Documentation / git.txton commit Git 2.12.5 (9752ad0)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.12.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.12.3]
  48
  49* release notes for
  50  link:RelNotes/2.12.3.txt[2.12.3],
  51  link:RelNotes/2.12.2.txt[2.12.2],
  52  link:RelNotes/2.12.1.txt[2.12.1],
  53  link:RelNotes/2.12.0.txt[2.12].
  54
  55* link:v2.11.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.1]
  56
  57* release notes for
  58  link:RelNotes/2.11.2.txt[2.11.2],
  59  link:RelNotes/2.11.1.txt[2.11.1],
  60  link:RelNotes/2.11.0.txt[2.11].
  61
  62* link:v2.10.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.10.3]
  63
  64* release notes for
  65  link:RelNotes/2.10.3.txt[2.10.3],
  66  link:RelNotes/2.10.2.txt[2.10.2],
  67  link:RelNotes/2.10.1.txt[2.10.1],
  68  link:RelNotes/2.10.0.txt[2.10].
  69
  70* link:v2.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.9.4]
  71
  72* release notes for
  73  link:RelNotes/2.9.4.txt[2.9.4],
  74  link:RelNotes/2.9.3.txt[2.9.3],
  75  link:RelNotes/2.9.2.txt[2.9.2],
  76  link:RelNotes/2.9.1.txt[2.9.1],
  77  link:RelNotes/2.9.0.txt[2.9].
  78
  79* link:v2.8.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.5]
  80
  81* release notes for
  82  link:RelNotes/2.8.5.txt[2.8.5],
  83  link:RelNotes/2.8.4.txt[2.8.4],
  84  link:RelNotes/2.8.3.txt[2.8.3],
  85  link:RelNotes/2.8.2.txt[2.8.2],
  86  link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1],
  87  link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
  88
  89* link:v2.7.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.5]
  90
  91* release notes for
  92  link:RelNotes/2.7.5.txt[2.7.5],
  93  link:RelNotes/2.7.4.txt[2.7.4],
  94  link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
  95  link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
  96  link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
  97  link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
  98
  99* link:v2.6.7/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.7]
 100
 101* release notes for
 102  link:RelNotes/2.6.7.txt[2.6.7],
 103  link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
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 111* link:v2.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.6]
 112
 113* release notes for
 114  link:RelNotes/2.5.6.txt[2.5.6],
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 120  link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
 121
 122* link:v2.4.12/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.12]
 123
 124* release notes for
 125  link:RelNotes/2.4.12.txt[2.4.12],
 126  link:RelNotes/2.4.11.txt[2.4.11],
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 137  link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
 138
 139* link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
 140
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 143  link:RelNotes/2.3.9.txt[2.3.9],
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 152  link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
 153
 154* link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
 155
 156* release notes for
 157  link:RelNotes/2.2.3.txt[2.2.3],
 158  link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
 159  link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
 160  link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
 161
 162* link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
 163
 164* release notes for
 165  link:RelNotes/2.1.4.txt[2.1.4],
 166  link:RelNotes/2.1.3.txt[2.1.3],
 167  link:RelNotes/2.1.2.txt[2.1.2],
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 169  link:RelNotes/2.1.0.txt[2.1].
 170
 171* link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
 172
 173* release notes for
 174  link:RelNotes/2.0.5.txt[2.0.5],
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 189  link:RelNotes/1.9.0.txt[1.9.0].
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 191* link:v1.8.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.5.6]
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 193* release notes for
 194  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.6.txt[1.8.5.6],
 195  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.5.txt[1.8.5.5],
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 200  link:RelNotes/1.8.5.txt[1.8.5].
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 202* link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
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 210  link:RelNotes/1.8.4.txt[1.8.4].
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 212* link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
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 216  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.3.txt[1.8.3.3],
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 219  link:RelNotes/1.8.3.txt[1.8.3].
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 229* link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
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 248* link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
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 250* release notes for
 251  link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
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 257* link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
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 259* release notes for
 260  link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
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 269* link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
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 291* link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
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 344* link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
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 434  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
 435
 436* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
 437
 438* release notes for
 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
 441  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 443
 444* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 445
 446* release notes for
 447  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 448  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 449  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 450  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 451  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 452  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 454
 455* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 456
 457* release notes for
 458  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 459  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 460  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 461  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 462  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 465
 466* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 467
 468* release notes for
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 471  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 472  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 473  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 474  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 476
 477* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 478
 479* release notes for
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 485  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 487  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 488
 489* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 490
 491* release notes for
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 494  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 495  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 496  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 497  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 501
 502* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 503
 504* release notes for
 505  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 506  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 507  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 508  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 511
 512* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 513
 514* release notes for
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 516  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 517  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 518  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 519  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 520  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 521  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 522
 523* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 524
 525* release notes for
 526  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 527  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 528  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 529  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 530  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 531  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 532  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 533
 534* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 535  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 536  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 537  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 538
 539============
 540
 541endif::stalenotes[]
 542
 543OPTIONS
 544-------
 545--version::
 546        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 547
 548--help::
 549        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 550        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 551        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 552        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 553+
 554Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 555displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 556because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 557help ...`.
 558
 559-C <path>::
 560        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 561        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 562        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 563        <path>`.
 564+
 565This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 566`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 567made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 568example the following invocations are equivalent:
 569
 570    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 571    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 572
 573-c <name>=<value>::
 574        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 575        given will override values from configuration files.
 576        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 577        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 578+
 579Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 580`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 581config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 582foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 583
 584--exec-path[=<path>]::
 585        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 586        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 587        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 588        the current setting and then exit.
 589
 590--html-path::
 591        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 592        documentation is installed and exit.
 593
 594--man-path::
 595        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 596        this version of Git and exit.
 597
 598--info-path::
 599        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 600        version of Git are installed and exit.
 601
 602-p::
 603--paginate::
 604        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 605        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 606        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 607        below).
 608
 609--no-pager::
 610        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 611
 612--git-dir=<path>::
 613        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 614        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 615        path or relative path to current working directory.
 616
 617--work-tree=<path>::
 618        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 619        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 620        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 621        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 622        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 623        more detailed discussion).
 624
 625--namespace=<path>::
 626        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 627        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 628        variable.
 629
 630--super-prefix=<path>::
 631        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 632        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 633        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 634
 635--bare::
 636        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 637        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 638        directory.
 639
 640--no-replace-objects::
 641        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 642        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 643
 644--literal-pathspecs::
 645        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 646        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 647        variable to `1`.
 648
 649--glob-pathspecs::
 650        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 651        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 652        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 653        magic ":(literal)"
 654
 655--noglob-pathspecs::
 656        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 657        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 658        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 659        magic ":(glob)"
 660
 661--icase-pathspecs::
 662        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 663        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 664
 665GIT COMMANDS
 666------------
 667
 668We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 669("plumbing") commands.
 670
 671High-level commands (porcelain)
 672-------------------------------
 673
 674We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 675ancillary user utilities.
 676
 677Main porcelain commands
 678~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 679
 680include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 681
 682Ancillary Commands
 683~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 684Manipulators:
 685
 686include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 687
 688Interrogators:
 689
 690include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 691
 692
 693Interacting with Others
 694~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 695
 696These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 697people via patch over e-mail.
 698
 699include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 700
 701
 702Low-level commands (plumbing)
 703-----------------------------
 704
 705Although Git includes its
 706own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 707development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 708might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 709linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 710
 711The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 712to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 713than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 714primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 715on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 716end user experience.
 717
 718The following description divides
 719the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 720the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 721compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 722repositories.
 723
 724
 725Manipulation commands
 726~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 727
 728include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 729
 730
 731Interrogation commands
 732~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 733
 734include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 735
 736In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 737the working tree.
 738
 739
 740Synching repositories
 741~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 742
 743include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 744
 745The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 746typically do not use them directly.
 747
 748include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 749
 750
 751Internal helper commands
 752~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 753
 754These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 755users typically do not use them directly.
 756
 757include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 758
 759
 760Configuration Mechanism
 761-----------------------
 762
 763Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 764repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 765like this:
 766
 767------------
 768#
 769# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 770#
 771
 772; core variables
 773[core]
 774        ; Don't trust file modes
 775        filemode = false
 776
 777; user identity
 778[user]
 779        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 780        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 781
 782------------
 783
 784Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 785their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 786list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 787
 788
 789Identifier Terminology
 790----------------------
 791<object>::
 792        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 793
 794<blob>::
 795        Indicates a blob object name.
 796
 797<tree>::
 798        Indicates a tree object name.
 799
 800<commit>::
 801        Indicates a commit object name.
 802
 803<tree-ish>::
 804        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 805        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 806        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 807        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 808
 809<commit-ish>::
 810        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 811        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 812        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 813        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 814
 815<type>::
 816        Indicates that an object type is required.
 817        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 818
 819<file>::
 820        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 821        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 822
 823Symbolic Identifiers
 824--------------------
 825Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 826symbolic notation:
 827
 828HEAD::
 829        indicates the head of the current branch.
 830
 831<tag>::
 832        a valid tag 'name'
 833        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 834
 835<head>::
 836        a valid head 'name'
 837        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 838
 839For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 840"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 841
 842
 843File/Directory Structure
 844------------------------
 845
 846Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 847
 848Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 849
 850Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 851`$GIT_DIR`.
 852
 853
 854Terminology
 855-----------
 856Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 857
 858
 859Environment Variables
 860---------------------
 861Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 862
 863The Git Repository
 864~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 865These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 866is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 867Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 868
 869`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 870        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 871        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 872        is used.
 873
 874`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 875        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 876        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 877        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 878        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 879
 880`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 881        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 882        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 883        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 884        directory is used.
 885
 886`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 887        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 888        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 889        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 890        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 891        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 892+
 893        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 894        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 895        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 896        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 897        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 898
 899`GIT_DIR`::
 900        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 901        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 902        for the base of the repository.
 903        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 904
 905`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 906        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 907        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 908        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 909
 910`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 911        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 912        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 913
 914`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 915        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 916        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 917        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 918        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 919        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 920        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 921        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 922        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 923        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 924        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 925        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 926        e.g.,
 927        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 928
 929`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 930        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 931        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 932        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 933        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 934        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 935        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 936        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 937        command line.
 938
 939`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 940        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 941        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 942        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 943        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 944        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 945        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 946        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 947
 948Git Commits
 949~~~~~~~~~~~
 950`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 951`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 952`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 953`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 954`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 955`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 956'EMAIL'::
 957        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 958
 959Git Diffs
 960~~~~~~~~~
 961`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 962        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 963        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 964        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 965        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 966
 967`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 968        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 969        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 970        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 971        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 972
 973        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 974+
 975where:
 976
 977        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 978                         contents of <old|new>,
 979        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 980        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 981+
 982The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 983(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 984when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 985index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 986temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 987+
 988For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 989parameter, <path>.
 990+
 991For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 992`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 993
 994`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 995        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 996
 997`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 998        The total number of paths.
 999
1000other
1001~~~~~
1002`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
1003        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
1004        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
1005        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
1006
1007`GIT_PAGER`::
1008        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1009        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1010        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1011        linkgit:git-config[1].
1012
1013`GIT_EDITOR`::
1014        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1015        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1016        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1017        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1018
1019`GIT_SSH`::
1020`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1021        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1022        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1023        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1024        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1025        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1026        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1027        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1028        something other than the default SSH port.
1029+
1030`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1031by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1032`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1033(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1034needed).
1035+
1036Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1037personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1038for further details.
1039
1040`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1041        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1042        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1043        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1044        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1045        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1046
1047`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1048        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1049        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1050
1051`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1052        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1053        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1054        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1055        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1056        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1057        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1058
1059`GIT_FLUSH`::
1060        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1061        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1062        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1063        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1064        flushed. If this
1065        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1066        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1067        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1068        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1069
1070`GIT_TRACE`::
1071        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1072        command execution and external command execution.
1073+
1074If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1075is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1076stderr.
1077+
1078If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1079and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1080value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1081trace messages into this file descriptor.
1082+
1083Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1084(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1085as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1086into it.
1087+
1088Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1089"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1090
1091`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1092        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1093        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1094        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1095        pack-related performance problems.
1096        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1097
1098`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1099        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1100        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1101        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1102        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1103        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1104
1105`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1106        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1107        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1108        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1109        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1110        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1111        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1112+
1113Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1114of clones and fetches.
1115
1116`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1117        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1118        time of each Git command.
1119        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1120
1121`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1122        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1123        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1124        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1125
1126`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1127        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1128        cloning of shallow repositories.
1129        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1130
1131`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1132        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1133        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1134        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1135        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1136        variable.
1137        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1138
1139`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1140        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1141        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1142        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1143        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1144        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1145        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1146        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1147
1148`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1149        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1150        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1151
1152`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1153        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1154        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1155
1156`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1157        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1158        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1159
1160`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1161        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1162        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1163        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1164        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1165        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1166        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1167        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1168        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1169
1170`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1171        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1172        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1173        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1174        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1175        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1176        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1177        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1178        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1179        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1180
1181`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1182        If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1183        `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1184        protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1185        (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1186        protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1187        whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1188        `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1189
1190`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1191        Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1192        configured to the `user` state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
1193        submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1194        which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
1195        linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1196
1197Discussion[[Discussion]]
1198------------------------
1199
1200More detail on the following is available from the
1201link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1202user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1203
1204A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1205subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1206things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1207of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1208contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1209as tags and branch heads.
1210
1211The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1212hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1213directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1214and some number of parent commits.
1215
1216The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1217"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1218represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1219parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1220
1221All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1222written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1223The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1224just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1225purpose.
1226
1227When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1228efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1229
1230Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1231may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1232with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1233recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1234tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1235`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1236
1237The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1238path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1239the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1240attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1241corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1242working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1243be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1244content stored in the index.
1245
1246The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1247for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1248unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1249
1250FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1251---------------------
1252
1253See the references in the "description" section to get started
1254using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1255for a first-time user.
1256
1257The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1258user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1259introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1260
1261See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1262
1263See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1264examples.
1265
1266The internals are documented in the
1267link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1268
1269Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1270read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1271
1272
1273Authors
1274-------
1275Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1276C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1277<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1278gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1279
1280If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1281output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1282the authors for specific parts of the project.
1283
1284Reporting Bugs
1285--------------
1286
1287Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1288development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1289subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1290
1291SEE ALSO
1292--------
1293linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1294linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1295linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1296linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1297linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1298
1299GIT
1300---
1301Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite