;
        ps_matched = xcalloc(1, pos);
 
+       /*
+        * Make sure all pathspecs participated in locating the paths
+        * to be checked out.
+        */
        for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
                struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+               ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_MATCHED;
                if (opts->source_tree && !(ce->ce_flags & CE_UPDATE))
+                       /*
+                        * "git checkout tree-ish -- path", but this entry
+                        * is in the original index; it will not be checked
+                        * out to the working tree and it does not matter
+                        * if pathspec matched this entry.  We will not do
+                        * anything to this entry at all.
+                        */
                        continue;
-               match_pathspec(opts->pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), 0, ps_matched);
+               /*
+                * Either this entry came from the tree-ish we are
+                * checking the paths out of, or we are checking out
+                * of the index.
+                *
+                * If it comes from the tree-ish, we already know it
+                * matches the pathspec and could just stamp
+                * CE_MATCHED to it from update_some(). But we still
+                * need ps_matched and read_tree_recursive (and
+                * eventually tree_entry_interesting) cannot fill
+                * ps_matched yet. Once it can, we can avoid calling
+                * match_pathspec() for _all_ entries when
+                * opts->source_tree != NULL.
+                */
+               if (match_pathspec(opts->pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce),
+                                  0, ps_matched))
+                       ce->ce_flags |= CE_MATCHED;
        }
 
-       if (report_path_error(ps_matched, opts->pathspec, opts->prefix))
+       if (report_path_error(ps_matched, opts->pathspec, opts->prefix)) {
+               free(ps_matched);
                return 1;
+       }
+       free(ps_matched);
 
        /* "checkout -m path" to recreate conflicted state */
        if (opts->merge)
-               unmerge_cache(opts->pathspec);
+               unmerge_marked_index(&the_index);
 
        /* Any unmerged paths? */
        for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
                struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
-               if (match_pathspec(opts->pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), 0, NULL)) {
+               if (ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED) {
                        if (!ce_stage(ce))
                                continue;
                        if (opts->force) {
        state.refresh_cache = 1;
        for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
                struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
-               if (opts->source_tree && !(ce->ce_flags & CE_UPDATE))
-                       continue;
-               if (match_pathspec(opts->pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce), 0, NULL)) {
+               if (ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED) {
                        if (!ce_stage(ce)) {
                                errs |= checkout_entry(ce, &state, NULL);
                                continue;
 
        struct cache_entry *ce;
        struct string_list_item *item;
        struct resolve_undo_info *ru;
-       int i, err = 0;
+       int i, err = 0, matched;
 
        if (!istate->resolve_undo)
                return pos;
        ru = item->util;
        if (!ru)
                return pos;
+       matched = ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED;
        remove_index_entry_at(istate, pos);
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                struct cache_entry *nce;
                        continue;
                nce = make_cache_entry(ru->mode[i], ru->sha1[i],
                                       ce->name, i + 1, 0);
+               if (matched)
+                       nce->ce_flags |= CE_MATCHED;
                if (add_index_entry(istate, nce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD)) {
                        err = 1;
                        error("cannot unmerge '%s'", ce->name);
        return unmerge_index_entry_at(istate, pos);
 }
 
+void unmerge_marked_index(struct index_state *istate)
+{
+       int i;
+
+       if (!istate->resolve_undo)
+               return;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
+               struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[i];
+               if (ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED)
+                       i = unmerge_index_entry_at(istate, i);
+       }
+}
+
 void unmerge_index(struct index_state *istate, const char **pathspec)
 {
        int i;
 
        test_cmp expect.next2 dir/next2
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'do not touch unmerged entries matching $path but not in $tree' '
+       git checkout next &&
+       git reset --hard &&
+
+       cat dir/common >expect.common &&
+       EMPTY_SHA1=$(git hash-object -w --stdin </dev/null) &&
+       git rm dir/next0 &&
+       cat >expect.next0 <<-EOF &&
+       100644 $EMPTY_SHA1 1    dir/next0
+       100644 $EMPTY_SHA1 2    dir/next0
+       EOF
+       git update-index --index-info <expect.next0 &&
+
+       git checkout master dir &&
+
+       test_cmp expect.common dir/common &&
+       test_path_is_file dir/master &&
+       git diff --exit-code master dir/master &&
+       git ls-files -s dir/next0 >actual.next0 &&
+       test_cmp expect.next0 actual.next0
+'
+
 test_done