Documentation / git.txton commit githooks.txt: clarify push hooks are always executed in $GIT_DIR (501d3cd)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.12.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.2]
  48
  49* release notes for
  50  link:RelNotes/2.12.2.txt[2.12.2].
  51  link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1].
  52  link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12].
  53
  54* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
  55
  56* release notes for
  57  link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
  58  link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
  59
  60* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2]
  61
  62* release notes for
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  64  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  65  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  66
  67* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3]
  68
  69* release notes for
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  71  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  72  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  73  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  74
  75* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4]
  76
  77* release notes for
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  80  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  81  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  82  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  83
  84* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
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  86* release notes for
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  88  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  89  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  90  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
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  92* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
  93
  94* release notes for
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 436* release notes for
 437  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 438  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 441  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 444
 445* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 446
 447* release notes for
 448  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 449  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 450  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 451  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 452  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 455
 456* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 457
 458* release notes for
 459  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 460  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 461  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 462  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 466
 467* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 468
 469* release notes for
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 471  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 472  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 473  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 474  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 478
 479* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 480
 481* release notes for
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 485  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 487  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 491
 492* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 493
 494* release notes for
 495  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 496  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 497  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 501
 502* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 503
 504* release notes for
 505  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 506  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 507  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 508  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 512
 513* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 514
 515* release notes for
 516  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 517  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 518  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 519  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 520  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 521  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 522  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 523
 524* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 525  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 526  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 527  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 528
 529============
 530
 531endif::stalenotes[]
 532
 533OPTIONS
 534-------
 535--version::
 536        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 537
 538--help::
 539        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 540        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 541        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 542        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 543+
 544Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 545displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 546because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 547help ...`.
 548
 549-C <path>::
 550        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 551        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 552        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 553        <path>`.
 554+
 555This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 556`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 557made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 558example the following invocations are equivalent:
 559
 560    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 561    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 562
 563-c <name>=<value>::
 564        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 565        given will override values from configuration files.
 566        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 567        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 568+
 569Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 570`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 571config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 572foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 573
 574--exec-path[=<path>]::
 575        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 576        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 577        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 578        the current setting and then exit.
 579
 580--html-path::
 581        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 582        documentation is installed and exit.
 583
 584--man-path::
 585        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 586        this version of Git and exit.
 587
 588--info-path::
 589        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 590        version of Git are installed and exit.
 591
 592-p::
 593--paginate::
 594        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 595        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 596        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 597        below).
 598
 599--no-pager::
 600        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 601
 602--git-dir=<path>::
 603        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 604        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 605        path or relative path to current working directory.
 606
 607--work-tree=<path>::
 608        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 609        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 610        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 611        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 612        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 613        more detailed discussion).
 614
 615--namespace=<path>::
 616        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 617        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 618        variable.
 619
 620--super-prefix=<path>::
 621        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 622        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 623        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 624
 625--bare::
 626        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 627        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 628        directory.
 629
 630--no-replace-objects::
 631        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 632        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 633
 634--literal-pathspecs::
 635        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 636        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 637        variable to `1`.
 638
 639--glob-pathspecs::
 640        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 641        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 642        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 643        magic ":(literal)"
 644
 645--noglob-pathspecs::
 646        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 647        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 648        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 649        magic ":(glob)"
 650
 651--icase-pathspecs::
 652        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 653        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 654
 655GIT COMMANDS
 656------------
 657
 658We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 659("plumbing") commands.
 660
 661High-level commands (porcelain)
 662-------------------------------
 663
 664We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 665ancillary user utilities.
 666
 667Main porcelain commands
 668~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 669
 670include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 671
 672Ancillary Commands
 673~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 674Manipulators:
 675
 676include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 677
 678Interrogators:
 679
 680include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 681
 682
 683Interacting with Others
 684~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 685
 686These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 687people via patch over e-mail.
 688
 689include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 690
 691
 692Low-level commands (plumbing)
 693-----------------------------
 694
 695Although Git includes its
 696own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 697development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 698might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 699linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 700
 701The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 702to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 703than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 704primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 705on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 706end user experience.
 707
 708The following description divides
 709the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 710the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 711compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 712repositories.
 713
 714
 715Manipulation commands
 716~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 717
 718include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 719
 720
 721Interrogation commands
 722~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 723
 724include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 725
 726In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 727the working tree.
 728
 729
 730Synching repositories
 731~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 732
 733include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 734
 735The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 736typically do not use them directly.
 737
 738include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 739
 740
 741Internal helper commands
 742~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 743
 744These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 745users typically do not use them directly.
 746
 747include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 748
 749
 750Configuration Mechanism
 751-----------------------
 752
 753Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 754repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 755like this:
 756
 757------------
 758#
 759# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 760#
 761
 762; core variables
 763[core]
 764        ; Don't trust file modes
 765        filemode = false
 766
 767; user identity
 768[user]
 769        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 770        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 771
 772------------
 773
 774Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 775their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 776list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 777
 778
 779Identifier Terminology
 780----------------------
 781<object>::
 782        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 783
 784<blob>::
 785        Indicates a blob object name.
 786
 787<tree>::
 788        Indicates a tree object name.
 789
 790<commit>::
 791        Indicates a commit object name.
 792
 793<tree-ish>::
 794        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 795        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 796        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 797        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 798
 799<commit-ish>::
 800        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 801        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 802        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 803        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 804
 805<type>::
 806        Indicates that an object type is required.
 807        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 808
 809<file>::
 810        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 811        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 812
 813Symbolic Identifiers
 814--------------------
 815Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 816symbolic notation:
 817
 818HEAD::
 819        indicates the head of the current branch.
 820
 821<tag>::
 822        a valid tag 'name'
 823        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 824
 825<head>::
 826        a valid head 'name'
 827        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 828
 829For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 830"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 831
 832
 833File/Directory Structure
 834------------------------
 835
 836Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 837
 838Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 839
 840Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 841`$GIT_DIR`.
 842
 843
 844Terminology
 845-----------
 846Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 847
 848
 849Environment Variables
 850---------------------
 851Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 852
 853The Git Repository
 854~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 855These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 856is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 857Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 858
 859`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 860        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 861        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 862        is used.
 863
 864`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 865        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 866        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 867        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 868        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 869
 870`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 871        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 872        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 873        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 874        directory is used.
 875
 876`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 877        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 878        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 879        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 880        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 881        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 882+
 883        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 884        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 885        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 886        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 887        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 888
 889`GIT_DIR`::
 890        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 891        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 892        for the base of the repository.
 893        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 894
 895`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 896        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 897        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 898        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 899
 900`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 901        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 902        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 903
 904`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 905        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 906        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 907        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 908        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 909        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 910        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 911        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 912        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 913        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 914        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 915        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 916        e.g.,
 917        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 918
 919`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 920        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 921        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 922        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 923        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 924        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 925        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 926        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 927        command line.
 928
 929`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 930        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 931        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 932        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 933        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 934        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 935        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 936        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 937
 938Git Commits
 939~~~~~~~~~~~
 940`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 941`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 942`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 943`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 944`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 945`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 946'EMAIL'::
 947        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 948
 949Git Diffs
 950~~~~~~~~~
 951`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 952        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 953        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 954        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 955        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 956
 957`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 958        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 959        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 960        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 961        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 962
 963        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 964+
 965where:
 966
 967        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 968                         contents of <old|new>,
 969        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 970        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 971+
 972The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 973(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 974when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 975index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 976temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 977+
 978For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 979parameter, <path>.
 980+
 981For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 982`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 983
 984`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 985        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 986
 987`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 988        The total number of paths.
 989
 990other
 991~~~~~
 992`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 993        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 994        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 995        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 996
 997`GIT_PAGER`::
 998        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
 999        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1000        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1001        linkgit:git-config[1].
1002
1003`GIT_EDITOR`::
1004        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1005        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1006        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1007        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1008
1009`GIT_SSH`::
1010`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1011        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1012        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1013        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1014        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1015        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1016        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1017        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1018        something other than the default SSH port.
1019+
1020`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1021by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1022`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1023(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1024needed).
1025+
1026Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1027personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1028for further details.
1029
1030`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1031        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1032        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1033        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1034        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1035        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1036
1037`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1038        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1039        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1040
1041`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1042        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1043        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1044        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1045        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1046        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1047        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1048
1049`GIT_FLUSH`::
1050        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1051        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1052        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1053        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1054        flushed. If this
1055        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1056        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1057        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1058        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1059
1060`GIT_TRACE`::
1061        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1062        command execution and external command execution.
1063+
1064If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1065is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1066stderr.
1067+
1068If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1069and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1070value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1071trace messages into this file descriptor.
1072+
1073Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1074(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1075as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1076into it.
1077+
1078Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1079"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1080
1081`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1082        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1083        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1084        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1085        pack-related performance problems.
1086        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1087
1088`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1089        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1090        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1091        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1092        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1093        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1094
1095`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1096        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1097        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1098        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1099        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1100        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1101        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1102+
1103Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1104of clones and fetches.
1105
1106`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1107        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1108        time of each Git command.
1109        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1110
1111`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1112        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1113        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1114        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1115
1116`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1117        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1118        cloning of shallow repositories.
1119        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1120
1121`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1122        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1123        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1124        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1125        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1126        variable.
1127        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1128
1129`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1130        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1131        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1132        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1133        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1134        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1135        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1136        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1137
1138`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1139        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1140        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1141
1142`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1143        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1144        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1145
1146`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1147        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1148        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1149
1150`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1151        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1152        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1153        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1154        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1155        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1156        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1157        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1158        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1159
1160`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1161        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1162        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1163        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1164        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1165        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1166        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1167        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1168        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1169        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1170
1171`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1172        If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1173        `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1174        protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1175        (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1176        protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1177        whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1178        `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1179
1180`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1181        Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1182        configured to the `user` state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
1183        submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1184        which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
1185        linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1186
1187Discussion[[Discussion]]
1188------------------------
1189
1190More detail on the following is available from the
1191link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1192user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1193
1194A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1195subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1196things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1197of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1198contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1199as tags and branch heads.
1200
1201The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1202hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1203directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1204and some number of parent commits.
1205
1206The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1207"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1208represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1209parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1210
1211All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1212written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1213The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1214just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1215purpose.
1216
1217When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1218efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1219
1220Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1221may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1222with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1223recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1224tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1225`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1226
1227The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1228path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1229the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1230attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1231corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1232working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1233be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1234content stored in the index.
1235
1236The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1237for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1238unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1239
1240FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1241---------------------
1242
1243See the references in the "description" section to get started
1244using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1245for a first-time user.
1246
1247The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1248user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1249introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1250
1251See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1252
1253See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1254examples.
1255
1256The internals are documented in the
1257link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1258
1259Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1260read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1261
1262
1263Authors
1264-------
1265Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1266C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1267<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1268gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1269
1270If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1271output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1272the authors for specific parts of the project.
1273
1274Reporting Bugs
1275--------------
1276
1277Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1278development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1279subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1280
1281SEE ALSO
1282--------
1283linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1284linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1285linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1286linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1287linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1288
1289GIT
1290---
1291Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite