1Commit Limiting 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 4Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the 5special notations explained in the description, additional commit 6limiting may be applied. 7 8Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g. 9`--since=<date1>` limits to commits newer than `<date1>`, and using it 10with `--grep=<pattern>` further limits to commits whose log message 11has a line that matches `<pattern>`), unless otherwise noted. 12 13Note that these are applied before commit 14ordering and formatting options, such as `--reverse`. 15 16-- 17 18-<number>:: 19-n <number>:: 20--max-count=<number>:: 21 Limit the number of commits to output. 22 23--skip=<number>:: 24 Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output. 25 26--since=<date>:: 27--after=<date>:: 28 Show commits more recent than a specific date. 29 30--until=<date>:: 31--before=<date>:: 32 Show commits older than a specific date. 33 34ifdef::git-rev-list[] 35--max-age=<timestamp>:: 36--min-age=<timestamp>:: 37 Limit the commits output to specified time range. 38endif::git-rev-list[] 39 40--author=<pattern>:: 41--committer=<pattern>:: 42 Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer 43 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular 44 expression). With more than one `--author=<pattern>`, 45 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are 46 chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`). 47 48--grep-reflog=<pattern>:: 49 Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that 50 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With 51 more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message 52 matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an 53 error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use. 54 55--grep=<pattern>:: 56 Limit the commits output to ones with log message that 57 matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With 58 more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message 59 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see 60 `--all-match`). 61ifndef::git-rev-list[] 62+ 63When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is 64matched as if it were part of the log message. 65endif::git-rev-list[] 66 67--all-match:: 68 Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`, 69 instead of ones that match at least one. 70 71--invert-grep:: 72 Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not 73 match the pattern specified with `--grep=<pattern>`. 74 75-i:: 76--regexp-ignore-case:: 77 Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter 78 case. 79 80--basic-regexp:: 81 Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; 82 this is the default. 83 84-E:: 85--extended-regexp:: 86 Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions 87 instead of the default basic regular expressions. 88 89-F:: 90--fixed-strings:: 91 Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret 92 pattern as a regular expression). 93 94-P:: 95--perl-regexp:: 96 Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular 97 expressions. 98+ 99Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional 100compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for them 101providing this option will cause it to die. 102 103--remove-empty:: 104 Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. 105 106--merges:: 107 Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`. 108 109--no-merges:: 110 Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is 111 exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`. 112 113--min-parents=<number>:: 114--max-parents=<number>:: 115--no-min-parents:: 116--no-max-parents:: 117 Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent 118 commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`, 119 `--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`. `--max-parents=0` 120 gives all root commits and `--min-parents=3` all octopus merges. 121+ 122`--no-min-parents` and `--no-max-parents` reset these limits (to no limit) 123again. Equivalent forms are `--min-parents=0` (any commit has 0 or more 124parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit). 125 126--first-parent:: 127 Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge 128 commit. This option can give a better overview when 129 viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch, 130 because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about 131 adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and 132 this option allows you to ignore the individual commits 133 brought in to your history by such a merge. Cannot be 134 combined with --bisect. 135 136--not:: 137 Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof) 138 for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`. 139 140--all:: 141 Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/`, along with `HEAD`, are 142 listed on the command line as '<commit>'. 143 144--branches[=<pattern>]:: 145 Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed 146 on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit 147 branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', 148 '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. 149 150--tags[=<pattern>]:: 151 Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed 152 on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit 153 tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', 154 or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. 155 156--remotes[=<pattern>]:: 157 Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed 158 on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit 159 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. 160 If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. 161 162--glob=<glob-pattern>:: 163 Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob '<glob-pattern>' 164 are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. Leading 'refs/', 165 is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', 166 or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied. 167 168--exclude=<glob-pattern>:: 169 170 Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`, 171 `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise 172 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns 173 up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or 174 `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear 175 accumulated patterns). 176+ 177The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or 178`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`, 179respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob` 180or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given 181explicitly. 182 183--reflog:: 184 Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the 185 command line as `<commit>`. 186 187--single-worktree:: 188 By default, all working trees will be examined by the 189 following options when there are more than one (see 190 linkgit:git-worktree[1]): `--all`, `--reflog` and 191 `--indexed-objects`. 192 This option forces them to examine the current working tree 193 only. 194 195--ignore-missing:: 196 Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if 197 the bad input was not given. 198 199ifndef::git-rev-list[] 200--bisect:: 201 Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad` 202 was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good 203 bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command 204 line. Cannot be combined with --first-parent. 205endif::git-rev-list[] 206 207--stdin:: 208 In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command 209 line, read them from the standard input. If a `--` separator is 210 seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the 211 result. 212 213ifdef::git-rev-list[] 214--quiet:: 215 Don't print anything to standard output. This form 216 is primarily meant to allow the caller to 217 test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully 218 connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout 219 to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted. 220endif::git-rev-list[] 221 222--cherry-mark:: 223 Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits 224 with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`. 225 226--cherry-pick:: 227 Omit any commit that introduces the same change as 228 another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of 229 commits are limited with symmetric difference. 230+ 231For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way 232to list all commits on only one side of them is with 233`--left-right` (see the example below in the description of 234the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were 235cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be 236cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are 237excluded from the output. 238 239--left-only:: 240--right-only:: 241 List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference, 242 i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by 243 `--left-right`. 244+ 245For example, `--cherry-pick --right-only A...B` omits those 246commits from `B` which are in `A` or are patch-equivalent to a commit in 247`A`. In other words, this lists the `+` commits from `git cherry A B`. 248More precisely, `--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges` gives the exact 249list. 250 251--cherry:: 252 A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to 253 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that 254 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with 255 `git log --cherry upstream...mybranch`, similar to 256 `git cherry upstream mybranch`. 257 258-g:: 259--walk-reflogs:: 260 Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk 261 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. 262 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to 263 exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2', 264 and 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used). 265+ 266With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons), 267this causes the output to have two extra lines of information 268taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown 269as `ref@{Nth}` (where `Nth` is the reverse-chronological index in the 270reflog) or as `ref@{timestamp}` (with the timestamp for that entry), 271depending on a few rules: 272+ 273-- 2741. If the starting point is specified as `ref@{Nth}`, show the index 275format. 276+ 2772. If the starting point was specified as `ref@{now}`, show the 278timestamp format. 279+ 2803. If neither was used, but `--date` was given on the command line, show 281the timestamp in the format requested by `--date`. 282+ 2834. Otherwise, show the index format. 284-- 285+ 286Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is 287prefixed with this information on the same line. 288This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`. 289See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. 290 291--merge:: 292 After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a 293 conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge. 294 295--boundary:: 296 Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are 297 prefixed with `-`. 298 299ifdef::git-rev-list[] 300--use-bitmap-index:: 301 302 Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if 303 one is available). Note that when traversing with `--objects`, 304 trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed. 305 306--progress=<header>:: 307 Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The 308 `<header>` text will be printed with each progress update. 309endif::git-rev-list[] 310 311-- 312 313History Simplification 314~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 315 316Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the 317commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of 318'History Simplification', one part is selecting the commits and the other 319is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history. 320 321The following options select the commits to be shown: 322 323<paths>:: 324 Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected. 325 326--simplify-by-decoration:: 327 Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected. 328 329Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history. 330 331The following options affect the way the simplification is performed: 332 333Default mode:: 334 Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the 335 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side 336 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches 337 with the same content) 338 339--full-history:: 340 Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history. 341 342--dense:: 343 Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a 344 meaningful history. 345 346--sparse:: 347 All commits in the simplified history are shown. 348 349--simplify-merges:: 350 Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless 351 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected 352 commits contributing to this merge. 353 354--ancestry-path:: 355 When given a range of commits to display (e.g. 'commit1..commit2' 356 or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only display commits that exist 357 directly on the ancestry chain between the 'commit1' and 358 'commit2', i.e. commits that are both descendants of 'commit1', 359 and ancestors of 'commit2'. 360 361A more detailed explanation follows. 362 363Suppose you specified `foo` as the <paths>. We shall call commits 364that modify `foo` !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff 365filtered for `foo`, they look different and equal, respectively.) 366 367In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to 368illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume 369that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph: 370----------------------------------------------------------------------- 371 .-A---M---N---O---P---Q 372 / / / / / / 373 I B C D E Y 374 \ / / / / / 375 `-------------' X 376----------------------------------------------------------------------- 377The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of 378each merge. The commits are: 379 380* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents 381 ``asdf'', and a file `quux` exists with contents ``quux''. Initial 382 commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. 383 384* In `A`, `foo` contains just ``foo''. 385 386* `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and 387 hence TREESAME to all parents. 388 389* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to ``foobar'', 390 so it is not TREESAME to any parent. 391 392* `D` sets `foo` to ``baz''. Its merge `O` combines the strings from 393 `N` and `D` to ``foobarbaz''; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. 394 395* `E` changes `quux` to ``xyzzy'', and its merge `P` combines the 396 strings to ``quux xyzzy''. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`. 397 398* `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y` 399 modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and 400 `Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`. 401 402`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding 403commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting 404(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings 405are available. 406 407Default mode:: 408 Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent 409 (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). If the 410 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow 411 only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME 412 parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all 413 parents. 414+ 415This results in: 416+ 417----------------------------------------------------------------------- 418 .-A---N---O 419 / / / 420 I---------D 421----------------------------------------------------------------------- 422+ 423Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is 424available, removed `B` from consideration entirely. `C` was 425considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an 426empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. 427+ 428Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does 429not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the 430parent lines. 431 432--full-history without parent rewriting:: 433 This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow 434 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. 435 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are 436 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In 437 the example, we get 438+ 439----------------------------------------------------------------------- 440 I A B N D O P Q 441----------------------------------------------------------------------- 442+ 443`M` was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. `E`, 444`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others 445do not appear. 446+ 447Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk 448about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show 449them disconnected. 450 451--full-history with parent rewriting:: 452 Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME 453 (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). 454+ 455Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: 456Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included 457themselves. This results in 458+ 459----------------------------------------------------------------------- 460 .-A---M---N---O---P---Q 461 / / / / / 462 I B / D / 463 \ / / / / 464 `-------------' 465----------------------------------------------------------------------- 466+ 467Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above. Note that `E` 468was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was 469rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and 470`N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`. 471 472In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME 473affects inclusion: 474 475--dense:: 476 Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME 477 to any parent. 478 479--sparse:: 480 All commits that are walked are included. 481+ 482Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if 483one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other 484sides of the merge are never walked. 485 486--simplify-merges:: 487 First, build a history graph in the same way that 488 `--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above). 489+ 490Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final 491history according to the following rules: 492+ 493-- 494* Set `C'` to `C`. 495+ 496* Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`. In 497 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are 498 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care 499 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to. 500+ 501* If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has 502 zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. 503 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent. 504-- 505+ 506The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to 507`--full-history` with parent rewriting. The example turns into: 508+ 509----------------------------------------------------------------------- 510 .-A---M---N---O 511 / / / 512 I B D 513 \ / / 514 `---------' 515----------------------------------------------------------------------- 516+ 517Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`: 518+ 519-- 520* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the 521 other parent `M`. Still, `N` remained because it is !TREESAME. 522+ 523* `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed. `P` was then 524 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME. 525+ 526* `Q`'s parent list had `Y` simplified to `X`. `X` was then removed, because it 527 was a TREESAME root. `Q` was then removed completely, because it had one 528 parent and is TREESAME. 529-- 530 531Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available: 532 533--ancestry-path:: 534 Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry 535 chain between the ``from'' and ``to'' commits in the given commit 536 range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the ``to'' 537 commit and descendants of the ``from'' commit. 538+ 539As an example use case, consider the following commit history: 540+ 541----------------------------------------------------------------------- 542 D---E-------F 543 / \ \ 544 B---C---G---H---I---J 545 / \ 546 A-------K---------------L--M 547----------------------------------------------------------------------- 548+ 549A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`, 550but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see 551what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense 552that ``what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`''. The result in this 553example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself, 554of course). 555+ 556When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the 557bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view 558only the subset of 'D..M' that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e. 559excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path` 560option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in: 561+ 562----------------------------------------------------------------------- 563 E-------F 564 \ \ 565 G---H---I---J 566 \ 567 L--M 568----------------------------------------------------------------------- 569 570The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the 571big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits 572that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME 573(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described 574above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the 575contents of the paths given on the command line. All other 576commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away). 577 578ifdef::git-rev-list[] 579Bisection Helpers 580~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 581 582--bisect:: 583 Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between 584 included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref 585 `refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it 586 exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are 587 added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there 588 are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if 589+ 590----------------------------------------------------------------------- 591 $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz 592----------------------------------------------------------------------- 593+ 594outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands 595+ 596----------------------------------------------------------------------- 597 $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint 598 $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz 599----------------------------------------------------------------------- 600+ 601would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which 602introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly 603generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length 604one. Cannot be combined with --first-parent. 605 606--bisect-vars:: 607 This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in 608 `refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs 609 text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the 610 name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the 611 expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested 612 to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if 613 `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected 614 number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to 615 `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to 616 `bisect_all`. 617 618--bisect-all:: 619 This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded 620 commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded 621 commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest 622 from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by 623 `--bisect`.) 624+ 625This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to 626test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they 627may not compile for example). 628+ 629This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case, 630after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if 631`--bisect-vars` had been used alone. 632endif::git-rev-list[] 633 634 635Commit Ordering 636~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 637 638By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order. 639 640--date-order:: 641 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but 642 otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order. 643 644--author-date-order:: 645 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but 646 otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order. 647 648--topo-order:: 649 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and 650 avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history 651 intermixed. 652+ 653For example, in a commit history like this: 654+ 655---------------------------------------------------------------- 656 657 ---1----2----4----7 658 \ \ 659 3----5----6----8--- 660 661---------------------------------------------------------------- 662+ 663where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, `git 664rev-list` and friends with `--date-order` show the commits in the 665timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. 666+ 667With `--topo-order`, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5 6683 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to 669avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed 670together. 671 672--reverse:: 673 Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting 674 section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with 675 `--walk-reflogs`. 676 677Object Traversal 678~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 679 680These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories. 681 682ifdef::git-rev-list[] 683--objects:: 684 Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed 685 commits. `--objects foo ^bar` thus means ``send me 686 all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit 687 object _bar_ but not _foo_''. 688 689--in-commit-order:: 690 Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree 691 and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced 692 by a commit. 693 694--objects-edge:: 695 Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded 696 commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by 697 linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build a ``thin'' pack, which records 698 objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these 699 excluded commits to reduce network traffic. 700 701--objects-edge-aggressive:: 702 Similar to `--objects-edge`, but it tries harder to find excluded 703 commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of 704 `--objects-edge` to build ``thin'' packs for shallow repositories. 705 706--indexed-objects:: 707 Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed 708 on the command line. Note that you probably want to use 709 `--objects`, too. 710 711--unpacked:: 712 Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not 713 in packs. 714 715--filter=<filter-spec>:: 716 Only useful with one of the `--objects*`; omits objects (usually 717 blobs) from the list of printed objects. The '<filter-spec>' 718 may be one of the following: 719+ 720The form '--filter=blob:none' omits all blobs. 721+ 722The form '--filter=blob:limit=<n>[kmg]' omits blobs larger than n bytes 723or units. n may be zero. The suffixes k, m, and g can be used to name 724units in KiB, MiB, or GiB. For example, 'blob:limit=1k' is the same 725as 'blob:limit=1024'. 726+ 727The form '--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish>' uses a sparse-checkout 728specification contained in the blob (or blob-expression) '<blob-ish>' 729to omit blobs that would not be not required for a sparse checkout on 730the requested refs. 731+ 732The form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' similarly uses a sparse-checkout 733specification contained in <path>. 734+ 735The form '--filter=tree:<depth>' omits all blobs and trees whose depth 736from the root tree is >= <depth> (minimum depth if an object is located 737at multiple depths in the commits traversed). Currently, only <depth>=0 738is supported, which omits all blobs and trees. 739 740--no-filter:: 741 Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument. 742 743--filter-print-omitted:: 744 Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted 745 by the filter. Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character. 746 747--missing=<missing-action>:: 748 A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development. 749 This option specifies how missing objects are handled. 750+ 751The form '--missing=error' requests that rev-list stop with an error if 752a missing object is encountered. This is the default action. 753+ 754The form '--missing=allow-any' will allow object traversal to continue 755if a missing object is encountered. Missing objects will silently be 756omitted from the results. 757+ 758The form '--missing=allow-promisor' is like 'allow-any', but will only 759allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects. 760Unexpected missing objects will raise an error. 761+ 762The form '--missing=print' is like 'allow-any', but will also print a 763list of the missing objects. Object IDs are prefixed with a ``?'' character. 764 765--exclude-promisor-objects:: 766 (For internal use only.) Prefilter object traversal at 767 promisor boundary. This is used with partial clone. This is 768 stronger than `--missing=allow-promisor` because it limits the 769 traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing 770 objects. 771endif::git-rev-list[] 772 773--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]:: 774 Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors. 775 This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument 776 `unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were 777 given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument 778 was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order 779 by commit time. 780 Cannot be combined with `--graph`. 781 782--do-walk:: 783 Overrides a previous `--no-walk`. 784 785Commit Formatting 786~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 787 788ifdef::git-rev-list[] 789Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the 790more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1], 791linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] 792endif::git-rev-list[] 793 794include::pretty-options.txt[] 795 796--relative-date:: 797 Synonym for `--date=relative`. 798 799--date=<format>:: 800 Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such 801 as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default 802 value for the log command's `--date` option. By default, dates 803 are shown in the original time zone (either committer's or 804 author's). If `-local` is appended to the format (e.g., 805 `iso-local`), the user's local time zone is used instead. 806+ 807`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, 808e.g. ``2 hours ago''. The `-local` option has no effect for 809`--date=relative`. 810+ 811`--date=local` is an alias for `--date=default-local`. 812+ 813`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format. 814The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are: 815 816 - a space instead of the `T` date/time delimiter 817 - a space between time and time zone 818 - no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone 819 820+ 821`--date=iso-strict` (or `--date=iso8601-strict`) shows timestamps in strict 822ISO 8601 format. 823+ 824`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 825format, often found in email messages. 826+ 827`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. 828+ 829`--date=raw` shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 83000:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset 831from UTC (a `+` or `-` with four digits; the first two are hours, and 832the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted 833with `strftime("%s %z")`). 834Note that the `-local` option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch 835value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying 836timezone value. 837+ 838`--date=unix` shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since 8391970). As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local` 840has no effect. 841+ 842`--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`, 843except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally. 844Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's 845preferred format. See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of 846format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is 847`--date=format-local:...`. 848+ 849`--date=default` is the default format, and is similar to 850`--date=rfc2822`, with a few exceptions: 851 852 - there is no comma after the day-of-week 853 854 - the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used 855 856ifdef::git-rev-list[] 857--header:: 858 Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is 859 separated with a NUL character. 860endif::git-rev-list[] 861 862--parents:: 863 Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent..."). 864 Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. 865 866--children:: 867 Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child..."). 868 Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. 869 870ifdef::git-rev-list[] 871--timestamp:: 872 Print the raw commit timestamp. 873endif::git-rev-list[] 874 875--left-right:: 876 Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from. 877 Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from 878 the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those 879 commits are prefixed with `-`. 880+ 881For example, if you have this topology: 882+ 883----------------------------------------------------------------------- 884 y---b---b branch B 885 / \ / 886 / . 887 / / \ 888 o---x---a---a branch A 889----------------------------------------------------------------------- 890+ 891you would get an output like this: 892+ 893----------------------------------------------------------------------- 894 $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B 895 896 >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b 897 >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b 898 <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a 899 <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a 900 -yyyyyyy... 1st on b 901 -xxxxxxx... 1st on a 902----------------------------------------------------------------------- 903 904--graph:: 905 Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history 906 on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines 907 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history 908 to be drawn properly. 909 Cannot be combined with `--no-walk`. 910+ 911This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above. 912+ 913This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the 914`--date-order` option may also be specified. 915 916--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]:: 917 When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened 918 which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits 919 do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier 920 in between them in that case. If `<barrier>` is specified, it 921 is the string that will be shown instead of the default one. 922 923ifdef::git-rev-list[] 924--count:: 925 Print a number stating how many commits would have been 926 listed, and suppress all other output. When used together 927 with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and 928 right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with 929 `--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these 930 counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated 931 by a tab. 932endif::git-rev-list[] 933 934ifndef::git-rev-list[] 935Diff Formatting 936~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 937 938Listed below are options that control the formatting of diff output. 939Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff 940options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. 941 942-c:: 943 With this option, diff output for a merge commit 944 shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result 945 simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent 946 and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files 947 which were modified from all parents. 948 949--cc:: 950 This flag implies the `-c` option and further compresses the 951 patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in 952 the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks 953 one of them without modification. 954 955-m:: 956 This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like 957 regular commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry 958 and diff is generated. An exception is that only diff against 959 the first parent is shown when `--first-parent` option is given; 960 in that case, the output represents the changes the merge 961 brought _into_ the then-current branch. 962 963-r:: 964 Show recursive diffs. 965 966-t:: 967 Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`. 968endif::git-rev-list[]