Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
-limiting may be applied. Note that they are applied before commit
-ordering and formatting options, such as '--reverse'.
+limiting may be applied.
+
+Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
+`--since=<date1>` limits to commits newer than `<date1>`, and using it
+with `--grep=<pattern>` further limits to commits whose log message
+has a line that matches `<pattern>`), unless otherwise noted.
+
+Note that these are applied before commit
+ordering and formatting options, such as `--reverse`.
--
--n 'number'::
+-<number>::
+-n <number>::
--max-count=<number>::
-
Limit the number of commits to output.
--skip=<number>::
-
Skip 'number' commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>::
--after=<date>::
-
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>::
--before=<date>::
-
Show commits older than a specific date.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--max-age=<timestamp>::
--min-age=<timestamp>::
-
Limit the commits output to specified time range.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--author=<pattern>::
--committer=<pattern>::
-
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
- header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
+ header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
+ expression). With more than one `--author=<pattern>`,
+ commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
+ chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`).
+
+--grep-reflog=<pattern>::
+ Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
+ match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
+ more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message
+ matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an
+ error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use.
--grep=<pattern>::
-
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
- matches the specified pattern (regular expression).
+ matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
+ more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message
+ matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
+ `--all-match`).
+ifndef::git-rev-list[]
++
+When `--show-notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is
+matched as if it were part of the log message.
+endif::git-rev-list[]
--all-match::
- Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
- --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one.
+ Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`,
+ instead of ones that match at least one.
+
+--invert-grep::
+ Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not
+ match the pattern specified with `--grep=<pattern>`.
-i::
--regexp-ignore-case::
+ Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
+ case.
- Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
+--basic-regexp::
+ Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
+ this is the default.
-E::
--extended-regexp::
-
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F::
--fixed-strings::
-
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
pattern as a regular expression).
---remove-empty::
+-P::
+--perl-regexp::
+ Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
+ expressions.
++
+Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
+compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for them
+providing this option will cause it to die.
+--remove-empty::
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges::
-
- Print only merge commits.
+ Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`.
--no-merges::
-
- Do not print commits with more than one parent.
+ Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
+ exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`.
+
+--min-parents=<number>::
+--max-parents=<number>::
+--no-min-parents::
+--no-max-parents::
+ Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
+ commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`,
+ `--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`. `--max-parents=0`
+ gives all root commits and `--min-parents=3` all octopus merges.
++
+`--no-min-parents` and `--no-max-parents` reset these limits (to no limit)
+again. Equivalent forms are `--min-parents=0` (any commit has 0 or more
+parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit).
--first-parent::
Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about
adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and
this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
- brought in to your history by such a merge.
+ brought in to your history by such a merge. Cannot be
+ combined with --bisect.
--not::
-
Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof)
- for all following revision specifiers, up to the next '--not'.
+ for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`.
--all::
-
- Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/` are listed on the
- command line as '<commit>'.
+ Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/`, along with `HEAD`, are
+ listed on the command line as '<commit>'.
--branches[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?',
- '*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
+ '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
--tags[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
- tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '*',
- or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
+ tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
+ or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
--remotes[=<pattern>]::
-
Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed
on the command line as '<commit>'. If '<pattern>' is given, limit
remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
- If pattern lacks '?', '*', or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
+ If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
--glob=<glob-pattern>::
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob '<glob-pattern>'
are listed on the command line as '<commit>'. Leading 'refs/',
- is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '*',
- or '[', '/*' at the end is implied.
-
+ is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
+ or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.
+
+--exclude=<glob-pattern>::
+
+ Do not include refs matching '<glob-pattern>' that the next `--all`,
+ `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise
+ consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
+ up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or
+ `--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear
+ accumulated patterns).
++
+The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or
+`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`,
+respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob`
+or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given
+explicitly.
+
+--reflog::
+ Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
+ command line as `<commit>`.
+
+--single-worktree::
+ By default, all working trees will be examined by the
+ following options when there are more than one (see
+ linkgit:git-worktree[1]): `--all`, `--reflog` and
+ `--indexed-objects`.
+ This option forces them to examine the current working tree
+ only.
+
+--ignore-missing::
+ Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
+ the bad input was not given.
ifndef::git-rev-list[]
--bisect::
-
Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad`
was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good
bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command
- line.
+ line. Cannot be combined with --first-parent.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--stdin::
-
In addition to the '<commit>' listed on the command
- line, read them from the standard input. If a '--' separator is
+ line, read them from the standard input. If a `--` separator is
seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to limit the
result.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--quiet::
-
Don't print anything to standard output. This form
is primarily meant to allow the caller to
test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout
- to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted.
+ to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted.
endif::git-rev-list[]
---cherry-pick::
+--cherry-mark::
+ Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits
+ with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`.
+--cherry-pick::
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
- another commit on the "other side" when the set of
+ another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.
+
For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
-`--left-right`, like the example above in the description of
-that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
-from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
-from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
+`--left-right` (see the example below in the description of
+the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were
+cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be
+cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.
+--left-only::
+--right-only::
+ List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
+ i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by
+ `--left-right`.
++
+For example, `--cherry-pick --right-only A...B` omits those
+commits from `B` which are in `A` or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
+`A`. In other words, this lists the `+` commits from `git cherry A B`.
+More precisely, `--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges` gives the exact
+list.
+
+--cherry::
+ A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to
+ limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
+ have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
+ `git log --cherry upstream...mybranch`, similar to
+ `git cherry upstream mybranch`.
+
-g::
--walk-reflogs::
-
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, '{caret}commit', 'commit1..commit2',
- nor 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used).
+ and 'commit1\...commit2' notations cannot be used).
+
-With '\--pretty' format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
+With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
-taken from the reflog. By default, 'commit@\{Nth}' notation is
-used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as
-'commit@\{now}', output also uses 'commit@\{timestamp}' notation
-instead. Under '\--pretty=oneline', the commit message is
+taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown
+as `ref@{Nth}` (where `Nth` is the reverse-chronological index in the
+reflog) or as `ref@{timestamp}` (with the timestamp for that entry),
+depending on a few rules:
++
+--
+1. If the starting point is specified as `ref@{Nth}`, show the index
+format.
++
+2. If the starting point was specified as `ref@{now}`, show the
+timestamp format.
++
+3. If neither was used, but `--date` was given on the command line, show
+the timestamp in the format requested by `--date`.
++
+4. Otherwise, show the index format.
+--
++
+Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
-This option cannot be combined with '\--reverse'.
+This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`.
See also linkgit:git-reflog[1].
--merge::
-
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary::
+ Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
+ prefixed with `-`.
- Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually
- not shown.
+ifdef::git-rev-list[]
+--use-bitmap-index::
+
+ Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
+ one is available). Note that when traversing with `--objects`,
+ trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.
+
+--progress=<header>::
+ Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
+ `<header>` text will be printed with each progress update.
+endif::git-rev-list[]
--
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>::
-
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration::
-
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode::
-
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
with the same content)
--full-history::
-
- As the default mode but does not prune some history.
+ Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
--dense::
-
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
meaningful history.
--sparse::
-
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges::
-
- Additional option to '--full-history' to remove some needless
+ Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless
merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
commits contributing to this merge.
--ancestry-path::
-
When given a range of commits to display (e.g. 'commit1..commit2'
or 'commit2 {caret}commit1'), only display commits that exist
directly on the ancestry chain between the 'commit1' and
illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- .-A---M---N---O---P
- / / / / /
- I B C D E
- \ / / / /
- `-------------'
+ .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
+ / / / / / /
+ I B C D E Y
+ \ / / / / /
+ `-------------' X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of
+The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
each merge. The commits are:
* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents
- "asdf", and a file `quux` exists with contents "quux". Initial
+ ``asdf'', and a file `quux` exists with contents ``quux''. Initial
commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
-* In `A`, `foo` contains just "foo".
+* In `A`, `foo` contains just ``foo''.
* `B` contains the same change as `A`. Its merge `M` is trivial and
hence TREESAME to all parents.
-* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to "foobar",
+* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to ``foobar'',
so it is not TREESAME to any parent.
-* `D` sets `foo` to "baz". Its merge `O` combines the strings from
- `N` and `D` to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
+* `D` sets `foo` to ``baz''. Its merge `O` combines the strings from
+ `N` and `D` to ``foobarbaz''; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
-* `E` changes `quux` to "xyzzy", and its merge `P` combines the
- strings to "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, `P` is
- TREESAME to all parents.
+* `E` changes `quux` to ``xyzzy'', and its merge `P` combines the
+ strings to ``quux xyzzy''. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`.
-'rev-list' walks backwards through history, including or excluding
-commits based on whether '\--full-history' and/or parent rewriting
-(via '\--parents' or '\--children') are used. The following settings
+* `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y`
+ modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and
+ `Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`.
+
+`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding
+commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting
+(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings
are available.
Default mode::
-
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
- (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below). If the
+ (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below). If the
commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME
parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all
considered via `N`, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an
empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
+
-Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does
+Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting::
-
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
the example, we get
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- I A B N D O
+ I A B N D O P Q
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-`P` and `M` were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. `E`,
+`M` was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. `E`,
`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others
do not appear.
+
them disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting::
-
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
- (though this can be changed, see '\--sparse' below).
+ (though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below).
+
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten:
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
themselves. This results in
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- .-A---M---N---O---P
+ .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
/ / / / /
I B / D /
\ / / / /
`-------------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-Compare to '\--full-history' without rewriting above. Note that `E`
+Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above. Note that `E`
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`. The same happened for `C` and
-`N`. Note also that `P` was included despite being TREESAME.
+`N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`.
In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:
--dense::
-
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
to any parent.
--sparse::
-
All commits that are walked are included.
+
-Note that without '\--full-history', this still simplifies merges: if
+Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
sides of the merge are never walked.
--simplify-merges::
-
First, build a history graph in the same way that
- '\--full-history' with parent rewriting does (see above).
+ `--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above).
+
Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final
history according to the following rules:
* Set `C'` to `C`.
+
* Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`. In
- the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents, and
- remove duplicates.
+ the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
+ root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
+ to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.
+
* If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has
zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
--
+
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
-'\--full-history' with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
+`--full-history` with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
.-A---M---N---O
`---------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-Note the major differences in `N` and `P` over '\--full-history':
+Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`:
+
--
* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the
+
* `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed. `P` was then
removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
++
+* `Q`'s parent list had `Y` simplified to `X`. `X` was then removed, because it
+ was a TREESAME root. `Q` was then removed completely, because it had one
+ parent and is TREESAME.
--
Finally, there is a fifth simplification mode available:
--ancestry-path::
-
Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry
- chain between the "from" and "to" commits in the given commit
- range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the "to"
- commit, and descendants of the "from" commit.
+ chain between the ``from'' and ``to'' commits in the given commit
+ range. I.e. only display commits that are ancestor of the ``to''
+ commit and descendants of the ``from'' commit.
+
As an example use case, consider the following commit history:
+
A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`,
but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see
what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense
-that "what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`". The result in this
+that ``what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`''. The result in this
example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself,
of course).
+
When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the
bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view
only the subset of 'D..M' that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e.
-excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the '\--ancestry-path'
+excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path`
option does. Applied to the 'D..M' range, it results in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-The '\--simplify-by-decoration' option allows you to view only the
+The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the
big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME
(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--bisect::
-
-Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
-included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
-`refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it
-exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are
-added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
-are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if
-
+ Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
+ included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
+ `refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it
+ exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are
+ added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
+ are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if
++
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
++
outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands
-
++
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
$ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
$ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
++
would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
-one.
+one. Cannot be combined with --first-parent.
--bisect-vars::
-
-This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in
-`refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs
-text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
-name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
-expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested
-to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if
-`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected
-number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to
-`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
-`bisect_all`.
+ This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in
+ `refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs
+ text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
+ name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
+ expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested
+ to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if
+ `bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected
+ number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to
+ `bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
+ `bisect_all`.
--bisect-all::
-
-This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
-commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
-commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest
-from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
-`--bisect`.)
+ This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
+ commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
+ commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest
+ from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
+ `--bisect`.)
+
This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.
---topo-order::
+--date-order::
+ Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
+ otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.
- This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e.
- descendant commits are shown before their parents).
+--author-date-order::
+ Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
+ otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.
---date-order::
+--topo-order::
+ Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
+ avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
+ intermixed.
++
+For example, in a commit history like this:
++
+----------------------------------------------------------------
- This option is similar to '--topo-order' in the sense that no
- parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things
- are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.
+ ---1----2----4----7
+ \ \
+ 3----5----6----8---
---reverse::
+----------------------------------------------------------------
++
+where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, `git
+rev-list` and friends with `--date-order` show the commits in the
+timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.
++
+With `--topo-order`, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
+3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
+avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
+together.
- Output the commits in reverse order.
- Cannot be combined with '\--walk-reflogs'.
+--reverse::
+ Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
+ section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
+ `--walk-reflogs`.
Object Traversal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.
+These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.
+ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--objects::
-
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
- commits. '--objects foo ^bar' thus means "send me
+ commits. `--objects foo ^bar` thus means ``send me
all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
- object 'bar', but not 'foo'".
+ object _bar_ but not _foo_''.
--objects-edge::
-
- Similar to '--objects', but also print the IDs of excluded
- commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by
- linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build "thin" pack, which records
+ Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded
+ commits prefixed with a ``-'' character. This is used by
+ linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build a ``thin'' pack, which records
objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
---unpacked::
+--objects-edge-aggressive::
+ Similar to `--objects-edge`, but it tries harder to find excluded
+ commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of
+ `--objects-edge` to build ``thin'' packs for shallow repositories.
- Only useful with '--objects'; print the object IDs that are not
- in packs.
+--indexed-objects::
+ Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed
+ on the command line. Note that you probably want to use
+ `--objects`, too.
---no-walk::
+--unpacked::
+ Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not
+ in packs.
+endif::git-rev-list[]
- Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.
+--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]::
+ Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
+ This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
+ `unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
+ given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument
+ was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
+ by commit time.
+ Cannot be combined with `--graph`.
--do-walk::
-
- Overrides a previous --no-walk.
+ Overrides a previous `--no-walk`.
Commit Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include::pretty-options.txt[]
--relative-date::
-
Synonym for `--date=relative`.
---date=(relative|local|default|iso|rfc|short|raw)::
-
+--date=<format>::
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
- as when using "--pretty". `log.date` config variable sets a default
- value for log command's --date option.
+ as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default
+ value for the log command's `--date` option. By default, dates
+ are shown in the original time zone (either committer's or
+ author's). If `-local` is appended to the format (e.g.,
+ `iso-local`), the user's local time zone is used instead.
+
`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
-e.g. "2 hours ago".
+e.g. ``2 hours ago''. The `-local` option has no effect for
+`--date=relative`.
++
+`--date=local` is an alias for `--date=default-local`.
+
-`--date=local` shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
+`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
+The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:
+
+ - a space instead of the `T` date/time delimiter
+ - a space between time and time zone
+ - no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone
+
+
-`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
+`--date=iso-strict` (or `--date=iso8601-strict`) shows timestamps in strict
+ISO 8601 format.
+
`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
-format, often found in E-mail messages.
+format, often found in email messages.
+
-`--date=short` shows only date but not time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
+
-`--date=raw` shows the date in the internal raw git format `%s %z` format.
+`--date=raw` shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
+00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
+from UTC (a `+` or `-` with four digits; the first two are hours, and
+the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
+with `strftime("%s %z")`).
+Note that the `-local` option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
+value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
+timezone value.
+
-`--date=default` shows timestamps in the original timezone
-(either committer's or author's).
+`--date=unix` shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
+1970). As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local`
+has no effect.
++
+`--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`,
+except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally.
+Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's
+preferred format. See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of
+format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is
+`--date=format-local:...`.
++
+`--date=default` is the default format, and is similar to
+`--date=rfc2822`, with a few exceptions:
+
+ - there is no comma after the day-of-week
+
+ - the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--header::
-
Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
separated with a NUL character.
endif::git-rev-list[]
--parents::
-
Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent...").
- Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
+ Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.
--children::
-
Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child...").
- Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
+ Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--timestamp::
endif::git-rev-list[]
--left-right::
-
- Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
+ Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from
the right with `>`. If combined with `--boundary`, those
commits are prefixed with `-`.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--graph::
-
Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines
to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
to be drawn properly.
+ Cannot be combined with `--no-walk`.
+
- This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' below.
+ This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.
+
-This implies the '--topo-order' option by default, but the
-'--date-order' option may also be specified.
+This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the
+`--date-order` option may also be specified.
+
+--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]::
+ When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
+ which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
+ do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
+ in between them in that case. If `<barrier>` is specified, it
+ is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
--count::
Print a number stating how many commits would have been
listed, and suppress all other output. When used together
- with '--left-right', instead print the counts for left and
- right commits, separated by a tab.
+ with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and
+ right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
+ `--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these
+ counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
+ by a tab.
endif::git-rev-list[]
-
ifndef::git-rev-list[]
Diff Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
+Listed below are options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to linkgit:git-rev-list[1], however other diff
options may be given. See linkgit:git-diff-files[1] for more options.
-c::
-
With this option, diff output for a merge commit
shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result
simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
which were modified from all parents.
--cc::
-
- This flag implies the '-c' options and further compresses the
+ This flag implies the `-c` option and further compresses the
patch output by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in
the parents have only two variants and the merge result picks
one of them without modification.
-m::
-
This flag makes the merge commits show the full diff like
regular commits; for each merge parent, a separate log entry
and diff is generated. An exception is that only diff against
- the first parent is shown when '--first-parent' option is given;
+ the first parent is shown when `--first-parent` option is given;
in that case, the output represents the changes the merge
brought _into_ the then-current branch.
-r::
-
Show recursive diffs.
-t::
-
- Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies '-r'.
-
--s::
- Suppress diff output.
+ Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies `-r`.
endif::git-rev-list[]