From: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Subject: Re: Question about fsck-objects output
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2007 12:01:06 -0800 (PST)
Message-ID: <Pine.LNX.4.64.0701251144290.25027@woody.linux-foundation.org>
Archived-At: <http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/37754>
Abstract: Linus describes what dangling objects are, when they
 are left behind, and how to view their relationship with branch
 heads in gitk

On Thu, 25 Jan 2007, Larry Streepy wrote:

> Sorry to ask such a basic question, but I can't quite decipher the output of
> fsck-objects.  When I run it, I get this:
>
>  git fsck-objects
> dangling commit 2213f6d4dd39ca8baebd0427723723e63208521b
> dangling commit f0d4e00196bd5ee54463e9ea7a0f0e8303da767f
> dangling blob 6a6d0b01b3e96d49a8f2c7addd4ef8c3bd1f5761
>
>
> Even after a "repack -a -d" they still exist.  The man page has a short
> explanation, but, at least for me, it wasn't fully enlightening. :-)
>
> The man page says that dangling commits could be "root" commits, but since my
> repo started as a clone of another repo, I don't see how I could have any root
> commits.  Also, the page doesn't really describe what a dangling blob is.
>
> So, can someone explain what these artifacts are and if they are a problem
> that I should be worried about?

The most common situation is that you've rebased a branch (or you have
pulled from somebody else who rebased a branch, like the "pu" branch in
the git.git archive itself).

What happens is that the old head of the original branch still exists, as
does obviously everything it pointed to. The branch pointer itself just
doesn't, since you replaced it with another one.

However, there are certainly other situations too that cause dangling
objects. For example, the "dangling blob" situation you have tends to be
because you did a "git add" of a file, but then, before you actually
committed it and made it part of the bigger picture, you changed something
else in that file and committed that *updated* thing - the old state that
you added originally ends up not being pointed to by any commit/tree, so
it's now a dangling blob object.

Similarly, when the "recursive" merge strategy runs, and finds that there
are criss-cross merges and thus more than one merge base (which is fairly
unusual, but it does happen), it will generate one temporary midway tree
(or possibly even more, if you had lots of criss-crossing merges and
more than two merge bases) as a temporary internal merge base, and again,
those are real objects, but the end result will not end up pointing to
them, so they end up "dangling" in your repository.

Generally, dangling objects aren't anything to worry about. They can even
be very useful: if you screw something up, the dangling objects can be how
you recover your old tree (say, you did a rebase, and realized that you
really didn't want to - you can look at what dangling objects you have,
and decide to reset your head to some old dangling state).

For commits, the most useful thing to do with dangling objects tends to be
to do a simple

        gitk <dangling-commit-sha-goes-here> --not --all

which means exactly what it sounds like: it says that you want to see the
commit history that is described by the dangling commit(s), but you do NOT
want to see the history that is described by all your branches and tags
(which are the things you normally reach). That basically shows you in a
nice way what the danglign commit was (and notice that it might not be
just one commit: we only report the "tip of the line" as being dangling,
but there might be a whole deep and complex commit history that has gotten
dropped - rebasing will do that).

For blobs and trees, you can't do the same, but you can examine them. You
can just do

        git show <dangling-blob/tree-sha-goes-here>

to show what the contents of the blob were (or, for a tree, basically what
the "ls" for that directory was), and that may give you some idea of what
the operation was that left that dangling object.

Usually, dangling blobs and trees aren't very interesting. They're almost
always the result of either being a half-way mergebase (the blob will
often even have the conflict markers from a merge in it, if you have had
conflicting merges that you fixed up by hand), or simply because you
interrupted a "git fetch" with ^C or something like that, leaving _some_
of the new objects in the object database, but just dangling and useless.

Anyway, once you are sure that you're not interested in any dangling
state, you can just prune all unreachable objects:

        git prune

and they'll be gone. But you should only run "git prune" on a quiescent
repository - it's kind of like doing a filesystem fsck recovery: you don't
want to do that while the filesystem is mounted.

(The same is true of "git-fsck-objects" itself, btw - but since
git-fsck-objects never actually *changes* the repository, it just reports
on what it found, git-fsck-objects itself is never "dangerous" to run.
Running it while somebody is actually changing the repository can cause
confusing and scary messages, but it won't actually do anything bad. In
contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the
repository is a *BAD* idea).

                        Linus