ecb,
 	xdchange_t *xch, *xche;
 	char funcbuf[80];
 	long funclen = 0;
+	long funclineprev = -1;
 	find_func_t ff = xecfg->find_func ?  xecfg->find_func : def_ff;
 
 	if (xecfg->flags & XDL_EMIT_COMMON)
@@ -150,9 +130,19 @@ int xdl_emit_diff(xdfenv_t *xe, xdchange_t *xscr, xdemitcb_t *ecb,
 		 */
 
 		if (xecfg->flags & XDL_EMIT_FUNCNAMES) {
-			xdl_find_func(&xe->xdf1, s1, funcbuf,
-				      sizeof(funcbuf), &funclen,
-				      ff, xecfg->find_func_priv);
+			long l;
+			for (l = s1 - 1; l >= 0 && l > funclineprev; l--) {
+				const char *rec;
+				long reclen = xdl_get_rec(&xe->xdf1, l, &rec);
+				long newfunclen = ff(rec, reclen, funcbuf,
+						     sizeof(funcbuf),
+						     xecfg->find_func_priv);
+				if (newfunclen >= 0) {
+					funclen = newfunclen;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			funclineprev = s1 - 1;
 		}
 		if (xdl_emit_hunk_hdr(s1 + 1, e1 - s1, s2 + 1, e2 - s2,
 				      funcbuf, funclen, ecb) < 0)
diff --git a/zlib.c b/zlib.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4d58da4e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zlib.c
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * zlib wrappers to make sure we don't silently miss errors
+ * at init time.
+ */
+#include "cache.h"
+
+void git_inflate_init(z_streamp strm)
+{
+	const char *err;
+
+	switch (inflateInit(strm)) {
+	case Z_OK:
+		return;
+
+	case Z_MEM_ERROR:
+		err = "out of memory";
+		break;
+	case Z_VERSION_ERROR:
+		err = "wrong version";
+		break;
+	default:
+		err = "error";
+	}
+	die("inflateInit: %s (%s)", err, strm->msg ? strm->msg : "no message");
+}
+
+void git_inflate_end(z_streamp strm)
+{
+	if (inflateEnd(strm) != Z_OK)
+		error("inflateEnd: %s", strm->msg ? strm->msg : "failed");
+}
+
+int git_inflate(z_streamp strm, int flush)
+{
+	int ret = inflate(strm, flush);
+	const char *err;
+
+	switch (ret) {
+	/* Out of memory is fatal. */
+	case Z_MEM_ERROR:
+		die("inflate: out of memory");
+
+	/* Data corruption errors: we may want to recover from them (fsck) */
+	case Z_NEED_DICT:
+		err = "needs dictionary"; break;
+	case Z_DATA_ERROR:
+		err = "data stream error"; break;
+	case Z_STREAM_ERROR:
+		err = "stream consistency error"; break;
+	default:
+		err = "unknown error"; break;
+
+	/* Z_BUF_ERROR: normal, needs more space in the output buffer */
+	case Z_BUF_ERROR:
+	case Z_OK:
+	case Z_STREAM_END:
+		return ret;
+	}
+	error("inflate: %s (%s)", err, strm->msg ? strm->msg : "no message");
+	return ret;
+}