From: Andrew Lorimer Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 04:28:43 +0000 (+1100) Subject: finish energy source tables X-Git-Tag: yr12~285 X-Git-Url: https://git.lorimer.id.au/notes.git/diff_plain/4df0947d5f1ae38cdbb7d950f0ed41439a0946b5?ds=sidebyside finish energy source tables --- diff --git a/chem/energy-sources.bib b/chem/energy-sources.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ff21d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/chem/energy-sources.bib @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +@misc{ wiki:xxx, + title = "Diesel fuel --- {Wikipedia}", + year = "2019", + howpublished = {\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel\_fuel}}, + note = "[Online; accessed 08-Jan-2019]" +} + +@book { chembook, + author = "{Taylor et. al.}", + title = "Chemistry 2: VCE units 3\&4", + year = "2017" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chem/energy-sources.pdf b/chem/energy-sources.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..723f34d Binary files /dev/null and b/chem/energy-sources.pdf differ diff --git a/chem/energy-sources.tex b/chem/energy-sources.tex index 4c35e5d..69d6c9f 100644 --- a/chem/energy-sources.tex +++ b/chem/energy-sources.tex @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ \documentclass{article} \usepackage[version=4]{mhchem} \usepackage[margin=0.2cm]{geometry} +\usepackage{array} \pagenumbering{gobble} \begin{document} @@ -12,21 +13,39 @@ \maketitle \begin{center} - \begin{tabular}{ | p{0.1\textwidth} | p{0.1\textwidth} | p{0.13\textwidth} | p{0.13\textwidth} | p{0.13\textwidth} | p{0.19\textwidth} |} + \begin{tabular}{ | m{0.1\textwidth} | m{0.07\textwidth} | m{0.13\textwidth} | m{0.13\textwidth} | m{0.13\textwidth} | m{0.26\textwidth} |} \hline - Energy source & Energy content & Renewability & Environmental impacts of extraction & Environmental impacts of combustion & Key combustion equation/s \\ \hline - Coal (brown/black) & Low (black: 34 kJ/g, brown: 16 kJ/g) & Very low - produced by fossilised plant material (thousands of years) & Destruction of vegetation, pollution due to mine waste (tailings etc), greenhouse emmissions from transport \& mining machinery & Acid rain (\ce{SO2}), greenhouse gas emmission & \\ \hline - Crude oil & & & Transport by road \& sea releases greenhouse gases. - & Toxic \ce{CO} with incomplete combustion, & Complete: \ce{2C16H34(l) + 49O2(g) -> 32CO2(g) + 34H2O(g)} Incomplete: \ce{2C16H34(l) + 17O2(g) -> 32C(s) + 34H2O(g)} \\ \hline - Petroleum gas & 48 kJ/g & Refinement causes hydrocarbon pollution of air. & & Uncombusted hydrocarbons may be released (\ce{CO}), causing photochemical smog. - & Complete: \hspace{2em} \ce{2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) -> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)} Incomplete: \ce{2C8H18(l) + 17O2(g) -> 16CO(g) + 18H2O(g)}\\ \hline - Coal seam gas & $\approx$ 54 kJ/g (nat. gas)& & Destruction of vegetation \& geology (drilling), pollution of aquifers & Greenhouse gas emmissions & Methane: \hspace{4em}\ce{CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)} \\ \hline - Biogas & Relatively inefficient & & & & \\ \hline - Bioethanol & & & & & \\ \hline - Biodiesel & & Very renewable – sourced from used cooking oil, tallow, oil seed crops & Consumption of waste (landfill reduction). Less space for agriculture \& forests. Biodegradable. Byproducts (glycerol) can be used elsewhere. & & \begin{align*}\ce{\\C17H29COOCH3(l) + 26O2(g)\\ -> 19CO2(g) + 16H2O(g)}\end{align*} \\ \hline + \textbf{Energy source} & \textbf{Energy content} & \textbf{Renewability} & \textbf{Environmental impacts of extraction} & \textbf{Environmental impacts of combustion} & \textbf{Key combustion equation/s} \\ \hline + Coal (brown/black) & Black: 34 kJ/g; Brown: 16 kJ/g & Non-renewable - produced by fossilised plant material (millions of years) & Destruction of vegetation, pollution due to mine waste, greenhouse emissions from transport \& mining machinery & Acid rain (\ce{SO2}), greenhouse gas emissions (accelerates climate change), air pollution (e.g. smog) & Complete: \ce{C(s) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)} \newline Incomplete: \ce{2C(s) + O2(g) -> 2CO(g)}\\ \hline + Crude oil & 30 kJ/g& Non-renewable - organisms fossilised over millions of years. Limited worldwide supply& Transport by road \& sea releases greenhouse gases. + & Toxic \ce{CO} with incomplete combustion, produces \ce{CO2} contributing to climate change. & Complete: \ce{2C16H34(l) + 49O2(g) -> 32CO2(g) + 34H2O(g)} \newline Incomplete: \ce{2C16H34(l) + 17O2(g) -> 32C(s) + 34H2O(g)} \\ \hline + Petroleum gas & 48 kJ/g & Non-renewable (derived from crude oil) & Refinement causes hydrocarbon pollution of air & Uncombusted hydrocarbons may be released (\ce{CO(g)}), causing photochemical smog. + & Complete: \ce{2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) -> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)}; $\Delta H = 5.51$ MJ/mol octane \newline Incomplete: \ce{2C8H18(l) + 17O2(g) -> 16CO(g) + 18H2O(g)}\\ \hline + Coal seam gas & $\approx54$ kJ/g (nat. gas)& Non-renewable (byproduct of natural coal production) & Destruction of vegetation \& geology (drilling), pollution of aquifers & Greenhouse gas emissions & Methane (complete): \hspace{4em}\ce{CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)} \\ \hline + Biogas & 26 kJ/g & Very renewable - sourced from anaerobically decaying organic waste (e.g. manure). Currently low worldwide supply. & Relief of landfill. Reduces air pollution from waste. May require damaging boring \& trenching. & Low odour \& smoke. Produces greenhouse gases like other methane-based fuels. & Methane (complete): \hspace{4em}\ce{CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)} \\ \hline + Bioethanol & 30 kJ/g& Very renewable - sourced from fermented sugars (e.g. wheat starch, molasses). Combining with E10 reduces renewability. & Comsumption of agricultural waste (landfill reduction). More land dedicated to bioethanol sources, less for food agriculture. & Produces \ce{CO(g)} and hydrocarbons (greenhouse gases) without E10. Produces \ce{CO2(g)} with E10. Can corrode engines (high water retention).& \ce{C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) -> 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)}; $\Delta H = 1370$ kJ/mol \\ \hline + Biodiesel & 42 kJ/g& Very renewable - sourced from used cooking oil, tallow, oil seed crops & Consumption of waste (landfill reduction). Less space for agriculture \& forests. Biodegradable. Byproducts (glycerol) can be used elsewhere. & Similar to petrodiesel - produces \ce{CO2(g)} (greenhouse gas), contributing to air pollution \& climate change & \ce{C17H29COOCH3(l) + 26O2(g) -> 19CO2(g) + 16H2O(g)} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} + \end{center} + +\newgeometry{margin=1.5cm} + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ | m{0.08\textwidth} | m{0.09\textwidth} | m{0.13\textwidth} | m{0.13\textwidth} | m{0.17\textwidth} | m{0.19\textwidth} |} + \hline + \textbf{Fuel type} & \textbf{Acquired from} & \textbf{Chemical structures} & \textbf{Combustion products} & \textbf{Fuel line flow} & \textbf{Environmental impacts} \\ \hline + + Petrodiesel & Refined crude oil (decaying marine life) & Alkanes (\ce{C_n H_{2n+1}}) - 12-24 \ce{C} atoms / molecule & Complete: \ce{CO2(g), H2O(g)} \newline Incomplete: \ce{C(s), H2O(g)} \newline Minor products: \ce{SO2, NO_x, CO} & Freezes at $\approx -8 ^\circ$ C. Viscoscity $\propto$ 1 / temperature. Gels at $-19 ^\circ$ C due to viscoscity. Vaporises at $\approx 370^\circ C$. Not significantly hygroscopic - inconducive to bacteria \& corrosion. & Extraction: destruction of marine environment, transport emissions, oil spills. \newline Refinement: hydrocarbon byproducts pollute air. \newline Combustion: greenhouse effect (climate change), air pollution e.g. photochemical smog, noise pollution. \\ \hline + Biodiesel & Fatty acids from plants \& animals - byproducts e.g. cooking oil, tallow, oil seed crops & Alcohol esters (\ce{C_n H_{2n+1} OH}). Fats (esters between fatty acids \& glycerol) reac with an alcohol e.g. methanol with a catalyst (transesterification). & Same emissions as petrodiesel, but $n[\ce{CO2(g)}]$ and $n[\ce{H2O(g)}]$ are lower. Higher \ce{NO_x} emission. & Freezes at $2^\circ$ C. Hygroscopic - gels at a higher temperature than petrodiesel (causes engine blockages) and accelerates growth \& rust. & Lower greenhouse gas emissions than petrodiesel. Biodegradable. Consumes waste. May consume land for agriculture or natural heritage (deforestation). \\ \hline + + \end{tabular} + + \end{center} +\bibliographystyle{plain} +\bibliography{energy-sources} +\nocite{*} + \end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chem/energy.md b/chem/energy.md index 30a6df1..384ae40 100644 --- a/chem/energy.md +++ b/chem/energy.md @@ -25,6 +25,31 @@ $$\text{calibration factor} = {E \over \Delta T} = {VIt \over \Delta T} \quad \t Substance used for energy production by **combustion** (exothermic) Fossil fuels - decaying organic material (e.g. coal, petrol, nat. gas) +Crude oil - mixture of alkanes +Derivatives: + +- petrodiesel (12-24 carbons / molecule) +- LPG +- nat. gas + ### Efficiency -$$\text{% efficiency} = {\text{energy obtained in desired form} \over \text{energy available before conversion}} \times 100$$ \ No newline at end of file +$$\text{% efficiency} = {\text{energy obtained in desired form} \over \text{energy available before conversion}} \times 100$$ + +### Refining crude oil + +**Fractional distillation** - liquid is separated based on boiling point. B.P $\propto$ molecular size. + +1. Separation column has temperature gradient (cooler at top) +2. Crude oil is heated and injected at base +3. Some components vapourise and rise +4. When they reach $h$ where $T_{\text{ambient}}(h)=T_{\text{boiling}}$, they condense +5. Trays catch falling condensed liquid + +![](graphics/fractional-distillation.png) + +### Biodiesel + +- made from animal & plant fats +- fats are esters between carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and glycerol. +- produced by reacting fats (triglycerides) with alcohol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chem/graphics/fractional-distillation.png b/chem/graphics/fractional-distillation.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2046778 Binary files /dev/null and b/chem/graphics/fractional-distillation.png differ