1Commit Formatting 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 4ifdef::git-rev-list[] 5Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the 6more specialized family of commit log tools: linkgit:git-log[1], 7linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1] 8endif::git-rev-list[] 9 10include::pretty-options.txt[] 11 12--relative-date:: 13 14 Synonym for `--date=relative`. 15 16--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}:: 17 18 Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such 19 as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default 20 value for log command's --date option. 21+ 22`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time, 23e.g. "2 hours ago". 24+ 25`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone. 26+ 27`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format. 28+ 29`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 30format, often found in E-mail messages. 31+ 32`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. 33+ 34`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone 35(either committer's or author's). 36 37ifdef::git-rev-list[] 38--header:: 39 40 Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is 41 separated with a NUL character. 42endif::git-rev-list[] 43 44--parents:: 45 46 Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent 47 rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. 48 49--children:: 50 51 Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent 52 rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below. 53 54ifdef::git-rev-list[] 55--timestamp:: 56 Print the raw commit timestamp. 57endif::git-rev-list[] 58 59--left-right:: 60 61 Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from. 62 Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from 63 the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those 64 commits are prefixed with `-`. 65+ 66For example, if you have this topology: 67+ 68----------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 y---b---b branch B 70 / \ / 71 / . 72 / / \ 73 o---x---a---a branch A 74----------------------------------------------------------------------- 75+ 76you would get an output like this: 77+ 78----------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B 80 81 >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b 82 >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b 83 <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a 84 <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a 85 -yyyyyyy... 1st on b 86 -xxxxxxx... 1st on a 87----------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 89--graph:: 90 91 Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history 92 on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines 93 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history 94 to be drawn properly. 95+ 96This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the 97'--date-order' option may also be specified. 98 99ifndef::git-rev-list[] 100Diff Formatting 101~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 102 103Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output. 104Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff 105options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options. 106 107-c:: 108 109 This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed. It shows 110 the differences from each of the parents to the merge result 111 simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent 112 and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files 113 which were modified from all parents. 114 115--cc:: 116 117 This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the 118 patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in 119 the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks 120 one of them without modification. 121 122-r:: 123 124 Show recursive diffs. 125 126-t:: 127 128 Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'. 129endif::git-rev-list[] 130 131Commit Limiting 132~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 133 134Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the 135special notations explained in the description, additional commit 136limiting may be applied. 137 138-- 139 140-n 'number':: 141--max-count='number':: 142 143 Limit the number of commits output. 144 145--skip='number':: 146 147 Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output. 148 149--since='date':: 150--after='date':: 151 152 Show commits more recent than a specific date. 153 154--until='date':: 155--before='date':: 156 157 Show commits older than a specific date. 158 159ifdef::git-rev-list[] 160--max-age='timestamp':: 161--min-age='timestamp':: 162 163 Limit the commits output to specified time range. 164endif::git-rev-list[] 165 166--author='pattern':: 167--committer='pattern':: 168 169 Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer 170 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). 171 172--grep='pattern':: 173 174 Limit the commits output to ones with log message that 175 matches the specified pattern (regular expression). 176 177--all-match:: 178 Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, 179 --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one. 180 181-i:: 182--regexp-ignore-case:: 183 184 Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. 185 186-E:: 187--extended-regexp:: 188 189 Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions 190 instead of the default basic regular expressions. 191 192-F:: 193--fixed-strings:: 194 195 Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret 196 pattern as a regular expression). 197 198--remove-empty:: 199 200 Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. 201 202--no-merges:: 203 204 Do not print commits with more than one parent. 205 206--first-parent:: 207 Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge 208 commit. This option can give a better overview when 209 viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch, 210 because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about 211 adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and 212 this option allows you to ignore the individual commits 213 brought in to your history by such a merge. 214 215--not:: 216 217 Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof) 218 for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'. 219 220--all:: 221 222 Pretend as if all the refs in `$GIT_DIR/refs/` are listed on the 223 command line as '<commit>'. 224 225ifdef::git-rev-list[] 226--stdin:: 227 228 In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command 229 line, read them from the standard input. 230 231--quiet:: 232 233 Don't print anything to standard output. This form 234 is primarily meant to allow the caller to 235 test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully 236 connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout 237 to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted. 238endif::git-rev-list[] 239 240--cherry-pick:: 241 242 Omit any commit that introduces the same change as 243 another commit on the "other side" when the set of 244 commits are limited with symmetric difference. 245+ 246For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way 247to list all commits on only one side of them is with 248`--left-right`, like the example above in the description of 249that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked 250from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked 251from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are 252excluded from the output. 253 254-g:: 255--walk-reflogs:: 256 257 Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk 258 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. 259 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to 260 exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2', 261 nor 'commit1...commit2' notations cannot be used). 262+ 263With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), 264this causes the output to have two extra lines of information 265taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is 266used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as 267'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation 268instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is 269prefixed with this information on the same line. 270This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'. 271See also linkgit:git-reflog[1]. 272 273--merge:: 274 275 After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a 276 conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge. 277 278--boundary:: 279 280 Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually 281 not shown. 282 283-- 284 285History Simplification 286~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 287 288When optional paths are given, 'git rev-list' simplifies commits with 289various strategies, according to the options you have selected. 290 291Suppose you specified `foo` as the <paths>. We shall call commits 292that modify `foo` !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff 293filtered for `foo`, they look different and equal, respectively.) 294 295In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to 296illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume 297that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph: 298----------------------------------------------------------------------- 299 .-A---M---N---O---P 300 / / / / / 301 I B C D E 302 \ / / / / 303 `-------------' 304----------------------------------------------------------------------- 305The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of 306each merge. The commits are: 307 308* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents 309 "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial 310 commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. 311 312* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo". 313 314* `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and 315 hence TREESAME to all parents. 316 317* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar", 318 so it is not TREESAME to any parent. 319 320* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from 321 `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. 322 323* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the 324 strings to "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, `P` is 325 TREESAME to all parents. 326 327'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding 328commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting 329(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings 330are available. 331 332Default mode:: 333 334 Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent 335 (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the 336 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow 337 only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME 338 parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all 339 parents. 340+ 341This results in: 342+ 343----------------------------------------------------------------------- 344 .-A---N---O 345 / / 346 I---------D 347----------------------------------------------------------------------- 348+ 349Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is 350available, removed `B` from consideration entirely. `C` was 351considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an 352empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME. 353+ 354Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does 355not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the 356parent lines. 357 358--full-history without parent rewriting:: 359 360 This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow 361 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. 362 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are 363 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In 364 the example, we get 365+ 366----------------------------------------------------------------------- 367 I A B N D O 368----------------------------------------------------------------------- 369+ 370`P` and `M` were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. `E`, 371`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others 372do not appear. 373+ 374Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk 375about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show 376them disconnected. 377 378--full-history with parent rewriting:: 379 380 Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME 381 (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). 382+ 383Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: 384Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included 385themselves. This results in 386+ 387----------------------------------------------------------------------- 388 .-A---M---N---O---P 389 / / / / / 390 I B / D / 391 \ / / / / 392 `-------------' 393----------------------------------------------------------------------- 394+ 395Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E` 396was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was 397rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and 398`N`. Note also that `P` was included despite being TREESAME. 399 400In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME 401affects inclusion: 402 403--dense:: 404 405 Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME 406 to any parent. 407 408--sparse:: 409 410 All commits that are walked are included. 411+ 412Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if 413one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other 414sides of the merge are never walked. 415 416Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available: 417 418--simplify-merges:: 419 420 First, build a history graph in the same way that 421 '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above). 422+ 423Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final 424history according to the following rules: 425+ 426-- 427* Set `C'` to `C`. 428+ 429* Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`. In 430 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents, and 431 remove duplicates. 432+ 433* If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has 434 zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. 435 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent. 436-- 437+ 438The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to 439'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into: 440+ 441----------------------------------------------------------------------- 442 .-A---M---N---O 443 / / / 444 I B D 445 \ / / 446 `---------' 447----------------------------------------------------------------------- 448+ 449Note the major differences in `N` and `P` over '\--full-history': 450+ 451-- 452* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the 453 other parent `M`. Still, `N` remained because it is !TREESAME. 454+ 455* `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed. `P` was then 456 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME. 457-- 458 459ifdef::git-rev-list[] 460Bisection Helpers 461~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 462 463--bisect:: 464 465Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between 466the included and excluded commits. Thus, if 467 468----------------------------------------------------------------------- 469 $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz 470----------------------------------------------------------------------- 471 472outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands 473 474----------------------------------------------------------------------- 475 $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint 476 $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz 477----------------------------------------------------------------------- 478 479would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which 480introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly 481generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length 482one. 483 484--bisect-vars:: 485 486This calculates the same as `--bisect`, but outputs text ready 487to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of 488the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the 489expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is 490tested to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be 491tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, 492the expected number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` 493turns out to be bad to `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits 494we are bisecting right now to `bisect_all`. 495 496--bisect-all:: 497 498This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded 499commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded 500commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only 501one displayed by `--bisect`.) 502 503This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to 504test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they 505may not compile for example). 506 507This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case, 508after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if 509`--bisect-vars` had been used alone. 510endif::git-rev-list[] 511 512 513Commit Ordering 514~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 515 516By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order. 517 518--topo-order:: 519 520 This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. 521 descendant commits are shown before their parents). 522 523--date-order:: 524 525 This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no 526 parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things 527 are still ordered in the commit timestamp order. 528 529--reverse:: 530 531 Output the commits in reverse order. 532 Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'. 533 534Object Traversal 535~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 536 537These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories. 538 539--objects:: 540 541 Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed 542 commits. '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me 543 all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit 544 object 'bar', but not 'foo'". 545 546--objects-edge:: 547 548 Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded 549 commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by 550 linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records 551 objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these 552 excluded commits to reduce network traffic. 553 554--unpacked:: 555 556 Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not 557 in packs. 558 559--no-walk:: 560 561 Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors. 562 563--do-walk:: 564 565 Overrides a previous --no-walk.