Documentation / git.txton commit fetch-pack: always allow fetching of literal SHA1s (fdb69d3)
   1git(1)
   2======
   3
   4NAME
   5----
   6git - the stupid content tracker
   7
   8
   9SYNOPSIS
  10--------
  11[verse]
  12'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
  13    [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
  14    [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
  15    [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
  16    [--super-prefix=<path>]
  17    <command> [<args>]
  18
  19DESCRIPTION
  20-----------
  21Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
  22unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
  23and full access to internals.
  24
  25See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
  26linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
  27commands.  The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
  28in-depth introduction.
  29
  30After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
  31page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
  32individual Git commands with "git help command".  linkgit:gitcli[7]
  33manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
  34
  35A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
  36can be viewed at `https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html`.
  37
  38ifdef::stalenotes[]
  39[NOTE]
  40============
  41
  42You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
  43unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
  44branch of the `git.git` repository.
  45Documentation for older releases are available here:
  46
  47* link:v2.13.0/git.html[documentation for release 2.13]
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  49* release notes for
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 437  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
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 439  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
 440  link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
 441
 442* link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
 443
 444* release notes for
 445  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
 446  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
 447  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
 448  link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
 449
 450* link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
 451
 452* release notes for
 453  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
 454  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
 455  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
 456  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
 457  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
 458  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
 459  link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
 460
 461* link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
 462
 463* release notes for
 464  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
 465  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
 466  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
 467  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
 468  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
 469  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
 470  link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
 471
 472* link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
 473
 474* release notes for
 475  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
 476  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
 477  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
 478  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
 479  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
 480  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
 481  link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
 482
 483* link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
 484
 485* release notes for
 486  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
 487  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
 488  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
 489  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
 490  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
 491  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
 492  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
 493  link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
 494
 495* link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
 496
 497* release notes for
 498  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
 499  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
 500  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
 501  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
 502  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
 503  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
 504  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
 505  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
 506  link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
 507
 508* link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
 509
 510* release notes for
 511  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
 512  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
 513  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
 514  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
 515  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
 516  link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
 517
 518* link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
 519
 520* release notes for
 521  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
 522  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
 523  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
 524  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
 525  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
 526  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
 527  link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
 528
 529* link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
 530
 531* release notes for
 532  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
 533  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
 534  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
 535  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
 536  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
 537  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
 538  link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
 539
 540* documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
 541  link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
 542  link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
 543  link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
 544
 545============
 546
 547endif::stalenotes[]
 548
 549OPTIONS
 550-------
 551--version::
 552        Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
 553
 554--help::
 555        Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
 556        commands. If the option `--all` or `-a` is given then all
 557        available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
 558        option will bring up the manual page for that command.
 559+
 560Other options are available to control how the manual page is
 561displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
 562because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
 563help ...`.
 564
 565-C <path>::
 566        Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
 567        directory.  When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
 568        non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
 569        <path>`.
 570+
 571This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
 572`--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
 573made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
 574example the following invocations are equivalent:
 575
 576    git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
 577    git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
 578
 579-c <name>=<value>::
 580        Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
 581        given will override values from configuration files.
 582        The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
 583        'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
 584+
 585Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
 586`foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
 587config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
 588foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
 589
 590--exec-path[=<path>]::
 591        Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
 592        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
 593        environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
 594        the current setting and then exit.
 595
 596--html-path::
 597        Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
 598        documentation is installed and exit.
 599
 600--man-path::
 601        Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
 602        this version of Git and exit.
 603
 604--info-path::
 605        Print the path where the Info files documenting this
 606        version of Git are installed and exit.
 607
 608-p::
 609--paginate::
 610        Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
 611        output is a terminal.  This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
 612        configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
 613        below).
 614
 615--no-pager::
 616        Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
 617
 618--git-dir=<path>::
 619        Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
 620        setting the `GIT_DIR` environment variable. It can be an absolute
 621        path or relative path to current working directory.
 622
 623--work-tree=<path>::
 624        Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
 625        or a path relative to the current working directory.
 626        This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
 627        environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
 628        variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 629        more detailed discussion).
 630
 631--namespace=<path>::
 632        Set the Git namespace.  See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
 633        details.  Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
 634        variable.
 635
 636--super-prefix=<path>::
 637        Currently for internal use only.  Set a prefix which gives a path from
 638        above a repository down to its root.  One use is to give submodules
 639        context about the superproject that invoked it.
 640
 641--bare::
 642        Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
 643        environment is not set, it is set to the current working
 644        directory.
 645
 646--no-replace-objects::
 647        Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
 648        linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
 649
 650--literal-pathspecs::
 651        Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
 652        This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
 653        variable to `1`.
 654
 655--glob-pathspecs::
 656        Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 657        the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
 658        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 659        magic ":(literal)"
 660
 661--noglob-pathspecs::
 662        Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 663        the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
 664        globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
 665        magic ":(glob)"
 666
 667--icase-pathspecs::
 668        Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
 669        the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
 670
 671GIT COMMANDS
 672------------
 673
 674We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
 675("plumbing") commands.
 676
 677High-level commands (porcelain)
 678-------------------------------
 679
 680We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
 681ancillary user utilities.
 682
 683Main porcelain commands
 684~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 685
 686include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
 687
 688Ancillary Commands
 689~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 690Manipulators:
 691
 692include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
 693
 694Interrogators:
 695
 696include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
 697
 698
 699Interacting with Others
 700~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 701
 702These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
 703people via patch over e-mail.
 704
 705include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
 706
 707
 708Low-level commands (plumbing)
 709-----------------------------
 710
 711Although Git includes its
 712own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
 713development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
 714might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
 715linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
 716
 717The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
 718to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
 719than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
 720primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
 721on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
 722end user experience.
 723
 724The following description divides
 725the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
 726the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
 727compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
 728repositories.
 729
 730
 731Manipulation commands
 732~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 733
 734include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
 735
 736
 737Interrogation commands
 738~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 739
 740include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
 741
 742In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
 743the working tree.
 744
 745
 746Synching repositories
 747~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 748
 749include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
 750
 751The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
 752typically do not use them directly.
 753
 754include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
 755
 756
 757Internal helper commands
 758~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 759
 760These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
 761users typically do not use them directly.
 762
 763include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
 764
 765
 766Configuration Mechanism
 767-----------------------
 768
 769Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
 770repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
 771like this:
 772
 773------------
 774#
 775# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
 776#
 777
 778; core variables
 779[core]
 780        ; Don't trust file modes
 781        filemode = false
 782
 783; user identity
 784[user]
 785        name = "Junio C Hamano"
 786        email = "gitster@pobox.com"
 787
 788------------
 789
 790Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
 791their operation accordingly.  See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
 792list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
 793
 794
 795Identifier Terminology
 796----------------------
 797<object>::
 798        Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 799
 800<blob>::
 801        Indicates a blob object name.
 802
 803<tree>::
 804        Indicates a tree object name.
 805
 806<commit>::
 807        Indicates a commit object name.
 808
 809<tree-ish>::
 810        Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 811        command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 812        operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 813        <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 814
 815<commit-ish>::
 816        Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
 817        command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 818        operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
 819        <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
 820
 821<type>::
 822        Indicates that an object type is required.
 823        Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 824
 825<file>::
 826        Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
 827        root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 828
 829Symbolic Identifiers
 830--------------------
 831Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 832symbolic notation:
 833
 834HEAD::
 835        indicates the head of the current branch.
 836
 837<tag>::
 838        a valid tag 'name'
 839        (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
 840
 841<head>::
 842        a valid head 'name'
 843        (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
 844
 845For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
 846"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 847
 848
 849File/Directory Structure
 850------------------------
 851
 852Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
 853
 854Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
 855
 856Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
 857`$GIT_DIR`.
 858
 859
 860Terminology
 861-----------
 862Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
 863
 864
 865Environment Variables
 866---------------------
 867Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
 868
 869The Git Repository
 870~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 871These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
 872is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
 873Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
 874
 875`GIT_INDEX_FILE`::
 876        This environment allows the specification of an alternate
 877        index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
 878        is used.
 879
 880`GIT_INDEX_VERSION`::
 881        This environment variable allows the specification of an index
 882        version for new repositories.  It won't affect existing index
 883        files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
 884        linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
 885
 886`GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`::
 887        If the object storage directory is specified via this
 888        environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
 889        underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 890        directory is used.
 891
 892`GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES`::
 893        Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
 894        archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
 895        specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
 896        of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
 897        objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
 898+
 899        Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted
 900        as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
 901        double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
 902        `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths:
 903        `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`.
 904
 905`GIT_DIR`::
 906        If the `GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it
 907        specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
 908        for the base of the repository.
 909        The `--git-dir` command-line option also sets this value.
 910
 911`GIT_WORK_TREE`::
 912        Set the path to the root of the working tree.
 913        This can also be controlled by the `--work-tree` command-line
 914        option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
 915
 916`GIT_NAMESPACE`::
 917        Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
 918        The `--namespace` command-line option also sets this value.
 919
 920`GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`::
 921        This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
 922        set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
 923        into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
 924        excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
 925        exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
 926        command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
 927        the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
 928        might be present in order to compare them with the current
 929        directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
 930        can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
 931        subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
 932        e.g.,
 933        `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink`.
 934
 935`GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM`::
 936        When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
 937        directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
 938        directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
 939        does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This environment variable
 940        can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
 941        boundaries.  Like `GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES`, this will not affect
 942        an explicit repository directory set via `GIT_DIR` or on the
 943        command line.
 944
 945`GIT_COMMON_DIR`::
 946        If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
 947        normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
 948        instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
 949        taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
 950        linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
 951        details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
 952        variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
 953
 954Git Commits
 955~~~~~~~~~~~
 956`GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`::
 957`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`::
 958`GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`::
 959`GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`::
 960`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`::
 961`GIT_COMMITTER_DATE`::
 962'EMAIL'::
 963        see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
 964
 965Git Diffs
 966~~~~~~~~~
 967`GIT_DIFF_OPTS`::
 968        Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
 969        number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
 970        This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
 971        value passed on the Git diff command line.
 972
 973`GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF`::
 974        When the environment variable `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is set, the
 975        program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
 976        described above.  For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
 977        `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 7 parameters:
 978
 979        path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
 980+
 981where:
 982
 983        <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
 984                         contents of <old|new>,
 985        <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
 986        <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
 987+
 988The file parameters can point at the user's working file
 989(e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
 990when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
 991index).  `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` should not worry about unlinking the
 992temporary file --- it is removed when `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` exits.
 993+
 994For a path that is unmerged, `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called with 1
 995parameter, <path>.
 996+
 997For each path `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` is called, two environment variables,
 998`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER` and `GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL` are set.
 999
1000`GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER`::
1001        A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
1002
1003`GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL`::
1004        The total number of paths.
1005
1006other
1007~~~~~
1008`GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY`::
1009        A number controlling the amount of output shown by
1010        the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
1011        See linkgit:git-merge[1]
1012
1013`GIT_PAGER`::
1014        This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
1015        to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
1016        a pager.  See also the `core.pager` option in
1017        linkgit:git-config[1].
1018
1019`GIT_EDITOR`::
1020        This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
1021        It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
1022        an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
1023        and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1024
1025`GIT_SSH`::
1026`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`::
1027        If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
1028        and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
1029        when they need to connect to a remote system.
1030        The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
1031        'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
1032        command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
1033        `-p` (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
1034        something other than the default SSH port.
1035+
1036`$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
1037by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
1038`$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
1039(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
1040needed).
1041+
1042Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1043personal `.ssh/config` file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
1044for further details.
1045
1046`GIT_SSH_VARIANT`::
1047        If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git's autodetection
1048        whether `GIT_SSH`/`GIT_SSH_COMMAND`/`core.sshCommand` refer to OpenSSH,
1049        plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
1050        `ssh.variant` that serves the same purpose.
1051
1052`GIT_ASKPASS`::
1053        If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
1054        acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
1055        will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
1056        and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the `core.askPass`
1057        option in linkgit:git-config[1].
1058
1059`GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT`::
1060        If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
1061        on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
1062
1063`GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM`::
1064        Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1065        `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file.  This environment variable can
1066        be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1067        predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1068        temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1069        waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1070
1071`GIT_FLUSH`::
1072        If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1073        as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1074        'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1075        force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1076        flushed. If this
1077        variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1078        using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
1079        not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1080        based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1081
1082`GIT_TRACE`::
1083        Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1084        command execution and external command execution.
1085+
1086If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1087is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1088stderr.
1089+
1090If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1091and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1092value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1093trace messages into this file descriptor.
1094+
1095Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1096(starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1097as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1098into it.
1099+
1100Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1101"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1102
1103`GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS`::
1104        Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1105        access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1106        recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1107        pack-related performance problems.
1108        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1109
1110`GIT_TRACE_PACKET`::
1111        Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1112        given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1113        or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1114        starting with "PACK" (but see `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE` below).
1115        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1116
1117`GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE`::
1118        Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1119        given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1120        verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1121        certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1122        `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1123        the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1124+
1125Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1126of clones and fetches.
1127
1128`GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE`::
1129        Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1130        time of each Git command.
1131        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1132
1133`GIT_TRACE_SETUP`::
1134        Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1135        working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1136        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1137
1138`GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW`::
1139        Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1140        cloning of shallow repositories.
1141        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1142
1143`GIT_TRACE_CURL`::
1144        Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
1145        including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
1146        This is similar to doing curl `--trace-ascii` on the command line.
1147        This option overrides setting the `GIT_CURL_VERBOSE` environment
1148        variable.
1149        See `GIT_TRACE` for available trace output options.
1150
1151`GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
1152        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1153        pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1154        running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1155        for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1156        glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1157        literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1158        `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1159
1160`GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1161        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1162        pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1163
1164`GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS`::
1165        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1166        pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1167
1168`GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS`::
1169        Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1170        pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1171
1172`GIT_REFLOG_ACTION`::
1173        When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1174        track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1175        typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1176        the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1177        A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1178        helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1179        variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1180        end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1181
1182`GIT_REF_PARANOIA`::
1183        If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1184        over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1185        does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1186        abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1187        this variable automatically when performing destructive
1188        operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1189        it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1190        an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1191        cloning a repository to make a backup).
1192
1193`GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL`::
1194        If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
1195        `protocol.allow` is set to `never`, and each of the listed
1196        protocols has `protocol.<name>.allow` set to `always`
1197        (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any
1198        protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a
1199        whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of
1200        `protocol.allow` in linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1201
1202`GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER`::
1203        Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
1204        configured to the `user` state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
1205        submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
1206        which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
1207        linkgit:git-config[1] for more details.
1208
1209Discussion[[Discussion]]
1210------------------------
1211
1212More detail on the following is available from the
1213link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1214user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1215
1216A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1217subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
1218things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1219of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1220contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1221as tags and branch heads.
1222
1223The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1224hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1225directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1226and some number of parent commits.
1227
1228The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1229"version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1230represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
1231parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1232
1233All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1234written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
1235The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1236just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1237purpose.
1238
1239When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1240efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1241
1242Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
1243may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref.  Refs
1244with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1245recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
1246tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`.  A special ref named
1247`HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1248
1249The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1250path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
1251the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
1252attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1253corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
1254working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
1255be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1256content stored in the index.
1257
1258The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1259for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
1260unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1261
1262FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1263---------------------
1264
1265See the references in the "description" section to get started
1266using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
1267for a first-time user.
1268
1269The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1270user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1271introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1272
1273See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1274
1275See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1276examples.
1277
1278The internals are documented in the
1279link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1280
1281Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1282read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1283
1284
1285Authors
1286-------
1287Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1288C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1289<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1290gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1291
1292If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1293output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1294the authors for specific parts of the project.
1295
1296Reporting Bugs
1297--------------
1298
1299Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1300development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
1301subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1302
1303SEE ALSO
1304--------
1305linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1306linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1307linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1308linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1309linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1310
1311GIT
1312---
1313Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite