------------
+
<1> You are happily working on something, and find the changes
-in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
-when you run `git diff`, because you plan to work on other files
-and changes with these files are distracting.
+ in these files are in good order. You do not want to see them
+ when you run `git diff`, because you plan to work on other files
+ and changes with these files are distracting.
<2> Somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sound worthy of merging.
<3> However, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
-not match the `HEAD` commit). But you know the pull you are going
-to make does not affect `frotz.c` or `filfre.c`, so you revert the
-index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
-remain there.
+ not match the `HEAD` commit). But you know the pull you are going
+ to make does not affect `frotz.c` or `filfre.c`, so you revert the
+ index changes for these two files. Your changes in working tree
+ remain there.
<4> Then you can pull and merge, leaving `frotz.c` and `filfre.c`
-changes still in the working tree.
+ changes still in the working tree.
Undo a commit and redo::
+
------------
+
<1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
-just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
-message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
+ just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
+ message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
<2> Make corrections to working tree files.
<3> "reset" copies the old head to `.git/ORIG_HEAD`; redo the
-commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
-edit the message further, you can give `-C` option instead.
+ commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to
+ edit the message further, you can give `-C` option instead.
+
See also the `--amend` option to linkgit:git-commit[1].
------------
+
<1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
-to be in the `master` branch. You want to continue polishing
-them in a topic branch, so create `topic/wip` branch off of the
-current `HEAD`.
+ to be in the `master` branch. You want to continue polishing
+ them in a topic branch, so create `topic/wip` branch off of the
+ current `HEAD`.
<2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
<3> Switch to `topic/wip` branch and keep working.
------------
+
<1> The last three commits (`HEAD`, `HEAD^`, and `HEAD~2`) were bad
-and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
-you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
-"RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1] for
-the implications of doing so.)
+ and you do not want to ever see them again. Do *not* do this if
+ you have already given these commits to somebody else. (See the
+ "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in linkgit:git-rebase[1]
+ for the implications of doing so.)
Undo a merge or pull::
+
------------
+
<1> Try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
-conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
-right now, so you decide to do that later.
+ conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
+ right now, so you decide to do that later.
<2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so `git reset --hard`
-which is a synonym for `git reset --hard HEAD` clears the mess
-from the index file and the working tree.
+ which is a synonym for `git reset --hard HEAD` clears the mess
+ from the index file and the working tree.
<3> Merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
-in a fast-forward.
+ in a fast-forward.
<4> But you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
-consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
-tip of the current branch in `ORIG_HEAD`, so resetting hard to it
-brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
-and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
+ consumption yet. "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
+ tip of the current branch in `ORIG_HEAD`, so resetting hard to it
+ brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
+ and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
Undo a merge or pull inside a dirty working tree::
+
------------
+
<1> Even if you may have local modifications in your
-working tree, you can safely say `git pull` when you know
-that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
-them.
+ working tree, you can safely say `git pull` when you know
+ that the change in the other branch does not overlap with
+ them.
<2> After inspecting the result of the merge, you may find
-that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
-`git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD` will let you go back to where you
-were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
-want. `git reset --merge` keeps your local changes.
+ that the change in the other branch is unsatisfactory. Running
+ `git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD` will let you go back to where you
+ were, but it will discard your local changes, which you do not
+ want. `git reset --merge` keeps your local changes.
Interrupted workflow::
`reset --merge` is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
- involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
- it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
+ involved in the merge does not have a local change with respect to the index
+ before it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
we see some difference between the index and the target and also
between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing