1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.11.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.11] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 51 52* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2] 53 54* release notes for 55 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 56 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 57 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 58 59* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3] 60 61* release notes for 62 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 63 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 64 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 65 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 66 67* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4] 68 69* release notes for 70 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 71 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 72 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 73 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 74 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 75 76* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3] 77 78* release notes for 79 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 80 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 81 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 82 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 83 84* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6] 85 86* release notes for 87 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 88 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 89 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 90 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 91 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 92 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 93 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 94 95* link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5] 96 97* release notes for 98 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 99 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 100 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 101 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 102 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 103 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 104 105* link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11] 106 107* release notes for 108 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 109 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 110 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 111 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 112 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 113 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 114 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 115 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 116 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 120 121* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 122 123* release notes for 124 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 125 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 126 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 127 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 128 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 129 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 130 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 131 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 132 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 133 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 135 136* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 137 138* release notes for 139 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 140 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 141 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 142 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 143 144* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 145 146* release notes for 147 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 148 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 149 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 150 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 151 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 152 153* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 154 155* release notes for 156 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 157 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 158 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 159 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 160 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 161 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 162 163* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 164 165* release notes for 166 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 167 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 168 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 169 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 170 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 171 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 172 173* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 174 175* release notes for 176 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 177 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 178 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 179 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 180 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 181 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 182 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 183 184* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 185 186* release notes for 187 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 189 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 190 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 191 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 192 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 193 194* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 195 196* release notes for 197 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 199 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 200 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 201 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 202 203* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 204 205* release notes for 206 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 208 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 209 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 210 211* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 212 213* release notes for 214 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 216 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 217 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 218 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 219 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 220 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 221 222* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 223 224* release notes for 225 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 227 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 228 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 229 230* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 231 232* release notes for 233 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 234 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 235 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 236 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 237 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 238 239* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 240 241* release notes for 242 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 244 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 245 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 246 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 247 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 248 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 249 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 250 251* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 252 253* release notes for 254 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 256 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 257 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 258 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 259 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 260 261* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 262 263* release notes for 264 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 266 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 267 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 268 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 269 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 270 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 271 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 272 273* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 274 275* release notes for 276 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 278 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 279 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 280 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 281 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 282 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 283 284* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 285 286* release notes for 287 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 289 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 290 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 291 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 292 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 293 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 294 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 295 296* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 297 298* release notes for 299 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 301 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 302 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 303 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 304 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 305 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 306 307* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 308 309* release notes for 310 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 312 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 313 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 314 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 315 316* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 317 318* release notes for 319 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 321 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 322 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 323 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 324 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 325 326* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 327 328* release notes for 329 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 331 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 332 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 333 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 334 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 335 336* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 337 338* release notes for 339 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 341 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 342 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 343 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 344 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 345 346* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 347 348* release notes for 349 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 351 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 352 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 353 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 354 355* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 356 357* release notes for 358 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 360 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 361 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 362 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 363 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 364 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 365 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 366 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 368 369* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 370 371* release notes for 372 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 373 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 374 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 375 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 376 377* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 378 379* release notes for 380 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 381 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 382 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 383 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 384 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 385 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 386 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 387 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 388 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 390 391* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 392 393* release notes for 394 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 396 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 397 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 398 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 399 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 400 401* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 402 403* release notes for 404 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 406 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 407 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 408 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 409 410* release notes for 411 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 412 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 415 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 416 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 417 418* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 419 420* release notes for 421 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 423 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 424 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 425 426* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 427 428* release notes for 429 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 431 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 432 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 433 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 434 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 435 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 436 437* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 438 439* release notes for 440 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 441 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 442 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 443 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 444 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 445 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 446 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 447 448* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 449 450* release notes for 451 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 453 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 454 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 455 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 456 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 457 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 458 459* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 460 461* release notes for 462 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 464 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 465 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 466 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 467 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 468 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 469 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 470 471* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 472 473* release notes for 474 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 476 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 477 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 478 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 479 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 480 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 481 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 482 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 483 484* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 485 486* release notes for 487 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 489 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 490 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 491 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 492 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 493 494* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 495 496* release notes for 497 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 499 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 500 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 501 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 502 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 503 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 504 505* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 506 507* release notes for 508 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 510 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 511 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 512 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 513 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 514 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 515 516* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 517 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 518 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 519 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 520 521============ 522 523endif::stalenotes[] 524 525OPTIONS 526------- 527--version:: 528 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 529 530--help:: 531 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 532 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 533 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 534 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 535+ 536Other options are available to control how the manual page is 537displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 538because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 539help ...`. 540 541-C <path>:: 542 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 543 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 544 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 545 <path>`. 546+ 547This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 548`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 549made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 550example the following invocations are equivalent: 551 552 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 553 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 554 555-c <name>=<value>:: 556 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 557 given will override values from configuration files. 558 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 559 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 560+ 561Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 562`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 563config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 564foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 565 566--exec-path[=<path>]:: 567 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 568 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 569 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 570 the current setting and then exit. 571 572--html-path:: 573 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 574 documentation is installed and exit. 575 576--man-path:: 577 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 578 this version of Git and exit. 579 580--info-path:: 581 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 582 version of Git are installed and exit. 583 584-p:: 585--paginate:: 586 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 587 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 588 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 589 below). 590 591--no-pager:: 592 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 593 594--git-dir=<path>:: 595 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 596 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 597 path or relative path to current working directory. 598 599--work-tree=<path>:: 600 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 601 or a path relative to the current working directory. 602 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 603 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 604 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 605 more detailed discussion). 606 607--namespace=<path>:: 608 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 609 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 610 variable. 611 612--super-prefix=<path>:: 613 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 614 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 615 context about the superproject that invoked it. 616 617--bare:: 618 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 619 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 620 directory. 621 622--no-replace-objects:: 623 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 624 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 625 626--literal-pathspecs:: 627 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 628 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 629 variable to `1`. 630 631--glob-pathspecs:: 632 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 633 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 634 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 635 magic ":(literal)" 636 637--noglob-pathspecs:: 638 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 639 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 640 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 641 magic ":(glob)" 642 643--icase-pathspecs:: 644 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 645 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 646 647GIT COMMANDS 648------------ 649 650We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 651("plumbing") commands. 652 653High-level commands (porcelain) 654------------------------------- 655 656We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 657ancillary user utilities. 658 659Main porcelain commands 660~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 661 662include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 663 664Ancillary Commands 665~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 666Manipulators: 667 668include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 669 670Interrogators: 671 672include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 673 674 675Interacting with Others 676~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 677 678These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 679people via patch over e-mail. 680 681include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 682 683 684Low-level commands (plumbing) 685----------------------------- 686 687Although Git includes its 688own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 689development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 690might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 691linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 692 693The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 694to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 695than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 696primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 697on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 698end user experience. 699 700The following description divides 701the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 702the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 703compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 704repositories. 705 706 707Manipulation commands 708~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 709 710include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 711 712 713Interrogation commands 714~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 715 716include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 717 718In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 719the working tree. 720 721 722Synching repositories 723~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 724 725include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 726 727The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 728typically do not use them directly. 729 730include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 731 732 733Internal helper commands 734~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 735 736These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 737users typically do not use them directly. 738 739include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 740 741 742Configuration Mechanism 743----------------------- 744 745Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 746repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 747like this: 748 749------------ 750# 751# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 752# 753 754; core variables 755[core] 756 ; Don't trust file modes 757 filemode = false 758 759; user identity 760[user] 761 name = "Junio C Hamano" 762 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 763 764------------ 765 766Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 767their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 768list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 769 770 771Identifier Terminology 772---------------------- 773<object>:: 774 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 775 776<blob>:: 777 Indicates a blob object name. 778 779<tree>:: 780 Indicates a tree object name. 781 782<commit>:: 783 Indicates a commit object name. 784 785<tree-ish>:: 786 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 787 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 788 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 789 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 790 791<commit-ish>:: 792 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 793 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 794 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 795 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 796 797<type>:: 798 Indicates that an object type is required. 799 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 800 801<file>:: 802 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 803 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 804 805Symbolic Identifiers 806-------------------- 807Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 808symbolic notation: 809 810HEAD:: 811 indicates the head of the current branch. 812 813<tag>:: 814 a valid tag 'name' 815 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 816 817<head>:: 818 a valid head 'name' 819 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 820 821For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 822"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 823 824 825File/Directory Structure 826------------------------ 827 828Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 829 830Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 831 832Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 833`$GIT_DIR`. 834 835 836Terminology 837----------- 838Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 839 840 841Environment Variables 842--------------------- 843Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 844 845The Git Repository 846~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 847These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 848is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 849Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 850 851`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 852 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 853 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 854 is used. 855 856`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 857 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 858 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 859 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 860 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 861 862`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 863 If the object storage directory is specified via this 864 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 865 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 866 directory is used. 867 868`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 869 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 870 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 871 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 872 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 873 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 874+ 875 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 876 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 877 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 878 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 879 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 880 881`GIT_DIR`:: 882 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 883 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 884 for the base of the repository. 885 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 886 887`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 888 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 889 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 890 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 891 892`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 893 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 894 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 895 896`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 897 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 898 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 899 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 900 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 901 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 902 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 903 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 904 might be present in order to compare them with the current 905 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 906 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 907 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 908 e.g., 909 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 910 911`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 912 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 913 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 914 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 915 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 916 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 917 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 918 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 919 command line. 920 921`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 922 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 923 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 924 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 925 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 926 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 927 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 928 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 929 930Git Commits 931~~~~~~~~~~~ 932`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 933`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 934`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 935`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 936`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 937`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 938'EMAIL':: 939 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 940 941Git Diffs 942~~~~~~~~~ 943`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 944 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 945 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 946 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 947 value passed on the Git diff command line. 948 949`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 950 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 951 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 952 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 953 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 954 955 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 956+ 957where: 958 959 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 960 contents of <old|new>, 961 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 962 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 963+ 964The file parameters can point at the user's working file 965(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 966when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 967index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 968temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 969+ 970For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 971parameter, <path>. 972+ 973For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 974`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 975 976`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 977 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 978 979`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 980 The total number of paths. 981 982other 983~~~~~ 984`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 985 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 986 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 987 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 988 989`GIT_PAGER`:: 990 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set 991 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch 992 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in 993 linkgit:git-config[1]. 994 995`GIT_EDITOR`:: 996 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`. 997 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, 998 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1] 999 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10001001`GIT_SSH`::1002`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1003 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1004 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1005 when they need to connect to a remote system.1006 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1007 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1008 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1009 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1010 something other than the default SSH port.1011+1012`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1013by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1014`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1015(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1016needed).1017+1018Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1019personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1020for further details.10211022`GIT_ASKPASS`::1023 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1024 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1025 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1026 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1027 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10281029`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1030 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1031 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10321033`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1034 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1035 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1036 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1037 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1038 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1039 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10401041`GIT_FLUSH`::1042 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1043 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1044 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1045 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1046 flushed. If this1047 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1048 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1049 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1050 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10511052`GIT_TRACE`::1053 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1054 command execution and external command execution.1055+1056If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1057is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1058stderr.1059+1060If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21061and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1062value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1063trace messages into this file descriptor.1064+1065Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1066(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1067as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1068into it.1069+1070Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1071"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10721073`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1074 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1075 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1076 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1077 pack-related performance problems.1078 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10791080`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1081 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1082 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1083 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1084 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1085 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10861087`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1088 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1089 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1090 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1091 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1092 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1093 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1094+1095Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1096of clones and fetches.10971098`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1099 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1100 time of each Git command.1101 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11021103`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1104 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1105 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1106 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11071108`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1109 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1110 cloning of shallow repositories.1111 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11121113`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1114 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1115 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1116 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1117 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1118 variable.1119 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11201121`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1122 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1123 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1124 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1125 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1126 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1127 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1128 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11291130`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1131 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1132 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11331134`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1135 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1136 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11371138`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1139 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1140 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11411142`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1143 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1144 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1145 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1146 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1147 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1148 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1149 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1150 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11511152`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1153 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1154 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1155 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1156 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1157 this variable automatically when performing destructive1158 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1159 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1160 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1161 cloning a repository to make a backup).11621163`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1164 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are1165 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to1166 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted1167 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,1168 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not1169 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names1170 currently used by git are:11711172 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,1173 or local paths)11741175 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP1176 connection (or proxy, if configured)11771178 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,1179 `ssh://`, etc).11801181 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".1182 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,1183 you should specify both as `http:https`.11841185 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use1186 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)118711881189Discussion[[Discussion]]1190------------------------11911192More detail on the following is available from the1193link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1194user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].11951196A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1197subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1198things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1199of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1200contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1201as tags and branch heads.12021203The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1204hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1205directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1206and some number of parent commits.12071208The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1209"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1210represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1211parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12121213All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1214written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1215The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1216just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1217purpose.12181219When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1220efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12211222Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1223may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1224with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1225recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1226tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1227`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12281229The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1230path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1231the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1232attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1233corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1234working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1235be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1236content stored in the index.12371238The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1239for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1240unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12411242FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1243---------------------12441245See the references in the "description" section to get started1246using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1247for a first-time user.12481249The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1250user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1251introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12521253See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12541255See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1256examples.12571258The internals are documented in the1259link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12601261Users migrating from CVS may also want to1262read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].126312641265Authors1266-------1267Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1268C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1269<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1270gives you a more complete list of contributors.12711272If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1273output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1274the authors for specific parts of the project.12751276Reporting Bugs1277--------------12781279Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1280development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1281subscribed to the list to send a message there.12821283SEE ALSO1284--------1285linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1286linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1287linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1288linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1289linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12901291GIT1292---1293Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite