1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], 51 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 52 53* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2] 54 55* release notes for 56 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 57 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 58 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 59 60* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3] 61 62* release notes for 63 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 64 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 65 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 66 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 67 68* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4] 69 70* release notes for 71 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 72 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 73 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 74 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 75 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 76 77* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3] 78 79* release notes for 80 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 81 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 82 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 83 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 84 85* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6] 86 87* release notes for 88 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 89 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 90 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 91 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 92 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 93 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 94 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 95 96* link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5] 97 98* release notes for 99 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 100 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 101 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 102 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 103 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 104 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 105 106* link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11] 107 108* release notes for 109 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 110 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 111 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 112 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 113 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 114 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 115 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 116 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 120 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 121 122* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 123 124* release notes for 125 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 126 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 127 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 128 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 129 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 130 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 131 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 132 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 133 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 135 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 136 137* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 138 139* release notes for 140 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 141 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 142 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 143 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 144 145* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 146 147* release notes for 148 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 149 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 150 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 151 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 152 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 153 154* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 155 156* release notes for 157 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 158 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 159 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 160 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 161 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 162 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 163 164* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 165 166* release notes for 167 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 168 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 169 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 170 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 171 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 172 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 173 174* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 175 176* release notes for 177 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 178 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 179 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 180 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 181 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 182 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 183 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 184 185* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 186 187* release notes for 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 189 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 190 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 191 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 192 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 193 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 194 195* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 196 197* release notes for 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 200 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 201 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 202 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 203 204* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 205 206* release notes for 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 210 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 211 212* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 213 214* release notes for 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 219 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 220 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 221 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 222 223* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 224 225* release notes for 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 227 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 228 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 229 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 230 231* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 232 233* release notes for 234 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 235 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 236 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 237 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 238 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 239 240* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 241 242* release notes for 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 244 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 245 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 246 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 247 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 248 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 249 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 250 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 251 252* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 253 254* release notes for 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 256 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 257 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 258 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 259 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 260 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 261 262* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 263 264* release notes for 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 267 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 268 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 269 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 270 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 271 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 272 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 273 274* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 275 276* release notes for 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 278 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 279 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 280 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 281 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 282 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 283 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 284 285* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 286 287* release notes for 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 289 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 290 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 291 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 292 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 293 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 294 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 295 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 296 297* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 298 299* release notes for 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 301 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 302 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 303 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 304 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 305 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 306 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 307 308* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 309 310* release notes for 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 312 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 313 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 314 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 315 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 316 317* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 318 319* release notes for 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 323 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 324 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 325 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 326 327* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 328 329* release notes for 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 332 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 333 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 334 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 335 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 336 337* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 338 339* release notes for 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 342 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 343 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 344 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 345 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 346 347* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 348 349* release notes for 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 352 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 353 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 354 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 355 356* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 357 358* release notes for 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 362 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 363 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 364 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 365 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 366 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 369 370* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 371 372* release notes for 373 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 374 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 375 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 376 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 377 378* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 379 380* release notes for 381 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 382 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 383 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 384 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 385 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 386 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 387 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 388 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 391 392* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 393 394* release notes for 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 396 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 399 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 400 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 401 402* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 403 404* release notes for 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 407 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 408 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 409 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 410 411* release notes for 412 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 417 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 418 419* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 420 421* release notes for 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 425 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 426 427* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 428 429* release notes for 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 434 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 435 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 436 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 437 438* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 439 440* release notes for 441 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 442 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 443 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 444 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 445 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 446 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 447 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 448 449* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 450 451* release notes for 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 453 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 454 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 455 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 456 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 457 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 458 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 459 460* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 461 462* release notes for 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 464 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 465 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 466 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 467 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 468 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 469 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 470 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 471 472* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 473 474* release notes for 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 476 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 477 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 478 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 479 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 480 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 481 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 482 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 483 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 484 485* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 486 487* release notes for 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 489 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 490 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 492 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 493 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 494 495* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 496 497* release notes for 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 500 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 501 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 502 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 503 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 504 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 505 506* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 507 508* release notes for 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 510 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 511 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 512 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 513 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 514 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 515 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 516 517* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 518 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 519 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 520 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 521 522============ 523 524endif::stalenotes[] 525 526OPTIONS 527------- 528--version:: 529 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 530 531--help:: 532 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 533 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 534 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 535 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 536+ 537Other options are available to control how the manual page is 538displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 539because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 540help ...`. 541 542-C <path>:: 543 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 544 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 545 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 546 <path>`. 547+ 548This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 549`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 550made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 551example the following invocations are equivalent: 552 553 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 554 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 555 556-c <name>=<value>:: 557 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 558 given will override values from configuration files. 559 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 560 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 561+ 562Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 563`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 564config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 565foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 566 567--exec-path[=<path>]:: 568 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 569 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 570 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 571 the current setting and then exit. 572 573--html-path:: 574 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 575 documentation is installed and exit. 576 577--man-path:: 578 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 579 this version of Git and exit. 580 581--info-path:: 582 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 583 version of Git are installed and exit. 584 585-p:: 586--paginate:: 587 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 588 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 589 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 590 below). 591 592--no-pager:: 593 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 594 595--git-dir=<path>:: 596 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 597 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 598 path or relative path to current working directory. 599 600--work-tree=<path>:: 601 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 602 or a path relative to the current working directory. 603 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 604 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 605 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 606 more detailed discussion). 607 608--namespace=<path>:: 609 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 610 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 611 variable. 612 613--super-prefix=<path>:: 614 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 615 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 616 context about the superproject that invoked it. 617 618--bare:: 619 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 620 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 621 directory. 622 623--no-replace-objects:: 624 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 625 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 626 627--literal-pathspecs:: 628 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 629 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 630 variable to `1`. 631 632--glob-pathspecs:: 633 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 634 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 635 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 636 magic ":(literal)" 637 638--noglob-pathspecs:: 639 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 640 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 641 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 642 magic ":(glob)" 643 644--icase-pathspecs:: 645 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 646 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 647 648GIT COMMANDS 649------------ 650 651We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 652("plumbing") commands. 653 654High-level commands (porcelain) 655------------------------------- 656 657We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 658ancillary user utilities. 659 660Main porcelain commands 661~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 662 663include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 664 665Ancillary Commands 666~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 667Manipulators: 668 669include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 670 671Interrogators: 672 673include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 674 675 676Interacting with Others 677~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 678 679These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 680people via patch over e-mail. 681 682include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 683 684 685Low-level commands (plumbing) 686----------------------------- 687 688Although Git includes its 689own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 690development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 691might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 692linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 693 694The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 695to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 696than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 697primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 698on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 699end user experience. 700 701The following description divides 702the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 703the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 704compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 705repositories. 706 707 708Manipulation commands 709~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 710 711include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 712 713 714Interrogation commands 715~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 716 717include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 718 719In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 720the working tree. 721 722 723Synching repositories 724~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 725 726include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 727 728The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 729typically do not use them directly. 730 731include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 732 733 734Internal helper commands 735~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 736 737These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 738users typically do not use them directly. 739 740include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 741 742 743Configuration Mechanism 744----------------------- 745 746Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 747repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 748like this: 749 750------------ 751# 752# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 753# 754 755; core variables 756[core] 757 ; Don't trust file modes 758 filemode = false 759 760; user identity 761[user] 762 name = "Junio C Hamano" 763 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 764 765------------ 766 767Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 768their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 769list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 770 771 772Identifier Terminology 773---------------------- 774<object>:: 775 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 776 777<blob>:: 778 Indicates a blob object name. 779 780<tree>:: 781 Indicates a tree object name. 782 783<commit>:: 784 Indicates a commit object name. 785 786<tree-ish>:: 787 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 788 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 789 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 790 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 791 792<commit-ish>:: 793 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 794 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 795 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 796 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 797 798<type>:: 799 Indicates that an object type is required. 800 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 801 802<file>:: 803 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 804 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 805 806Symbolic Identifiers 807-------------------- 808Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 809symbolic notation: 810 811HEAD:: 812 indicates the head of the current branch. 813 814<tag>:: 815 a valid tag 'name' 816 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 817 818<head>:: 819 a valid head 'name' 820 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 821 822For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 823"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 824 825 826File/Directory Structure 827------------------------ 828 829Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 830 831Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 832 833Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 834`$GIT_DIR`. 835 836 837Terminology 838----------- 839Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 840 841 842Environment Variables 843--------------------- 844Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 845 846The Git Repository 847~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 848These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 849is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 850Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 851 852`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 853 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 854 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 855 is used. 856 857`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 858 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 859 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 860 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 861 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 862 863`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 864 If the object storage directory is specified via this 865 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 866 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 867 directory is used. 868 869`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 870 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 871 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 872 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 873 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 874 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 875+ 876 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 877 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 878 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 879 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 880 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 881 882`GIT_DIR`:: 883 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 884 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 885 for the base of the repository. 886 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 887 888`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 889 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 890 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 891 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 892 893`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 894 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 895 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 896 897`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 898 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 899 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 900 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 901 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 902 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 903 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 904 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 905 might be present in order to compare them with the current 906 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 907 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 908 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 909 e.g., 910 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 911 912`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 913 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 914 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 915 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 916 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 917 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 918 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 919 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 920 command line. 921 922`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 923 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 924 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 925 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 926 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 927 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 928 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 929 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 930 931Git Commits 932~~~~~~~~~~~ 933`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 934`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 935`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 936`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 937`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 938`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 939'EMAIL':: 940 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 941 942Git Diffs 943~~~~~~~~~ 944`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 945 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 946 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 947 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 948 value passed on the Git diff command line. 949 950`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 951 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 952 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 953 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 954 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 955 956 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 957+ 958where: 959 960 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 961 contents of <old|new>, 962 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 963 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 964+ 965The file parameters can point at the user's working file 966(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 967when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 968index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 969temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 970+ 971For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 972parameter, <path>. 973+ 974For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 975`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 976 977`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 978 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 979 980`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 981 The total number of paths. 982 983other 984~~~~~ 985`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 986 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 987 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 988 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 989 990`GIT_PAGER`:: 991 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set 992 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch 993 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in 994 linkgit:git-config[1]. 995 996`GIT_EDITOR`:: 997 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`. 998 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, 999 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]1000 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10011002`GIT_SSH`::1003`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1004 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1005 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1006 when they need to connect to a remote system.1007 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1008 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1009 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1010 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1011 something other than the default SSH port.1012+1013`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1014by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1015`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1016(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1017needed).1018+1019Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1020personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1021for further details.10221023`GIT_ASKPASS`::1024 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1025 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1026 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1027 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1028 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10291030`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1031 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1032 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10331034`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1035 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1036 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1037 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1038 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1039 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1040 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10411042`GIT_FLUSH`::1043 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1044 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1045 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1046 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1047 flushed. If this1048 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1049 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1050 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1051 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10521053`GIT_TRACE`::1054 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1055 command execution and external command execution.1056+1057If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1058is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1059stderr.1060+1061If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21062and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1063value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1064trace messages into this file descriptor.1065+1066Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1067(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1068as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1069into it.1070+1071Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1072"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10731074`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1075 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1076 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1077 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1078 pack-related performance problems.1079 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10801081`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1082 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1083 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1084 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1085 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1086 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10871088`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1089 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1090 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1091 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1092 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1093 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1094 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1095+1096Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1097of clones and fetches.10981099`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1100 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1101 time of each Git command.1102 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11031104`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1105 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1106 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1107 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11081109`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1110 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1111 cloning of shallow repositories.1112 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11131114`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1115 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1116 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1117 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1118 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1119 variable.1120 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11211122`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1123 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1124 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1125 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1126 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1127 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1128 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1129 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11301131`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1132 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1133 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11341135`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1136 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1137 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11381139`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1140 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1141 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11421143`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1144 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1145 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1146 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1147 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1148 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1149 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1150 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1151 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11521153`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1154 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1155 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1156 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1157 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1158 this variable automatically when performing destructive1159 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1160 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1161 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1162 cloning a repository to make a backup).11631164`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1165 If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if1166 `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed1167 protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`1168 (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any1169 protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a1170 whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of1171 `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11721173`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::1174 Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are1175 configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive1176 submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs1177 which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See1178 linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11791180Discussion[[Discussion]]1181------------------------11821183More detail on the following is available from the1184link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1185user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].11861187A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1188subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1189things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1190of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1191contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1192as tags and branch heads.11931194The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1195hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1196directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1197and some number of parent commits.11981199The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1200"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1201represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1202parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12031204All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1205written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1206The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1207just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1208purpose.12091210When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1211efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12121213Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1214may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1215with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1216recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1217tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1218`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12191220The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1221path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1222the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1223attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1224corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1225working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1226be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1227content stored in the index.12281229The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1230for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1231unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12321233FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1234---------------------12351236See the references in the "description" section to get started1237using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1238for a first-time user.12391240The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1241user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1242introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12431244See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12451246See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1247examples.12481249The internals are documented in the1250link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12511252Users migrating from CVS may also want to1253read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].125412551256Authors1257-------1258Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1259C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1260<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1261gives you a more complete list of contributors.12621263If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1264output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1265the authors for specific parts of the project.12661267Reporting Bugs1268--------------12691270Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1271development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1272subscribed to the list to send a message there.12731274SEE ALSO1275--------1276linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1277linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1278linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1279linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1280linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12811282GIT1283---1284Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite