1#include "builtin.h"
2#include "cache.h"
3#include "exec_cmd.h"
4#include "help.h"
5#include "quote.h"
6#include "run-command.h"
7#include "commit.h"
8const char git_usage_string[] =
10 "git [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c name=value]\n"
11 " [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]\n"
12 " [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]\n"
13 " [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]\n"
14 " <command> [<args>]";
15const char git_more_info_string[] =
17 N_("'git help -a' and 'git help -g' lists available subcommands and some\n"
18 "concept guides. See 'git help <command>' or 'git help <concept>'\n"
19 "to read about a specific subcommand or concept.");
20static struct startup_info git_startup_info;
22static int use_pager = -1;
23static void commit_pager_choice(void) {
25 switch (use_pager) {
26 case 0:
27 setenv("GIT_PAGER", "cat", 1);
28 break;
29 case 1:
30 setup_pager();
31 break;
32 default:
33 break;
34 }
35}
36static int handle_options(const char ***argv, int *argc, int *envchanged)
38{
39 const char **orig_argv = *argv;
40 while (*argc > 0) {
42 const char *cmd = (*argv)[0];
43 if (cmd[0] != '-')
44 break;
45 /*
47 * For legacy reasons, the "version" and "help"
48 * commands can be written with "--" prepended
49 * to make them look like flags.
50 */
51 if (!strcmp(cmd, "--help") || !strcmp(cmd, "--version"))
52 break;
53 /*
55 * Check remaining flags.
56 */
57 if (starts_with(cmd, "--exec-path")) {
58 cmd += 11;
59 if (*cmd == '=')
60 git_set_argv_exec_path(cmd + 1);
61 else {
62 puts(git_exec_path());
63 exit(0);
64 }
65 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--html-path")) {
66 puts(system_path(GIT_HTML_PATH));
67 exit(0);
68 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--man-path")) {
69 puts(system_path(GIT_MAN_PATH));
70 exit(0);
71 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--info-path")) {
72 puts(system_path(GIT_INFO_PATH));
73 exit(0);
74 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "-p") || !strcmp(cmd, "--paginate")) {
75 use_pager = 1;
76 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--no-pager")) {
77 use_pager = 0;
78 if (envchanged)
79 *envchanged = 1;
80 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--no-replace-objects")) {
81 read_replace_refs = 0;
82 setenv(NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS_ENVIRONMENT, "1", 1);
83 if (envchanged)
84 *envchanged = 1;
85 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--git-dir")) {
86 if (*argc < 2) {
87 fprintf(stderr, "No directory given for --git-dir.\n" );
88 usage(git_usage_string);
89 }
90 setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
91 if (envchanged)
92 *envchanged = 1;
93 (*argv)++;
94 (*argc)--;
95 } else if (starts_with(cmd, "--git-dir=")) {
96 setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, cmd + 10, 1);
97 if (envchanged)
98 *envchanged = 1;
99 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--namespace")) {
100 if (*argc < 2) {
101 fprintf(stderr, "No namespace given for --namespace.\n" );
102 usage(git_usage_string);
103 }
104 setenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
105 if (envchanged)
106 *envchanged = 1;
107 (*argv)++;
108 (*argc)--;
109 } else if (starts_with(cmd, "--namespace=")) {
110 setenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT, cmd + 12, 1);
111 if (envchanged)
112 *envchanged = 1;
113 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--work-tree")) {
114 if (*argc < 2) {
115 fprintf(stderr, "No directory given for --work-tree.\n" );
116 usage(git_usage_string);
117 }
118 setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
119 if (envchanged)
120 *envchanged = 1;
121 (*argv)++;
122 (*argc)--;
123 } else if (starts_with(cmd, "--work-tree=")) {
124 setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, cmd + 12, 1);
125 if (envchanged)
126 *envchanged = 1;
127 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--bare")) {
128 static char git_dir[PATH_MAX+1];
129 is_bare_repository_cfg = 1;
130 setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, getcwd(git_dir, sizeof(git_dir)), 0);
131 setenv(GIT_IMPLICIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, "0", 1);
132 if (envchanged)
133 *envchanged = 1;
134 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "-c")) {
135 if (*argc < 2) {
136 fprintf(stderr, "-c expects a configuration string\n" );
137 usage(git_usage_string);
138 }
139 git_config_push_parameter((*argv)[1]);
140 (*argv)++;
141 (*argc)--;
142 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--literal-pathspecs")) {
143 setenv(GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT, "1", 1);
144 if (envchanged)
145 *envchanged = 1;
146 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--no-literal-pathspecs")) {
147 setenv(GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT, "0", 1);
148 if (envchanged)
149 *envchanged = 1;
150 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--glob-pathspecs")) {
151 setenv(GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT, "1", 1);
152 if (envchanged)
153 *envchanged = 1;
154 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--noglob-pathspecs")) {
155 setenv(GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT, "1", 1);
156 if (envchanged)
157 *envchanged = 1;
158 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--icase-pathspecs")) {
159 setenv(GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS_ENVIRONMENT, "1", 1);
160 if (envchanged)
161 *envchanged = 1;
162 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--shallow-file")) {
163 (*argv)++;
164 (*argc)--;
165 set_alternate_shallow_file((*argv)[0], 1);
166 if (envchanged)
167 *envchanged = 1;
168 } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "-C")) {
169 if (*argc < 2) {
170 fprintf(stderr, "No directory given for -C.\n" );
171 usage(git_usage_string);
172 }
173 if (chdir((*argv)[1]))
174 die_errno("Cannot change to '%s'", (*argv)[1]);
175 if (envchanged)
176 *envchanged = 1;
177 (*argv)++;
178 (*argc)--;
179 } else {
180 fprintf(stderr, "Unknown option: %s\n", cmd);
181 usage(git_usage_string);
182 }
183 (*argv)++;
185 (*argc)--;
186 }
187 return (*argv) - orig_argv;
188}
189static int handle_alias(int *argcp, const char ***argv)
191{
192 int envchanged = 0, ret = 0, saved_errno = errno;
193 const char *subdir;
194 int count, option_count;
195 const char **new_argv;
196 const char *alias_command;
197 char *alias_string;
198 int unused_nongit;
199 subdir = setup_git_directory_gently(&unused_nongit);
201 alias_command = (*argv)[0];
203 alias_string = alias_lookup(alias_command);
204 if (alias_string) {
205 if (alias_string[0] == '!') {
206 const char **alias_argv;
207 int argc = *argcp, i;
208 commit_pager_choice();
210 /* build alias_argv */
212 alias_argv = xmalloc(sizeof(*alias_argv) * (argc + 1));
213 alias_argv[0] = alias_string + 1;
214 for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
215 alias_argv[i] = (*argv)[i];
216 alias_argv[argc] = NULL;
217 ret = run_command_v_opt(alias_argv, RUN_USING_SHELL);
219 if (ret >= 0) /* normal exit */
220 exit(ret);
221 die_errno("While expanding alias '%s': '%s'",
223 alias_command, alias_string + 1);
224 }
225 count = split_cmdline(alias_string, &new_argv);
226 if (count < 0)
227 die("Bad alias.%s string: %s", alias_command,
228 split_cmdline_strerror(count));
229 option_count = handle_options(&new_argv, &count, &envchanged);
230 if (envchanged)
231 die("alias '%s' changes environment variables\n"
232 "You can use '!git' in the alias to do this.",
233 alias_command);
234 memmove(new_argv - option_count, new_argv,
235 count * sizeof(char *));
236 new_argv -= option_count;
237 if (count < 1)
239 die("empty alias for %s", alias_command);
240 if (!strcmp(alias_command, new_argv[0]))
242 die("recursive alias: %s", alias_command);
243 trace_argv_printf(new_argv,
245 "trace: alias expansion: %s =>",
246 alias_command);
247 new_argv = xrealloc(new_argv, sizeof(char *) *
249 (count + *argcp));
250 /* insert after command name */
251 memcpy(new_argv + count, *argv + 1, sizeof(char *) * *argcp);
252 *argv = new_argv;
254 *argcp += count - 1;
255 ret = 1;
257 }
258 if (subdir && chdir(subdir))
260 die_errno("Cannot change to '%s'", subdir);
261 errno = saved_errno;
263 return ret;
265}
266#define RUN_SETUP (1<<0)
268#define RUN_SETUP_GENTLY (1<<1)
269#define USE_PAGER (1<<2)
270/*
271 * require working tree to be present -- anything uses this needs
272 * RUN_SETUP for reading from the configuration file.
273 */
274#define NEED_WORK_TREE (1<<3)
275struct cmd_struct {
277 const char *cmd;
278 int (*fn)(int, const char **, const char *);
279 int option;
280};
281static int run_builtin(struct cmd_struct *p, int argc, const char **argv)
283{
284 int status, help;
285 struct stat st;
286 const char *prefix;
287 prefix = NULL;
289 help = argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h");
290 if (!help) {
291 if (p->option & RUN_SETUP)
292 prefix = setup_git_directory();
293 if (p->option & RUN_SETUP_GENTLY) {
294 int nongit_ok;
295 prefix = setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit_ok);
296 }
297 if (use_pager == -1 && p->option & (RUN_SETUP | RUN_SETUP_GENTLY))
299 use_pager = check_pager_config(p->cmd);
300 if (use_pager == -1 && p->option & USE_PAGER)
301 use_pager = 1;
302 if ((p->option & (RUN_SETUP | RUN_SETUP_GENTLY)) &&
304 startup_info->have_repository) /* get_git_dir() may set up repo, avoid that */
305 trace_repo_setup(prefix);
306 }
307 commit_pager_choice();
308 if (!help && p->option & NEED_WORK_TREE)
310 setup_work_tree();
311 trace_argv_printf(argv, "trace: built-in: git");
313 status = p->fn(argc, argv, prefix);
315 if (status)
316 return status;
317 /* Somebody closed stdout? */
319 if (fstat(fileno(stdout), &st))
320 return 0;
321 /* Ignore write errors for pipes and sockets.. */
322 if (S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) || S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode))
323 return 0;
324 /* Check for ENOSPC and EIO errors.. */
326 if (fflush(stdout))
327 die_errno("write failure on standard output");
328 if (ferror(stdout))
329 die("unknown write failure on standard output");
330 if (fclose(stdout))
331 die_errno("close failed on standard output");
332 return 0;
333}
334static struct cmd_struct commands[] = {
336 { "add", cmd_add, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
337 { "annotate", cmd_annotate, RUN_SETUP },
338 { "apply", cmd_apply, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
339 { "archive", cmd_archive },
340 { "bisect--helper", cmd_bisect__helper, RUN_SETUP },
341 { "blame", cmd_blame, RUN_SETUP },
342 { "branch", cmd_branch, RUN_SETUP },
343 { "bundle", cmd_bundle, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
344 { "cat-file", cmd_cat_file, RUN_SETUP },
345 { "check-attr", cmd_check_attr, RUN_SETUP },
346 { "check-ignore", cmd_check_ignore, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
347 { "check-mailmap", cmd_check_mailmap, RUN_SETUP },
348 { "check-ref-format", cmd_check_ref_format },
349 { "checkout", cmd_checkout, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
350 { "checkout-index", cmd_checkout_index,
351 RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE},
352 { "cherry", cmd_cherry, RUN_SETUP },
353 { "cherry-pick", cmd_cherry_pick, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
354 { "clean", cmd_clean, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
355 { "clone", cmd_clone },
356 { "column", cmd_column, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
357 { "commit", cmd_commit, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
358 { "commit-tree", cmd_commit_tree, RUN_SETUP },
359 { "config", cmd_config, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
360 { "count-objects", cmd_count_objects, RUN_SETUP },
361 { "credential", cmd_credential, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
362 { "describe", cmd_describe, RUN_SETUP },
363 { "diff", cmd_diff },
364 { "diff-files", cmd_diff_files, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
365 { "diff-index", cmd_diff_index, RUN_SETUP },
366 { "diff-tree", cmd_diff_tree, RUN_SETUP },
367 { "fast-export", cmd_fast_export, RUN_SETUP },
368 { "fetch", cmd_fetch, RUN_SETUP },
369 { "fetch-pack", cmd_fetch_pack, RUN_SETUP },
370 { "fmt-merge-msg", cmd_fmt_merge_msg, RUN_SETUP },
371 { "for-each-ref", cmd_for_each_ref, RUN_SETUP },
372 { "format-patch", cmd_format_patch, RUN_SETUP },
373 { "fsck", cmd_fsck, RUN_SETUP },
374 { "fsck-objects", cmd_fsck, RUN_SETUP },
375 { "gc", cmd_gc, RUN_SETUP },
376 { "get-tar-commit-id", cmd_get_tar_commit_id },
377 { "grep", cmd_grep, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
378 { "hash-object", cmd_hash_object },
379 { "help", cmd_help },
380 { "index-pack", cmd_index_pack, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
381 { "init", cmd_init_db },
382 { "init-db", cmd_init_db },
383 { "log", cmd_log, RUN_SETUP },
384 { "ls-files", cmd_ls_files, RUN_SETUP },
385 { "ls-remote", cmd_ls_remote, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
386 { "ls-tree", cmd_ls_tree, RUN_SETUP },
387 { "mailinfo", cmd_mailinfo },
388 { "mailsplit", cmd_mailsplit },
389 { "merge", cmd_merge, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
390 { "merge-base", cmd_merge_base, RUN_SETUP },
391 { "merge-file", cmd_merge_file, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
392 { "merge-index", cmd_merge_index, RUN_SETUP },
393 { "merge-ours", cmd_merge_ours, RUN_SETUP },
394 { "merge-recursive", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
395 { "merge-recursive-ours", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
396 { "merge-recursive-theirs", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
397 { "merge-subtree", cmd_merge_recursive, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
398 { "merge-tree", cmd_merge_tree, RUN_SETUP },
399 { "mktag", cmd_mktag, RUN_SETUP },
400 { "mktree", cmd_mktree, RUN_SETUP },
401 { "mv", cmd_mv, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
402 { "name-rev", cmd_name_rev, RUN_SETUP },
403 { "notes", cmd_notes, RUN_SETUP },
404 { "pack-objects", cmd_pack_objects, RUN_SETUP },
405 { "pack-redundant", cmd_pack_redundant, RUN_SETUP },
406 { "pack-refs", cmd_pack_refs, RUN_SETUP },
407 { "patch-id", cmd_patch_id },
408 { "pickaxe", cmd_blame, RUN_SETUP },
409 { "prune", cmd_prune, RUN_SETUP },
410 { "prune-packed", cmd_prune_packed, RUN_SETUP },
411 { "push", cmd_push, RUN_SETUP },
412 { "read-tree", cmd_read_tree, RUN_SETUP },
413 { "receive-pack", cmd_receive_pack },
414 { "reflog", cmd_reflog, RUN_SETUP },
415 { "remote", cmd_remote, RUN_SETUP },
416 { "remote-ext", cmd_remote_ext },
417 { "remote-fd", cmd_remote_fd },
418 { "repack", cmd_repack, RUN_SETUP },
419 { "replace", cmd_replace, RUN_SETUP },
420 { "rerere", cmd_rerere, RUN_SETUP },
421 { "reset", cmd_reset, RUN_SETUP },
422 { "rev-list", cmd_rev_list, RUN_SETUP },
423 { "rev-parse", cmd_rev_parse },
424 { "revert", cmd_revert, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
425 { "rm", cmd_rm, RUN_SETUP },
426 { "send-pack", cmd_send_pack, RUN_SETUP },
427 { "shortlog", cmd_shortlog, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY | USE_PAGER },
428 { "show", cmd_show, RUN_SETUP },
429 { "show-branch", cmd_show_branch, RUN_SETUP },
430 { "show-ref", cmd_show_ref, RUN_SETUP },
431 { "stage", cmd_add, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
432 { "status", cmd_status, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
433 { "stripspace", cmd_stripspace },
434 { "symbolic-ref", cmd_symbolic_ref, RUN_SETUP },
435 { "tag", cmd_tag, RUN_SETUP },
436 { "unpack-file", cmd_unpack_file, RUN_SETUP },
437 { "unpack-objects", cmd_unpack_objects, RUN_SETUP },
438 { "update-index", cmd_update_index, RUN_SETUP },
439 { "update-ref", cmd_update_ref, RUN_SETUP },
440 { "update-server-info", cmd_update_server_info, RUN_SETUP },
441 { "upload-archive", cmd_upload_archive },
442 { "upload-archive--writer", cmd_upload_archive_writer },
443 { "var", cmd_var, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
444 { "verify-pack", cmd_verify_pack },
445 { "verify-tag", cmd_verify_tag, RUN_SETUP },
446 { "version", cmd_version },
447 { "whatchanged", cmd_whatchanged, RUN_SETUP },
448 { "write-tree", cmd_write_tree, RUN_SETUP },
449};
450int is_builtin(const char *s)
452{
453 int i;
454 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(commands); i++) {
455 struct cmd_struct *p = commands+i;
456 if (!strcmp(s, p->cmd))
457 return 1;
458 }
459 return 0;
460}
461static void handle_builtin(int argc, const char **argv)
463{
464 const char *cmd = argv[0];
465 int i;
466 static const char ext[] = STRIP_EXTENSION;
467 if (sizeof(ext) > 1) {
469 i = strlen(argv[0]) - strlen(ext);
470 if (i > 0 && !strcmp(argv[0] + i, ext)) {
471 char *argv0 = xstrdup(argv[0]);
472 argv[0] = cmd = argv0;
473 argv0[i] = '\0';
474 }
475 }
476 /* Turn "git cmd --help" into "git help cmd" */
478 if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--help")) {
479 argv[1] = argv[0];
480 argv[0] = cmd = "help";
481 }
482 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(commands); i++) {
484 struct cmd_struct *p = commands+i;
485 if (strcmp(p->cmd, cmd))
486 continue;
487 exit(run_builtin(p, argc, argv));
488 }
489}
490static void execv_dashed_external(const char **argv)
492{
493 struct strbuf cmd = STRBUF_INIT;
494 const char *tmp;
495 int status;
496 if (use_pager == -1)
498 use_pager = check_pager_config(argv[0]);
499 commit_pager_choice();
500 strbuf_addf(&cmd, "git-%s", argv[0]);
502 /*
504 * argv[0] must be the git command, but the argv array
505 * belongs to the caller, and may be reused in
506 * subsequent loop iterations. Save argv[0] and
507 * restore it on error.
508 */
509 tmp = argv[0];
510 argv[0] = cmd.buf;
511 trace_argv_printf(argv, "trace: exec:");
513 /*
515 * if we fail because the command is not found, it is
516 * OK to return. Otherwise, we just pass along the status code.
517 */
518 status = run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE | RUN_CLEAN_ON_EXIT);
519 if (status >= 0 || errno != ENOENT)
520 exit(status);
521 argv[0] = tmp;
523 strbuf_release(&cmd);
525}
526static int run_argv(int *argcp, const char ***argv)
528{
529 int done_alias = 0;
530 while (1) {
532 /* See if it's a builtin */
533 handle_builtin(*argcp, *argv);
534 /* .. then try the external ones */
536 execv_dashed_external(*argv);
537 /* It could be an alias -- this works around the insanity
539 * of overriding "git log" with "git show" by having
540 * alias.log = show
541 */
542 if (done_alias || !handle_alias(argcp, argv))
543 break;
544 done_alias = 1;
545 }
546 return done_alias;
548}
549int main(int argc, char **av)
552{
553 const char **argv = (const char **) av;
554 const char *cmd;
555 startup_info = &git_startup_info;
557 cmd = git_extract_argv0_path(argv[0]);
559 if (!cmd)
560 cmd = "git-help";
561 /*
563 * Always open file descriptors 0/1/2 to avoid clobbering files
564 * in die(). It also avoids messing up when the pipes are dup'ed
565 * onto stdin/stdout/stderr in the child processes we spawn.
566 */
567 sanitize_stdfds();
568 git_setup_gettext();
570 /*
572 * "git-xxxx" is the same as "git xxxx", but we obviously:
573 *
574 * - cannot take flags in between the "git" and the "xxxx".
575 * - cannot execute it externally (since it would just do
576 * the same thing over again)
577 *
578 * So we just directly call the builtin handler, and die if
579 * that one cannot handle it.
580 */
581 if (starts_with(cmd, "git-")) {
582 cmd += 4;
583 argv[0] = cmd;
584 handle_builtin(argc, argv);
585 die("cannot handle %s as a builtin", cmd);
586 }
587 /* Look for flags.. */
589 argv++;
590 argc--;
591 handle_options(&argv, &argc, NULL);
592 if (argc > 0) {
593 if (starts_with(argv[0], "--"))
594 argv[0] += 2;
595 } else {
596 /* The user didn't specify a command; give them help */
597 commit_pager_choice();
598 printf("usage: %s\n\n", git_usage_string);
599 list_common_cmds_help();
600 printf("\n%s\n", _(git_more_info_string));
601 exit(1);
602 }
603 cmd = argv[0];
604 /*
606 * We use PATH to find git commands, but we prepend some higher
607 * precedence paths: the "--exec-path" option, the GIT_EXEC_PATH
608 * environment, and the $(gitexecdir) from the Makefile at build
609 * time.
610 */
611 setup_path();
612 while (1) {
614 static int done_help = 0;
615 static int was_alias = 0;
616 was_alias = run_argv(&argc, &argv);
617 if (errno != ENOENT)
618 break;
619 if (was_alias) {
620 fprintf(stderr, "Expansion of alias '%s' failed; "
621 "'%s' is not a git command\n",
622 cmd, argv[0]);
623 exit(1);
624 }
625 if (!done_help) {
626 cmd = argv[0] = help_unknown_cmd(cmd);
627 done_help = 1;
628 } else
629 break;
630 }
631 fprintf(stderr, "Failed to run command '%s': %s\n",
633 cmd, strerror(errno));
634 return 1;
636}