git_config(git_default_config);
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file());
-       if (newfd < 0)
-               die("unable to create new index file");
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
 
        if (read_cache() < 0)
                die("index file corrupt");
 
                apply = 0;
 
        write_index = check_index && apply;
-       if (write_index && newfd < 0) {
+       if (write_index && newfd < 0)
                newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file,
-                                                 get_index_file());
-               if (newfd < 0)
-                       die("unable to create new index file");
-       }
+                                                 get_index_file(), 1);
        if (check_index) {
                if (read_cache() < 0)
                        die("unable to read index file");
 
 
        git_config(git_default_config);
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file());
-       if (newfd < 0)
-               die("unable to create new index file");
-
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
        if (read_cache() < 0)
                die("index file corrupt");
 
 
 
        git_config(git_default_config);
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file());
-       if (newfd < 0)
-               die("unable to create new index file");
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
 
        git_config(git_default_config);
 
 
 
        git_config(git_default_config);
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file());
-       if (newfd < 0)
-               die("unable to create new index file");
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
 
        if (read_cache() < 0)
                die("index file corrupt");
 
        /* We can't free this memory, it becomes part of a linked list parsed atexit() */
        lock_file = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock_file, get_index_file());
-       if (newfd < 0)
-               die("unable to create new cachefile");
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
 
        entries = read_cache();
        if (entries < 0)
 
        /* We can't free this memory, it becomes part of a linked list parsed atexit() */
        struct lock_file *lock_file = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
 
-       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock_file, get_index_file());
+       newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock_file, get_index_file(), 0);
 
        entries = read_cache();
        if (entries < 0)
 
        struct lock_file *next;
        char filename[PATH_MAX];
 };
-extern int hold_lock_file_for_update(struct lock_file *, const char *path);
+extern int hold_lock_file_for_update(struct lock_file *, const char *path, int);
 extern int commit_lock_file(struct lock_file *);
 extern void rollback_lock_file(struct lock_file *);
 
 
                        state.refresh_cache = 1;
                        if (newfd < 0)
                                newfd = hold_lock_file_for_update
-                                       (&lock_file, get_index_file());
+                                       (&lock_file, get_index_file(), 1);
                        if (newfd < 0)
                                die("cannot open index.lock file.");
                        continue;
 
        raise(signo);
 }
 
-int hold_lock_file_for_update(struct lock_file *lk, const char *path)
+static int lock_file(struct lock_file *lk, const char *path)
 {
        int fd;
        sprintf(lk->filename, "%s.lock", path);
        return fd;
 }
 
+int hold_lock_file_for_update(struct lock_file *lk, const char *path, int die_on_error)
+{
+       int fd = lock_file(lk, path);
+       if (fd < 0 && die_on_error)
+               die("unable to create '%s': %s", path, strerror(errno));
+       return fd;
+}
+
 int commit_lock_file(struct lock_file *lk)
 {
        char result_file[PATH_MAX];
 
 
        if (safe_create_leading_directories(lock->ref_file))
                die("unable to create directory for %s", lock->ref_file);
-       lock->lock_fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock->lk, lock->ref_file);
-       if (lock->lock_fd < 0) {
-               error("Couldn't open lock file %s: %s",
-                     lock->lk->filename, strerror(errno));
-               unlock_ref(lock);
-               return NULL;
-       }
+       lock->lock_fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock->lk, lock->ref_file, 1);
 
        return old_sha1 ? verify_lock(lock, old_sha1, mustexist) : lock;
 }