1git(1) 2====== 3 4NAME 5---- 6git - the stupid content tracker 7 8 9SYNOPSIS 10-------- 11[verse] 12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>] 13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] 14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] 15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] 16 [--super-prefix=<path>] 17 <command> [<args>] 18 19DESCRIPTION 20----------- 21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an 22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations 23and full access to internals. 24 25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see 26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of 27commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more 28in-depth introduction. 29 30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this 31page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about 32individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7] 33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. 34 35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation 36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`. 37 38ifdef::stalenotes[] 39[NOTE] 40============ 41 42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly 43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master' 44branch of the `git.git` repository. 45Documentation for older releases are available here: 46 47* link:v2.12.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.0] 48 49* release notes for 50 link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12]. 51 52* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1] 53 54* release notes for 55 link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1], 56 link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11]. 57 58* link:v2.10.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.2] 59 60* release notes for 61 link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2], 62 link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1], 63 link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10]. 64 65* link:v2.9.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.3] 66 67* release notes for 68 link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3], 69 link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2], 70 link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1], 71 link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9]. 72 73* link:v2.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.4] 74 75* release notes for 76 link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4], 77 link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3], 78 link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2], 79 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1], 80 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8]. 81 82* link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3] 83 84* release notes for 85 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3], 86 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2], 87 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1], 88 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7]. 89 90* link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6] 91 92* release notes for 93 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6], 94 link:RelNotes/2.6.5.txt[2.6.5], 95 link:RelNotes/2.6.4.txt[2.6.4], 96 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3], 97 link:RelNotes/2.6.2.txt[2.6.2], 98 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1], 99 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6]. 100 101* link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5] 102 103* release notes for 104 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5], 105 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4], 106 link:RelNotes/2.5.3.txt[2.5.3], 107 link:RelNotes/2.5.2.txt[2.5.2], 108 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1], 109 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5]. 110 111* link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11] 112 113* release notes for 114 link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11], 115 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10], 116 link:RelNotes/2.4.9.txt[2.4.9], 117 link:RelNotes/2.4.8.txt[2.4.8], 118 link:RelNotes/2.4.7.txt[2.4.7], 119 link:RelNotes/2.4.6.txt[2.4.6], 120 link:RelNotes/2.4.5.txt[2.4.5], 121 link:RelNotes/2.4.4.txt[2.4.4], 122 link:RelNotes/2.4.3.txt[2.4.3], 123 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2], 124 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1], 125 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4]. 126 127* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10] 128 129* release notes for 130 link:RelNotes/2.3.10.txt[2.3.10], 131 link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9], 132 link:RelNotes/2.3.8.txt[2.3.8], 133 link:RelNotes/2.3.7.txt[2.3.7], 134 link:RelNotes/2.3.6.txt[2.3.6], 135 link:RelNotes/2.3.5.txt[2.3.5], 136 link:RelNotes/2.3.4.txt[2.3.4], 137 link:RelNotes/2.3.3.txt[2.3.3], 138 link:RelNotes/2.3.2.txt[2.3.2], 139 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1], 140 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3]. 141 142* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3] 143 144* release notes for 145 link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3], 146 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2], 147 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1], 148 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2]. 149 150* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4] 151 152* release notes for 153 link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4], 154 link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3], 155 link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2], 156 link:RelNotes/2.1.1.txt[2.1.1], 157 link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1]. 158 159* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5] 160 161* release notes for 162 link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5], 163 link:RelNotes/2.0.4.txt[2.0.4], 164 link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3], 165 link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2], 166 link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1], 167 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0]. 168 169* link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5] 170 171* release notes for 172 link:RelNotes/1.9.5.txt[1.9.5], 173 link:RelNotes/1.9.4.txt[1.9.4], 174 link:RelNotes/1.9.3.txt[1.9.3], 175 link:RelNotes/1.9.2.txt[1.9.2], 176 link:RelNotes/1.9.1.txt[1.9.1], 177 link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0]. 178 179* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6] 180 181* release notes for 182 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6], 183 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5], 184 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.4.txt[1.8.5.4], 185 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.3.txt[1.8.5.3], 186 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.2.txt[1.8.5.2], 187 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.1.txt[1.8.5.1], 188 link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5]. 189 190* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5] 191 192* release notes for 193 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.5.txt[1.8.4.5], 194 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.4.txt[1.8.4.4], 195 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.3.txt[1.8.4.3], 196 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.2.txt[1.8.4.2], 197 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.1.txt[1.8.4.1], 198 link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4]. 199 200* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4] 201 202* release notes for 203 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.4.txt[1.8.3.4], 204 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3], 205 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.2.txt[1.8.3.2], 206 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.1.txt[1.8.3.1], 207 link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3]. 208 209* link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3] 210 211* release notes for 212 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.3.txt[1.8.2.3], 213 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.2.txt[1.8.2.2], 214 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.1.txt[1.8.2.1], 215 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2]. 216 217* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6] 218 219* release notes for 220 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.6.txt[1.8.1.6], 221 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5], 222 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4], 223 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3], 224 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2], 225 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1], 226 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1]. 227 228* link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3] 229 230* release notes for 231 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3], 232 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2], 233 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1], 234 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0]. 235 236* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4] 237 238* release notes for 239 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4], 240 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3], 241 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2], 242 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1], 243 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12]. 244 245* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7] 246 247* release notes for 248 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7], 249 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6], 250 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5], 251 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4], 252 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3], 253 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2], 254 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1], 255 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11]. 256 257* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5] 258 259* release notes for 260 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5], 261 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4], 262 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3], 263 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2], 264 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1], 265 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10]. 266 267* link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7] 268 269* release notes for 270 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7], 271 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6], 272 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5], 273 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4], 274 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3], 275 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2], 276 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1], 277 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9]. 278 279* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6] 280 281* release notes for 282 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6], 283 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5], 284 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4], 285 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3], 286 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2], 287 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1], 288 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8]. 289 290* link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7] 291 292* release notes for 293 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7], 294 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6], 295 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5], 296 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4], 297 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3], 298 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2], 299 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1], 300 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7]. 301 302* link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6] 303 304* release notes for 305 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6], 306 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5], 307 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4], 308 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3], 309 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2], 310 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1], 311 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6]. 312 313* link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4] 314 315* release notes for 316 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4], 317 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3], 318 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2], 319 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1], 320 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5]. 321 322* link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5] 323 324* release notes for 325 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5], 326 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4], 327 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3], 328 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2], 329 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1], 330 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4]. 331 332* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5] 333 334* release notes for 335 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5], 336 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4], 337 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3], 338 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2], 339 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1], 340 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3]. 341 342* link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5] 343 344* release notes for 345 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5], 346 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4], 347 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3], 348 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2], 349 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1], 350 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2]. 351 352* link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4] 353 354* release notes for 355 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4], 356 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3], 357 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2], 358 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1], 359 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1]. 360 361* link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9] 362 363* release notes for 364 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9], 365 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8], 366 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7], 367 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6], 368 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5], 369 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4], 370 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3], 371 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2], 372 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1], 373 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0]. 374 375* link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3] 376 377* release notes for 378 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3], 379 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2], 380 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1], 381 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6]. 382 383* link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9] 384 385* release notes for 386 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9], 387 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8], 388 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7], 389 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6], 390 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5], 391 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4], 392 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3], 393 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2], 394 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1], 395 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5]. 396 397* link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5] 398 399* release notes for 400 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5], 401 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4], 402 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3], 403 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2], 404 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1], 405 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4]. 406 407* link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4] 408 409* release notes for 410 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4], 411 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3], 412 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2], 413 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1], 414 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3]. 415 416* release notes for 417 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5], 418 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4], 419 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3], 420 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2], 421 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1], 422 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2]. 423 424* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3] 425 426* release notes for 427 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3], 428 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2], 429 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1], 430 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1]. 431 432* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6] 433 434* release notes for 435 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6], 436 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5], 437 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4], 438 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3], 439 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2], 440 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1], 441 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0]. 442 443* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6] 444 445* release notes for 446 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6], 447 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5], 448 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4], 449 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3], 450 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2], 451 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1], 452 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6]. 453 454* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6] 455 456* release notes for 457 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6], 458 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5], 459 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4], 460 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3], 461 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2], 462 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1], 463 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5]. 464 465* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7] 466 467* release notes for 468 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7], 469 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6], 470 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5], 471 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4], 472 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3], 473 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2], 474 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1], 475 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4]. 476 477* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8] 478 479* release notes for 480 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8], 481 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7], 482 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6], 483 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5], 484 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4], 485 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3], 486 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2], 487 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1], 488 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3]. 489 490* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5] 491 492* release notes for 493 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5], 494 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4], 495 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3], 496 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2], 497 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1], 498 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2]. 499 500* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6] 501 502* release notes for 503 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6], 504 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5], 505 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4], 506 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3], 507 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2], 508 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1], 509 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1]. 510 511* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7] 512 513* release notes for 514 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7], 515 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6], 516 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5], 517 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3], 518 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2], 519 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1], 520 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0]. 521 522* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4], 523 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3], 524 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6], 525 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13]. 526 527============ 528 529endif::stalenotes[] 530 531OPTIONS 532------- 533--version:: 534 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from. 535 536--help:: 537 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used 538 commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all 539 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this 540 option will bring up the manual page for that command. 541+ 542Other options are available to control how the manual page is 543displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information, 544because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git 545help ...`. 546 547-C <path>:: 548 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working 549 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent 550 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C 551 <path>`. 552+ 553This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and 554`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be 555made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For 556example the following invocations are equivalent: 557 558 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status 559 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status 560 561-c <name>=<value>:: 562 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value 563 given will override values from configuration files. 564 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by 565 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots). 566+ 567Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets 568`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a 569config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c 570foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string. 571 572--exec-path[=<path>]:: 573 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. 574 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH 575 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print 576 the current setting and then exit. 577 578--html-path:: 579 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML 580 documentation is installed and exit. 581 582--man-path:: 583 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for 584 this version of Git and exit. 585 586--info-path:: 587 Print the path where the Info files documenting this 588 version of Git are installed and exit. 589 590-p:: 591--paginate:: 592 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard 593 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>` 594 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section 595 below). 596 597--no-pager:: 598 Do not pipe Git output into a pager. 599 600--git-dir=<path>:: 601 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by 602 setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute 603 path or relative path to current working directory. 604 605--work-tree=<path>:: 606 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path 607 or a path relative to the current working directory. 608 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE 609 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration 610 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a 611 more detailed discussion). 612 613--namespace=<path>:: 614 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more 615 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment 616 variable. 617 618--super-prefix=<path>:: 619 Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from 620 above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules 621 context about the superproject that invoked it. 622 623--bare:: 624 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR 625 environment is not set, it is set to the current working 626 directory. 627 628--no-replace-objects:: 629 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See 630 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information. 631 632--literal-pathspecs:: 633 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). 634 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment 635 variable to `1`. 636 637--glob-pathspecs:: 638 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 639 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling 640 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 641 magic ":(literal)" 642 643--noglob-pathspecs:: 644 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 645 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling 646 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec 647 magic ":(glob)" 648 649--icase-pathspecs:: 650 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting 651 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. 652 653GIT COMMANDS 654------------ 655 656We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level 657("plumbing") commands. 658 659High-level commands (porcelain) 660------------------------------- 661 662We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some 663ancillary user utilities. 664 665Main porcelain commands 666~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 667 668include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[] 669 670Ancillary Commands 671~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 672Manipulators: 673 674include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[] 675 676Interrogators: 677 678include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[] 679 680 681Interacting with Others 682~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 683 684These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other 685people via patch over e-mail. 686 687include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[] 688 689 690Low-level commands (plumbing) 691----------------------------- 692 693Although Git includes its 694own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support 695development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains 696might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and 697linkgit:git-read-tree[1]. 698 699The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) 700to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable 701than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are 702primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands 703on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the 704end user experience. 705 706The following description divides 707the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in 708the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and 709compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between 710repositories. 711 712 713Manipulation commands 714~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 715 716include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[] 717 718 719Interrogation commands 720~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 721 722include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[] 723 724In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in 725the working tree. 726 727 728Synching repositories 729~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 730 731include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[] 732 733The following are helper commands used by the above; end users 734typically do not use them directly. 735 736include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[] 737 738 739Internal helper commands 740~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 741 742These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end 743users typically do not use them directly. 744 745include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[] 746 747 748Configuration Mechanism 749----------------------- 750 751Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per 752repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look 753like this: 754 755------------ 756# 757# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. 758# 759 760; core variables 761[core] 762 ; Don't trust file modes 763 filemode = false 764 765; user identity 766[user] 767 name = "Junio C Hamano" 768 email = "gitster@pobox.com" 769 770------------ 771 772Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust 773their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a 774list and more details about the configuration mechanism. 775 776 777Identifier Terminology 778---------------------- 779<object>:: 780 Indicates the object name for any type of object. 781 782<blob>:: 783 Indicates a blob object name. 784 785<tree>:: 786 Indicates a tree object name. 787 788<commit>:: 789 Indicates a commit object name. 790 791<tree-ish>:: 792 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A 793 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to 794 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences 795 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>. 796 797<commit-ish>:: 798 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A 799 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to 800 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences 801 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>. 802 803<type>:: 804 Indicates that an object type is required. 805 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`. 806 807<file>:: 808 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the 809 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes. 810 811Symbolic Identifiers 812-------------------- 813Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following 814symbolic notation: 815 816HEAD:: 817 indicates the head of the current branch. 818 819<tag>:: 820 a valid tag 'name' 821 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference). 822 823<head>:: 824 a valid head 'name' 825 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference). 826 827For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see 828"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7]. 829 830 831File/Directory Structure 832------------------------ 833 834Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document. 835 836Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook. 837 838Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the 839`$GIT_DIR`. 840 841 842Terminology 843----------- 844Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7]. 845 846 847Environment Variables 848--------------------- 849Various Git commands use the following environment variables: 850 851The Git Repository 852~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 853These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it 854is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above 855Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. 856 857`GIT_INDEX_FILE`:: 858 This environment allows the specification of an alternate 859 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index` 860 is used. 861 862`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`:: 863 This environment variable allows the specification of an index 864 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index 865 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See 866 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information. 867 868`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`:: 869 If the object storage directory is specified via this 870 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created 871 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` 872 directory is used. 873 874`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`:: 875 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be 876 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable 877 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list 878 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git 879 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. 880+ 881 Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted 882 as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing 883 double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value 884 `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: 885 `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. 886 887`GIT_DIR`:: 888 If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it 889 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git` 890 for the base of the repository. 891 The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value. 892 893`GIT_WORK_TREE`:: 894 Set the path to the root of the working tree. 895 This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line 896 option and the core.worktree configuration variable. 897 898`GIT_NAMESPACE`:: 899 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details. 900 The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value. 901 902`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`:: 903 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If 904 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up 905 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for 906 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not 907 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the 908 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read 909 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that 910 might be present in order to compare them with the current 911 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you 912 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the 913 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved; 914 e.g., 915 `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`. 916 917`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`:: 918 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository 919 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent 920 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it 921 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable 922 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem 923 boundaries. Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect 924 an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the 925 command line. 926 927`GIT_COMMON_DIR`:: 928 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are 929 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path 930 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are 931 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and 932 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for 933 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path 934 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... 935 936Git Commits 937~~~~~~~~~~~ 938`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`:: 939`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`:: 940`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`:: 941`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`:: 942`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`:: 943`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`:: 944'EMAIL':: 945 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1] 946 947Git Diffs 948~~~~~~~~~ 949`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`:: 950 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the 951 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. 952 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option 953 value passed on the Git diff command line. 954 955`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`:: 956 When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the 957 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation 958 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, 959 `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters: 960 961 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode 962+ 963where: 964 965 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the 966 contents of <old|new>, 967 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, 968 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes. 969+ 970The file parameters can point at the user's working file 971(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file` 972when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the 973index). `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the 974temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits. 975+ 976For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1 977parameter, <path>. 978+ 979For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables, 980`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set. 981 982`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`:: 983 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. 984 985`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`:: 986 The total number of paths. 987 988other 989~~~~~ 990`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`:: 991 A number controlling the amount of output shown by 992 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. 993 See linkgit:git-merge[1] 994 995`GIT_PAGER`:: 996 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set 997 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch 998 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in 999 linkgit:git-config[1].10001001`GIT_EDITOR`::1002 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.1003 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,1004 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]1005 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].10061007`GIT_SSH`::1008`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::1009 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'1010 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'1011 when they need to connect to a remote system.1012 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the1013 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell1014 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by1015 `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies1016 something other than the default SSH port.1017+1018`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted1019by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.1020`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program1021(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are1022needed).1023+1024Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your1025personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation1026for further details.10271028`GIT_ASKPASS`::1029 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to1030 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)1031 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument1032 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`1033 option in linkgit:git-config[1].10341035`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::1036 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt1037 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).10381039`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::1040 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide1041 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can1042 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a1043 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it1044 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while1045 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.10461047`GIT_FLUSH`::1048 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such1049 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',1050 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will1051 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been1052 flushed. If this1053 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done1054 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is1055 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing1056 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.10571058`GIT_TRACE`::1059 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in1060 command execution and external command execution.1061+1062If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison1063is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to1064stderr.1065+1066If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 21067and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this1068value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the1069trace messages into this file descriptor.1070+1071Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path1072(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this1073as a file path and will try to write the trace messages1074into it.1075+1076Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or1077"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.10781079`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::1080 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each1081 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is1082 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some1083 pack-related performance problems.1084 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10851086`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::1087 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a1088 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation1089 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet1090 starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).1091 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.10921093`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::1094 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a1095 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is1096 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost1097 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,1098 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on1099 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.1100+1101Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side1102of clones and fetches.11031104`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::1105 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution1106 time of each Git command.1107 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11081109`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::1110 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current1111 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.1112 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11131114`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::1115 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /1116 cloning of shallow repositories.1117 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11181119`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::1120 Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,1121 including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.1122 This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.1123 This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment1124 variable.1125 See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.11261127`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::1128 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1129 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,1130 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search1131 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the1132 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding1133 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by1134 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).11351136`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::1137 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1138 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).11391140`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::1141 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1142 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).11431144`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::1145 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all1146 pathspecs as case-insensitive.11471148`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::1149 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep1150 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is1151 typically the name of the high-level command that updated1152 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.1153 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action1154 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this1155 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the1156 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.11571158`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::1159 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating1160 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this1161 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and1162 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets1163 this variable automatically when performing destructive1164 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set1165 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure1166 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are1167 cloning a repository to make a backup).11681169`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::1170 If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if1171 `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed1172 protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`1173 (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any1174 protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a1175 whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of1176 `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11771178`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::1179 Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are1180 configured to the `user` state. This is useful to restrict recursive1181 submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs1182 which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See1183 linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.11841185Discussion[[Discussion]]1186------------------------11871188More detail on the following is available from the1189link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1190user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].11911192A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"1193subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other1194things, a compressed object database representing the complete history1195of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current1196contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such1197as tags and branch heads.11981199The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which1200hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up1201directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree1202and some number of parent commits.12031204The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or1205"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent1206represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one1207parent represent merges of independent lines of development.12081209All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally1210written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.1211The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing1212just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this1213purpose.12141215When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for1216efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".12171218Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref1219may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs1220with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most1221recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of1222tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named1223`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.12241225The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each1226path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents1227the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The1228attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the1229corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the1230working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may1231be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the1232content stored in the index.12331234The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")1235for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various1236unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.12371238FURTHER DOCUMENTATION1239---------------------12401241See the references in the "description" section to get started1242using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary1243for a first-time user.12441245The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the1246user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide1247introductions to the underlying Git architecture.12481249See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.12501251See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful1252examples.12531254The internals are documented in the1255link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].12561257Users migrating from CVS may also want to1258read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].125912601261Authors1262-------1263Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio1264C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list1265<git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary1266gives you a more complete list of contributors.12671268If you have a clone of git.git itself, the1269output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you1270the authors for specific parts of the project.12711272Reporting Bugs1273--------------12741275Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the1276development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be1277subscribed to the list to send a message there.12781279SEE ALSO1280--------1281linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],1282linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],1283linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],1284linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],1285linkgit:gitworkflows[7]12861287GIT1288---1289Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite