Documentation / git.txton commit credential-libsecret: unlock locked secrets (9c109e9)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.11.2/git.html[documentation for release 2.11.2]
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 434  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 435
 436* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 437
 438* release notes for
 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 441  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 442  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 444  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 445  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 446
 447* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 448
 449* release notes for
 450  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 451  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 452  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 456  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 457
 458* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 459
 460* release notes for
 461  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 462  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 463  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 467  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 468
 469* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 470
 471* release notes for
 472  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 473  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 474  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 480
 481* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 482
 483* release notes for
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 485  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 487  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 493
 494* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 495
 496* release notes for
 497  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 502  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 503
 504* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 505
 506* release notes for
 507  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 508  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 509  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 513  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 514
 515* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 516
 517* release notes for
 518  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 519  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 520  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 521  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 522  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 523  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 524  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 525
 526* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 527  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 528  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 529  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 530
 531============
 532
 533endif::stalenotes[]
 534
 535OPTIONS
 536-------
 537--version::
 538        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 539
 540--help::
 541        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 542        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 543        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 544        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 545+
 546Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 547displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 548because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 549help ...`.
 550
 551-C <path>::
 552        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 553        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 554        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 555        <path>`.
 556+
 557This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 558`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 559made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 560example the following invocations are equivalent:
 561
 562    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 563    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 564
 565-c <name>=<value>::
 566        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 567        given will override values from configuration files.
 568        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 569        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 570+
 571Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 572`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 573config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 574foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 575
 576--exec-path[=<path>]::
 577        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 578        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 579        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 580        the current setting and then exit.
 581
 582--html-path::
 583        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 584        documentation is installed and exit.
 585
 586--man-path::
 587        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 588        this version of Git and exit.
 589
 590--info-path::
 591        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 592        version of Git are installed and exit.
 593
 594-p::
 595--paginate::
 596        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 597        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 598        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 599        below).
 600
 601--no-pager::
 602        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 603
 604--git-dir=<path>::
 605        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 606        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 607        path or relative path to current working directory.
 608
 609--work-tree=<path>::
 610        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 611        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 612        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 613        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 614        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 615        more detailed discussion).
 616
 617--namespace=<path>::
 618        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 619        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 620        variable.
 621
 622--super-prefix=<path>::
 623        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 624        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 625        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 626
 627--bare::
 628        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 629        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 630        directory.
 631
 632--no-replace-objects::
 633        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 634        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 635
 636--literal-pathspecs::
 637        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 638        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 639        variable to `1`.
 640
 641--glob-pathspecs::
 642        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 643        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 644        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 645        magic ":(literal)"
 646
 647--noglob-pathspecs::
 648        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 649        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 650        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 651        magic ":(glob)"
 652
 653--icase-pathspecs::
 654        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 655        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 656
 657GIT COMMANDS
 658------------
 659
 660We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 661("plumbing") commands.
 662
 663High-level commands (porcelain)
 664-------------------------------
 665
 666We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 667ancillary user utilities.
 668
 669Main porcelain commands
 670~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 671
 672include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 673
 674Ancillary Commands
 675~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 676Manipulators:
 677
 678include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 679
 680Interrogators:
 681
 682include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 683
 684
 685Interacting with Others
 686~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 687
 688These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 689people via patch over e-mail.
 690
 691include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 692
 693
 694Low-level commands (plumbing)
 695-----------------------------
 696
 697Although Git includes its
 698own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 699development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 700might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 701linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 702
 703The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 704to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 705than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 706primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 707on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 708end user experience.
 709
 710The following description divides
 711the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 712the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 713compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 714repositories.
 715
 716
 717Manipulation commands
 718~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 719
 720include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 721
 722
 723Interrogation commands
 724~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 725
 726include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 727
 728In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 729the working tree.
 730
 731
 732Synching repositories
 733~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 734
 735include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 736
 737The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 738typically do not use them directly.
 739
 740include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 741
 742
 743Internal helper commands
 744~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 745
 746These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 747users typically do not use them directly.
 748
 749include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 750
 751
 752Configuration Mechanism
 753-----------------------
 754
 755Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 756repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 757like this:
 758
 759------------
 760#
 761# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 762#
 763
 764; core variables
 765[core]
 766        ; Don't trust file modes
 767        filemode = false
 768
 769; user identity
 770[user]
 771        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 772        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 773
 774------------
 775
 776Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 777their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 778list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 779
 780
 781Identifier Terminology
 782----------------------
 783<object>::
 784        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 785
 786<blob>::
 787        Indicates a blob object name.
 788
 789<tree>::
 790        Indicates a tree object name.
 791
 792<commit>::
 793        Indicates a commit object name.
 794
 795<tree-ish>::
 796        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 797        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 798        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 799        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 800
 801<commit-ish>::
 802        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 803        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 804        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 805        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 806
 807<type>::
 808        Indicates that an object type is required.
 809        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 810
 811<file>::
 812        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 813        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 814
 815Symbolic Identifiers
 816--------------------
 817Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 818symbolic notation:
 819
 820HEAD::
 821        indicates the head of the current branch.
 822
 823<tag>::
 824        a valid tag 'name'
 825        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 826
 827<head>::
 828        a valid head 'name'
 829        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 830
 831For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 832"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 833
 834
 835File/Directory Structure
 836------------------------
 837
 838Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 839
 840Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 841
 842Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 843`$GIT_DIR`.
 844
 845
 846Terminology
 847-----------
 848Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 849
 850
 851Environment Variables
 852---------------------
 853Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 854
 855The Git Repository
 856~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 857These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 858is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 859Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 860
 861`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 862        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 863        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 864        is used.
 865
 866`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 867        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 868        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 869        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 870        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 871
 872`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 873        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 874        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 875        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 876        directory is used.
 877
 878`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 879        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 880        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 881        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 882        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 883        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 884+
 885        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 886        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 887        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 888        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 889        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 890
 891`GIT_DIR`::
 892        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 893        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 894        for the base of the repository.
 895        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 896
 897`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 898        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 899        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 900        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 901
 902`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 903        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 904        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 905
 906`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 907        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 908        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 909        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 910        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 911        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 912        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 913        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 914        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 915        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 916        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 917        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 918        e.g.,
 919        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 920
 921`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 922        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 923        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 924        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 925        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 926        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 927        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 928        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 929        command line.
 930
 931`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 932        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 933        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 934        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 935        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 936        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 937        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 938        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 939
 940Git Commits
 941~~~~~~~~~~~
 942`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 943`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 944`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 945`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 946`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 947`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 948'EMAIL'::
 949        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 950
 951Git Diffs
 952~~~~~~~~~
 953`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 954        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 955        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 956        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 957        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 958
 959`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 960        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 961        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 962        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 963        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 964
 965        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 966+
 967where:
 968
 969        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 970                         contents of <old|new>,
 971        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 972        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 973+
 974The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 975(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 976when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 977index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 978temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 979+
 980For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 981parameter, <path>.
 982+
 983For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 984`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 985
 986`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 987        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 988
 989`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 990        The total number of paths.
 991
 992other
 993~~~~~
 994`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 995        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 996        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 997        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 998
 999`GIT_PAGER`::
1000        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1001        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1002        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1003        linkgit:git-config[1].
1004
1005`GIT_EDITOR`::
1006        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1007        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1008        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1009        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1010
1011`GIT_SSH`::
1012`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1013        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1014        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1015        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1016        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1017        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1018        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1019        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1020        something other than the default SSH port.
1021+
1022`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1023by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1024`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1025(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1026needed).
1027+
1028Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1029personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1030for further details.
1031
1032`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1033        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1034        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1035        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1036        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1037        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1038
1039`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1040        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1041        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1042
1043`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1044        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1045        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1046        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1047        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1048        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1049        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1050
1051`GIT_FLUSH`::
1052        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1053        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1054        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1055        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1056        flushed. If this
1057        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1058        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1059        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1060        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1061
1062`GIT_TRACE`::
1063        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1064        command execution and external command execution.
1065+
1066If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1067is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1068stderr.
1069+
1070If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1071and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1072value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1073trace messages into this file descriptor.
1074+
1075Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1076(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1077as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1078into it.
1079+
1080Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1081"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1082
1083`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1084        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1085        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1086        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1087        pack-related performance problems.
1088        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1089
1090`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1091        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1092        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1093        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1094        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1095        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1096
1097`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1098        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1099        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1100        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1101        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1102        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1103        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1104+
1105Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1106of clones and fetches.
1107
1108`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1109        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1110        time of each Git command.
1111        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1112
1113`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1114        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1115        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1116        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1117
1118`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1119        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1120        cloning of shallow repositories.
1121        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1122
1123`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1124        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1125        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1126        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1127        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1128        variable.
1129        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1130
1131`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1132        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1133        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1134        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1135        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1136        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1137        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1138        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1139
1140`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1141        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1142        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1143
1144`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1145        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1146        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1147
1148`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1149        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1150        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1151
1152`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1153        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1154        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1155        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1156        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1157        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1158        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1159        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1160        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1161
1162`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1163        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1164        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1165        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1166        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1167        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1168        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1169        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1170        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1171        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1172
1173`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1174        If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1175        allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1176        restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1177        repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1178        this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1179        set at all, all protocols are enabled.  The protocol names
1180        currently used by git are:
1181
1182          - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1183            or local paths)
1184
1185          - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1186            connection (or proxy, if configured)
1187
1188          - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1189            `ssh://`, etc).
1190
1191          - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1192            Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1193            you should specify both as `http:https`.
1194
1195          - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1196            `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1197
1198
1199Discussion[[Discussion]]
1200------------------------
1201
1202More detail on the following is available from the
1203link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1204user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1205
1206A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1207subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1208things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1209of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1210contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1211as tags and branch heads.
1212
1213The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1214hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1215directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1216and some number of parent commits.
1217
1218The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1219"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1220represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1221parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1222
1223All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1224written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1225The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1226just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1227purpose.
1228
1229When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1230efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1231
1232Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1233may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1234with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1235recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1236tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1237`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1238
1239The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1240path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1241the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1242attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1243corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1244working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1245be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1246content stored in the index.
1247
1248The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1249for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1250unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1251
1252FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1253---------------------
1254
1255See the references in the "description" section to get started
1256using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1257for a first-time user.
1258
1259The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1260user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1261introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1262
1263See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1264
1265See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1266examples.
1267
1268The internals are documented in the
1269link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1270
1271Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1272read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1273
1274
1275Authors
1276-------
1277Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1278C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1279<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1280gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1281
1282If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1283output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1284the authors for specific parts of the project.
1285
1286Reporting Bugs
1287--------------
1288
1289Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1290development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1291subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1292
1293SEE ALSO
1294--------
1295linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1296linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1297linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1298linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1299linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1300
1301GIT
1302---
1303Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite