refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
 
-       hold_locked_index(lock_file, 1);
+       if (hold_locked_index(lock_file, 0) < 0)
+               return -1;
 
        memset(&trees, 0, sizeof(trees));
        memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
        }
        if (unpack_trees(nr_trees, t, &opts))
                return -1;
-       if (write_locked_index(&the_index, lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
-               die(_("unable to write new index file"));
+       if (write_locked_index(&the_index, lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK)) {
+               rollback_lock_file(lock_file);
+               return error(_("unable to write new index file"));
+       }
        return 0;
 }