Documentation / git.txton commit builtin/grep: convert to struct object_id (1db1108)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
  48
  49* release notes for
  50  link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
  51  link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
  52
  53* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2]
  54
  55* release notes for
  56  link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
  57  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  58  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  59
  60* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3]
  61
  62* release notes for
  63  link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
  64  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  65  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  66  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  67
  68* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4]
  69
  70* release notes for
  71  link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
  72  link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
  73  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  74  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  75  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  76
  77* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
  78
  79* release notes for
  80  link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
  81  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  82  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  83  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
  84
  85* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
  86
  87* release notes for
  88  link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
  89  link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5],
  90  link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4],
  91  link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
  92  link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2],
  93  link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
  94  link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
  95
  96* link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5]
  97
  98* release notes for
  99  link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
 100  link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
 101  link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3],
 102  link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2],
 103  link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
 104  link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
 105
 106* link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11]
 107
 108* release notes for
 109  link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
 110  link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
 111  link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9],
 112  link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8],
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 118  link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
 119  link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
 120  link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 121
 122* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
 123
 124* release notes for
 125  link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10],
 126  link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
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 132  link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3],
 133  link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2],
 134  link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
 135  link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
 136
 137* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
 138
 139* release notes for
 140  link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
 141  link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
 142  link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
 143  link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
 144
 145* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
 146
 147* release notes for
 148  link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
 149  link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
 150  link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
 151  link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1],
 152  link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
 153
 154* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
 155
 156* release notes for
 157  link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
 158  link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4],
 159  link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
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 161  link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
 162  link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
 163
 164* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
 165
 166* release notes for
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 168  link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4],
 169  link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3],
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 172  link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
 173
 174* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
 175
 176* release notes for
 177  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
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 183  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
 184
 185* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
 186
 187* release notes for
 188  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5],
 189  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4],
 190  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3],
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 192  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1],
 193  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
 194
 195* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
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 197* release notes for
 198  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4],
 199  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
 200  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2],
 201  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1],
 202  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
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 204* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
 205
 206* release notes for
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 208  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2],
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 210  link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
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 212* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
 213
 214* release notes for
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 231* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
 232
 233* release notes for
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 240* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
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 242* release notes for
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 252* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
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 254* release notes for
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 262* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
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 274* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
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 299* release notes for
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 308* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
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 310* release notes for
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 327* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
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 337* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
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 347* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
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 356* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
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 372* release notes for
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 434  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 435  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 436  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 437
 438* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 439
 440* release notes for
 441  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 444  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 445  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 446  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 447  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 448
 449* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 450
 451* release notes for
 452  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 456  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 457  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 458  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 459
 460* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 461
 462* release notes for
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 467  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 468  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 471
 472* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 473
 474* release notes for
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 484
 485* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 486
 487* release notes for
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 494
 495* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 496
 497* release notes for
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 502  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 503  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 504  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 505
 506* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 507
 508* release notes for
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 513  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 514  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 516
 517* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 518  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 519  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 520  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 521
 522============
 523
 524endif::stalenotes[]
 525
 526OPTIONS
 527-------
 528--version::
 529        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 530
 531--help::
 532        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 533        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 534        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 535        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 536+
 537Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 538displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 539because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 540help ...`.
 541
 542-C <path>::
 543        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 544        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 545        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 546        <path>`.
 547+
 548This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 549`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 550made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 551example the following invocations are equivalent:
 552
 553    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 554    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 555
 556-c <name>=<value>::
 557        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 558        given will override values from configuration files.
 559        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 560        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 561+
 562Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 563`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 564config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 565foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 566
 567--exec-path[=<path>]::
 568        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 569        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 570        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 571        the current setting and then exit.
 572
 573--html-path::
 574        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 575        documentation is installed and exit.
 576
 577--man-path::
 578        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 579        this version of Git and exit.
 580
 581--info-path::
 582        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 583        version of Git are installed and exit.
 584
 585-p::
 586--paginate::
 587        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 588        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 589        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 590        below).
 591
 592--no-pager::
 593        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 594
 595--git-dir=<path>::
 596        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 597        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 598        path or relative path to current working directory.
 599
 600--work-tree=<path>::
 601        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 602        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 603        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 604        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 605        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 606        more detailed discussion).
 607
 608--namespace=<path>::
 609        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 610        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 611        variable.
 612
 613--super-prefix=<path>::
 614        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 615        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 616        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 617
 618--bare::
 619        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 620        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 621        directory.
 622
 623--no-replace-objects::
 624        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 625        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 626
 627--literal-pathspecs::
 628        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 629        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 630        variable to `1`.
 631
 632--glob-pathspecs::
 633        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 634        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 635        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 636        magic ":(literal)"
 637
 638--noglob-pathspecs::
 639        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 640        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 641        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 642        magic ":(glob)"
 643
 644--icase-pathspecs::
 645        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 646        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 647
 648GIT COMMANDS
 649------------
 650
 651We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 652("plumbing") commands.
 653
 654High-level commands (porcelain)
 655-------------------------------
 656
 657We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 658ancillary user utilities.
 659
 660Main porcelain commands
 661~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 662
 663include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 664
 665Ancillary Commands
 666~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 667Manipulators:
 668
 669include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 670
 671Interrogators:
 672
 673include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 674
 675
 676Interacting with Others
 677~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 678
 679These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 680people via patch over e-mail.
 681
 682include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 683
 684
 685Low-level commands (plumbing)
 686-----------------------------
 687
 688Although Git includes its
 689own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 690development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 691might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 692linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 693
 694The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 695to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 696than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 697primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 698on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 699end user experience.
 700
 701The following description divides
 702the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 703the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 704compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 705repositories.
 706
 707
 708Manipulation commands
 709~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 710
 711include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 712
 713
 714Interrogation commands
 715~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 716
 717include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 718
 719In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 720the working tree.
 721
 722
 723Synching repositories
 724~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 725
 726include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 727
 728The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 729typically do not use them directly.
 730
 731include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 732
 733
 734Internal helper commands
 735~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 736
 737These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 738users typically do not use them directly.
 739
 740include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 741
 742
 743Configuration Mechanism
 744-----------------------
 745
 746Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 747repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 748like this:
 749
 750------------
 751#
 752# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 753#
 754
 755; core variables
 756[core]
 757        ; Don't trust file modes
 758        filemode = false
 759
 760; user identity
 761[user]
 762        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 763        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 764
 765------------
 766
 767Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 768their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 769list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 770
 771
 772Identifier Terminology
 773----------------------
 774<object>::
 775        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 776
 777<blob>::
 778        Indicates a blob object name.
 779
 780<tree>::
 781        Indicates a tree object name.
 782
 783<commit>::
 784        Indicates a commit object name.
 785
 786<tree-ish>::
 787        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 788        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 789        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 790        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 791
 792<commit-ish>::
 793        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 794        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 795        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 796        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 797
 798<type>::
 799        Indicates that an object type is required.
 800        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 801
 802<file>::
 803        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 804        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 805
 806Symbolic Identifiers
 807--------------------
 808Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 809symbolic notation:
 810
 811HEAD::
 812        indicates the head of the current branch.
 813
 814<tag>::
 815        a valid tag 'name'
 816        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 817
 818<head>::
 819        a valid head 'name'
 820        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 821
 822For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 823"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 824
 825
 826File/Directory Structure
 827------------------------
 828
 829Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 830
 831Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 832
 833Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 834`$GIT_DIR`.
 835
 836
 837Terminology
 838-----------
 839Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 840
 841
 842Environment Variables
 843---------------------
 844Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 845
 846The Git Repository
 847~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 848These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 849is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 850Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 851
 852`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 853        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 854        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 855        is used.
 856
 857`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 858        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 859        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 860        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 861        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 862
 863`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 864        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 865        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 866        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 867        directory is used.
 868
 869`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 870        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 871        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 872        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 873        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 874        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 875+
 876        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 877        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 878        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 879        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 880        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 881
 882`GIT_DIR`::
 883        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 884        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 885        for the base of the repository.
 886        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 887
 888`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 889        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 890        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 891        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 892
 893`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 894        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 895        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 896
 897`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 898        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 899        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 900        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 901        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 902        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 903        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 904        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 905        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 906        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 907        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 908        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 909        e.g.,
 910        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 911
 912`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 913        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 914        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 915        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 916        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 917        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 918        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 919        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 920        command line.
 921
 922`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 923        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 924        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 925        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 926        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 927        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 928        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 929        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 930
 931Git Commits
 932~~~~~~~~~~~
 933`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 934`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 935`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 936`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 937`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 938`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 939'EMAIL'::
 940        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 941
 942Git Diffs
 943~~~~~~~~~
 944`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 945        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 946        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 947        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 948        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 949
 950`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 951        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 952        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 953        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 954        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 955
 956        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 957+
 958where:
 959
 960        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 961                         contents of <old|new>,
 962        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 963        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 964+
 965The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 966(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 967when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 968index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 969temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 970+
 971For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 972parameter, <path>.
 973+
 974For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 975`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 976
 977`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 978        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 979
 980`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 981        The total number of paths.
 982
 983other
 984~~~~~
 985`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 986        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 987        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 988        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 989
 990`GIT_PAGER`::
 991        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
 992        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
 993        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
 994        linkgit:git-config[1].
 995
 996`GIT_EDITOR`::
 997        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
 998        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
 999        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1000        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1001
1002`GIT_SSH`::
1003`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1004        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1005        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1006        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1007        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1008        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1009        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1010        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1011        something other than the default SSH port.
1012+
1013`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1014by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1015`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1016(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1017needed).
1018+
1019Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1020personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1021for further details.
1022
1023`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1024        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1025        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1026        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1027        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1028        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1029
1030`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1031        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1032        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1033
1034`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1035        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1036        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1037        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1038        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1039        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1040        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1041
1042`GIT_FLUSH`::
1043        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1044        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1045        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1046        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1047        flushed. If this
1048        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1049        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1050        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1051        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1052
1053`GIT_TRACE`::
1054        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1055        command execution and external command execution.
1056+
1057If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1058is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1059stderr.
1060+
1061If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1062and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1063value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1064trace messages into this file descriptor.
1065+
1066Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1067(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1068as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1069into it.
1070+
1071Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1072"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1073
1074`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1075        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1076        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1077        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1078        pack-related performance problems.
1079        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1080
1081`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1082        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1083        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1084        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1085        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1086        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1087
1088`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1089        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1090        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1091        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1092        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1093        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1094        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1095+
1096Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1097of clones and fetches.
1098
1099`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1100        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1101        time of each Git command.
1102        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1103
1104`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1105        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1106        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1107        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1108
1109`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1110        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1111        cloning of shallow repositories.
1112        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1113
1114`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1115        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1116        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1117        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1118        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1119        variable.
1120        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1121
1122`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1123        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1124        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1125        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1126        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1127        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1128        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1129        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1130
1131`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1132        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1133        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1134
1135`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1136        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1137        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1138
1139`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1140        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1141        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1142
1143`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1144        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1145        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1146        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1147        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1148        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1149        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1150        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1151        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1152
1153`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1154        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1155        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1156        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1157        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1158        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1159        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1160        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1161        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1162        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1163
1164`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1165        If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1166        `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1167        protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1168        (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1169        protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1170        whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1171        `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1172
1173`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1174        Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1175        configured to the `user` state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
1176        submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1177        which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
1178        linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1179
1180Discussion[[Discussion]]
1181------------------------
1182
1183More detail on the following is available from the
1184link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1185user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1186
1187A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1188subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1189things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1190of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1191contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1192as tags and branch heads.
1193
1194The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1195hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1196directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1197and some number of parent commits.
1198
1199The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1200"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1201represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1202parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1203
1204All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1205written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1206The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1207just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1208purpose.
1209
1210When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1211efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1212
1213Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1214may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1215with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1216recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1217tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1218`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1219
1220The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1221path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1222the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1223attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1224corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1225working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1226be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1227content stored in the index.
1228
1229The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1230for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1231unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1232
1233FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1234---------------------
1235
1236See the references in the "description" section to get started
1237using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1238for a first-time user.
1239
1240The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1241user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1242introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1243
1244See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1245
1246See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1247examples.
1248
1249The internals are documented in the
1250link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1251
1252Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1253read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1254
1255
1256Authors
1257-------
1258Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1259C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1260<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1261gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1262
1263If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1264output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1265the authors for specific parts of the project.
1266
1267Reporting Bugs
1268--------------
1269
1270Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1271development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1272subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1273
1274SEE ALSO
1275--------
1276linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1277linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1278linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1279linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1280linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1281
1282GIT
1283---
1284Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite