Documentation / git.txton commit doc: remove unsupported parameter from patch-id (ac05222)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    <command> [<args>]
  17
  18DESCRIPTION
  19-----------
  20Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  21unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  22and full access to internals.
  23
  24See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  25linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  26commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  27in-depth introduction.
  28
  29After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  30page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  31individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  32manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  33
  34A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  35can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  36
  37ifdef::stalenotes[]
  38[NOTE]
  39============
  40
  41You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  42unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  43branch of the `git.git` repository.
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 432  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 433  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 434  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 435  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 436  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 437  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 438
 439* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 440
 441* release notes for
 442  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 443  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 444  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 445  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 446  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 447  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 448  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 449
 450* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 451
 452* release notes for
 453  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 456  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 457  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 458  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 459  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 460
 461* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 462
 463* release notes for
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 467  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 468  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 471  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 472
 473* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 474
 475* release notes for
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 482  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 483  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 484  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 485
 486* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 487
 488* release notes for
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 494  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 495
 496* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 497
 498* release notes for
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 502  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 503  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 504  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 505  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 506
 507* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 508
 509* release notes for
 510  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 513  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 514  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 516  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 517
 518* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 519  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 520  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 521  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 522
 523============
 524
 525endif::stalenotes[]
 526
 527OPTIONS
 528-------
 529--version::
 530        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 531
 532--help::
 533        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 534        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 535        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 536        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 537+
 538Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 539displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 540because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 541help ...`.
 542
 543-C <path>::
 544        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 545        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 546        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 547        <path>`.
 548+
 549This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 550`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 551made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 552example the following invocations are equivalent:
 553
 554    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 555    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 556
 557-c <name>=<value>::
 558        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 559        given will override values from configuration files.
 560        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 561        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 562+
 563Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 564`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 565config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 566foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 567
 568--exec-path[=<path>]::
 569        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 570        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 571        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 572        the current setting and then exit.
 573
 574--html-path::
 575        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 576        documentation is installed and exit.
 577
 578--man-path::
 579        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 580        this version of Git and exit.
 581
 582--info-path::
 583        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 584        version of Git are installed and exit.
 585
 586-p::
 587--paginate::
 588        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 589        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 590        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 591        below).
 592
 593--no-pager::
 594        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 595
 596--git-dir=<path>::
 597        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 598        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 599        path or relative path to current working directory.
 600
 601--work-tree=<path>::
 602        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 603        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 604        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 605        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 606        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 607        more detailed discussion).
 608
 609--namespace=<path>::
 610        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 611        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 612        variable.
 613
 614--bare::
 615        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 616        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 617        directory.
 618
 619--no-replace-objects::
 620        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 621        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 622
 623--literal-pathspecs::
 624        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 625        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 626        variable to `1`.
 627
 628--glob-pathspecs::
 629        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 630        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 631        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 632        magic ":(literal)"
 633
 634--noglob-pathspecs::
 635        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 636        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 637        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 638        magic ":(glob)"
 639
 640--icase-pathspecs::
 641        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 642        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 643
 644GIT COMMANDS
 645------------
 646
 647We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 648("plumbing") commands.
 649
 650High-level commands (porcelain)
 651-------------------------------
 652
 653We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 654ancillary user utilities.
 655
 656Main porcelain commands
 657~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 658
 659include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 660
 661Ancillary Commands
 662~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 663Manipulators:
 664
 665include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 666
 667Interrogators:
 668
 669include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 670
 671
 672Interacting with Others
 673~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 674
 675These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 676people via patch over e-mail.
 677
 678include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 679
 680
 681Low-level commands (plumbing)
 682-----------------------------
 683
 684Although Git includes its
 685own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 686development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 687might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 688linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 689
 690The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 691to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 692than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 693primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 694on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 695end user experience.
 696
 697The following description divides
 698the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 699the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 700compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 701repositories.
 702
 703
 704Manipulation commands
 705~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 706
 707include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 708
 709
 710Interrogation commands
 711~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 712
 713include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 714
 715In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 716the working tree.
 717
 718
 719Synching repositories
 720~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 721
 722include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 723
 724The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 725typically do not use them directly.
 726
 727include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 728
 729
 730Internal helper commands
 731~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 732
 733These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 734users typically do not use them directly.
 735
 736include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 737
 738
 739Configuration Mechanism
 740-----------------------
 741
 742Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 743repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 744like this:
 745
 746------------
 747#
 748# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 749#
 750
 751; core variables
 752[core]
 753        ; Don't trust file modes
 754        filemode = false
 755
 756; user identity
 757[user]
 758        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 759        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 760
 761------------
 762
 763Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 764their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 765list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 766
 767
 768Identifier Terminology
 769----------------------
 770<object>::
 771        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 772
 773<blob>::
 774        Indicates a blob object name.
 775
 776<tree>::
 777        Indicates a tree object name.
 778
 779<commit>::
 780        Indicates a commit object name.
 781
 782<tree-ish>::
 783        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 784        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 785        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 786        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 787
 788<commit-ish>::
 789        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 790        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 791        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 792        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 793
 794<type>::
 795        Indicates that an object type is required.
 796        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 797
 798<file>::
 799        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 800        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 801
 802Symbolic Identifiers
 803--------------------
 804Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 805symbolic notation:
 806
 807HEAD::
 808        indicates the head of the current branch.
 809
 810<tag>::
 811        a valid tag 'name'
 812        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 813
 814<head>::
 815        a valid head 'name'
 816        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 817
 818For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 819"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 820
 821
 822File/Directory Structure
 823------------------------
 824
 825Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 826
 827Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 828
 829Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 830`$GIT_DIR`.
 831
 832
 833Terminology
 834-----------
 835Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 836
 837
 838Environment Variables
 839---------------------
 840Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 841
 842The Git Repository
 843~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 844These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 845is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 846Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 847
 848`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 849        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 850        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 851        is used.
 852
 853`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 854        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 855        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 856        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 857        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 858
 859`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 860        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 861        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 862        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 863        directory is used.
 864
 865`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 866        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 867        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 868        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 869        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 870        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 871
 872`GIT_DIR`::
 873        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 874        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 875        for the base of the repository.
 876        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 877
 878`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 879        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 880        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 881        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 882
 883`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 884        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 885        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 886
 887`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 888        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 889        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 890        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 891        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 892        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 893        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 894        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 895        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 896        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 897        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 898        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 899        e.g.,
 900        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 901
 902`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 903        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 904        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 905        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 906        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 907        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 908        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 909        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 910        command line.
 911
 912`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 913        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 914        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 915        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 916        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 917        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 918        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 919        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 920
 921Git Commits
 922~~~~~~~~~~~
 923`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 924`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 925`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 926`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 927`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 928`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 929'EMAIL'::
 930        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 931
 932Git Diffs
 933~~~~~~~~~
 934`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 935        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 936        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 937        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 938        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 939
 940`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 941        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 942        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 943        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 944        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 945
 946        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 947+
 948where:
 949
 950        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 951                         contents of <old|new>,
 952        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 953        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 954+
 955The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 956(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 957when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 958index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 959temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 960+
 961For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 962parameter, <path>.
 963+
 964For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 965`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 966
 967`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
 968        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
 969
 970`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
 971        The total number of paths.
 972
 973other
 974~~~~~
 975`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
 976        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
 977        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
 978        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
 979
 980`GIT_PAGER`::
 981        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
 982        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
 983        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
 984        linkgit:git-config[1].
 985
 986`GIT_EDITOR`::
 987        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
 988        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
 989        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
 990        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
 991
 992`GIT_SSH`::
 993`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
 994        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
 995        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
 996        when they need to connect to a remote system.
 997        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
 998        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
 999        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1000        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1001        something other than the default SSH port.
1002+
1003`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1004by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1005`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1006(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1007needed).
1008+
1009Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1010personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1011for further details.
1012
1013`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1014        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1015        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1016        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1017        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1018        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1019
1020`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1021        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1022        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1023
1024`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1025        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1026        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1027        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1028        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1029        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1030        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1031
1032`GIT_FLUSH`::
1033        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1034        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1035        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1036        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1037        flushed. If this
1038        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1039        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1040        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1041        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1042
1043`GIT_TRACE`::
1044        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1045        command execution and external command execution.
1046+
1047If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1048is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1049stderr.
1050+
1051If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1052and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1053value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1054trace messages into this file descriptor.
1055+
1056Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1057(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1058as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1059into it.
1060+
1061Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1062"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1063
1064`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1065        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1066        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1067        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1068        pack-related performance problems.
1069        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1070
1071`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1072        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1073        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1074        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1075        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1076        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1077
1078`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1079        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1080        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1081        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1082        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1083        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1084        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1085+
1086Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1087of clones and fetches.
1088
1089`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1090        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1091        time of each Git command.
1092        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1093
1094`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1095        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1096        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1097        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1098
1099`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1100        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1101        cloning of shallow repositories.
1102        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1103
1104`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1105        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1106        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1107        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1108        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1109        variable.
1110        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1111
1112`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1113        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1114        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1115        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1116        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1117        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1118        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1119        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1120
1121`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1122        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1123        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1124
1125`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1126        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1127        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1128
1129`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1130        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1131        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1132
1133`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1134        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1135        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1136        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1137        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1138        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1139        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1140        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1141        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1142
1143`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1144        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1145        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1146        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1147        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1148        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1149        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1150        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1151        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1152        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1153
1154`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1155        If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1156        allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1157        restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1158        repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1159        this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1160        set at all, all protocols are enabled.  The protocol names
1161        currently used by git are:
1162
1163          - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1164            or local paths)
1165
1166          - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1167            connection (or proxy, if configured)
1168
1169          - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1170            `ssh://`, etc).
1171
1172          - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1173            Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1174            you should specify both as `http:https`.
1175
1176          - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1177            `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1178
1179
1180Discussion[[Discussion]]
1181------------------------
1182
1183More detail on the following is available from the
1184link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1185user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1186
1187A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1188subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1189things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1190of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1191contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1192as tags and branch heads.
1193
1194The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1195hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1196directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1197and some number of parent commits.
1198
1199The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1200"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1201represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1202parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1203
1204All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1205written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1206The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1207just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1208purpose.
1209
1210When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1211efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1212
1213Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1214may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1215with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1216recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1217tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1218`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1219
1220The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1221path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1222the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1223attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1224corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1225working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1226be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1227content stored in the index.
1228
1229The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1230for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1231unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1232
1233FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1234---------------------
1235
1236See the references in the "description" section to get started
1237using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1238for a first-time user.
1239
1240The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1241user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1242introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1243
1244See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1245
1246See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1247examples.
1248
1249The internals are documented in the
1250link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1251
1252Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1253read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1254
1255
1256Authors
1257-------
1258Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1259C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1260<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1261gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1262
1263If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1264output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1265the authors for specific parts of the project.
1266
1267Reporting Bugs
1268--------------
1269
1270Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1271development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1272subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1273
1274SEE ALSO
1275--------
1276linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1277linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1278linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1279linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1280linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1281
1282GIT
1283---
1284Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite