acid-base rxn's

diff --git a/chem/acids-bases.md b/chem/acids-bases.md
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+# Acids and bases
+
+## Examples
+| name | acid | base |
+| ---- | ---- | ---- |
+| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | Cl- |
+| Sulfuric acid | H2SO4 | HSO4-, SO4 |
+| Ethanoic acid | CH3COOH | CH3COO- |
+| Butanoic acid | CH3(CH2)2COOH | CH3(CH2)2COO- |
+| Nitric acid | HNO3 | NO3- |
+| Citric acid | C6H8O6 | C6H7O6-, C6H6O6(2-), C6H5O6(3-) |
+| Propanoic acid | CH3CH2COOH | CH3CH2COO- |
+| Phosphoric acid | H3PO4 | H2PO4-, HPO4(2-), PO4(3-) |
+| Hydrogen cyanide | HCN | CN- |
+| Water | H2O | OH- |
+| Carbonic acid | H2CO3 | HCO3, CO3(2-) |
+| Ammonium | NH4+ | NH3 |
+
+- monoprotic / diprotic / triprotic - refers to no. of bases
+
+- Acid-base reaction: conjugate acid-base pairs (differentiated by one H+)
+H30+ - hydronium ion
+
+- $[x]$ refers to molar concentration of x
+
+- _amphiprotic_ - can act as acid or base (e.g. H2O)
+
+## Properties of acids
+
+- sour taste
+- corrosive
+- molecular in structure
+- dissolves in H2O to produce electrolyte (electric conductor)
+- neutralised by bases
+
+## Acid reactions
+
+1. acid + metal (exc. Cu, Hg, Ag) $\longrightarrow$ salt + $H_{2(g)}$
+2. acid + metal carbonate $\longrightarrow$ salt + $CO_{2(g)} + H_2O _{(l)}$
+3. acid + metal hydrogen carbonate $\longrightarrow$ salt + $CO_{2(g)} + H_2O_{(l)}$
+4. acid + metal sulfite $\longrightarrow$ salt + $SO_{2(g)} + H_2O_{(l)}$
+5. acid + metal sulfide $\longrightarrow$ salt + $H_2S_{(g)}$
+6. acid + metal oxide (basic oxide) $\longrightarrow$ salt + $H_2O_{(l)}$
+7. acid + base (metal hydroxide) $\rightarrow$ salt + $H_2O_{(l)}$
+
+## Properties of bases
+
+- bitter taste
+- slippery feel (reacts with skin oils)
+- turn litmus red to blue
+- electrolytes (conductive)
+- oxides or hydroxides of metal
+- usually insoluble (insoluble - called _alkali_)
+
+## Bronsted-Lowry theory
+
+> **Acid:** donates a proton ($H^+$ ion)  
+> **Base:** accepts a proton from another substance
+
+H atom is one proton and electron, so removing an electron leaves $H^+$ ion.
+
+**Only occurs when both acid and base are present**
+
+![](http://content.jacplus.com.au/secure/ebooks/07303/0730327531/images/241-1.jpg)
+
+## Hydrolysis
+
+Hydrolysis is where acid + base react to proudce a non-neutral solution. This happens when ions can act as either acids or bases. aka ionisation reaction.
+
+$H_2O_{{(l)}} + H_2O_{(l)} {\longleftrightarrow} {OH}^-_{(aq)} + H_3O^+_{(aq)}$
+
+Neutral solutions: $[H_3O^+]=[OH^-]$  
+Acidic: $[OH^-]<[H_3O^+]$  
+Basic: $[OH^-]>[H_3O^+]$
+
+In all aq solutions at 25C:
+$$[H_3O^+] \times [OH^-] = 10^{-14} \quad \text{(hydrolysis constant)}$$
+
+## Dissociation of bases
+
+Ionic bases dissolving in $H_2O$ - ionic compounds dissociate into constituent ions. Not ionised.
+
+e.g. $NaOH_{(s)}\stackrel{\mathrm{H_2O}}{\longrightarrow}Na^+_{(aq)}+OH^−_{(aq)}$

diff --git a/chem/graphics/acids-bases.md b/chem/graphics/acids-bases.md
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-# Acids and bases
-
-## Examples
-| name | acid | base |
-| ---- | ---- | ---- |
-| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | Cl- |
-| Sulfuric acid | H2SO4 | HSO4-, SO4 |
-| Ethanoic acid | CH3COOH | CH3COO- |
-| Butanoic acid | CH3(CH2)2COOH | CH3(CH2)2COO- |
-| Nitric acid | HNO3 | NO3- |
-| Citric acid | C6H8O6 | C6H7O6-, C6H6O6(2-), C6H5O6(3-) |
-| Propanoic acid | CH3CH2COOH | CH3CH2COO- |
-| Phosphoric acid | H3PO4 | H2PO4-, HPO4(2-), PO4(3-) |
-| Hydrogen cyanide | HCN | CN- |
-| Water | H2O | OH- |
-| Carbonic acid | H2CO3 | HCO3, CO3(2-) |
-| Ammonium | NH4+ | NH3 |
-
-monoprotic / diprotic / triprotic - refers to no. of bases  
-Acid-base reaction: conjugate acid-base pairs (differentiated by one H+)
-H30+ - hydronium ion
\ No newline at end of file

diff --git a/physics/final.tex b/physics/final.tex
index b37c41a46d2216cd5b0fabf8fe82d8ff441021ea..d988bac602c5bbfb8bc46e5f672801370d69775d 100644 (file)
--- a/physics/final.tex
+++ b/physics/final.tex
@@ -329,6 +329,10 @@
 \section{Waves}
 
   \textbf{nodes:} fixed on graph
+  \textbf{amplitude:} max displacement from $y=0$
+  \textbf{rarefactions} (expansions) / \textbf{compressions}
+  \textbf{mechanical:} transfer of energy without net transfer of matter
+  
 
   \textbf{Longitudinal (motion $||$ wave)}
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{graphics/longitudinal-waves.png}